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Design and Simulation of Bidirectional DC-DC Converter in Solar PV System

for Battery Charging Application

Conference Paper · December 2023

DOI: 10.1109/PESGRE58662.2023.10405100

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 Design and Simulation of Bidirectional DC-DC
Converter in Solar PV System for Battery Charging
Application
Joshua Radeen Anakha Ajith Akhil. C
UG Scholar, Department of Electrical UG Scholar, Department of Electrical UG Scholar, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering and Electronics Engineering and Electronics Engineering
Mar Baselios College of Engineering Mar Baselios College of Engineering Mar Baselios College of Engineering
and Technology and Technology and Technology
Thiruvananthapuram, India Thiruvananthapuram, India Thiruvananthapuram, India
joshuaradeen@gmail.com anakhaajith12@gmail.com akhilchandrakumar@gmail.com

Aswin R.B Mohammed Ajlif A

Assistant Professor,Department of Specialist, Transportation Business
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Unit
Mar Baselios College of Engineering TATA ELXSI
and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, India
Thiruvananthapuram, India mohammedajlif.a@tataelxsi.co.in
aswin.rb@mbcet.ac.in

Abstract— This paper describes the layout and essential power flow needed for battery charging and
implementation of a bidirectional DC-DC converter in a PV discharging [2].
device for battery charging and discharging. The energy stored
in the battery is used to power the resistive load. We can Power can move both ways through a bidirectional
improve efficiency and reduce circuit complexity by employing converter. It is operated in two modes: buck and boost, and it
bidirectional converters. When PV is available, the converter is given to power the battery and load. This paper proposes the
switches to buck mode and charges the battery. When PV is not design of a bidirectional converter for the battery’s charging
available, the battery serves as a source, and the converter during the daytime through a solar PV system and use the
functions in boost mode to give power to the load. To prevent battery to power different loads during night-time [3]. The
change in battery voltages during charging and discharging and proposed system increases overall efficiency by providing
to obtain a estimated load, a Proportional- Integral Control power flow in both directions. It is compact and less bulky,
scheme is implemented. MATLAB/Simulink is utilized for thereby reducing the circuit complexity.
implementation, and the results achieved are provided.
Generating electricity, the usage of renewable sources,
Keywords—Battery, Bidirectional converter, PV system electricity garages in and interfacing the electricity garage tool
with the grid has emerged as a prime challenge. The needed
I. INTRODUCTION power flow for battery charging as well as discharging is
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems have come to the provided by the bidirectional DC-DC converter. It steps up or
forefront as a viable renewable energy option in recent years. steps down the DC voltage from either side of the converter.
These devices transform solar energy into useable electricity, For example, they are practical for converting energy storage
providing an alternative to fossil fuels. However, solar to usage in electric vehicles [4].
energy’s unreliable output means thar energy storage
solutions like batteries are required to keep the lights on at all
times. The DC-DC converter is an important part of solar PV
system. It works as a bridge between solar panel and battery.
It is required for transfer of power, voltage regulation and flow
of energy in both directions. This lets the battery to be charged
and drained according to the needs of the system [1].
We interact with converters regularly because they are
used in commercial and industrial settings, households and
appliances. This electro-mechanical device's primary function
is to alter the voltage, frequency, or current that is going from
Fig 1. Suggested System block diagram
one source to another. Numerous devices, including solar
charge controllers, mobile phones, and automobiles, require A PV panel, a bidirectional converter, load and a battery
converters. Storage of energy and integrating the energy are all components of the system. When PV is connected,
storage equipment with the grid has recently emerged as major converter operates in buck mode and provides desired power
obstacles due to the increasing need for electricity generation to the load while charging the battery. Consequently,
from renewable energy sources. Renewable sources like solar, converter functions in boost mode while emptying the battery
wind as well as other sources, are the best options for energy to supply load when PV is not available [5].
storage using batteries. A bidirectional converter offers the

This project is executed as the part of Activ@TE programme, a campus

students initiative by Tata Elxsi Limited.

979-8-3503-1057-3/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE

 II. BIDIRECTIONAL CONVERTER DESIGN B. Design- Buck Mode
A power electronic device known as bidirectional • Duty Cycle: According to expectations, the switch's
converter permits the two-way transfer of electricity between efficiency ranges from 90% to 95%. [8], the duty cycle
2 energy storage systems or sources. It permits effective may be calculated using Equation (1).
transmission of energy, making it possible to charge and 24
discharge batteries or interchange power between various DC = = = 0.5 (1)
× 48 × 0.9
sources. To create a bidirectional converter, suitable power
semiconductors (transistors, MOSFETs), inductors, Where indicates input voltage, denotes
capacitors and control circuits must be chosen. In order to desired output voltage, and represents converter’s
regulate the power flow and guarantee dependable and efficiency, such as projected 90-95%.
efficient operation, it also requires the deployment various • Inductor Selection: The output current is assumed to
control schemes and switching mechanisms [6]. be 10-20% of the inductor ripple current [8]. The ripple
in “inductor current” is presented by Equation (2).
There are two main categories of bidirectional DC-DC
converters topologies: isolated and non-isolated. Isolated = (0.1 0.2) × (2)
topologies use a transformer to isolate the input and output = 0.1 × 10
sides of the converter, while non isolated topologies do not. =1
Non isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter implemented in
this paper is depicted in Fig 2. where = output current required by the
program. Due to less output current ripple, the
maximum output current increases as the inductor
value increases. Equation (3) is used to compute the
inductor value.
×( !)
= (3)
"#$

&.'×(&×)&*+ ×((, -()

=
)

= 0.48./
Fig 2. Bidirectional DC-DC converter circuit
• Output Capacitor Selection: Using capacitors with a
For forward operation (Buck mode), transfer S1 is low ESR is the greatest way to reduce O/P voltage
brought about and for backward operation (Boost mode), ripple. The output “ripple voltage” is often calculated
transfer S2 is brought about. We have designed a converter to be 10% of the output voltage. According to Equation
with LV side 24V and HV side 48V. The converter operation (4), capacitor O/P values are calculated for a desired
and design is as revealed as follows: where indicates O/P voltage ripple.
input voltage and signifies output voltage, and η () )× !12× 3

presents converter efficiency. 0 = (4)

,$×" !12

A. Buck Mode (Step down operation) (1 − 0.5) × 24 × (40 × 10 5 ) ²

0 =
The output(O/P) voltage in buck mode is lower as 8 × (0.48 × 10 7 ) × 0.24
compared to input voltage. Switch S1 is activated while S2 is 0 = 20.83 µ9
left off. To charge a battery by DC grid, as illustrated in Fig 3.
The input current increases and passes via switches S1 and
inductor L when S1 is on. The IL decreases till the following where 0 indicates output capacitance,
cycle when S1 is off. The battery is charged using the energy signifies desired output “voltage ripple”.
restored in inductor L [7]. C. Boost Mode (Step up operation)
In this mode O/P voltage is extra as compared to
ender voltage. Battery discharges strength to the
weight with transfer S2 is induced and S1 is blocked.
Fig 4. Illustrates how this mode works.

Fig 3. BDC Circuit in Buck Mode

Fig 4. BDC Circuit in Boost Mode

Inductor (L) and switch S2 experience an increase in input III. SOLAR SPECIFICATIONS
current when “switch S2” is ON. Until the following Photovoltaic technology is used in solar PV systems to
cycle, the inductor current decreases when S2 is OFF. The turn sunlight into electricity. They are made of PV modules,
energy stored in L flows via load [7]. commonly referred to as solar panels, which are made of
D. Design – Boost Mode semiconductor materials like silicon. Direct current (DC)
electrical output is produced when semiconductor materials
• Duty Cycle: The estimated efficacy of the switch is 90-
are exposed to sunlight through an electron flow.
95%, and its duty cycle is depicted in Equation (5).
Monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin-film solar
panels are among the many methods used to efficiently
× 24 × 0.9 capture solar energy. Polycrystalline panels provide a more
= 1− =1− = 0.55 (5) affordable alternative with a marginally lower efficiency
48
while monocrystalline panels are known for their excellent
efficiency and uniform appearance. Thin-film panels are
• Selection of Inductor: It is anticipated that the inductor appropriate for some uses as they are light weight and flexible.
will have a ripple current of 10-20%. Therefore, the The efficiency of solar panels is defined as the proportion of
ripple in “inductor current” is presented in Equation electrical output produced to solar energy received. The same
(6). quantity of sunshine can produce more electricity thanks to
= (0.1 0.2) × (6) higher efficiency panels [7]. Table 2 shows the solar panel
parameters chosen for system design.
= 0.1 × 10
TABLE 2. SOLAR PANEL PARAMETERS
=1 SL no Parameters Selected values
Where indicates input current. The value of the
inductor is computed with Equation (7). 1 Cells/module (BCDEE) 60
× 2 Open Circuit Voltage C( ) 36.3
=
"#$ 3 Short Circuit Current FC ( ) 7.84
×( ) 4 Voltage at maximum power 29
= (7)
)&% !< #=> point .G( )
5
0.5 × 40 × 10 × (24) 5 Current at maximum power 7.35
=
1 point .G( )
= 0.48./ 6 Irradiation Level (H/.²) 1000
• Output Capacitor Selection: The O/P capacitor is 7 Temperature (°0) 25
selected with a 10 percent ripple in O/P voltage. The 8 Temperature Coefficient ( % / -0.36009
O/P values of the capacitor for a required O/P voltage °0)
ripple are compared as in Equation (8)
× IV. BATTERY SPECIFICATIONS
0 = (8)
@× A Lithium-Ion batteries are used in wide range of
10 × 0.5 applications due to their high energy density, long cycle life
0 = and light-weight construction. They also offer high voltage
(25 × 107 ) × 0.48
output, quick charging and low self- discharge rates. They are
a great option for powering solar PV systems because of their
0 = 416.6 µ9
consistent voltage output and large energy storage capacity.
Where A stands for the intended output voltage Dependable and effective energy storage for battery charging
ripple and 0 stands for O/P capacitance [8]. Table applications is also their specialty [9]. Table 3 lists the
1 displays the selected BDC’s design values. parameters of the battery that was chosen.
TABLE 3. BATTERY DESCRIPTION
TABLE 1. COMPUTED COMPONENTS VALUES FOR BDC
Battery parameters Values
CIRCUIT
Nominal Voltage (V) 24
Sr. Number Specifications Values
Rated Capacity (Ah) 50
1 Ripple in Capacitor 10%
Initial SoC (%) 45
Voltage
Battery response time (sec) 1
2 Output and Input 416.6 µ9 and
Battery Type Lithium-Ion
Capacitance 20.83 µ9
3 Ripple in Inductor 1
Current V. BUCK AND BOOST SIMULATION RESULT
4 Inductance 0.48 ./
5 Battery Voltage 24 A. Buck Mode:
6 DC Grid Voltage 48 The buck-boost converter functions as step down
7 Output Power 500H converter while in buck mode. It denotes a lower output
8 Switching Frequency 25K/L voltage than input voltage. The converter does this by relating
9 Duty Cycle 0.55
the switch’s duty cycle in order to manage the average output
voltage.
Power from the battery is sent to the grid in this mode. The
• Simulink Diagram: converter functions in its “Continuous Conduction Mode
(CCM)”. The complete system’s Simulink model in boost
mode is displayed in Fig 7.

• Waveforms:

Fig 5. Buck Mode Simulation

In this configuration, the grids supply energy to the battery.

This transformation makes advantage of “Continuous
Conduction Mode (CCM)”. The simulations have been
executed in MATLAB/Simulink. Fig 5. shows the buck mode
simulation in Simulink for the entire system.
• Waveforms:

Fig 8. Boost Mode Waveforms

O/P voltage, O/P current, switch voltages and inductor

current waveforms are depicted in Fig 8. As planned, the
output voltage of 48V and current of 10A, with a ripple of 0.1
A in the inductor current is obtained.

VI. PROPOSED SYSTEM SIMULATION RESULT

During charging operation as shown in Fig 9(d), the
State of Charge (SOC) increases from its initial value (45%)
Fig 6. Waveforms in Buck Mode which depicts charging mode. The battery current decreases
till it reaches a negative value. A battery voltage of
approximately 27.82V is produced. According to Fig 9(b),
Fig 6. displays the waveforms for the O/P voltage, O/P the voltage across the load is 27V during charging of battery
current, switch voltages and inductor current. There is a 0.1A when PV is available. As shown in Fig 9(e), 25.4V is the
ripple in inductor current, 24V output voltage and battery voltage obtained during discharge. As per Fig 9(c),
approximately 10A O/P current. Table 1. demonstrates that 48V is the load voltage obtained during discharging of
the switch voltages and currents are within limits at a duty battery when PV is not available.
ratio of 0.5.
In the simulink diagram as shown in Fig 9(a), we have
B. Boost Mode: a PV panel, bidirectional DC-DC converter, battery and
The buck-boost converter can be used as a step-up resestive load. The PV is controlled by an ideal switch.The
converter, in its boost mode. The output voltage here is higher two MOSFETs are coupled in a half-bridge configuration,
than the input voltage. The converter achieves this by and the duty cycle of the PWM signal is applied to the
reversing the polarity of the input voltage and drawing power MOSFETS to regulate the converter's output voltage.When
from a reservoir of energy, such as an inductor. the switch is ON, upper MOSFET operates in buck mode
configuration and charges the battery while delivering
• Simulink Diagram: power to the load. Load voltage is observed. When the
switch is closed,the lower MOSFET runs in boost mode,
allowing the battery to deplete while powering the load.

The switching pulses for the pair of MOSFETS is

produced by a DC-DC PWM generator. The “reference
battery current” is obtained by first flipping a switch. If
PV is present,the “reference battery current” is the
charging cureent used as a benchmark. The term “refernce
battery current” is used to describe the current drawn from
batteries during discharge when PV is unavailable.
Fig 7. Boost Mode Simulink
 Thus the pulses are produced by comparing the For charging, we compare battery voltage with reference
battery current with the reference value and giving the value that is 27.8V, and the compared value is provided to
output to a PI controller for efficient control.PI controller a PI controller which gives the reference battery current for
serves the purpose of keeping the voltage constant during charging. By comparing the load voltage to the reference
charging or discharging to ensure smooth operation. Here value of 48V, a PI controller uses the distinction to offer
in this design, PI controller is given for providing the main the reference battery current when the battery is being
swiching pulses for the two MOSFETS and is also depleted.
provided to ensure stable charging and discharging mode The system developed has a wide range of applications
operation of the battery. The reference voltage and battery including battery management of Electric Vehicles (EV’s)
voltage is compared and given to the PI controller for and it also finds use in plug-in electric vehicles. Plug-In
charging operation. Electric Vehicles are charged by plugging the vehicle to an
Similarly, reference voltage and load voltage is external source. It also utilises battery to power the vehicle
compared and given to the PI controller for discharging when not plugged in. Table 4 shows all of the output
operation. The proportional (P) and Integral (I) values collected when modelling the system.
parameters are chosen by simulating and checking output
values by trial and error method. We have implemented
the control loop as inner voltage and outer current loop.
The inner loops are responsible for charging and
discharging operation while outer loop is responsible for
providing pulses to the two MOSFETS.

Fig 9(a). Proposed System Simulink with PV panel, Bidirectional DC-DC Converter, Battery and PI control

Fig 9(b). Load characteristics while charging

Fig 9(c). Load characteristics while discharging

 VII. CONCLUSION
Final MATLAB simulation of the proposed system with PI
control strategy for battery charging and discharging was
implemented and the corresponding waveforms were
obtained and verified. We can obtain a voltage of 24V when
PV is available and if PV is not available, the converter
provides a boosted voltage of 48V which is sufficient for
supplying load and for efficient working of all appliances in
the house. This work may be used to build novel converter
topologies and control algorithms for more cost-effective and
efficient converters, as well as to improve converter
Fig 9(d). Battery characteristics while charging efficiency and performance. The discovered results can be
utilized to develop novel materials and components that can
be used to construct more robust and dependable converters.
The converter can be used with any energy storage device for
effective control and they have applications in EVs for
effective battery management and control as well as in plug-
in electric vehicles.
REFERENCES

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Bidirectional DC-DC converter in Solar PV System for Battery
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