document presentation, including aspects such as the layout, colors, and fonts.

This
separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the
specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple HTML pages to share formatting
by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file, and reduce complexity and repetition in
the structural content.

The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
Internet media type (MIME type) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March
1998). The W3C operates a free CSS validation service for CSS documents

CSS has a simple syntax and uses a number of English keywords to specify the names
of various style properties .A style sheet consists of a list of rules. Each rule or rule-set
consists of one or more selectors, and a declaration block.

1.4.3 Bootstrap

Bootstra is a free and open-source, front-endweb framework for designing websites and web
applications. It contains HTML- and CSS-based design templates for typography, forms,
buttons, navigation and other interface components, as well as optional JavaScript
extensions.Unlike many web frameworks, it concerns itself with front-end development only.

Bootstrap is modular and consists of a series of less stylesheets that implement

the various components of the toolkit. These stylesheets are generally compiled into a bundle
and included in web pages, but individual components can be included or removed.
Bootstrap provides a number of configuration variables that control things such as color and
padding of various components.

Since Bootstrap 2, the Bootstrap documentation has included a customization

wizard which generates a customized version of Bootstrap based on the requested
components and various settings.

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 As of Bootstrap 4, Sass is used instead of less for the stylesheets.Each Bootstrap
component consists of an HTML structure, CSS declarations, and in some cases
accompanying JavaScript code.

1.4.4 My SQL

MySQL is an open source RDBMS that relies on SQL for processing the data in
database. MySQL provides APIs for the languages like C, C++, Eiffel, JAVA, Perl, PHP and
Python. MySQL is most commonly used for web applications and for embedded applications
and has become a popular alternative to proprietary database system because of its speed
and reliability. MySQL can run on UNIX, Windows and Mac OS.

MySQL is an essential part of almost every open source PHP application. Good
examples for PHP/MySQL-based scripts are phpBB, os Cmmerce and Joomla. One of the most
important things about using MySQL is to have a MySQL specialized host.

MySQL is the most popular Open Source Relational SQL database management
system. MySQL is one of the best RDBMS being used for developing web based software
applications.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system (RDBMS)

based on Structured Query Language (SQL). MySQL runs on virtually all platforms, including
Linux, UNIX, and Windows. Although it can be used in a wide range of applications, MySQL is
most often associated with web-based applications and online publishing and is an important
component of an enterprise stack called LAMP. LAMP is a Web development platform that
uses Linux as the operating system, Apache as the Web server, MySQL as the relational
database management system and PHP as the object oriented scripting language. (Sometimes
Perl or Python is used instead of PHP.)

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1.4.5 PHP

The PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) is a programming language that allows

web developers to create dynamic content that interacts with databases. PHP is basically
used for developing web based software applications. This tutorial helps you to build your
base with PHP. PHP started out as a small open source project that evolved as more and
more people found out how useful it was. Rasmus Lerdorf unleashed the first version of PHP
way back in 1994.

• PHP is a recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".

• PHP is a server side scripting language that is embedded in HTML. It is used to
manage dynamic content, databases, session tracking, even build entire e-
commerce sites.
• It is integrated with a number of popular databases, including MySQL, Postgre
SQL, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server.
• PHP is pleasingly zippy in its execution, especially when compiled as an Apache
module on the Unix side. The MySQL server, once started, executes even very
complex queries with huge result sets in record-setting time.
• PHP supports a large number of major protocols such as POP3, IMAP, and
LDAP.
PHP4 added support for Java and distributed object architectures (COM and
CORBA), making n-tier development a possibility for the first time.
• PHP is forgiving: PHP language tries to be as forgiving as possible.
• PHP Syntax is C-Like.

1.4.6 JavaScript

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. It is designedfor

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creating network-centric applications. It is complimentary to and integrated with Java. JavaScript
is very easy to implement because it is integrated with HTML. It is open and cross-platform.

JavaScript is a high-level, dynamic, untyped, and interpreted programming language. It

has been standardized in the ECMA Script language specification. Alongside
HTML and CSS, it is one of the three core technologies of World Wide Web content production; the
majority of websites employ it and it is supported by all modern Web browsers without plug-ins.
JavaScript is prototype-based with first-class functions, making it a multi-paradigm language,
supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles.It has an API for
working with text, arrays, dates and regular expressions, but does not include any I/O, such as
networking, storage, or graphics facilities, relying for these upon the host environment in which it
is embedded.

Despite some naming, syntactic, and standard library similarities, JavaScript and Java
are otherwise unrelated and have very different semantics. The syntax of JavaScript is actually
derived from C, while the semantics and design are influenced by the Self and Scheme
programming languages.

JavaScript is also used in environments that are not Web-based, such as PDF
documents, site-specific browsers, and desktop widgets. Newer and faster
JavaScript virtual machines (VMs) and platforms built upon them have also
increased the popularity of JavaScript for server-side Web applications. On the
client side, JavaScript has been traditionally implemented as an interpreted
language, but more recent browsers perform just-in-time compilation. It is also
used in game development, the creation of desktop and mobile applications, and
server-side network programming with runtime environments such as Node.js.

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 CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2.1 Analysis.

Analysis begins with identification of needs of clients and the developers. The
statement may be incomplete or informal; analysis makes it more precise and
exposes ambiguities and inconsistencies. In Analysis, the first step, is
concerned with devising a precise, concise, understandable, and correct
model of the real world. Basically it specifies the requirements and the real-
world environment in which it will exist.

The purpose of object-oriented analysis is to model the real-world system so

that it can be understood. To do this, you must examine requirements,
analyze their implications, and restate them rigorously.

Analysis consist of following steps:

1. Identification of needs.
2. Preliminary Investigation.
3. Feasibility Study.
4. Project Planning.
5. Project Scheduling.
6. Software Requirement Specification.
7. Software Engineering Paradigm Applied.
8. Build an Object Model:

 Identify object and classes.

 Prepare a data dictionary containing description of classes, attributes, and
associations.
 Identify associations (including aggregation) between objects.
 Identify attributes of objects and links.
 Organize and simplify object classes using inheritance.
 Verify that access paths exits for likely queries.
 Iterate and refine the model.

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Group classes into modules
 Object model = object model diagram + data dictionary.

1. Develop a Dynamic Model:

 Prepare scenarios of typical interaction sequences.

 Identify events between objects
 Prepare an event trace for each scenario.
 Prepare an event flow diagram for the system.
 Build a state diagram.
 Match events between objects to verify consistency.

 Dynamic model = state diagram + global event flow diagram.

1. Construct a Functional Model:

 Identify input and output values.

 Build data flow diagram showing functional dependencies.
 Describe functions.
 Identify constraints.
 Specify optimization criteria.

 Functional Model = data flow diagram + constraints.

Verify, iterate and refine the three models:

 Add key operations that were discovered during preparation of the

functional model to the object model; just show the most important
operations.
 Verify that the classes, associations, attributes, and operations are
consistent and complete at the chosen level of abstraction. Compare the
three models with the problem statement and relevant domain
knowledge and test the models using scenarios.

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