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MAGNETISM

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Magnetism
➢ There are two types of poles: North pole (N) and South pole (S).

➢ Like pole repel but unlike pole attract.

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➢ Magnetic materials are materials that a magnet will attract to itself

materials: Iron, nickel, cobalt, steel

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when placed near a magnet (or when placed in its field). Magnetic

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➢ Non-magnetic materials that will not experience any magnetic
force when placed near a magnet, in other words, it will not be

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attracted to the magnet. Non-magnetic materials: Cloth, wood,
plastic, rubber, aluminium, copper, lead, brass.

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Induced Magnetism
➢ Induced magnetism is like changing an ordinary object into magnets provided that the
object is made from magnetic materials.

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➢ When magnet is brought near to an object, the object is being induced and have magnetic
properties. However, the strength or the capability of the objects as a magnet depends on
material.

➢ Some magnetisation method:

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▪ Steel can becomes permanently magnetized when placed

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near a magnet but usually its magnetism is weak.
▪ Stroking a steel with one end of magnet
▪ Put an iron in a solenoid and pass current through the coil.

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This will turn the iron into a strong magnet.

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Induced Magnetism
➢ Some demagnetisation method:
▪ Leave the magnet for a long time.
▪ Heat up the magnet at high temperature (different temperature for different material).
▪ Hammer the magnet, drop in on a hard surface.
▪ Put the magnet in A.C. and remove it slowly.
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Permanent & Temporary Magnet
➢ Permanent magnet is made of hard magnetic material.

➢ It is difficult to be magnetised in the first place but it retains the magnetism well.

➢ Used in compass needles, loudspeaker magnets.

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➢ Temporary magnet is usually made of soft magnetic material.

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➢ It is easy to magnetise but readily loses its magnetism.

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➢ Used in core of electromagnets, transformer.

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Magnetic Field
➢ Magnetic field is a region which magnetic pole experience a force.

➢ In order to know the shape of magnetic field of an object, iron fillings is used to trace the

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lines. In order to know the direction of the magnetic field line, compass is used.

➢ Similarly to positive test charge used in electric field, North pole is placed and the direction
of the force is observed at various places.

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➢ The stronger the magnetic field, the denser the lines at that place.

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Electromagnet
➢ Objects turn into temporary magnet after current passing through them.

➢ This type of magnetic effects are only available for certain span of time and it is not

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➢ If steel is used instead, it will form a permanent magnet.
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permanently. Example: copper wire is coiled to a soft iron core.

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➢ When current flows through the coil, the iron core
becomes magnetised (induce magnetism). When no

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current flows through, the iron core loses it magnetic

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Magnetic Field of Straight Wire
➢ Magnetic field forms the shape of concentric circle.

➢ Magnetic field becomes weaker when further away from the current (centre point).

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➢ Direction of magnetic field is reversed when current is reversed.

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Magnetic Field of Straight Wire
➢ Magnetic field is determine by Right-hand Grip rule.

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Magnetic Field of Solenoid
➢ Magnetic field lines are closely and evenly spaced and uniform inside the solenoid. Outside
of solenoid, the lines are uneven and widely-spaced.

➢ Magnetic field pattern is similar to bar magnet.

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➢ One end of solenoid acts as North and the other one acts as South.

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Magnetic Field of Solenoid
➢ Magnetic field is determine by Right-hand Grip rule.

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Magnetic Field of Electromagnet
➢ Factors affecting the strength of magnetic field:

(a) Number of turns of wire in the solenoid

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-The higher the number of turns of wire, the stronger the strength of magnetic field.

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(b) Current

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-The bigger the current, the stronger the strength of magnetic field.

(c) Effect of using soft iron core Y

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-When a soft iron core is used in solenoid, strength of magnetic field increases.

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Application of Electromagnet

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Application of Electromagnet
➢ Using a circuit (normally small current) to switch on another circuit (large current) to reduce
costing by using thinner cables, reducing voltage loss when current need to travel longer
distance.

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Application of Electromagnet
➢ Use as circuit breaker to prevent a large current from reaching appliances and cause
damage.

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Force on Current-Carrying Conductor
➢ The interaction between magnetic field due to current in conductor and magnetic field from
permanent magnet produces catapult field and object will experience a force.

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Force on Current-Carrying Conductor

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0B5kSHO1lo
Force on Current-Carrying Conductor
➢ Fleming’s Left Hand rule is used to determine the force direction.

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Force on Current-Carrying Conductor
➢ Factors affecting the force due to current-carrying conductor in magnetic field:

(a) Strength of magnetic field

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-The stronger the magnetic field, the stronger the force acting on the conductor.

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(b) Current

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-The bigger the current, the stronger the force acting on the conductor.

(c) Length of conductor Y

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-The longer the length of conductor, the stronger the force acting on the conductor.

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(d) Angle between current and magnetic field**
-Force is strongest when the current is perpendicular to the magnetic field. When current is
parallel to magnetic field, there is no force.

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Force on Current-Carrying Conductor
➢ Magnetic field for a two current-carrying conductor close together:

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Force on Current-Carrying Conductor
➢ When coil is placed in a magnetic field, a turning effect of the coil can be produced. It is
applied in direct current motor.
➢ Ways to increase the rotation speed:

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-Increase the strength of magnetic field

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-Increase the current
-Increase the area of the coil

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Force on Current-Carrying Conductor

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_F4limaHYI
Electromagnetic Induction
➢ Electromagnetic induction is the production of induced e.m.f. in a conductor as a result of
change in the magnetic flux.

magnetic flux linking a conductor.

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➢ It can be produced by cutting across a magnetic field using a conductor or changing

➢ Change in magnetic field/flux: Y e

➢ The current produced from this induced e.m.f. is known as induced current.

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Electromagnetic Induction
➢ Faraday’s Law states that e.m.f. induced in a conductor is directly proportional to the rate
of change of magnetic flux through a conductor.

➢ Induced e.m.f. increases when:-

(a) relative speed of motion of the conductor increases
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(b) the magnetic field is stronger
(c) the number of turns of coil increases
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➢ No e.m.f is induced when the conductor and magnet stationary (no motion) and when the
conductor and magnet move in the same direction at same speed (no relative motion).

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Electromagnetic Induction
➢ Fleming’s Right Hand rule is used to determine the direction of induced current.

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Electromagnetic Induction
➢ Fleming’s Right Hand rule is used to determine the direction of induced current.

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Electromagnetic Induction
➢ Electromagnetic induction is applied in A.C generator.

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 Electromagnetic Induction

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAO9gYaMZkg
Transformer
➢ Transformer is a device which raises or lowers the voltage of an alternating current.

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➢ When current flows through the primary coil, it will create a magnetic field. This magnetic
field will be cut by the secondary coil as it is linked through the transformer core. Cutting of
magnetic field will produce induced current. 29
Transformer
➢ Transformer cannot work using a steady direct current. This is because the magnetic field
produced in the primary coil is constant. Therefore, there is no change in magnetic flux
linking secondary coil.

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➢ The ideal transformer which is 100% efficient and has no loss of energy will have following
relationship:
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑝
=
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑝 Y e
= secondary voltage
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Np = no. of turns of primary coil, Ns = no. of turns of secondary coil, Vp = primary voltage, Vs

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➢ For 100% efficient, all energy supplied to primary coil is transferred to secondary coil.
Therefore, output power equals input power.
VsIs = VpIp

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 Transformer
Example 1
A transformer has 200 turns on the primary coil and 10 turns on the secondary coil.
If the output potential difference required is 12.0 V from the secondary coil, what potential difference
must be put across the primary coil? [Ans: 240 V]

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Example 2

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A transformer has 20 turns of wire on the secondary coil and the p.d. across it is 3.0 V.
How many turns must there be on the primary coil if the primary coil p.d. is 230 V? [Ans: 1533 turns]

Example 3

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The secondary coil of a transformer has a p.d. output of 120 V.

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If the primary coil has 300 turns, how many turns must there be on the secondary coil if the primary
coil input p.d. is 3.0 V? [Ans: 6000 turns]

Example 4
The p.d. across the primary coil of a transformer is 240 V and carries a current of 5.0 A.
If the p.d. across the secondary coil is 12.0 V, what current is flowing in secondary coil? [Ans: 100
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A]
Transformer
Example 5
The p.d. across the primary coil of an ideal transformer was 12000 V and the current flowing
through it was 20 A. If the current flowing through the secondary coil was 1000 A, what is the
p.d. across the secondary coil? [Ans: 240 V]

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Example 6

of wire on the secondary coil.

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A power station step-up transformer has 500 turns of wire on the primary coil and 8000 turns

(a) If the generator output is 25 000 V, what is the output p.d. in kV for the transmission lines

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of the National Grid? [Ans: 400 kV]
(b) What is the power input, in MW, from the generator to the transformer, if the input current

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to the primary coil is 20 A? (assume 100% efficiency) [Ans: 0.50 MW]
(c) If the power output from the transformer to the transmission line is 0.48 MW, what is the %
efficiency of the energy transfer and what has become of the lost energy? [Ans: 96%]

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Transformer
Example 7
The p.d. across the secondary coil of an ideal transformer is 12.0 V and 0.30 A flows through
it. If the p.d. across the primary coil is 240 V, what current is flowing through the primary coil?
[Ans: 0.015 A]

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Example 8

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The output p.d. across the secondary coil of an ideal transformer is 6.0 V and a current
flowing through it of 0.50 A. What p.d. must be applied across the primary coil to give a current

Example 9
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of 0.0125 A to flow through it? [Ans: 240 V]

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A laptop charger works off the 230 V AC mains supply. Inside the adapter, the transformer
produces an a d.c. supply current of 3.0 A at a p.d. of 19 V. What current did the charger draw
from the mains supply? [Ans: 0.25 A]

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Transformer
➢ There is 2 types of transformers: step-up and step-down transformer.

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Transformer
➢ Electricity Grid Network:

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Transformer
➢ Due to very long distance of transmission line, power loss in the cable is high when the cable
is heated up as current flows through it. Therefore, the electricity is transmitted at very high
voltage to reduce energy loss.

➢ Power loss in cable is given by:

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Example 10
P = I²R

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A 20 kW generator gives an output of 5 kV. This is transmitted to a workshop by cables with a
resistance of 20 Ω. Calculate the power loss in the cable. [Ans: 320 W]

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A transmission line is used to transmit 100 MW.
(a) What current is needed to transmit 100 MW of power at a voltage of 25.0 kV? [Ans: 4000 A]
(b) Find the power loss in a 1.0 Ω transmission line. [Ans: 16.0 MW]
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