ID: de55ec71

Generations of mystery and horror ______ have been influenced by the dark, gothic stories of celebrated American author
Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849).

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. writers

B. writers,

C. writers—

D. writers;
 ID: e38b3e4f
The radiation that ______ during the decay of radioactive atomic nuclei is known as gamma radiation.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. occurs

B. have occurred

C. occur

D. are occurring
 ID: 4b0c7b62
The algaita is a double reed wind instrument from West Africa. The reed of a wind instrument is the mouthpiece ______ A
double reed contains two pieces of cane that vibrate and produce sound as air passes between them.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. where sound is made?

B. where is sound made.

C. where sound is made.

D. where is sound made?

 ID: 3580533b
In recent years, economists around the world have created new tools that quantify the overall well-being of a country’s
citizens. Economists in India, for example, use an Ease of Living Index. This tool ______ economic potential, sustainability,
and citizens’ quality of life.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. measures

B. had measured

C. would have measured

D. will have been measuring

 ID: e62241b7
What is the correct pronunciation of Kiribati? In the Gilbertese language spoken by residents of the island nation, the
letter combination -ti makes the -s sound; as a result, the country’s name ______ pronounced “Kiribas.”

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. are

B. have been

C. are being

D. is
 ID: a7c85001
Researchers Amit Kumar and Nicholas Epley investigated how ______ In a series of experiments conducted in 2022, they
found that people performing small acts of kindness underestimated the positive effect their actions had on others.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. do people perceive acts of kindness.

B. do people perceive acts of kindness?

C. people perceive acts of kindness?

D. people perceive acts of kindness.

 ID: b7363ba2
Mathematician and meteorologist Edward Lorenz used the metaphor of the “butterfly effect” to explain how seemingly
minor events can have major impacts on future weather. According to Lorenz’s metaphor, the wind from a butterfly
flapping ______ in Brazil might eventually grow into a storm elsewhere across the globe.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. its wings

B. its wings’

C. it’s wing’s

D. it’s wings’
 ID: 333b2b65
While one requires oxygen and one does ______ and anaerobic respiration are both forms of cellular respiration—that is,
they are processes by which cells break down glucose to use as energy.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. not aerobic

B. not. Aerobic

C. not, aerobic

D. not; aerobic
 ID: 148be4da
Human-made (synthetic) fibers used in clothes and many other consumer products are more durable than most natural
plant ______ the manufacture of synthetic fibers requires toxic chemical solvents that can pollute air and water.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. fibers,

B. fibers but

C. fibers

D. fibers, but
 ID: 83617355
Each night in Gijón, Spain, a section of the city’s marina is bathed in a soft green glow. The source of the glow is the Árbol
de la Sidra, a large sculpture made up of 3,200 recycled glass bottles. A lamp inside the tree-shaped structure ______ the
green glass.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. will be illuminating

B. illuminates

C. would illuminate

D. illuminated
 ID: 7b419faf
In 1903, environmentalist John Muir guided President Theodore Roosevelt on a scenic, sprawling trip through California’s
Yosemite Valley. Upon returning from the three-day excursion, Roosevelt ______ to conserve the nation’s wilderness areas,
a vow he upheld for his remaining six years in office.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. is vowing

B. vowed

C. will vow

D. vows
 ID: 29c9be28
To survive when water is scarce, embryos inside African turquoise killifish eggs ______ a dormant state known as
diapause. In this state, embryonic development is paused for as long as two years—longer than the life span of an adult
killifish.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. enter

B. to enter

C. having entered

D. entering
 ID: 983d33fa
In 1637, the price of tulips skyrocketed in Amsterdam, with single bulbs of rare varieties selling for up to the equivalent of
$200,000 in today’s US dollars. Some historians ______ that this “tulip mania” was the first historical instance of an asset
bubble, which occurs when investors drive prices to highs not supported by actual demand.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. claiming

B. claim

C. having claimed

D. to claim
 ID: e6f2dba6
According to the traditional RYB (red-yellow-blue) color model, yellow is a complementary color to purple. However,
yellow ______ considered complementary to blue in modern color theory.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. is

B. having been

C. to be

D. being
 ID: 52b61716
Formed in 1967 to foster political and economic stability within the Asia-Pacific region, the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations was originally made up of five members: Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. By
the end of the 1990s, the organization ______ its initial membership.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. has doubled

B. had doubled

C. doubles

D. will double
 ID: 96c720af
Atoms in a synchrotron, a type of circular particle accelerator, travel faster and faster until they ______ a desired energy
level, at which point they are diverted to collide with a target, smashing the atoms.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. will reach

B. reach

C. had reached

D. are reaching
 ID: dbd78791
Led by Syrian American astronomer Shadia Habbal, the Solar Wind Sherpas are an intrepid team of scientists who travel
the globe to study solar winds, the streams of particles emanating from the Sun that are only visible from certain
locations during a total solar eclipse. When such an eclipse is imminent, the Sherpas pack up their telescopes and ______
ready.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. get

B. had gotten

C. got

D. were getting
 ID: 100269ad
Zydeco music originated in the French Creole community of southwest Louisiana. One instrument that gives zydeco its
unique sound is the vest frottoir. The vest frottoir ______ a wearable washboard that is played by rubbing spoons or bottle
openers against it.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. have been

B. is

C. were

D. are
 ID: 0aebdf5f
According to linguist Martin Joos, speakers of the English language ______ five main registers—frozen, formal,
consultative, casual, and intimate—which they rotate between depending on the situation.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. use

B. is using

C. uses

D. has used
 ID: 155239cf
By analyzing ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica, a research team at Sweden’s Lund University discovered evidence
of a solar storm that occurred 9,200 years ago. Scientists had previously thought the Sun to be in a relatively “quiet”
phase at that ______ the Lund team’s finding suggests otherwise.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. time but

B. time, but

C. time,

D. time
 ID: 9091458d
Emperor penguins don’t waddle out of the ocean. They launch themselves at such a high speed that they travel up to two
meters before landing. How ______ A layer of microbubbles on their plumage reduces friction as the penguins speed to
the surface.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. they are able to move so fast!

B. are they able to move so fast.

C. they are able to move so fast.

D. are they able to move so fast?

 ID: 4aa28ac3
Nowadays, tug-of-war is usually seen as an informal game one might play at a picnic or in gym class. Surprisingly, the
Olympic committee once decided ______ tug-of-war as an official Olympic event! Nations competed in the event at the
Olympic Games from 1900 to 1920.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. included

B. including

C. include

D. to include
 ID: 8df848c1
When they were first introduced to western Europe from Byzantium in the eleventh century, table forks were met with
much resistance. The Bishop of Ostia, St. Peter Damian, condemned the eating utensils because he considered ______
dangerous and unnecessary luxury items.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. them

B. this

C. that

D. it
 ID: 77bf77cd
Farouk El-Baz, a geologist and space scientist, ______ part of the team that selected the lunar landing sites for the Apollo
program during the 1960s and 1970s.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. are

B. was

C. have been

D. were
 ID: b0115ef6
Technologies such as microphones and inkjet printers are made using piezoelectric materials, which generate an internal
electric field when pressure is applied to them. The toxic nature of some of these materials recently led a team from the
University of Sheffield to investigate how ______

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. could their use be better regulated?

B. their use could be better regulated.

C. their use could be better regulated?

D. could their use be better regulated.

 ID: 57998dd3
Obsidian is a kind of volcanic glass formed when lava cools so quickly that the atoms inside it cannot arrange
themselves in a crystalline structure. You ______ more about obsidian’s structure, which is classified as amorphous, in a
later chapter.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. had learned

B. had been learning

C. will learn

D. have learned
 ID: 6fece68e
Emperor Ashoka ruled the Maurya Empire in South Asia from roughly 270 to 232 BCE. He is known for enforcing a moral
code called the Law of Piety, which established the sanctity of animal ______ the just treatment of the elderly, and the
abolition of the slave trade.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. life

B. life;

C. life:

D. life,
 ID: 166efaa2
Public-awareness campaigns about the need to reduce single-use plastics can be successful, says researcher Kim Borg
of Monash University in Australia, when these campaigns give consumers a choice: for example, Japan achieved a 40
percent reduction in plastic-bag use after cashiers were instructed to ask customers whether ______ wanted a bag.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. they

B. one

C. you

D. it
 ID: 35ae047d
In 1929, Edwin Herbert Land invented a polarizing filter that was featured in a number of products, from sunglasses to 3D
movies. A decade later, Land ______ his technology to invent the world’s first instant camera, the Polaroid Land camera.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. used

B. to have used

C. to use

D. using
 ID: db4e3819
Midway through her 1968 jazz album A Monastic Trio, Alice Coltrane switches instruments, swapping the piano for the
harp. With the same fluid style that Coltrane was famous for on piano, she ______ her fingers across the harp strings and
creates a radiant sound.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. sweep

B. are sweeping

C. were sweeping

D. sweeps
 ID: 1724dac2
A subseasonal weather forecast attempts to predict weather conditions three to four weeks in ______ its predictions are
therefore more short-term than those of the seasonal forecast, which attempts to predict the weather more than a month
in advance.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. advance,

B. advance

C. advance;

D. advance and
 ID: d47bb0a4
Objects ranging from the Kikkoman soy sauce bottle to the Yamaha VMAX motorcycle to the Komachi bullet train ______
designed by twentieth-century industrial designer Kenji Ekuan.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. was

B. is

C. has been

D. were
 ID: e3b72630
In the historical novel The Surrender Tree, Cuban American author Margarita Engle uses poetry rather than prose ______
the true story of Cuban folk hero Rosa La Bayamesa.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. tells

B. told

C. is telling

D. to tell
 ID: a1e0c981
In her book The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts, author Maxine Hong Kingston examines themes
______ childhood, womanhood, and Chinese American identity by intertwining autobiography and mythology.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. of:

B. of

C. of—

D. of,
 ID: b35cefb7
The fine, powdery substance that covers the Moon’s surface is called regolith. Because regolith is both readily available
and high in oxygen ______ scientists have wondered whether it could be used as a potential source of oxygen for future
lunar settlements.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. content and

B. content,

C. content

D. content, and
 ID: 3a35ddd1
Like other amphibians, the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) is unable to generate its own heat, so during periods of subfreezing
temperatures, it ______ by producing large amounts of glucose, a sugar that helps prevent damaging ice from forming
inside its cells.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. had survived

B. survived

C. would survive

D. survives
 ID: 69f031ab
While exploring Nevada’s Gypsum Cave in 1930, Seneca and Abenaki archaeologist Bertha Parker made her most
famous discovery: the skull of a now-extinct ground sloth (Nothrotheriops shastensis) alongside human-made tools.
Parker’s crucial finding was the first ______ humans in North America as far back as 10,000 years ago.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. places

B. placed

C. place

D. to place
 ID: 486f03da
The short story “Rogue Enchantments” by Isabel Ibañez appears in Reclaim the ______ anthology of fantasy and science
fiction written by authors of Latin American descent.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. Stars. An

B. Stars, while an

C. Stars an

D. Stars, an
 ID: aab78b25
Psychophysicist Howard Moskowitz was hired by a soda company to determine how much artificial sweetener ______
After conducting consumer taste tests, he found that no such ideal existed: participants expressed a wide range of
preferences for different blends of sweetener, carbonization, and flavoring.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. do most people prefer in a diet drink?

B. do most people prefer in a diet drink.

C. most people prefer in a diet drink?

D. most people prefer in a diet drink.

 ID: 8b002b08
Many Samoans enjoy a sport called kilikiti. This bat-and-ball game was derived from ______ kilikiti differs from cricket in a
few key ways.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. cricket but:

B. cricket but,

C. cricket, but

D. cricket, but,
 ID: 430d929a
British scientists James Watson and Francis Crick won the Nobel Prize in part for their 1953 paper announcing the
double helix structure of DNA, but it is misleading to say that Watson and Crick discovered the double helix. ______
findings were based on a famous X-ray image of DNA fibers, “Photo 51,” developed by X-ray crystallographer Rosalind
Franklin and her graduate student Raymond Gosling.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. They’re

B. It’s

C. Their

D. Its
 ID: 843f92af
The sun never sets during the Arctic summer in the Far North. In response, reindeer in this region must change their sleep
habits. Instead of resting when it gets dark, they rest when they need ______ their food.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. digest

B. will digest

C. to digest

D. digesting
 ID: 1684b237
One of the few African American global explorers during the turn of the 20th century, ______

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. Matthew Henson made several treks across Greenland between 1891 and 1909.

B. 1891 and 1909 were the years between which Matthew Henson made several treks across Greenland.

C. Greenland was where Matthew Henson made several treks between 1891 and 1909.

D. several treks across Greenland were made by Matthew Henson between 1891 and 1909.
 ID: 70ced8dc
Typically, underlines, scribbles, and notes left in the margins by a former owner lower a book’s ______ when the former
owner is a famous poet like Walt Whitman, such markings, known as marginalia, can be a gold mine to literary scholars.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. value, but

B. value

C. value,

D. value but
 ID: 8a3998f1
After the United Kingdom began rolling out taxes equivalent to a few cents on single-use plastic grocery bags in 2011,
plastic-bag consumption decreased by up to ninety ______ taxes are subject to what economists call the “rebound effect”:
as the change became normalized, plastic-bag use started to creep back up.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. percent, such

B. percent and such

C. percent. Such

D. percent such
 ID: 4bed4658
In order to prevent nonnative fish species from moving freely between the Mediterranean and Red Seas, marine biologist
Bella Galil has proposed that a saline lock system be installed along the Suez Canal in Egypt’s Great Bitter Lakes. The
lock would increase the salinity of the lakes and ______ a natural barrier of water most marine creatures would be unable
to cross.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. creates

B. create

C. creating

D. created
 ID: 96953201
In her two major series “Memory Test” and “Autobiography,” painter Howardena Pindell explored themes ______ healing,
self-discovery, and memory by cutting and sewing back together pieces of canvas and inserting personal artifacts, such
as postcards, into some of the paintings.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. of

B. of,

C. of—

D. of:
 ID: acf454af
An online content creator who uses copyrighted songs without permission risks being demonetized (prohibited from
including paid advertisements in content). The best way to avoid demonetization is to choose music from the public
domain. Using one of these noncopyrighted songs ______ a creator won’t lose advertising revenue.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. are ensuring

B. have ensured

C. ensure

D. ensures
 ID: 26c8c88c
About 70,000 meteorites have been found on Earth. Although most meteorites are fragments of ______ hundred have
been identified as being from the Moon or Mars.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. asteroids. Several

B. asteroids, several

C. asteroids; several

D. asteroids: several
 ID: f4fd123c
The African Games Co-production Market, one of over 180 annual international conferences supporting video game
development, ______ the growth of the African gaming industry by helping start-up studios in Africa find partners.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. promote

B. are promoting

C. promotes

D. have promoted