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The document outlines AS 4100:2020, an Australian Standard for steel structures, which was approved on July 31, 2020, and published on August 21, 2020. It provides specifications for steel structural members used in load-carrying applications, superseding the previous edition from 1998, and includes significant updates such as definitions, alignment with other standards, and new specifications for fabrication and erection. The standard is developed by the Standards Australia Committee BD-001, which includes various industry representatives.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
73 views220 pagesAs 4100.2020
The document outlines AS 4100:2020, an Australian Standard for steel structures, which was approved on July 31, 2020, and published on August 21, 2020. It provides specifications for steel structural members used in load-carrying applications, superseding the previous edition from 1998, and includes significant updates such as definitions, alignment with other standards, and new specifications for fabrication and erection. The standard is developed by the Standards Australia Committee BD-001, which includes various industry representatives.
Uploaded by
Vikas KumarCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 220
5 Austral
AS 4100:2020 cA] Amity con “
Steel structures AS 41002020,
This Australian Standard ® was prepared by BD-001, Stee! Structures. It was approved
‘on behalf of the Counc of Standards Australia on 31 July 2020.
‘This Standard was published on 21 August 2020.
The following are represented on Committee BD-001
‘Australian Building Codes Board
‘Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Australian Industry Group
Australian Steel Asscciation
Australian Steel Institute
Austroads
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia,
Consult Australia
Engineers Australia
Rail Industry Safety and Standards Board
University of New South Wales
University of Sydney
Weld Australia
Western Sydney University
‘This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR AS 4100:2019.
Keeping Standards up-to-date
Ensure you have the latest versions of our publications and keep up-to-date about
‘Amendments, Rulings, Withdrawals, and new projects by visiting:
wu. standariis.org.au
ISBN 978 1 76072 947 9 AS 4100:2020
Steel structures
Originated in part as SAA INT 351-1956.
Previous edition AS 4100—1998,
Third edition 2020.
© Standards Austialia Limited 2020
All rights are reserved No part ofthis work may be reproduced or copied in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the
vntten permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright
ct 1968 (Cin). AS 4100:2020 ii
Preface
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee BD-001, Steel Structures, to
supersede AS 4100—1998,
The objective of this Standard is to provide designers of steel structures with specifications for steel
structural members used for load-carrying purposes in buildings and other structures.
Major changes to the 1998 edition include the following:
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o
(a)
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Reference to the “construction specification” (as the document containing the particular
design data and details to be provided) as one deliverable from the design process. A definition
of the construction specification consistent with that in AS/NZS 5131 has also been provided
(Clauses 1.3.16 and 1.6.2).
Introduction of the definition of “construction category” and an informative appendix
providing guidance on selection of the appropriate construction category, both consistent
with AS/NZS 5131 (Clauses 1.3.15 and 1.7.2, and Appendix L).
Definition and description of ‘architecturally exposed structural steelwork” (AES)
(Clauses 1.3.3 and 1.7.3)
Definition and treatment of “lamellar tearing” consistent with AS/NZS 1554.1 (Clauses 1.3.40
and 3.8, and Appendix M).
Alignment with AS/NZS 5100.6:2017 (various clauses).
Referencing of AS/NZS 5131:2016 for the majority of requirements in the fabrication and
erection sections of this Standard (Sections 14 and 15),
Alignment with AS/NZS 1252.1:2016, which includes introduction of an “alternative bolt
assembly type” to EN 14399-3 System HR for grade 8.8 bolts and an “additional bolt assembly
type’ to EN 14399-3 System HR for grade 10.9 bolts, The Australian Stee! Institute (ASI),
‘Technical Note TN-001, High strength structural bale assemblies ta AS/NZS 1252:2016, provides
background and basis for the revision to AS/NZS 1252:1996 (Clauses 9.1.6, 9.3, 15.2).
New specification of geometrical tolerances for fabrication and erection aligned with
AS/NZS 5131 (Clauses 144 and 15.3)
New Appendix K "Statistical data’, aligned with AS/NZS $100.6.
Inclusion of shear modulus G at elevated temperature in Clause 12.4.2 and anew Clause 12.4.3,
Slenderness at elevated temperature
Table M.2, Criteria affecting the target value of Zza, was adapted with permission from Table 3.2 of
EN 1993-1-10. Copyright © 2005. CEN, Belgium. www.cen.cu
‘The terms “normative” and “informative” are used in Standards to define the application of the
appendices to which they apply. A "normative" appendix is an integral part of a Standard, whereas an
“informative ” appendix is only for information and guidance,
{© Standards Australia Limited 2020 i
Contents
Preface
Section 1
4d
17
Section 2
21
22
23
24
Section 3
a4
32
Scope and general... oon
Scope and exclusions
HT: (Scopesssascmmasema .
112 Exclusions on
Normative references
Terms and definitions.--.-vennnmnennn
Notation.
Use of alternative materials or methods
US. GeMeLal samen nnn
15.2 Existing structures
Delhi neces
1.6.1 Design data
1.62 Design details.
Workmanship a =
17.1 General
1.7.2 Construction category...
1.73. Architecturally exposed structural steelwork
1.7.4 Fabrication and ereetion.
Materials si aati
Yield stress and tensile strength used in design
Bld “Yield Brees racenanaminccinac
2.1.2 Tensile strength
Structural steel anon -
2.2.1 Australian Standards
2.2.2 Acceptance of steels
2.2.3 Unidentified steel...
22.4 Properties of steel
2.25 Through-thickness deformation properties.
Fasteners.
2.3.1 Steel bolts, nuts and washers
2.3.2 Equivalent high strength fasteners.
233 Welds
234 Welded Studs nnn
2.3.5. Explosive fasteners
2.3.6 Anchor bolts.
2.3.7 Mechanical and chemical anchors
Steel castings
General design requirements... .
Design
3.11 Aim
3.1.2 Requirements,
Loads and other actions
321, Losdywceenaneecannau “
3.2.2 Other actions,
3.2.3 Design load combinations...........
3.24 Notional horizontal forces...
3.2.5 Structural robustness
Stability limit state ..oncnnienewnnunsnnn
Strength limit state
Serviceability limit state.
3.5.1 General...
3.5.2 Method
3.5.3 Deflection li
AS 4100-2020 AS 4100:2020 w
43
44
4S
46
47
Section 5
SL
52
5A
3.5.4 Vibration of beams
3.5.5 Bolt serviceability limit state
3.5.6 Corrosion protection
Strength and serviceability limit states by load testing
Brittle fracture
Lamellar tearing
Fatigue
Fire
Earthquake.
Other design requirements.
Reliability management
Methods of structural analysis.
Methods of determining action effects.
4.11 General -
4.1.2 Definitions
Forms of construction assumed for structural analysis
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Rigid construction.
4.2.3. Semicrigid construction
4.2.4 Simple construction
4.2.5 Design of connections
Assumptions for analysis.
43.1 General
43.2. Spanlength
4.3.3. Arrangements of live loads for buildings.
43.4 Simple construction
Elastic analysis,
44.1 General
4.4.2 First-order elastic analysis.
Plastic analysis.
45.1 Application
45.2. Limitations =
4.5.3 Assumptions of analysis
45.4 Second order effects...
Member buckling analysts
46.1 General
4.6.2 Member elastic buckling load...
4.6.3. Member effective length factor.
Frame buckling analysis
4.7.4 General
47.2 In-plane frame buckling
Members subject to bending........
Design for bending moment
Section moment capacity for bending about a principal axis.
5.2.1 General .
5.2.2 Section slenderness
5.2.3 Compact sections. -
5.2.4 Non-compact sections
5.25. Slender sections
5.26 Blasticand plastic section moduli
Member capacity of segments with full lateral restraint
5.3.1 Member capacity.
5.3.2 Segments with full lateral restraint
533. Critical section
Restraints
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Restraints ata cross-section 55
56
5.40
Sal
52
5.43
Sat
sas
5.4.3 Restraining elements,
Critical flange . =
5.5.1 General... eat
5.5.2 Segments with both ends restrained
5.53. Segments with one end unrestrained
Member capacity of segments without full lateral restrain
5.6.1 Segments fully or partially restrained at both ends
5.6.2 Segments unrestrained at one end
5.6.3 Effective length
5.6.4 Design by buckling analysis. ai
Bending in a non-principal plane
5.7.1 Deflections constrained! to a non-principal plane
5.7.2 Deflections unconstrained.
Separators and diaphragms... si -
Design of webs... -
5.9.1 General
5.9.2 Definition of web panel... -
5.9.3. Minimum thickness of web panel
Arrangement of webs
5.10.1 Unstiffened Webs...
5.10.2 Load bearing stiffeners
5.10.3 Side reinforcing plates
5.104 Transversely stiffened webs
5.10.5 Webs with longitudinal and transverse stiffeners
5.10.6 Webs of members designed plastically...
5.10.7 Openings in webs
Shear capacity of webs... “
5.11.1 Shear capacity
5.112. Approximately uniform shear stress distribution
5.11.3 Non-uniform shear stress distribution...
5.114 Shear yield capacity
S.115 Shear buckling capacity ..o.-e.-n-—
Interaction of shear and bending
5.12.1 General... - -
5.12.2 Proportioning method... a
5.123 Shearand bending interaction method
Compressive bearing action on the edge of a web ...
5.13.1 Dispersion of force to web,
5.13.2 Bearing capacity...
5.13.3 Bearing yield capacity .wemnnnnnnnem
5.134 Bearing buckling capacity
AS 4100-2020
5.135 Combined bending and bearing of rectangular and square hollow sections.
Design of load bearing stiffeners.
5.141 Yield capacity.
5.14.2 Buekding capacity...
5.143 Outstand of stiffeners
5.144 Fitting of load bearing stiffener...
5.14.5 Design for torsional end restraint. =
Design of intermediate transverse web stiffeners.
5.15.1 General... oo
5.15.2 Spacing
5.15.3. Minimum area... =
5.154 Buckling capacity
5.15.5 Minimum stiffness.
5.15.6 Outstand of stiffeners... co
5.15.7 External forces
5.158 Connection of intermediate stiffeners to web
5.15.9 End posts AS 4100:2020 vi
5.16 Design of longitudinal web stiffeners
Section 6
61
62
63
64
65
84
Section 9
5.16.1 General
5.16.2 Minimum stiffness.
Members subject to axial compression
Design for axial compression
Nominal section capacity.
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Form factor
6.2.3. Plate element slenderness..
6.2.4 Effective width... a
Nominal member capacity
6.3.1 Definitions
6.3.2 Bffective length
63.3 Nominal capacity of a member of constant cross-section subject to
flexural buckling.
6.3.4 Nominal capacity of a member of varying cross-section
Laced and battened compression members oo
64.1 Design forces:
64.2 Laced compression members
6.4.3 Battened compression member
Compression members back to back
6.5.1 Components separated.
6.5.2 Components in contact
Restraints
6.6.1 Restraint systems
6.6.2 Restraining members and connections.
6.6.3 Parallel braced compression members
Members subject to axial tension
Design for axial tension
Nominal section capacity.
Distribution of forces
7.3.1 End connections providing uniform force distribution.
73.2. End connections providing non-uniform force distribution
‘Tension members with two or more main components =
7441 General
742 Design forces for connections
7.43 Tension member composed of two components back-to-back.
7.44 Laced tension member.
7.45 Battened tension member
Members with pin connections.
Members subject to combined actions
General
Design actions
Section capacity
83.1 General
83.2 Uniaxial bending about the major principal x-axis
8.3.3 Uniaxial bending about the minor principal y-axis.
8.3.4 Biaxial bending,
Member capacity.
841 General
84.2 In-plane capacity — Elastic analysis
8.43 In-plane capacity — Plastic analysis,
844 Ontof-plane capacity
8.4.5 Biaxial bending capacity...
8.4.6 Eecentrically loaded double bolted or welded single angles in trusses
Connections
104,
104
105
105
105
106
107
109
110
it
113 oO
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
Section 10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
105
Section 11
AS 4100-2020
General 113
9.1.1 Requirements for connections... 13
9.1.2 Classification of connections... 113
9.1.3 Design of connections 113
9.1.4 Minimum design actions on connections... 14
9.1.5 Intersections 115
9.1.6 Choice of fasteners... - ne LAS
9.1.7 Combined connections 115
9.1.8 Prying forces 15
9.1.9 Connection components - 115
9.1.10 Deductions for fastener holes 116
9.1.11 Hollow section connections 17
Design of bolts 117
9.2.1 Bolts and bolting category... on. 17
9.2.2 Bolt strength limit states. - 118
9.2.3 Bolt serviceability limit state 421
Assessment of the strength of a bolt group. 122
9.3.1. Bolt group subject to in-plane loading 122
9.3.2 Bolt group subject to out-of-plane loading. 123
9.3.3 Bolt group subject to combinations of in-plane and out-of-plane loadings.......123
Design of a pin connection 123
94.1 Pinin shear 123
9.4.2. Pinin bearing, 123
9.4.3 Pinin bending 124
944A Ply in BEATING oem nme 7 nna 24
Design details for bolts and pins 124
9.5.1 Minimum pitch...» . . 124
9.5.2 Minimum edge distance 128
9.5.3 Maximum pitch 125
9.5.4 Maximum edge distance Sasa 125
955 Holes 125
Design of welds... mene . 125
9.6.1 Scope 125
9462 Complete and incomplete penetration butt weds 126
S63 Mlletwelds oe 129
9.6.4 Plugand slot welds 135
9.6.5 Compound Weld. ommn ea mane 136
Assessment of the strength ofa weld group 137
9.7.1 Weld group suidject to in-plane loading 137
9.7.2 Weld group subject to out-of-plane loading... 137
97.3 Weld group subject to nplane and out-of pane loading. 138
9.7.4 Combination of weld types. 138
Packing in construction, 138
Brittle fracture 139
Methods. = 139
Notch-ductile range method 139
Design service temperature... co - 139
103.1 General 139
103.2 Basic design temperature - 139
10.3.3 Modifications to the basic design temperature 140
Material selection 140
10.4.1 Selection of steel type... co 140
10.4.2. Limitations. 1
10.4.3 Modification for certain applications... 141
1044 Selection of steel grade cee 142
Fracture assessment 144
Fatigue oon one M45, AS 4100:2020
111 General
111
1.12
1.13
114
ALL
1116
Requirements.
Notation,
Limitation.
Designation of weld category.
Method.
‘Thickness effect
11.2. Fatigue loading
113 Design spectrum
11.3.1
113.2
Stress determination
Design spectrum calculation
11.4 Exemption from assessment.
115 Detail category.
15.1
11.5.2
Detail categories for normal stress
Detail categories for shear stress,
116 Fatigue strength.
1.6.1
11.6.2
Definition of fatigue strength for normal stress. co
Definition of fatigue strength for shear stress.
11.7 _ Exemption from further assessment.
118 Fatigue assessment,
1181
11.8.2
Constant stress range
Variable stress range.
11.9 Punching limitation,
Section 12 Fire
12.1 Requirements
12.2 Definition:
123. Determination of period of structural adequacy
124 Variation of mechanical properties of steel with temperature
124.1
12.4.2 Variation of modulus of elasticity and shear modulus with temperature.
124.3
Variation of yield stress with temperature
Slenderness at elevated temperature
125 Determination of limiting steel temperature...
12.6 Determination of time at which limiting temperature is attained for
protected members.
12.6.1
12.6.2
12.6.3
Methods.
‘Temperature based on test series
“Temperature based on single test... zs
412.7 Determination of time at which limiting temperature is attained for
unprotected members
12.8 Determination of PSA from a single test.
129 Three-sided fire exposure condition
12.10 Special considerations.
12.10.1
12,102
Connections
Web penetrations
Section 13 Earthquake
13.1 General
13.2 Definitions.
13.3. Design and detailing requirements
13.3.1
13.3.2
1333
13.3.4
13.35
13.3.6
13.3.7
General
Stiff elements
Non-structural elements
Structural ductility factor and structural performance factor
Requirements for “limited ductile" steel structures (1 = 2)
Requirements for “moderately ductile” steel structures (
Requirements for “fully ductile” structures (> 3).
Section 14. Fabrication.
14.1 General.
Boon
145
145
145
146
146
146
147
147
148
148
148
149
149
149
149
158
158
159
160
160
160
161
161
162
162
162
163
163
163
163
164
164
165
165
166,
167
167
168
168
169
169
169
171
a7.
a7.
71
a7.
171
172
172
172
172
173
4174
174 14.2 Material
1421 General =
14.2.2 Identification
143. Fabrication procedures.
143.1 General
1432. Hole size.
1433 _Bolting
14.4 Geometrical tolerances.
144.1 General
14.4.2 Nonconformance of tolerances
Section 15. Erection
15.1 General
15.1.1 Rejection of an erected item
15.12. Safety during erection
15.2 Erection procedures
1521 General
15.2.2 Assembly of a connection involving bolts
15.3. Geometrical tolerances.
153.1 General
15.3.2 Nonconformance of tolerances
Section 16 Modification of existing structures
161 General
16.2 Materials
Section 17. Testing of structures or elements.
17.1 General
17.1 Scope of Section
17.1.2 Circumstances requiring tests,
17.2 Definitions
17.3. Test requirements.
17.4 Prooftesting
17.4.1 Application. a
174.2. Testload
1743 Criteria for acceptance
17.5 Prototype testing
175.1 Test specimen
1752. Test load
1753 Criteria for acceptance.
1754 Acceptance of production units
17.6 Report of tests. a
Appendix A (normative) Not used
Appendix B (informative) Suggested deflection limits.
Appendix € (informative) Selection of corrosion protection requirements
Appendix D (normative) Advanced structural analysis
Appendix E (normative) Second order elastic analysis.
Appendix F (normative) Moment amplification for a sway member
Appendix G (normative) Braced member buckling in frames
Appendix H (informative) Elastic resistance to lateral buckling
Appendix I (informative) Strength of stiffened web panels under combined actions.
Appendix J (normative) Standard test for evaluation of slip factor
Appendix K (normative) Statistical data.
Appendix L (informative) Guidance on determination of the construction category
AS 4100-2020
174
174
174
174
174
174
176
176
176
177
178
178
178
178
178
178
178
179
179
179
180
180
180
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
182
182
182
182
182
182
182,
184
185
187
189
190
191
192
194,
200
203
207
209 AS 4100:2020 x
Appendix M (informative) Selection of materials for the avoidance of lamellar tearing 212
Bibliography. 215 1 AS 4100:2020
Australian Standard®
Steel structures
Section 1 Scope and general
1.1 Scope and exclusions
14.1 Scope
‘This Standard sets out minimum requirements for the design and the engineering aspects of
fabrication and erection, and modification of steelwork in structures in accordance with the limit states,
design method,
This Standard applies to buildings, structures and cranes constructed of steel.
NOTE Fordesign of box and longitudinally stiffened girders, refer to AS/NZS 5100.6.
1.1.2 Exclusions
‘This Standard does not apply to the following structures and materials:
(a) _ Steel elements less than 3 mm thick, with the exception of sections in accordance with
AS/NZS 1163 and packers.
(0) Steel members for which the value of the yield stress used in design () exceeds 690 MPa
(9 Cold-formed members, other than those in accordance with AS/NZS 1163, which are designed
in accordance with AS/NZS 4600.
(4) Composite steel-concrete members, which are designed in accordance with AS/NZS 2327.
© Road, railway and pedestrian bridges, which are designed in accordance with AS 5100.1,
‘AS 5100.2 and AS/NZS 5100.6.
NOTE ‘The general principles of design, fabrication, erection, and modification embodied in this Standard may
be applied to steel-framed structures or members not specifically mentioned herein.
1.2 Normative references
‘The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document,
NOTE Documents for informative purposes are listed inthe Bibliography.
AS 1101.3, Graphical symbols for general engineering, Part 3: Welding and non-destructive examination
AS 1110.1, 180 metric hexagon bolts and screws—Product grades A and B, Part 1: Bolts
AS 1110.2, 150 metric hexagon bolts and screws—Product grades A and B, Part 2: Screws
AS 1111.1, [SO metric hexagon bolts and screws—Product grade C, Part 1: Bolts
AS 1111.2, 150 metric hexagon bolts and screws—Product grade C, Part 2: Screws
AS 1112.1, 150 metric hexagon nuts, Part 1: Style 1—Product grades A and B
AS 1112.2, 150 metric hexagon nuts, Part 2: Style 2—Product grades A and B
AS 1112.3, ISO metric hexagon nuts, Part 3: Product grade C
AS 11124, ISO metric hexagon nuts, Part 4: Chamfered thin nuts—Product grades A and B
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 AS 4100:2020 2
AS 11704, Structural design actions, Part 4: Earthquake actions in Australia
AS 12374, Plain washers for metric holts, crews and nuts for general purposes, Part 1: General plan
AS 1275, Metric screw threads for fasteners
AS 1391, Metallic materials—Tensile testing at ambient temperature
AS 1418.1, Cranes, hoists and winches, Part 1: General requirements
AS 1418.3, Cranes, hoists and winches, Part 3: Bridge, gantry and portal (including container cranes)
and jib cranes
AS 1418.5, Cranes, hoists and winches, Part 5: Mobile cranes
AS 1418.18, Cranes, hoists and winches, Part 18: Crane runways and monorails
AS 1530.4, Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and structures, Part 4: Fire-resistance
test ofelements of construction
AS 1657, Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders—Design, construction and installation
AS 1735, Lifts, escalators and moving watks (series)
AS 1858.1, Electrodes and fluxes for submerged-are welding, Part 1: Carbon steels and carbon
manganese steels
AS 1958.2, Electrodes and fluxes for submerged-are welding, Part 2: Low and intermediate alloy steels
AS 2074, Cast steels
AS 2670, Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration (series)
AS 3597, Structural and pressure vessel steel—Quenched and tempered plate
AS 5100.1, Bridge design, Part 1: Scope and general principles
AS 5100.2, Bridge design, Part 2: Design loads
AS 5216, Design of post-installed and cast-in fastenings in concrete
AS/NZS 1170.0, Structural design actions, Part 0: General principles
AS/NZS 1170.1, Structural design actions, Part 1: Permanent, imposed and other actions
AS/NZS 1170.2, Structural design actions, Part 2: Wind actions
AS/NZS 1170.3, Structural design actions, Part 3: Snow and ice actions
AS/NZS 1252.1, High strength steel fastener assemblies for structural engineering—Bolts, nuts and washer,
Part 1: Technical requirements
AS/NZS 1163,Cold-formed structural steel hollow sections
AS/NZS 1554.1, Structural steel welding, Part 1: Welding of steel structures
AS/NZS 1554.2, Structural steel welding, Part 2: Stud welding (steel studs to steel)
AS/NZS 1554.4, Structural steel welding, Part 4: Welding of high strength quenched and tempered steels
AS/NZS 1554.5, Structural steel welding, Part 5: Welding of steel structures subject to high levels of
fatigue loading
AS/NZS 1559, Hot-dip galvanized steel bolts with assoctated nuts and washers for tower construction
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 3 AS 4100-2020
AS/NZS 1594, Hor-rolled steel flat products
AS/NZS 1873, Powder-actuated (PA) hand-held fastening tools (All parts)
AS/NZS 2327, Composite structures— Composite steel-concrete construction in buildings
AS/NZS 2717.1, Welding—tlectrodes—Gas metal arc, Part I: Ferritic steel electrodes
AS/NZS 3678, Structural steel—Hot-rolled plates, floorplates and slabs
AS/NZS 3679.1, Structural steel, Part 1: Hot-rolled bars and sections
AS/NZS 3679.2, Structural steel, Part 2: Welded I sections
AS/NZS 4600, Cold-formed steel structures
AS/NZS 4855, Welding consumables—Covered electrodes for manual metal are welding of non-alloy and
fine grain steels—Classification
AS/NZS 4857, Welding consumables—Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of high-strength
steels— Classification
AS/NZS 5100.6, Bridge design, Part 6: Steel and composite construction
AS/NZS 5131, Structural steelwork—Fabrication and erection
AS ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
AS/NZS 1SO 17632, Welding consumables—Tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded and non-gas shielded
‘metal are welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels—Classification
AS/NZS ISO 18276, Welding consumabies—Tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded and non-gas-shielded
‘metal are welding of high-strength steels—Classification
NZS 1170.5, Structural design actions—Part 5: Earthquake actions—New Zealand
NZS 3404, Steel structures standard—Parts 1 and 2
180 636, Welding consumables — Rods, wires and deposits for tungsten inert gas welding of non-alloy and
fine-grain steels — Classification
150 13918, Welding — Studs and ceramic ferrules for arc stud welding
150 14341, Welding consumables — Wire electrodes and weld deposits for gas shielded metal arc welding of
non alloy and fine grain steels — Classification
150 16834, Welding consumables — Wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits for gas shielded arc welding
of high strength steels — Classification
EN 13381-4, Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural members —
Part 4: Applied passive protection products to steel members
EN 13381-8, Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural members —
Part 8: Applied reactive protection to steel members:
1.3. Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. Definitions peculiar to a
particular Clause or Section are given in that Clause or Section.
134
action
cause of stress or deformations in a structure
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 AS 4100:2020 4
1.3.2
action effect or load effect
internal force or bending moment due to actions or loads
1.3.3
architecturally exposed structural steelwork.
AESS
structural steelwork that is exposed to view and considered a fundamental component of the
architectural intent of the structure
1.34
authority
body having statutory powers to control the design and erection ofa structure
13.5
bearing-type connection
connection effected using either snug-tight bolts, or high-strength bolts tightened to induce a specified
minimum bolt tension, in which the design action is transferred by shear in the bolts and bearing on the
connected parts at the strength limit state
1.3.6
bearing-wall system
see AS 11704
1.3.7
braced frame
see AS 1170.4
1.3.8
braced frame, concentric
see AS 11704
1.3.9
braced frame, eccentric
see AS 11704
1.3.10
braced member
one for which the transverse displacement of one end of the member relative to the other is
effectively prevented
13.11
capacity factor
factor used to multiply the nominal capacity to obtain the design capaci
1.3.12
complete penetration butt weld
butt weld in which fusion exists between the weld and parent metal throughout the complete depth
of the joint
1.3.13
connection
joint between components of a structural member or a joint between separate structural members,
including splices
1.3.14
constant stress range fatigue limit
highest constant stress range for each detail category at which fatigue cracks are not expected to
propagate (see Figure 11.6.1)
19 Standards Australia Limited 2020 5 AS 4100-2020
1.3.45
construction category
Classified set of requirements specified for construction of the works as a whole, of an individual
component or of a detail of a component
Note 1 to entry: Hoth 10 2394 and European Standards use the term “execution” to describe all activities
performed for the physical completion of the works (ie. procurement, fabrication, welding, mechanical
fastening, transportation, erection, surface treatment and the inspection and documentation) and this term may
be assumed to be equivalent to "fabrication and erection’. "Execution Class” (EXC) is the term used in European
Standards to refer to a risk-based categorization of a structure, similar in intent to the construction category
adopted in this Standard. It should be noted, however, that the two categorizations are not based on the same
risk matrix assessment and cannot be used interchangeably.
1.3.16
construction specification
set of documents covering technical data and other requirements for a particular steel structure,
including those specified to supplement and qualify the provisions ofthis Standard
1.3.47
cut-offlimit
for each detail category, the highest variable stress range which does not require consideration when
carrying out cumulative damage calculations (see Figures 11.6.1 and 11.6.2)
1.3.18
design action effect
design load effect
action or load effect computed from the design actions or design loads.
1.3.19
design action
design load
combination of the nominal actions or loads and the load factors specified in AS/NZS 1170.0,
AS/NZS 1170.1, AS/NZS 1170.2, AS/NZS 1170.3, AS 1170.4 or other standards referenced in Clause 3.2.1
1.3.20
design capacity
product of the nominal capacity and the capacity factor
1.3.21
design life
period over which a structure or structural element is expected to fulfil its intended function
1.3.22
design resistance effect
resistance effect computed from the loads and design capacities contributing towards the stability
limit state resistance
1.3.23
design spectrum
sum of the stress spectra from all of the nominal loading events expected during the design life
1.3.24
detail category
designation given to a particular detail to indicate which of the S-N curves is to be used in the
fatigue assessment
Note 1 to entry: The detail category takes into consideration the local stress concentration at the detail, the
size and shape of the maximum aeceptable discontinuity, the loading condition, metallurgical effects, residual
stresses, the welding process and any post weld improvement.
Note 2 to entry: The detail category number is defined by the fatigue strength at 2 * 108 cycles on the S-N curve
(Gee Figures 11.6.1 and 11.6.2),
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 AS 4100:2020 6
1.3.25
discontinuity
absence of material, catisinga stress concentration
Note 1 to entry: Typical discontinuities Include cracks, scratches, corresion pits, lack of penetration, slag
inclusions, cold laps, porosity and undercut.
1.3.26
ductility
see AS 11704
1.3.27
exposed surface area to mass ratio
ratio of the surface area exposed to the fire to the mass of steel
1.3.28
fatigue
damage caused by repeated fluctuations of stress leading to gradual cracking ofa structural element
1.3.29
fatigue loading
set of nominal loading events described by the distribution of the loads, their magnitudes and the
numbers of applications of each nominal loading event
1.3.30
fatigue strength
stress range defined in Clause 11.6 for each detail category (see Figur
the number of stress cycles
'§ 11.6.1 and 11.6.2) varying with
1.3.31
ire exposure condition
extent of exposure of member surfaces to the fire
1.3.31.1
three-sided fire exposure condition
steel member incorporated in or in contact with a concrete or masonry floor or wall
13.312
four-sided fire exposure condition
steel member exposed to fire on all sides
1.3.32
fire protection system
fire protection material and its method of attachment to the steel member
1.3.33
ire-resistance level
FRL
fire-resistance grading period for structural adequacy only, in minutes, which is required to be attained
In the standard fire test,
1.3.34
firm contact
condition that exists between plies in a bolted connection where the plies are solidly seated against
each other, but may not be in continuous contact.
19 Standards Australia Limited 2020 7 AS 4100-2020
1.3.35
friction-type connection
connection effected using high-strength bolts tightened to induce a specified minimum bolt tension
such that the resultant clamping action transfers the design shear forces at the serviceability limit
state acting in the plane of the common contact surfaces by the friction developed between the
contact surfaces
1.3.36
full tensioning
‘method of installing and tensioning a bolt in accordance with AS/NZS 5131
1.3.37
geometrical slenderness ratio
heir
ratio taken as the effective length ([,), specified in Clause 6.3.2, divided by the radius of gyration (r)
computed for the gross section about the relevant axis
1.3.38
incomplete penetration butt weld
butt weld in which the depth of penetration is less than the complete depth of the joint
1.3.39
in-plane loading
loading for which the design forces and bending moments are in the plane of the connection, so that the
design action effects induced in the connection components are shear forces only
1.3.40
lamellar tearing
cracking in the parent metal adjacent to the weld and arising from weld stresses in the through thickness
direction of the plate. The cracking occurs in a stepped configuration, associated with lamellar non-
metallic inclusions in the plate, parallel to the fusion boundary
[SOURCE: As 2012—2005, 8.043]
1.3.41
Tength
actual length (1) of an axially loaded compression member, taken as the
length centre-to-centre of intersections with supporting members, or the cantilevered length in the
case ofa free-standing member
1.3.42
mit state
any limiting condition beyond which the structure ceases to fulfil it
intended function
1.3.43
load
externally applied force
1.3.44
miner's summation
cumulative damage calculation based on the Palmgren-Miner summation or equivalent
1.3.45
moment-resisting frame
seeAS 11704
1.3.46
moment-resisting frame, intermediate
see AS 11704
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 AS 4100:2020 8
1.3.47
moment-resi
see AS 11704
ing frame, ordinary
1.3.48
moment-resisting frame, special
see AS 11704
action or load, as specified in Clause 3.2.1 or 3.2.2
1.3.50
nominal capacity
capacity of a member or connection computed using the parameters specified in this Standard
13.51
nominal loading event
loading sequence for the structure or structural element
Note 1 to entry: One nominal loading event may produce one or more stress cycles depending on the type of load
and the point in the structure under consideration,
1.3.52
non-slip fasteners.
fasteners that do not allow slip to occur between connected plates or members at the serviceability
limit state so that the original alignment and relative positions are maintained,
1.3.53
out-of-plane loading
loading for which the design forces or bending moments result in design action effects normal to the
plane of the connection
1.3.54
period of structural adequacy
PSA
sfire> time (8), in minutes, for the member to reach the limit state of structural adequacy in the
standard fire test
1.3.55
pin
unthreaded fastener manufactured out of round bar
1.3.56
plastic hinge
yielding zone with inelastic rotation which forms in a member when the plastic moment is reached
1.3.57
ply
plate that forms part ofa bolted connection
1.3.58
prequalified weld preparation
joint preparation prequalified in terms of AS/NZS 1554.1
1.3.59
proof testing
application of test loads to a structure, sub-structure, member or connection to ascertain the structural
characteristics of only that one unit under test
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020, 9 AS 4100-2020
1.3.60
prototype
test specimen representing a steel member and its fire protection system which is subjected to
the standard fire test
1.3.61
prototype testing
application of test loads to one or more structures, sub-structures, members or connections to ascertain
the structural characteristics of that class of structures, sub-structures, members or connections which,
are nominally identical to the units tested
1.3.62
prying force
additional tensile force developed as a result of the flexing of a connection component in a connection
subjected to tensile force, External tension force reduces the contact pressure between the component
and the base, and bending in part of the component develops a prying force near the edge of the
connection component
1.3.63
quenched and tempered steel
high strength steel manufactured by heating, quenching, tempering and levelling steel plate
1.3.64
segment
length between adjacent cross-sections which are fully or partially
restrained, or the length between an unrestrained end and the adjacent cross-section which is fully or
partially restrained
1.3.65
serviceability limit state
ttstate of acceptable in-service condition
1.3.66
shall
indicates that a statement is mandatory
1.3.67
should
indicates a recommendation
1.3.68
shear wall
wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall
1.3.69
S-Neurve
curve defining the limiting relationship between the number of stress cycles and stress range for a
detail category
1.3.70
snug tight
tightness in the bolts in a bolted connection attained by a few impacts of an impact wrench or by the
full effort of a person using a standard podger spanner to bring the plies into firm contact,
1.3.71
space frame
see AS 11704
1.3.72
splice
connection between two parts of a structural member
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 AS 4100:2020 10
1.3.73
stability limit state
limit state corresponding to the loss of static equilibrium of a structure considered asa rigid body
1.3.74
standard fire test
fire-resistance test specified in AS 15304
1.3.75
stickability
ability ofthe fire protection system toremain in place asthe member deflects under load duringa firetest
1.3.76
strength limit state
limit state of collapse or loss of structural integrity
1.3.77
stress cycle
one cycle of stress defined by stress eycle counting
1.3.78
stress cycle counting method
any rational method used to identify individual stress cycles from the stress history
1.3.79
stress range
algebraic difference between two extremes of stress
1.3.80
stress spectrum
histogram of the stress cycles produced by a nominal loading event
1.3.81
structural adequacy
ability of the member exposed to the standard fire test to carry the test load specified in AS 1530.4
1.3.82
structural ductility factor
see AS 11704
1.3.83
structural performance factor
see AS 11704
1.3.84
sway member
one for which the transverse displacement of one end of the member relative to the other is not
effectively prevented
1.3.85
tensile strength
minimum ultimate strength in tension specified for the grade of steel in the appropriate
Australian Standard
1.3.86
yield stress
minimum yield stress in tension specified for the grade of steel in the appropriate Australian Standard
1.4 Notation
Symbols used in this Standard are listed below.
16 Standards Australia Limited 2020 u AS 4100-2020
Where non-dimensional ratios are involved, both the numerator and denominator are expressed in
identical units.
‘The dimensional units for length and stress in all expressions or equations are to be taken as millimetres
(mm) and megapascals (MPa) respectively, unless specifically noted otherwise,
An asterisk “*" placed after a symbol denotes a design action effect due to the design load for the
strength limit state.
4 = area of cross-section
Ac = minor diameter area ofa bolt, as defined in AS 1275
Ae = effective sectional area of a hollow section in shear; or
= effective area of a compression member
Aep = area ofan end post
Are = flange area at critical cross-section
Aig = grossarea ofa flange
Atm = flange area at minimum cross-section; or
= lesser of the Flange effective areas
Ary = netarea ofa flange
As = grossarea ofa cross-section
Ay = grossarea subject to shear at rupture
Ay = netareaofa cross-section
Ane = netarea subject to tension at rupture
Aaw = netarea subject to shear at rupture
Ay = nominal plain shank area of a bolt
Ap = cross-sectional area of a pin
As = tensile stress area ofa bolt as defined in AS 1275; or
= area ofa stiffener or stiffeners in contact with a flange; or
= area of an intermediate web stiffener
Aw = gross sectional area of a web; or
= effective shear area of a plug or slot weld
ae = minimum distance from the edge of a hole to the edge of a ply measured in the
direction of the component of a force plus half the bolt diameter
ay = length of unthreaded portion of the bolt shank contained within the grip
a = length of threaded portion of the bolt contained within the grip
0,01 = out-of square dimensions of flanges
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 AS 4100:2020
2,03
bi bot bow bo
ba
be
bes
be
bro
bs
be
by by
Ca, Ca, Car
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dy
de
de
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do
12
diagonal dimensions of a box section,
wide
dimension ofa web panel; or
lear width of an element outstand from the face ofa supporting plate element;
clear width of a supported element between faces of supporting plate elements
bearing widths defined in Clause 5.13
distance from the stiffbearing to the end of the member
effective width of a plate element
stiffener outstand from the face ofa web
width ofa flange
half the clear distance between the webs; or
least of 3 dimensions defined in Clause 5115.2
stiff bearing length
web depth
greater and lesser leg lengths of an angle section
factors given in Table H.3 and Clause H.5
perpendicular distance to centroid of an angle section from the face of the loaded
leg of the angle
factor for unequal end moments
depth of a section; or
depth of preparation for incomplete penetration butt wel
maximum cross-sectional dimension of a built-up compression member
lateral distance between centroids of the welds or fasteners connecting battens
tomain components
depth ofa section at a critical cross-section
effective outside diameter of circular hollow section; or
factor defined in Appendix I
diameter of a fastener (bolt or pin); or
distance between flange centroids
depth ofa section at minimum cross-section
overall section depth including out-of square dimensions; or
overall section depth of a segment; or
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 E(T), E20)
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feo
five
free
fis
fi
fic
far
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fiw
fy
fee
B AS 4100-2020
outside diameter ofa circular hollow section
clear transverse dimension ofa web panel; or
depth of deepest web panel ina length
distances of the extreme fibres from the neutral axes
clear depth between flanges ignoring fillets or welds
twice the clear distance from the neutral axis to the compression flange
depths of preparation for incomplete penetration butt welds
flat width of web of hollow sections
Young's modulus of elasticity
Eat temperature 7, and 20°C, respectively
eccentricity; or
web off-centre dimension; or
distance between an end plate and a load-bearing stiffener
eccentricities of compression and tension angles (Clause 8.4.6)
action in general, force or load
total design load on a member between supports
design force normal to a web panel
design force parallel to a web panel
fatigue strength corrected for thickness of material
uncorrected fatigue strength
detail category reference fatigue strength at m cycles — normal stress
corrected detail category reference fatigue strength — normal stress
corrected detail category reference fatigue strength — shear stress
detail category reference fatigue strength at m, cycles — shear stress
tensile strength used in design
minimum tensile strength of connection element
‘minimum tensile strength of a bolt
tensile strength of ply
nominal tensile strength of weld metal
yield stress used in design
yield stress of connection element
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 AS 4100:2020
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vyield stresses of steel at temperature 7, and 20 °C, respectively
yield stress of a pin used in design
Yleld stress of a stiffener used in design
detail category fatigue strength at constant amplitude fatigue limit
corrected detail category fatigue strength at constant amplitude fatigue limit
detail category fatigue strength at cut-off limit
corrected detail category fatigue strength at cut-off limit
design stress range
design stress range for loading event i
average design shear stress ina web
‘maximum design shear stress in a web
equivalent design stress on a web panel (Appendix)
shear modulus of elasticity; or
nominal dead load
shear modulus of steel at T degrees Celsius
rectangular centroidal axis for angle parallel to the loaded leg
vertical distance between tops of beams
effective thickness of fire protection material
thickness of fire protection material
storey height
second moment af area of a cross-section
second moment of area of compression flange about the section minor principal
Jranis
Tofa restraining member
ofa pair of stiffeners ora single stiffener
warping constant for a cross-section
about the cross-section major principal x-axis
about the cross-section minor principal y-axis
number of loading event (Section 11)
torsion constant for a cross-section
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 Ka
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8 AS 4100-2020
a)
deflection amplification factor
coefficient used in Appendix
elastic buckling coefficient for a plate element.
basic value of ky
a factor to account for the effect of eccentricity on the block shear capacity
member effective length factor
form factor for members subject to axial compression
factor for different hole types
effective length factor for load height
factor for pin rotation
effective length factor for restraint against lateral rotation; or
effective length factor fora restraining member; or
reduction factor to account for the length ofa bolted or welded lap splice connection
reduction factor to account for the reduced ductility of grade 10.9 bolts when
subjected to shear where threads intercept the shear plane
ratio used to calculate ap and dpm
exposed surface area to mass ratio
effective length factor for twistrestraints; or
correction factor for distribution of forces in a tension member
ratio of flat width of web (ds) to thickness (@) of hollow section
regression coefficients (Section 12)
span; or
‘member length; or
member length from centre to centre of its intersections with supporting
members; or
segment or sub-segment length
length between points of effective bracing or restraint
distance between adjacent column centres
effective length of a compression member; or
effective length of a laterally unrestrained member
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 AS 4100:2020
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Ww
Moxo
Mex
Moa
Mob
Move
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16
geometrical slenderness ratio
slenderness ratio of a battened compression member about the axis normal to
the plane of the battens
slenderness ratio ofa battened compression member about the axis parrallel to
the plane of the battens
slenderness ratio of the main component in a laced or battened compression
member
slenderness ratio of the whole battened compression member
length of a bolted lap splice connection
length of the member under consideration
length ofa restraining member; or
length of a segment over which the cross-section is reduced,
stance between points of effective lateral support
greatest internal dimension of an opening in a web; ar
length ofa fillet weld in a welded lap splice connection
distance between partial or full torsional restraints
nominal member moment capacity
‘Mp about major principal x-axis
Mos fora uniform distribution of moment
lesser of Mix and Mox
nominal moment capacity of flanges alone
nominal in-plane member moment capacity
M about major principal x-axis
(M, about minor principal y-axis
nominal out-of:plane member moment capacity; or
‘reference elastic buckling moment for a member subject to bending
amended elastic buckling moment for a member subject to bending
elastic bucking moment determined using an elastic buckling analysis
‘Mob decreased for elastic torsional end restraint
reference elastic buckling moment obtained using le
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 Mpry
Mr
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‘Moi for a segment, fully restrained at both ends, unrestrained against lateral
rotation and loaded at shear centre
nominal out-of-plane member moment capacity about major principal x-axis
nominal moment capacity of a pin
nominal plastic moment capacity reduced for axial force
‘Myr about major principal x-axis
‘Mpr about minor principal y-axis
‘M, about major principal x-axis reduced by axial force
‘Mc about minor principal y-axis reduced by axial force
nominal section moment capacity
‘Mz about major principal x-axis,
‘M, about minor principal y-axis
lesser of Mrcand Mox
nominal section moment capacity of a web panel
design bending moment
second-order or amplified end bending moment
design end bending moment
braced component of M; obtained from a first-order clastic analysis of a
frame with sway prevented
sway component of M; obtained from (My - My,)
design bending momenton an angle, acting about the rectangular h-axis parallel
tothe loaded leg
‘maximum calculated design bending moment along the length of a member or
ina segment
design bending moment acting on a web panel
design bending moment about major principal x-axis
design bending moment about minor principal y-axis,
design bending moments at quarter and mid points of a segment
nominal member capacity in axial compression
(Ne for angle buckling about h-axis, parallel to the loaded leg
Ne for member buckling about minor principal y-axis
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 AS 4100:2020
Not
Nats
Nom
Nom
Noms
Nox
Ns
Me
Ne
Mm
2
a
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18
elastic buckling load
Nom fora braced member
Nom for asway member
nominal elastic torsional buckling capacity of a member
nominal section capacity of a compression member; or
nominal section capacity for axial load
nominal section capacity in tension
nominal tension capacity of a bolt
‘minimum bolt tension at installation; or
tension induced in a bolt during installation
nominal axial load capacity of a web panel
design axial force, tensile or compressive
design axial force in a restraining member
design tensile force ona bolt
design axial force acting on a web panel
number of specimens tested
number of parallel planes of battens
number of effective interfaces
number of cycles of nominal loading event
number of shear planes with threads intercepting the shear plane — bolted
connections
reference number of stress cycles
number of shear planes
number of stress cycles
number of webs
number of shear planes without threads
connections
nominal live load
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 o
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Row
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9 AS 4100-2020
design transverse force; or
design live load
nominal bearing capacity of a web
nominal bearing buckling capacity of a web
nominal design capacity in block shear
nominal bearing yield capacity of a web
nominal buckling capacity ofa stiffened web
nominal yield capacity of a stiffened web
nominal capacity
design bearing force; or
design reaction
design reaction
design bearing force or reaction on a web panel
radius of gyration
outside radius of hollow section
rratio of design action on the member under design load for fire to the design
capacity of the member at room temperature
ratio defined in Clause 5.6.1.1
ratio defined in Clause 5.6.1.1
radius of gyration about minor principal y-axis
plastic section modulus
structural performance factor
design action effect
spacing of stiffeners; or
width ofa web panel
longitudinal centre-to-centre distance between battens,
gauge of bolts
staggered pitch of bolts
steel temperature in degrees Celsius
limiting steel temperature in degrees Celsius
thickness; or
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 AS 4100:2020
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20
element thickness; or
thickness of thinner part joined; or
wall thickness of circular hollow section; or
thickness of an angle sectioi
time
thickness of a flange; or
thickness of the critical flange
thickness of a nut
thickness of a ply; or
thickness of thinner ply connected: or
thickness of a plate; or
connecting plate thickness(es) ata pin
thickness of a stiffener
design throat thickness of a weld
thickness of a web or web panel
leg lengths of a fillet weld used to define the size of a fillet weld.
nominal bearing capacity of ply or a pin; or
nominal shear buckling capacity of a web
nominal shear capacity ofa bolt or pin— strength limit state
nominal shear capacity of a bolt — serviceability limit state
measured slip-load at the ith bolt
nominal shear capacity of a web with a uniform shear stress distribution
nominal shear capacity ofa web
‘nominal web shear capacity in the presence of bending moment
nominal shear yield capacity of a web; or
nominal shear capacity of a plug or slot weld
design shear force; or
design horizontal storey shear force at column ends; or
design transverse shear force
design bearing force on a ply at a bolt or pin location
design shear force on a bolt or a pin — strength limit state
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 he
Ze
Zone
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aye
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2 AS 4100-2020
design longitudinal shear force
design shear force on a holt — serviceability limit state
design shear force acting on a web panel; or
design shear force on a plug or slot weld
nominal capacity of a fillet weld per unit length
design force per unit length on a fillet weld
‘major principal axis coordinate
minor principal axis coordinate
distance of the gravity loading helow the centroid
coordinate of shear centre
elastic section modulus
Z_ for a compact section
effective section modulus
elastic section modulus of a web panel
angle between x- and h-axes for an angle section
compression member factor, as defined in Clause 6.3.3
compression member section constant, as defined in Clause 6.3.3,
‘moment modification factor for bending and compression
compression member slenderness reduction factor
tension field coefficient for web shear buckling
flange restraint factor for web shear buckling
factors for bending defined in Clauses H1.2 and H.3
‘moment modification factor for bending
coefficient used to calculate the nominal bearing yield capacity (Ry) for square
and rectangular hollow sections to AS/NZS 1163,
coefficient used to calculate ap
elastic stiffness of a flexural end restraint
elastic stiffness of a torsional end restraint
slenderness reduction factor; or
inverse of the slope of the $-N curve for fatigue
stability function multiplier
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 AS 4100:2020
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reduction factor for members of varying cross-section
coefficient of thermal expansion for steel
factor for torsional end restraint defined in Clause 5.14.5
shear buckling coefficient for a web
factor defined in Appendix |
‘modifying factor to account for conditions at the far ends of beam members
ratio of smaller to larger bending moment at the ends of a member; or
ratio of end moment to fixed end moment
measure of elastic stiffness of torsional end restraint used in Appendix H
-kness correction factor for fatigue
‘monosymmetry section constant
factor defined in Appendix |
index used in Clause 8.3.4: or
factor for transverse stiffener arrangement in stiffened web (Clause 5.15.3)
ratios of compression member stiffness to end restraint stiffness used in
Clause 4.6.3.3,
deflection; or
deviation from nominated dimension; or
measured total extension of a bolt when tightened
mid-span deflection of a member resulting from transverse loading together
with both end bending moments
span deflection of a member resulting from transverse loading together
with only those end bending moments which produce a mid-span deflection in
the same direction as the transverse load
‘outof-flatness of a flange plate
deviation from fy
deviation from ie
translational displacement of the top relative to the bottom for a storey height
deviation from verticality of a web at a support
out-of flatness of a web
standard deviation
‘moment amplification factor for a braced member
‘moment amplification factor, taken as the greater of dy and dy
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 Aavdew
Hn
4
Ry
2 AS 4100-2020
‘moment amplification factor for plastic design
‘moment amplification factor for a sway member:
compression member factor defined in Clause 6.3.3
compression member imperfection factor defined in Clause 6.3.3
angle of preparation of an incomplete penetration butt weld
pi (approximately 3.14159)
slenderness ratio; or
elastic buckling load factor
elastic buckling load factor
plate element slenderness
plate element deformation slenderness limit
plate element plasticity slenderness limit
plate clement yield slenderness limit
elastic buckling load factor for a member
elastic buckling load factor for the storey under consideration
modified compression member stenderness
section slenderness
section plasticity slenderness limit
section yield slenderness limit
values of Ae and Aey for the web
slip factor
structural ductility factor
‘mean value ofthe slip factor
individual test result from test for slip factor
Poisson's ratio
ratio of design axial force in a restrai
for a member of length / (Appendix G)
eyfly
capacity factor
ing member to the elastic buckling load
i
design capacity
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 AS 4100:2020 2
1.5. Use of alternative materials or methods
1.5.1 General
‘This Standard shall not be interpreted so as to prevent the use of materials or methods of design or
construction not specifically referred to herein, provided that the requirements of Section 3 are
conformed to.
1.5.2 Existing structures
Where the strength or serviceability of an existing structure is to be evaluated, the general principles
of this Standard may be applied. The actual properties of the materials in the structure shall be used.
NOTE1 AS 5104 (150 2394) covers design by testing and may be utilized or assessment of existing structures.
NOTE 2 AS 5100.7 and AS 5100.8 cover assessment and rehabilitation of existing structures.
1.6 Design
1.6.1 Design data
‘The following design data shall he shown in the drawings:
@ —__Therreference number and date of issue of applicable design Standards used.
(b) The nominal loads.
(The corrosion protection, if applicable.
(@ The fire-resistance level, if applicable.
(©) Thessteel grades used.
1.6.2 Design details
The drawings or construction specification, or both, for steel members and structures shall include, as
appropriate, the following
@) The size and designation of each member.
(b) The number, sizes and categories of bolts used in the connections.
( _ The sizes, types, strength and categories of welds used in the connections, together with the
level of visual examination and other non-destructive examination required.
(@ The sizes of the connection components.
(€) The locations and details of planned joints, connections and splices.
() ——Anyconstraint on construction assumed in the design
(g) The camber of any members.
(h) _ Details of the construction category or categories required (Clause 1.7.2)
0 Details of the corrosion protection required (Clause 3.5.6).
(1) Anyrrequirement for architecturally exposed structural steelwork (AESS) (Clause 1.7.3)
(K) Any specific tolerances if different to those specified in AS/NZS 5131 (Clauses 14.4, 15.3),
including selection of the functional tolerance class if different to Class 1.
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 25 AS 4100-2020
oO Any requirement for selection of materials to avoid lamellar tearing (Clause 2.2.5).
(m) Any other requirements for fabrication, erection and oper:
1.7. Workmanship
4.7.1 General
shall be constructed to ensure that
ig and construction specification,
All steel structures, designed in accordance with this Standar‘
all the requirements of the design, as contained in the dra
are satisfied.
Requirements relating to fabricationand erection are a function of the nominated construction category.
7.2 Construction category
Four construction categories denoted CC1, CC2, CC3, CC4 are nominated in this Standard, for which
requirements increase in strictness from CCI to CCA,
NOTE 1 The requirements for CC4 are additional to CC3. CC4 applies to unusual or special structures for which,
itis expected that requirements additional to those far CC3 will be defined at a project specific level or by a
particular organization, agency or business.
A construction category shall apply to either the whole structure or to parts of the structure or to
specific details. A structure may therefore have multiple construction categories, provided thatall parts
ofthe structure are categorized. A detail or group of details shall be ascribed one construction category.
NOTE2 The choice of construction category does not necessarily have to be the same for all components.
‘The construction category shall be nominated in the construction specification. If no construction
category is specified, then CC?2 shall apply.
‘The list of requirements for fabrication and erection and related to cot
in AS/NZS 5131.
ruction categories is specified
NOTE 3 Guidance on the selection of construction category is given in Appendix 1. The choice of construction
category is related to the importance factor, the service category and the fabrication category as set out
in Appendix L.
1.7.3 Architecturally exposed structural steelwork
Any requirement for architecturally exposed structural steelwork (AESS) shall be designated in
the construction specification. The requirements for AESS are defined in AS/NZS 5131 based on
five categories:
@ AESS 1 — Basic elements which require enhanced workmanship.
(0) AES 2 — Feature elements viewed at a distance greater than 6 m requiring good fabrication
practices with enhanced treatment of weld, connection, fabrication detail, tolerances for
gaps and copes.
(9 AES 3 — Feature elements viewed at a distance of less than 6 m requiring welds that are
generally smooth but visible, some grind marks are acceptable. Tolerances are tighter than
normal standards.
(@) ABS 4 — Showcase or dominant elements used where the form is the only feature showing
in an element. All welds which have ground and filled edges are ground smooth and true. All
surfaces are sanded and filled to be smooth to the touch, Tolerances of fabricated items are
more stringent,
@ AESS C — Custom elements.
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 AS 4100:2020 26
1.74 Fabrication and erection
The minimum requirements for fabrication and erection of structural steelwork shall be in accordance
with Sections 14 and 15 respectively.
NOTE Minimum required standards of workmanship ensure that the design assumptions remain valid.
(© Standards Australia Limited 2020 a7 AS 4100-2020
Section2 Materials
2.1. Yield stress and tensile strength used in design
211 Yield stress
The yield stress used in design (f,) shall not exceed that given in Table 2.1.
2.4.2 Tensile strength
The tensile strength used in design (f,) shall not exceed that given in Table 2.1
Table 2.1 — Strengths of steels in accordance with AS/NZS 1163, AS/NZS 1594, AS/NZS 3678,
‘AS/NZS 3679.1, AS/NZS 3679.2 ( see Note) and AS 3597
Thicknessof] Yield] Tensile
steel | material’ | stress | strength
Steel Standard Form = ie asl we
mm mpa_| MPa
JAS/NZS 1163, ‘Hollow sections C450 AL 450 500
(see Note) 350 All 350 | 430
250 Al 250 | 320
ASNas 594 Plate, strip, sheet floorplate | Ha800 | Al a0 | 460
Hw3so |All 340 450
wa3s0_ | _All 350 | 430
wAs00/1| all 300 [430
Hu300/1
Ha300 | All 300 [400
u300
wazso | All 350 | 350
«au2so
wAz00 | _Al 200__| 300
Plate and strip xF500 | _¢s8 480) 570
xr4o0 | 28 300 | 460
xF300_| All 300 | 440
AS/NZS 3678 Plate and floorplate 450) _t<20 430__| 520
(See requirement and Note 450, 20