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C3N - STEP 3 Complex Numbers

The document provides notes on complex numbers, focusing on Euler's formula and its applications in expressing complex numbers in exponential form. It covers the summation of trigonometric series, de Moivre's theorem, and the nth roots of complex numbers, illustrating how these concepts can be used to derive trigonometric identities and visualize roots in the Argand plane. Key formulas and methods for multiplication and division of complex numbers are also included.

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8 views2 pages

C3N - STEP 3 Complex Numbers

The document provides notes on complex numbers, focusing on Euler's formula and its applications in expressing complex numbers in exponential form. It covers the summation of trigonometric series, de Moivre's theorem, and the nth roots of complex numbers, illustrating how these concepts can be used to derive trigonometric identities and visualize roots in the Argand plane. Key formulas and methods for multiplication and division of complex numbers are also included.

Uploaded by

ratsewage86
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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maths.

org/step

STEP Support Programme

STEP 3 Complex Numbers Topic Notes

Euler’s formula:
eiθ ≡ cos θ + i sin θ

This means that we can write z = r cos θ + ir sin θ as z = reiθ (known as exponential form).

From this result we can deduce that:


   
cos θ = 21 eiθ + e−iθ and sin θ = 1
2i eiθ − e−iθ

Summation of Trigonometric series


n
X
For example: to find cos θ + cos 2θ + . . . + cos nθ = cos (kθ) consider:
k=1

n h
X i n
X
cos (kθ) + i sin (kθ) = eikθ
k=1 k=1
eiθ einθ − 1

= Geometric series sum
eiθ −1 
1 1 1
e 2 inθ e 2 inθ − e− 2 inθ
iθ
=e 1
 1 1

e 2 iθ e 2 iθ − e− 2 iθ
2i sin 12 nθ

1
i(n+1)θ
= e2
2i sin 12 θ


Then equating real parts gives us:


n
sin 12 nθ
  
X 1
cos (kθ) = cos (n + 1)θ ×
sin 21 θ

2
k=1

Multiplication and division. Often easiest in exponential form!

If we have z1 = r1 eiθ1 and z2 = r2 eiθ2 then:

z1 z2 = r1 r2 ei(θ1 +θ2 )
z1 r1
= ei(θ1 −θ2 )
z2 r2
I.e. when multiplying two numbers the moduli are multiplied and the arguments added together
and when dividing one complex number by another, the modulus of the first is divided by the
modulus of the second and the argument of the second is subtracted from the argument of the first.

STEP 3 Complex Nos: Topic Notes 1


maths.org/step

de Moivre’s theorem
(cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
where n is an integer. This can be proved
nby induction on n (such as is shown here) or can be
deduced from Euler’s formula using eiθ = einθ .

This can be used to deduce trigonometrical identities, e.g.:

cos 5θ + i sin 5θ = (cos θ + i sin θ)5


= c5 + 5ic4 s − 10c3 s2 − 10ic2 s3 + 5cs4 + is5

Where c = cos θ and s = sin θ. Equating imaginary parts gives us:

sin 5θ = 5c4 s − 10c2 s3 + s5


2
= 5 1 − s2 s − 10 1 − s2 s3 + s5


= 16s5 − 20s3 + 5s

nth roots

If z = reiθ then the nth roots of n are given by:


θ 2kπ
 
1/n i n + n
r e where 06k 6n−1

If we like we could change the range of k, e.g. −4 6 k 6 n − 5.

These n roots will form the vertices of a regular n-sided polygon in the Argand plane.

In particular, the nth roots of unity are given by:


2ikπ
e n

It can be helpful to draw a sketch of where the nth roots must be in the Argand plane, and then
use this to deduce what they are.

STEP 3 Complex Nos: Topic Notes 2

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