DOT NET FRAMEWORKING

Q1)

a) What is the use of CLR?

CLR (Common Language Runtime) is the execution engine for .NET applications. It:

 Manages memory.

 Handles exceptions.

 Performs garbage collection.

 Enforces type safety.

 Provides security and thread management.

b) What is CTS?

CTS (Common Type System) standardizes data types across .NET languages (like VB.NET, C#). It
ensures:

 Type compatibility.

 Code interoperability between languages.

c) Enlist any two operators in VB.NET

 & — String Concatenation

 + — Addition or String Concatenation (context-sensitive)

d) Explain following functions:

 i) MessageBox() – Displays a pop-up dialog box with a message, and optionally buttons
like OK/Cancel.

 MessageBox.Show("Operation successful!")

 ii) InputBox() – Prompts the user to enter input via a pop-up dialog.

 Dim name As String = InputBox("Enter your name:")

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e) Explain this keyword in C#:

The this keyword refers to the current instance of the class. It is used:

 To access members of the current class.

 To differentiate between instance variables and parameters.

 public class Student {

 private string name;

 public Student(string name) {

 this.name = name;

 }

 }

f) Explain constructor and destructor in C#:

 Constructor – Special method that initializes a new object. Same name as class, no
return type.

 Destructor – Cleans up resources. Declared with ~ClassName() and called by the garbage
collector.

g) Explain Server object:

In ASP.NET, Server is an object of the HttpServerUtility class that provides:

 Utility methods like Server.MapPath()

 Server-side execution (Server.Execute())

h) Explain types of menu control:

 Menu Control in ASP.NET or Windows Forms can be:

o MainMenu

o ContextMenu

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 o MenuStrip Used for displaying a list of menu items for user interaction.

i) Explain Connected and Disconnected Architecture in ADO.NET:

 Connected – Uses SqlDataReader to access data while maintaining connection.

 Disconnected – Uses DataSet and DataAdapter to fetch data, work offline, and update
back later.

j) Explain Timer control in VB.NET:

 Executes code at regular intervals.

 Can be used for animations, clocks, or periodic tasks.

 Timer1.Interval = 1000 ' 1 second

 Timer1.Start()

Q1 Continued

a) Enlist concatenation operators in VB.NET

 & – Preferred for string concatenation.

 + – Can also concatenate strings but might cause ambiguity with numeric addition.

b) List properties of Array in C#:

 Length – Total number of elements.

 Rank – Number of dimensions.

 GetUpperBound(int dimension) – Highest index.

 IsFixedSize, IsReadOnly – Metadata about the array structure.

c) What do you mean by constructor?

A constructor is a special method that:

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  Initializes object state.

 Has no return type and same name as the class.

 public MyClass() {

 // Initialization code

 }

d) What is ADO.Net Dataset?

A DataSet:

 Is an in-memory representation of data.

 Can contain multiple DataTables.

 Is disconnected from the data source.

e) Write any two string functions in C#:

 Length – Returns number of characters.

 Substring(startIndex, length) – Extracts a portion of a string.

f) Enlist any four data types used in VB.NET:

 Integer

 String

 Double

 Boolean

g) What is the use of virtual keyword?

 Allows a method/property to be overridden in a derived class.

 public virtual void Display() { ... }

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h) List any four common web controls:

 TextBox

 Label

 DropDownList

 Button

i) What is the use of SiteMapPath control?

Displays a breadcrumb navigation to show the current page location within the site hierarchy.

j) List any four properties of ComboBox control:

 Items

 SelectedIndex

 SelectedItem

 DropDownStyle

Q1 Continued

a) How to declare a constant?

Const PI As Double = 3.14

b) What is garbage collection?

Automatic memory management that reclaims memory used by unused objects, managed by
the CLR.

c) Enlist any four errors in VB.NET:

 Syntax Error

 Runtime Error

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  Logical Error

 Compile-time Error

d) Define MSIL:

Microsoft Intermediate Language – Code generated after compilation, platform-independent,

e) List any 4 properties of Form:

 Text

 BackColor

 StartPosition

 WindowState

f) What is CLS?

Common Language Specification – Defines rules to ensure interoperability across all .NET
languages.

g) What is method overloading?

Defining multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.

void Print() {}

void Print(string msg) {}

h) What is destructor?

A method that is called when an object is destroyed, used for cleanup in C#.

~MyClass() {

// cleanup code

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i) What is event? List two mouse events in VB.NET

An event is a user or system action that a program responds to.

Mouse Events:

 MouseClick

 MouseHover

Q2)

a) Features of .NET Framework:

1. Cross-Language Interoperability – Code written in different languages (C#, VB.NET) can

2. Common Language Runtime (CLR) – Manages execution, memory, threads, and

3. Base Class Library (BCL) – Rich collection of reusable classes.

4. Security – Role-based and code access security.

5. Garbage Collection – Automatic memory management.

6. Platform Independence – MSIL is JIT compiled to native code.

7. Web, Windows, and Console Application Support.

8. ADO.NET – For data access.

9. Windows Forms and WPF – For GUI-based applications.

10. ASP.NET – For building dynamic web apps.

b) ScrollBar Control in VB.NET:

Types:

 HScrollBar – Horizontal scrollbar.

 VScrollBar – Vertical scrollbar.

Important Properties:

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  Minimum, Maximum – Range values.

 Value – Current value.

 SmallChange – Increment on small step.

 LargeChange – Increment on large step.

Methods:

 PerformScroll – Forces scroll event.

 Refresh() – Redraws scrollbar.

Example Usage:

Private Sub VScrollBar1_Scroll(sender As Object, e As ScrollEventArgs) Handles

TextBox1.Text = "Scrolled Value: " & VScrollBar1.Value

End Sub

c) ADO.NET Components:

1. Connection Object – (SqlConnection) Opens connection to DB.

2. Command Object – (SqlCommand) Executes SQL queries.

3. DataReader – (SqlDataReader) Reads data in forward-only mode.

4. DataAdapter – Bridges between DataSet and database.

5. DataSet – In-memory cache of data.

6. DataTable – Represents a single table of in-memory data.

d) GUI with RichTextBox and Font Size ComboBox in VB.NET

Design:

 RichTextBox: RichTextBox1

 ComboBox: ComboBox1

 Button: Button1

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Code:

Private Sub Form1_Load(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load

ComboBox1.Items.AddRange(New Object() {"8", "10", "12", "14", "16", "18", "20"})

End Sub

Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

If ComboBox1.SelectedItem IsNot Nothing Then

Dim newSize As Single = Convert.ToSingle(ComboBox1.SelectedItem)

RichTextBox1.SelectionFont = New Font(RichTextBox1.Font.FontFamily, newSize)

End If

End Sub

e) VB.NET Program – Display Numbers Continuously in TextBox

Private count As Integer = 1

Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

TextBox1.Text &= count.ToString() & " "

count += 1

End Sub

Q3)

a) VB.NET – Check Vowel or Consonant

Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

Dim ch As Char = TextBox1.Text.ToLower()(0)

If "aeiou".Contains(ch) Then

MessageBox.Show("Vowel")

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 Else

MessageBox.Show("Consonant")

End If

End Sub

b) C#.NET – Sum of Array Elements

int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

int sum = 0;

foreach (int num in numbers) {

sum += num;

Console.WriteLine("Sum: " + sum);

c) C#.NET – Fibonacci Series

int a = 0, b = 1, c;

Console.Write(a + " " + b + " ");

for (int i = 2; i < 10; i++) {

c = a + b;

Console.Write(c + " ");

a = b;

b = c;

d) C#.NET – Check Prime Number

int num = 17;

bool isPrime = true;

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for (int i = 2; i <= Math.Sqrt(num); i++) {

if (num % i == 0) {

isPrime = false;

break;

Console.WriteLine(isPrime ? "Prime" : "Not Prime");

e) VB.NET – Check Perfect Number

Dim number As Integer = 28

Dim sum As Integer = 0

For i As Integer = 1 To number - 1

If number Mod i = 0 Then

sum += i

End If

Next

If sum = number Then

MessageBox.Show("Perfect Number")

Else

MessageBox.Show("Not Perfect")

End If

Q4)

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a) Built-in Dialog Boxes in VB.NET/Windows Forms:

1. OpenFileDialog – Opens files.

2. SaveFileDialog – Saves files.

3. FontDialog – Selects font.

4. ColorDialog – Picks color.

5. PrintDialog – Prints documents.

b) ASP.NET Life Cycle Events:

1. Application Start – When the app starts.

2. BeginRequest – Start of an HTTP request.

3. AuthenticateRequest – Authentication performed.

4. AuthorizeRequest – Authorization check.

5. Page Init, Load, Render, Unload – Page-specific events.

6. Application End – Application shutdown.

c) ASP.NET Validation + 2 Types:

Validation ensures data entered by the user is correct.

Types:

 RequiredFieldValidator – Ensures field is not empty.

 RangeValidator – Checks input is within specified range.

d) VB.NET – Blink an Image

Private Sub Timer1_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Timer1.Tick

PictureBox1.Visible = Not PictureBox1.Visible

End Sub

 Add a Timer with Interval = 500 and enable it.

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  Add a PictureBox with an image.

e) C#.NET – Sort an Array

int[] arr = { 5, 2, 8, 1, 3 };

Array.Sort(arr);

foreach (int i in arr)

Console.Write(i + " ");

Q2)

a) Explain DataGridView Control

 Definition: DataGridView is a control in Windows Forms that allows you to display, edit,
and manipulate tabular data.

 Key Features:

o Supports data binding with datasets, tables, lists.

o Column sorting, editing, and styling.

o Auto-resizing of columns and rows.

o Custom cell formatting and event handling.

 Common Properties:

o DataSource: Binds to data.

o ReadOnly: Makes grid non-editable.

o AllowUserToAddRows, AllowUserToDeleteRows: Enable/disable row operations.

 Common Methods:

o Refresh(), ClearSelection()

b) Explain the architecture of ASP.Net

ASP.NET follows a layered architecture:

1. Page Life Cycle: Events like Init, Load, PreRender, Unload.

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 2. Server Controls: Buttons, Labels, TextBoxes—used to design web UI.

3. Code Behind: Separates logic from UI.

4. HTTP Pipeline:

o Request → IIS → HTTP Module → HTTP Handler → Page → Response

5. Compilation: Dynamic compilation of pages into assemblies.

6. State Management: ViewState, Session, Cookies, QueryString.

7. Security: Authentication (Forms, Windows), Authorization.

c) Explain classes in ADO.Net

Classes in ADO.NET are divided into:

 Connection classes: SqlConnection, OleDbConnection

 Command classes: SqlCommand, OleDbCommand

 DataReader classes: SqlDataReader, OleDbDataReader (for connected architecture)

 DataAdapter: Fills DataSet from DB (used in disconnected architecture)

 DataSet: In-memory data storage

 DataTable, DataRow, DataColumn: Used to handle individual data units.

d) Properties and Methods of Server Object

 Used in ASP.NET for accessing server-level utilities.

 Properties:

o Server.MachineName: Server's name.

o Server.ScriptTimeout: Request timeout.

 Methods:

o Server.HtmlEncode(): Encodes HTML characters.

o Server.UrlEncode(): Encodes URL strings.

o Server.MapPath(): Returns physical path of virtual directory.

e) Explain MessageBox Function in Detail

 Purpose: To display a message/dialog box to the user.

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  Syntax in VB.NET:

 MessageBox.Show("Message", "Title", MessageBoxButtons.YesNo,

 Parameters:

o Message: Text to show.

o Title: Title bar text.

o Buttons: OK, Cancel, YesNo, etc.

o Icon: Error, Warning, Info, etc.

 Returns: A DialogResult value based on button click.

Q2) .NET Framework and ADO.NET Concepts

a) Explain Architecture of .NET Framework

.NET Framework has a multi-layered architecture consisting of:

1. Common Language Runtime (CLR)

o Core engine that executes .NET programs.

o Provides services like memory management, security, garbage collection, and

2. .NET Framework Class Library (FCL)

o A vast library of pre-built classes and interfaces.

o Includes namespaces like System, System.IO, System.Data, System.Web, etc.

3. Languages (C#, VB.NET, F#)

o Allows development in multiple languages that are compiled to Common

4. Common Type System (CTS)

o Standardizes data types across all .NET languages.

5. Common Language Specification (CLS)

o A set of rules for language interoperability.

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 6. ASP.NET and Windows Forms

o ASP.NET for web applications.

o Windows Forms/WPF for desktop applications.

b) What are HTML Controls?

 HTML controls are the basic elements of a web page.

 Examples:

o <input>, <button>, <textarea>, <select>, <form>, <label>, etc.

 They are client-side controls and don’t retain state by themselves.

 In ASP.NET, they can be run as server-side controls using runat="server".

c) Explain ASP.NET Basic Controls

ASP.NET provides several server-side controls that extend HTML controls with server processing
capabilities:

1. Label – Displays text.

2. TextBox – Accepts user input.

3. Button – Triggers a postback and executes event.

4. CheckBox / RadioButton – For options and selections.

5. DropDownList – Drop-down selection list.

6. ListBox – Displays list of items.

7. GridView – Displays and edits tabular data.

8. Calendar – Date selection.

d) What is Connection Object in ADO.NET?

 A Connection Object establishes a connection between an application and a data

 In SQL Server, we use SqlConnection.

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  Example:

 Dim con As New SqlConnection("connection_string")

 con.Open()

 Important Properties:

o ConnectionString, State

 Important Methods:

o Open(), Close()

e) Explain DataReader in ADO.NET

 DataReader is used to read data from a database in a forward-only, read-only manner.

 Connected architecture component.

 High-performance way to read data row-by-row.

 Example in VB.NET:

 Dim cmd As New SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM Students", con)

 Dim dr As SqlDataReader = cmd.ExecuteReader()

 While dr.Read()

 Console.WriteLine(dr("Name"))

 End While

 Properties:

o HasRows, Item, FieldCount

 Methods:

o Read(), Close()

Q5 - Short Notes

a) Method Overloading in C#

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  Method Overloading allows multiple methods in the same class to have the same name
but different parameter lists (type, number, or order).

 Enhances code readability and reusability.

 Compiler selects the appropriate method based on arguments.

 Example:

 public void Display(int a) { ... }

 public void Display(string a) { ... }

 public void Display(int a, int b) { ... }

b) Validation Controls in ASP.NET

 Used to validate user input before processing.

 Can be client-side or server-side.

 Common validation controls:

1. RequiredFieldValidator – Ensures the field is not empty.

2. RangeValidator – Ensures input falls within a specific range.

3. CompareValidator – Compares values of two controls.

4. RegularExpressionValidator – Validates input against regex pattern.

5. CustomValidator – Allows custom validation logic.

c) Data Types in VB.NET

 VB.NET provides both value types and reference types.

 Common value types:

o Integer, Double, Boolean, Char, Date

 Reference types:

o String, Array, Object, Class

 Example:

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  Dim age As Integer = 25

 Dim name As String = "John"

a) Event Driven Programming

 Programming paradigm where events (click, keypress, etc.) trigger code execution.

 Common in GUI development (VB.NET, Windows Forms, ASP.NET).

 Events are handled using event handlers.

 Example:

 Private Sub btnClick_Click(...) Handles btnClick.Click

 MessageBox.Show("Button Clicked!")

 End Sub

b) JIT Compilers (Just-In-Time)

 Part of the CLR in .NET.

 Converts MSIL (Intermediate Language) to native machine code at runtime.

 Improves performance and enables runtime optimizations.

 Types:

o Normal JIT

o Econo JIT

o Pre-JIT (Ngen.exe)

c) Method Overloading

 Method Overloading allows multiple methods in the same class to have the same
name but different parameter lists (type, number, or order).

 Enhances code readability and reusability.

 Compiler selects the appropriate method based on arguments.

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  Example:

public void Display(int a) { ... }

public void Display(string a) { ... }

public void Display(int a, int b) { ... }

a) Crystal Reports

 A reporting tool to design, generate, and format rich reports from databases.

 Can be integrated with VB.NET, C#, and ASP.NET.

 Supports charts, graphs, and export to PDF, Excel, etc.

b) Conductor

 If from .NET perspective: no direct meaning in .NET.

 In general tech context, it could refer to a controller or orchestrator in workflow or

 Kindly clarify if it's from a specific context (like WPF, software architecture, or physical
computing).

c) Command Object

 ADO.NET component used to execute SQL queries or stored procedures.

 Works with Connection and DataReader.

 Example in VB.NET:

 Dim cmd As New SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM Students", con)

 cmd.ExecuteReader()

 Important properties: CommandText, CommandType, Connection

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