CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

The idea of the smart house is new and draws on the expertise of many scientific and engineering fields. For
over ten years, much research has been conducted to improve the power efficiency of power management
systems at the consumer level. A home that combines technology and services through home networking to
increase energy efficiency and improve quality of life is referred to as a "smart home" .

Although the term "smart house" is not new to the scientific community, it is still very much outside of the
public's imagination. This is due to the fact that, while there have been recent efforts to design an overall
overview of potential remote access methods for managing devices, or even to simulate a smart home and
design the main server, the design and implementation of off-the-shelf smart home remote control
applications has only involved computer applications and, in certain cases, the development of mobile and
web applications.

One application of home automation concepts that makes use of a particular combination of technologies is
"smart house" technology. This is a home with extremely sophisticated automated systems for appliances,
security, lighting, and temperature management, among many other things. The wiring of the house transmits
coded signals to outlets and switches that are set up to control electronics and appliances across the whole
space. Smart homes are perceived as "intelligent" due to their computer systems' ability to monitor numerous
facets of daily life. In addition, a smart home can include a remote interface for controlling and monitoring
home appliances or the automation system itself through a smart phone or web browser. This interface can
be accessed via a landline, wireless transmission, the internet, or an Android application.

Numerous aspects of human life, particularly health and healthcare, are facing significant problems due to
the aging population and rising life expectancy. As per the United Nations online database, the present
proportion of the old population stands at 7.6%, and it is expected to increase to 16.2% by 2050. The
benefits of home automation for security and safety grow. All of the home automation

equipment were physically connected by an embedded board, which also enabled remote system access by
integrating with a web server running on a personal computer (PC).This study introduces many micro
controller systems- controlled smart homes. Five components make up the designed system, which is linked
to Arduino and MicroC software.A lengthy system review is the first subsystem in SHS.The security system,
which comprises a burglar alarm system that alerts authorities to a break-in and a fire alarm system that
announces the start of a fire and attempts toput it out remotely, makes up the second subsystem. The third
subsystem is the energy-saving lighting control system, which also controls the outside and interior ceiling

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lights.The remote control system for house control is the fourth subsystem. The air conditioner's temperature
sensor system is the fifth subsystem.

Two interfaces—computer and remote control unit—have been used in the design and implementation of
SHS. The primary controller unit for every system in the house is a computer device that comes with
microcontroller software. It gets data from the sensors in the house, processes it, refreshes the data for each
system, and sends a controlling signal to the output devices that switch on and off. The microcontroller
provides the capability to keep an eye on critical system functions. Users can also select the most appropriate
system based on need and control the various system capabilities. Certain SHS applications can also be
controlled via remote control interface.

One application of home automation concepts that makes use of a particular combination of technologies is
"smart house" technology. This is a home with extremely sophisticated automated systems for appliances,
security, lighting, and temperature management, among many other things. The capacity to remotely or
automatically operate household appliances is provided by home automation. A home appliance is a tool or
device intended to carry out a certain task; in particular, it is an electrical device intended for domestic
usage, like a refrigerator.

Devices and appliances are terms that are interchangeable. Today's reality is automation, whereby objects are
managed remotely or in close proximity, typically for basic functions like turning on and off certain devices
and beyond. While automation reduces human judgment to the absolute minimum, it does not eradicate it
entirely. Today, it may be possible to remotely control household appliances from anywhere in the globe at
any time via the internet. Imagine a system in which the user may monitor

the state of the gadgets from his desk at work and choose to take charge by setting his TV to his preferred
channel, turning on the air conditioning system, for example, and turning on or off some of the lights. The
user would only discover a really cozy, enjoyable house upon returning home on foot. the most modern
technological advancements that allow Bluetooth use. An internet-based home automation system for remote
appliance control is created with this in mind.

Security systems are essential in today's world for safeguarding investments and lives. This is accomplished
by combining a number of subsystems, including surveillance, intruder control, access control,fire
detection,etc.,into the security system underasingle control unit.Asmarthomeisone that has electronic
appliances, heating, and lighting that can be managed from afar using a smartphone or the internet. Whether
you're inside or outside your house, an internet-based home automation system lets you manage your

electrical equipment. The capacity to remotely or automatically operate household appliances is provided by
home automation. An apparatus or gadget intended to carry out a certain task, particularly one that involves
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electricity, is called a household appliance like a refrigerator, for use in the home. Devices and appliances are
terms that are interchangeable.

Today's reality is automation, whereby objects are managed remotely or in close proximity, typically for
basic functions like turning on and off certain devices and beyond. While automation reduces human
judgment to the absolute minimum, it does not eradicate it entirely. Today, it may be possible to remotely
control household appliances from anywhere in the globe at any time via the internet. Imagine a system in
which the user may monitor the state of the gadgets from his desk at work and choose to take charge by
setting his TV to his preferred channel, turning on the air conditioning system, for example, and turning on
or off some of the lights. If the user were to walk home, all they would discover an extremely cozy and
enjoyable home.

Recent technological advancements that allow for the use of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi have made it possible for
many devices to connect to one another. The Arduino board and computer can function as a standalone
device and save money by not requiring cable connections when using a WIFI shield to operate as a Micro
web server. A wireless

router or hotspot connection is required for the Wi-Fi shield to function as a gateway for the Arduino to
connect to the internet. An internet-based home automation system for remote appliance control is created
with this in mind.

Whether a user is within or outside the home, automation of home electronics device control is the main goal
of a home automation system. With home automation, one can set up automatic controls for various
household appliances. A home appliance is a tool or device intended to carry out a certain task; in particular,
it is an electrical device intended for domestic usage, like a refrigerator. Centralised control over lighting,
temperature, appliances, and other systems is the core function of home automation, which enhances
comfort, convenience, efficiency, and security. The use of home automation can replace institutional care for
the aged and crippled. These days, home or building automation makes living incredibly easy with its
energy-saving idea. All electrical and electronic appliances in homes are automatically controlled, and
wireless communication allows for remote control as well. This system allows for centralised control of all
the equipment used in home systems, including kitchen appliances, audio/video systems, security systems,
lighting, air conditioning, and heating.

The demand for sophisticated, widely used mobile applications in people's daily lives is rising as mobile
devices continue to gain popularity and capability. The most transparent and interoperable method of
granting remote service access or facilitating inter-application communication is through the use of web

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services. Busy families and those with physical restrictions constitute an appealing market for home
automation and networking.

IoTs are defined as the intelligently linked gadgets that are placed online to enable new forms of
communication between people and themselves. Examples of these things include smart phones, internet
televisions, sensors, and actuators . In order to provide intelligence, comfort, and an enhanced quality of life,
smart homes can be developed using new ideas and a large development area made possible by IoT
technology. The field of smart homes is very promising and offers several advantages, including improved
comfort, safety, and security as well as more economical use of energy and other resources, which can result
in large savings. This area of research application is crucial and will only grow in the future since it provides
effective tools for meeting the unique needs of the disabled and aged , for environmental monitoring, and for
control.

Due to the sharp rise in smartphone adoption, smartphones have progressively evolved into all- purpose
portable devices that people use on a daily basis. This study presents a low-cost wireless smart house system
that may be used to monitor and control the interior environment.

Any Android-compatible device can use an Android-based app to access and operate appliances and

other devices remotely. The app is built on an embedded micro-web server with genuine IP connectivity. The
mini web server on the Arduino Ethernet eliminates the need for a PC, and user identification is required to
access the smart home system. Additionally, voice activation for program switching has been included to
help users, particularly the elderly and the people with disabilities.This is how the rest of the paper is
structured. Lastly, the conclusion is given along with a few more future projects.

1. Objectives

Through the provision of convenience, energy efficiency, enhanced security, streamlined duties, and remote
monitoring capabilities, home automation seeks to improve our quality of life. Home automation solutions
are becoming more widely available and reasonably priced as technology develops, which makes them a
useful addition to contemporary homes.

Enhancing comfort and quality of life at home is the primary goal of the functions. The goals of a smart
home automation system are several.

• Optimize inhabitant productivity

• Minimize operating costs

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 • Improve comfort

• Simplify use the technologies

• Ensure security

• Enhance accessibility

2. Scope

The goal is to create a working prototype for wireless remote control of a network of household appliances.
With features like voice command control, switch mode control, and the ability to see device status directly
on the application, the software is made to work on Android devices. Given its extensive variety of
applications, the scope of this prototype is as follows.

This system, which manages the operation of electrical equipment, can be installed in malls, small
companies, and houses.for distant appliance access over the intranet or internet. Both intranetwork and
internet access are available for controlling the appliances in the aforementioned environment. the creation
of an environment that is technology friendly. The technology is used by the system to make HAS. We may
use our everyday electronics to see things from a different angle.

3. Overview and Benefits

An established wireless remote switching system for home appliances has the following advantages:

No disputes with the law

It is quite challenging to access or navigate properties with hard lines.

Decreased problems with wiring

The likelihood of the wire being stolen rises in light of the rising price of copper. When home appliances are
controlled by a wireless remote, there is no cable left for burglars to take.
Increased range

Since the system takes control of Wi-Fi, this was widely regarded as a decent range. That is within 150 feet.
Although it can be extended up to 300 feet outside, an interior range is taken into consideration because this
is a HAS application.

Safety

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The solution provides optimum security since the connection of the HAS control is made over a secure
network.

Dependable and wide-ranging

The developed prototype can be expanded to a bigger scale. Its broad nature also includes the ability to add
or delete appliances under control based on application.

4. Socio Economic Impact

Home automation systems have the potential to have a large and diverse socioeconomic impact on many
facets of the economy and society. Here are some important things to remember.

• Enhanced Efficiency and Time Savings: By streamlining several domestic chores, home automation
systems help people save time and effort. This improved productivity can have a beneficial effect on people's
overall productivity and help to improve work-life balance.

•Environmental Impact and Energy Efficiency: Through occupancy and environmental condition-based
lighting, heating, and cooling management, home automation systems can improve energy use. This may
lead to lower carbon emissions and energy savings.
•The Generation of Jobs and Technological Joblessness:Particularly in technology-related industries, the
design, production, installation, and upkeep of home automation systems can lead to the creation of new
employment possibilities.

• Savings on expenses and affordability:The cost of home automation systems may go down over
time as technology develops and becomes more widely used, opening them out to a wider spectrum
of users.
Concerns about Enhanced Security and Privacy:By including features like smart locks, security cameras, and

alarm systems, home automation systems can improve security and make living spaces safer. In summary,
home automation systems have a complex socioeconomic influence that includes both positive and bad
elements. To maximize the total benefits for society, technology improvements must be balanced with
concerns for employment, accessibility, privacy, and environmental sustainability.

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 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Although the term "smart home" is not new to the scientific community, people's perceptions and
expectations of it are still very distant. Converging electrical technology are driving growth in the home
automation industry. Numerous smart systems with Bluetooth, internet, short message service (SMS)
based[4], etc. control have been proposed. Good Bluetooth capabilities and the built-in adapters found in the
majority of modern laptops, and mobile phones will help to lower the system's overall cost.

In the design and construction of a voice-activated wireless automation system based on microcontrollers are
shown. Via a microphone, the user issues voice commands, which are then translated and wirelessly
transmitted to the primary control receiver unit via an RF link. An additional voice-activated smart home
automation system is presented in Reference [5]. This system makes use of Microsoft Speech Recognition
engine and Microsoft Visual Basic software to provide graphical user interface (GUI) on a PC. After that, the
signal is sent over an RF link to the microcontroller that is interfaced with the household appliances. Once
more, a PC is utilized, which results in higher expenses and power usage.

A growing number of Smart houses with unique technology have been developed over time. Numerous
solutions utilizing Arduino and Bluetooth technology have been presented . Bluetooth technology was
employed for local interface and distant monitoring via the internet utilizing RTP (Real-time Transport
Protocol) and web-based GUI (Graphical User Interface) in a networked monitoring system for home
automation. With a few small adjustments, the suggested system might be used for a variety of home
automation applications.

Using Bluetooth Low Energy in Smart Home Energy Management highlighted the effect of high- power
rated loads during peak hours and standby appliances on energy usage fees incurred by customers. The
strategy proved effective in lowering peak load demand and electricity costs while

improving user comfort, according to the data. It was suggested to implement smart home automation

using open-source Visual Basic software with Arduino as the master controller in conjunction with light and
temperature sensors . With a Visual Basic software, it could use voice commands to operate household
appliances. Using the Matlab GUI, the security system kept the house safe from invaders. The addition of
schedulers and wireless connectivity could improve the system. An automation system for

home security and electricity control was suggested in a different study that made use of Wi-Fi technology. A
web server with IP connectivity and an Android app for device remote control were integrated into the Smart

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Home Automation and Security System employing Arduino and Wi-Fi [6]. The Arduino was fitted with an
LDR and an LM35 temperature sensor to enable automated management of fans and lighting. The
installation of a dedicated server PC was not necessary. The system offered voice activation for switching
operations, password change functionality, device control and monitoring, scheduling and automated home
environment control, and a remote link to the home web server.

A theoretical model was provided to explore the variables impacting users' acceptance of smart houses. The
research was centered on on elements such as perceived risks, enjoyment, attentiveness, and trust. The
Structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) technique was employed in the study to
determine the empirical strength of the correlations.

The REST API (Representational State Transfer Application Program Interface), Web Socket, Android app,
and wireless network were the foundations for the construction of the modular home automation system,
which was intended to automate a home through smaller components [7]. The router, system controller, fan
controller, and lamp controller were all different pieces of hardware. The absence of network security and
the need for separate controllers resulted in an overall cost rise. Additionally, Raspberry Pis were used to
implement smart homes, as seen in [8].

The Raspberry Pi's expensive price is one of its drawbacks. The system might be developed to include
machine-driven fireplace exit systems, smart security systems, and internet-based control over various
household gadgets. A Mosquitto-based home automation system using an ESP8266 Node MCU is built on
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) The GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)
network was used in the system's architecture. With 3G for the network, it only used about 0.05% of the
battery every hour communication. The system lacks a customized graphical user interface (GUI) for cloud
computing and remote access for data aggregation and

visualization. Additionally, a different ESP8266- based system that tracked temperature, humidity, and air
quality in three food stores at three different remote sites was shown .

Based on data it sensed, it could autonomously operate the air cooler and air puller. Internet-based remote
control of Arduino and Embedded C programming devices for IoT- based smart environmental monitoring
was made possible in The controller was interfaced with the sensors for temperature, humidity, light level,
vibration, and air quality, and the ESP8266 Node MCU was used for Wi-Fi networking. It could be used to
use indications to anticipate the arrival of adverse weather. An Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart security
system [11] might notify the owner by employing the Internet in an urgent situation. The TI- CC3200
Launchpad board with WiFi was the microcontroller that was utilized. The addition of a camera and

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asmartphone app for controlling household appliances would alter the system. Recent research demonstrated
the use of web services, the Arduino board, and the cloud to create a real-time home automation system .

Home automation using a Raspberry Pi is superior than competing systems in a number of ways. For
instance, the call fee is a major drawback when using DTMF (dual tone multi- frequency) for home
automation , but this is not the case with their suggested approach. Additionally, because this solution only
makes use of the web server service that Gmail currently provides, it eliminates the need for memory space
and the architecture of the web server in web server-based home automation. LEDs were employed to show
which way was switched. The system is adaptable, effective, and engaging. Based on the ZigBee protocol,
Shih-Pang Tseng et al. presented the Smart House Monitor & Manager (SHMM), wherein a ZigBee wireless
network connects all sensors and actuators. They created a straightforward smart socket that can

ZigBee remote control. The PC host serves as a data collector, and all motion-sensing data is sent to a virtual
machine (VM) in the cloud. The user can monitor or control the house's energy-saving measures online with
a PC or Android phone. An Ethernet shield will be used to transmit commands from the user to the Arduino
microcontroller. Both wired X10 and wireless ZigBee technologies were combined in our home network [6].
This system used a heuristic for resource-constrained scheduling in conjunction with smart task scheduling
(RCPSP). Within the confines of the house, the mobile device can connect wirelessly or via a USB cord to
the central controller. The web server program for Arduino allows for HTTP protocol communication with
Android app with a web interface. The system is very adaptable, extensible, and scalable.

The home network that keeps an eye on the sensors and appliances and sends data to a cloud-based data
server that handles the data and offers services to users by sending data and getting commands via mobile
applications . The suggested system is very flexible and configurable, consuming very little power in an
economical manner. An Arduino Ethernet-based micro web-server and a smart home app allow for the
control and monitoring of an Android application from a remote location . The primary controller is directly
interfaced with the actuators/relays and sensors. Energy management systems, including security, fire and
intrusion detection, lighting, heating, and air conditioning, with email and siren alerts, are all included in the
proposed design. Raspberry Pi embedded system to facilitate as a conduit for communication between
mobile devices and home automation systems that use Konnex-Bus (KNX) [13]. Rather than employing
distinct profiles, store the data from all actors and sensors inside a smart home. guarantees a possible
decrease in energy consumption when compared to a typical desktop PC. Telephone lines employ dual tone
multifrequency (DTMF) technology .

The IO interface device, PC, and DTMF receiver/ring detector are the three parts of the system. When the
phone rings, the PC hears it, verifies the user's identity, and uses the keypad tones to operate the devices as
needed. We consider a stepper motor control example. The benefits of this system are international standards

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and security. This is a result of the DTMF tones being the same throughout the globe. However, it has the
flaw that the keypad's key count restricts the quantity of appliances that can be used. The PIC16F887
microcontroller is designed to operate home appliances using GSM technology. [14]. Although SMS costs
money, it offers excellent security, coverage, and availability. The home equipment can be controlled by
sending AT commands via the GSM network. The system is devoid of any seven National Seminar on
Recent Trends in Data Mining (RTDM 2016) International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
8 status information about the devices, which it is expected of the user to monitor. The Arduino board is the
controller that uses GSM technology to operate the appliances. It makes use of specific peripheral relays and
drivers in order to accomplish this interacting. Based on user commands, the smartphone application creates
SMS messages that are sent to the GSM modem connected to the Arduino and control household appliances
[15]. The SMS system's dependability and expense are its downsides. Device-specific customizations cannot
be made to an interface.

Mobile phone-based Bluetooth home automation system: Relays are used to connect the home appliances to
the Arduino BT board at the input and output ports of a Bluetooth-based home automation system. The
Arduino BT board uses Bluetooth to establish a connection, and its programming is built on the high-level
interactive C language of microcontrollers. The appliances are password-protected, allowing access to only
authorized users. For wireless communication, a Bluetooth connection is made between the phone and
Arduino BT board. This solution uses a portable Python script that can be installed on any Symbian OS
environment. A single circuit is created and put into use to collect feedback from the phone and display the
device's status.

Cell phone-based Zigbee home automation system: Zigbee is used in the design and implementation of the
system to monitor and manage the household appliances. Network coordinators record and store device
performance. This is accomplished by using the Wi-Fi network, which makes use of a current wireless
ADSL router with four switch ports. Preconfigured security Wi-Fi parameters and the network SSID are
used. The message is initially processed by the virtual house algorithm for security purposes. Once it is
deemed secure, it is re-encrypted and sent to the home's actual network device. The Zigbee controller
transmitted messages to the end across the Zigbee network. the security and safety of every message that the
virtual home algorithm receives. In order to lower the system's cost and the Zigbee communication is
beneficial despite its obtrusive installation.

Cell phone-based GSM home automation system: The mobile phone and GSM technologies have made
GSM-based home automation a research magnet. The home automation solutions that we primarily explored
for GSM communication were SMS- based home automation, GPRS-based home automation, and dual tone
multifrequency (DTMF)-based home automation. The logical diagram for A. Alheraish's work is depicted in
the image. It demonstrates how GSM and SIM (subscriber identification module) are used for
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communication between home sensors and devices and the home network. The transducer used in the system
translates machine operation into electrical signals tha are temperature, and sound into other quantities like
voltage. All signals are analyzed by the microcontroller and transform them into a command that

the GSM module can comprehend. Depending on the instruction that the GSM module receives, choose the
best communication method from SMS, GPRS, and DTFC. Cell phone-based Wi-Fi home automation
system: Three elements make up a Wi-Fi based home automation system: the software package, the
hardware interface module, and the server. The system

model layout is depicted in the picture. Servers and hardware interface modules connect with one another via
Wi-Fi technology. The web- based application on the server is accessed through the same technology. Since
the server is online, users who are located further away can use a compatible web browser to access server-
based applications over the internet. The microcontroller (Arduino) firmware and server application software
comprise the software of the newest home automation system. The microcontroller itself is bundled with the
Arduino software, which was created in C using the IDE. It is the responsibility of Arduino software to
collect events from linked sensors,Actuators are then given action, and the server is preprogrammed.
Reporting and documenting the history in the server database is another task. The suggested home
automation system's server application software package is a web-based asp.net application. If the server has
a real IP address on the internet, any internet browser that supports asp.net technology can be used to access
the server application software. The server application software is responsible for maintaining the setup and
configuration of the entire home automation system. We opt to utilize XML files to store the system log,
while the server uses a database to keep track of the components of the home automation system.

Mobile-based home automation based on A's work. more difficult for the elderly or physically disabled to
operate. Using RF technology, home automation through remote implementation provides a simpler option.
This is achieved by combining an RF remote with a microcontroller on the transmitter side, which transmits
ON/OFF signals to the receiver at the location of connected devices. Using wireless technology, the loads
can be turned ON or OFF globally by manipulating the designated remote switch on the transmitter.

Using Android ADK for home automation: An association is made between the Android device and the
ADK, and the devices in the house are connected to the ADK.

The house gadgets are connected to the board's input/output ports (EMBEDDED SYSTEM), and the ADK
will now be in charge of their current state. The ATmega2560 is the foundation of the Arduino ADK
microcontroller board. Based on the MAX3421e IC, it offers a USB host connection to connect to Android-
based phones. The following are the two key components of Android Open Accessory Protocol 2.0 (AOAP):
It supports the component acting as one or more Human Interface Devices (HID) for the Android device and

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has audio output from the Android device to the component gadget. This work relies on the FOSS (Free
Open Source Software) Android and Arduino platforms. When safety systems are equipped with motion
sensors, they will immediately identify any unwanted activity and notify the user via their phone or security
system.

7Cloud-based home automation system: This type of home automation uses a system that is designed and
implemented to gather data from home appliances, send it to a cloud-based data server, and store it on a
distributed file system on Hadoop. The process uses MapReduce, and it is used to implement tasks that
require remote user monitoring. Home automation systems nowadays are progressively becoming more
resilient by incorporating the features that meet people's growing demands. The design and development of a
cloud-based home automation system is presented in this study. Three key components make up the current
system: the first is the cloud server, which manages and maintains client and user data and information; the
condition of the apparatus The second component that implements the necessary connection to the actuators
and sensing devices that provide the physical service is the hardware interface module. The final component
is Home Server, which provides the user interface and builds the hardware device. This paper focuses on
developing cloud- based web services that require data availability, storage, and security. The current system
offers a safe home automation system for the whole family and is economical, dependable, and comfortable.
The system consists of different client modules for different platforms.

Server in the cloud The goal of the cloud server, a central server, is to provide services to the other
submodules. The brain and breathing apparatus of the data is the central server. The home system, web
configuration tool, and mobile are the three submodules to which it implements three linkages. The mobile
device receives the server's current state after it has evaluated the data it received from the home, and vice
versa. A database is managed by the server, and changes made at the home end update the database's status.

Hardware Circuit Microcontroller Embedded Program, and Web browser for desktop or mobile devices.
Using a smartphone and wireless sensors, raspberry pie home automation Using a Raspberry Pi, a home

automation system was created by analyzing email subjects and algorithms. The Raspberry Pi promises to be
a productive platform for implementing strong and affordable smart home automation.

There are various reasons why home automation using a Raspberry Pi is superior to other home automation
techniques. For instance, when employing home automation with DTMF (dual tone multi-frequency), the
call tariff is a major drawback, but this is not the issue with their suggested approach. Because this method
just makes use of the well-established web server service provided by G-mail, it disregards the requirements
for memory space and web server design when it comes to home automation via web servers. LEDs were
employed to indicate the alternating in motion.

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This system is interactive, versatile, and efficient. Giving the Raspberry Pi Orders The user's input
commands are received by the script running on the server side of our laptop or on a web server, which then
passes them to the Raspberry Pi client in the proper manner. We'll be utilizing the input commands in this to
switch on and off a light. The Raspberry Pi receives data and information when we instruct it to turn on a
light through a server side application, and its GPIO pin activates a relay. To determine if the light is ON or
OFF, the system can communicate the most recent updates to the server.

By using a PIR motion sensor, we can send data signals to the Raspberry Pi. All we need to do is execute a
script that reads the sensor using a GPIO pin and sends the data to the IoTF platform, which is part of the
total system. The IoTFconsole can then be used to view this. IoT-based wireless home automation system
This technology operates automatically via the internet and may be controlled by PCs or smartphones from
anywhere in the world for basic home control.In the world, a smart home is another term for an automated
home. Its goal is to conserve both human and electrical

energy. The suggested system is a distributed home automation system made up of sensors and a server, or
Wi-Fi module. The server manages and keeps an eye on the different sensors, and it is simple to set up to
handle extra modules for hardware interface (sensors). The web server is the Arduino board, which has a
built-in WiFi module. The Automation System can be accessed remotely from any PC or mobile device with
an internet browser that is compatible by utilizing server real IP (internet IP) or from any local PC using
server IP. The network architecture that links the server and the sensors is chosen to be Wi-Fi based. Wi-Fi is
selected to enhance system mobility and scalability, as well as to improve system security (via the use of
secure Wi-Fi connections).

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 CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY

1. Procedure

The entire system operates in two stages. Initially, portable Android devices are used to control the system
through the installation of Bluetooth technology. Finally, employ an auto mode that can sense its
surroundings and operate itself. The anticipated design for the first two objectives is depicted in the
accompanying image.

Figure 01: Basic design of this system.

A temperature sensor measures the temperature; other types of sensors are required to determine the physical
state. A micro-controller is used to obtain this information [16]. This LDR feature makes it possible to
automatically turn on and off light control by figuring out how bright the day is. The micro-controller uses a
relay switch to transmit control signals to the electronic device that performs the on/off switching [17]. It is
capable of acting as an input device as well as an output device. An output device to read the value of the
physical condition and an input device to operate household appliances. Using Android, an application is
created for the system. The micro web server is hosted by the Arduino micro-controller, which also initiates
the necessary action. The primary controller is directly interfaced with the actuators/relays and sensors.

2. Components

Integrating multiple components to automate and control various areas of your house is the process of
building a home automation system with Arduino. These are some typical parts that a simple home
automation system might have.:

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 • 8051 Microcontroller

• Relay

• Resistors

• Capacitors

• Transistors

• Cables and Connectors

• LED

• Transformer/Adapter

• Switch

• IC

• IC Sockets

• Lamps

2.1 8051 Microcontroller

A microcontroller is a tiny, inexpensive microcomputer that is intended to carry out particular functions of
embedded systems, such as displaying information from microwaves and receiving distant signals.
The CPU, memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM), serial ports, peripherals (timers, counters), and other
components make up a generic microcontroller.
Intel created the 8051 microcontroller in 1981. This microcontroller has eight bits. Two 16-bit timers, four
kilobytes of RAM and one hundred and eighty pins of DIP (dual inline package) storage are included in its
construction. It has four 8-bit parallel ports that can be programmed and addressed according to the needs.
The microcontroller has an inbuilt on-chip crystal oscillator with a 12 MHz crystal frequency.
The system bus links the CPU and all of the support devices in the following diagram. Eight-bit data
buses, sixteen-bit address buses, and bus control signals make up the system bus. The system bus serves as
an interface between the CPU, program memory, ports, data memory, interrupt control, serial interface, and
timers, among other devices.

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 Figure 02: 8051 microcontroller.

The pin diagram of 8051 microcontroller looks as follows −

Figure 03: Pin diagram of 8051 microcontroller.

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2.2 Registers

The CPU uses registers to temporarily store information, such as addresses referring to data that has to be
fetched or data that needs to be processed. Eight bits, from the MSB (most significant bit) D7 to the LSB

(least significant bit) D0, make up the single data type in the 8051. Any data type bigger than 8 bits with an
8-bit data type must be divided into 8-bit chunks before processing.

The 8051's most often utilized registers are PC (program counter), R0-R7, A (accumulator), B, and DPTR
(data pointer). All of these registers—aside from DPTR and PC—have eight bits..

8051 Storage Registers

Here, we'll talk about the many kinds of storage registers. −

• Accumulator

• R register

• B register

• Data Pointer (DPTR)

• Program Counter (PC)

• Stack Pointer (SP)

• Accumulator
All arithmetic and logic operations employ register A, the accumulator. Every outcome of every
calculation—addition, multiplication, shift, etc.—must be kept in the main memory in the event that
the accumulator is absent. Because the vast main memory uses slower (but less expensive)
technology than registers, access to main memory is slower than access to a register like the
accumulator..

• The "R" Registers

The eight registers that make up the "R" registers are R0, R1, R2, and R7. In numerous activities,
these registers serve as auxiliary or temporary store registers. Think about the sum of 10 and 20 as an
example. Put one variable, 10, in an accumulator and another, 20, in register R4, for example. Run
the following command to complete the addition operation: ADD A,R4.

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The value 30 will be in the accumulator following the execution of this instruction. As a result, "R" registers
are crucial auxiliary or assistance registers. These "R" registers are what make the Accumulator so valuable
on its own. Values are intended to be briefly stored in the "R" registers.

Figure 04:8-bit Register of 8051

Let's look at another illustration. The numbers in R1 and R2 will be added together, and thethe R3 and R4
values from the outcome.SUBB A,R5 ;Subtract R5's value (which now includes R3 and R4).You can see that
the total of R3 and R4 was momentarily held in R5 by us. This method of calculating (R1 + R2) – (R3 + R4)
is obviously not the most effective one, but it does show how to use the "R" registers to temporarily store
values..
The "B" Register
The "B" register can store an 8-bit (1-byte) value, which makes it very comparable to the Accumulator. Only
two 8051 instructions—MUL AB and DIV AB—use the "B" register. You can utilize these two instructions
and save the other value in "B" to quickly and conveniently multiply or divide A by another number. The "B"
register is frequently used as an additional temporary storage register in addition to employing MUL and
DIV instructions; it functions similarly to a ninth R register.

The Data Pointer

Only one 16-bit (2-byte) register on the 8051 is accessible to the user: the Data Pointer (DPTR). One- byte
value registers include the Accumulator, R0–R7 registers, and B register. The purpose of DPTR is to point to
data. The 8051 uses it to access external ;Temporarily store the resultant value in R5.;Transfer R1's value to
the accumulator. ;Add R2's value.

memory at the address that DPTR indicates. Since DPTR is the only 16-bit register available, 2-byte values
are frequently stored in it.
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2.3 The Program Counter

The next instruction to be executed by the 8051 can be determined in memory using the Program Counter
(PC), a 2-byte address. The 8051 initializes at 0000h, and the PC is increased each time an instruction is
carried out. Not every PC increment is one. A PC will increment by two or three when an instruction calls
for two or three bytes.

Operations such as branch, jump, and interrupt load an address other than the following sequential location
into the Program Counter. All values in the register will be lost if a power-on reset is activated. It indicates
that when the PC is reset, its value is 0, which compels the CPU to retrieve the first opcode from ROM
location 0000. Because the CPU expects to find the first instruction at ROM position 0000, we must place
the first byte of the upcode there.

The Stack Pointer (SP)

Like all registers other than DPTR and PC, the Stack Pointer has the capacity to store an 8-bit (1- byte)
value. The place from where the subsequent value is to be removed off the stack is indicated by the Stack
Pointer. A value is incremented when it is pushed onto the stack, and it is subsequently stored at the
corresponding memory location. The value of SP is decremented after a value is popped off the stack and
returned from the memory address indicated by SP.

It matters what sequence things are done in. When the 8051 is initialized, SP will be initialized to 07h.
Should a value be simultaneously put onto the stack, it will be saved at internal RAM location 08h since the
8051 will first increase the SP value (from 07h to 08h) before storing the pushed value at that memory
address (08h). The 8051 modifies SP directly with six instructions: RET, RETI, LCALL, PUSH, POP, and
ACALL.ROM Space in 8051

Certain 8051 family members, such as 8751 and AT8951, have only 4K bytes of on- chip ROM; others, like
AT89C52, have 8K ROM; yet others, like Dallas Semiconductor, have 32K and 64K bytes of on-chip ROM.

It is important to keep in mind that, because the 8051 program counter is a 16-bit register (0000 to FFFF
address), no member of the 8051 family can read more than 64K bytes of opcode. The address of the
program ROM in the 8051's first position is 0000H, while the location of the ROM in the last location varies
based on the chip's size. AT8951 is one of the 8051 family's members. Its on-chip ROM contains $k bytes,
with memory addresses ranging from 0000 (first position) to 0FFFH (final location).

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2.4 Capacitors

Potential energy in an electric field is stored by passive electrical components called capacitors. They consist
of two conducting plates divided by a dielectric, which is an insulating substance. The capacitor may store
energy because an electric field forms across the dielectric when a voltage is applied across the plates. The
surface area, spacing, and characteristics of the dielectric material all affect a capacitor's capacity to store
charge, which is expressed in farads (F). Electronic circuits frequently employ capacitors for a variety of
functions, including as energy storage, signal coupling, buffering, and filtering.

Types of Capacitors

This is an extremely important part of electronic equipment. Their production takes place every day in
millions of pieces. The market offers a plethora of varieties. Although each type of capacitor has pros and
cons of its own, it is still vital for users to have some understanding of these devices in order to select the
best one for any particular application.

Fig no:- 05 Capacitor

Electrolytic Capacitors

This kind of capacitor, which is primarily polarized, is commonly utilized in palaces where a large
capacitance is necessary. Typically, we use single-electrode thin-film metallic capacitors in certain locations.
On the other hand, semi-liquid electrolytic capacitors, which function as a second electrode and are available
in the form of jelly or paste, are a very good alternative in other situations.

When it is utilized in a circuit or anywhere else, one has to be concerned with its polarity because it is made
up of a thin layer of oxide material that is generated electrochemically in less than ten microns with the
thickness of a film. In order to prevent irreversible damage to the capacitor caused by its opposite polarity
damaging the insulation oxide layer, the positive and negative terminals must be connected to the

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appropriate power supply terminal and negative and positive, respectively. These are available above 1
microfarad and operate on a DC power supply. For an example of a basic electrolytic capacitor, see the
following figure.

Silver Mica Capacitor

When size is not a concern, this form of capacitor—which is not commonly used—yet provides a high
degree of stability, minimal loss, and high precision. They come in a restricted number of levels,

Figure 06: Simple Electrolytic type.

such 1000 pF and so on, but are usually utilized in radio frequency applications. When compared to other
sorts, their cost is rather high. In the illustration below, a few basic silver mica capacitors are displayed.

Polystyrene Film Capacitor

Figure 07: Simple Mica type.

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When compared to other capacitor kinds, this one is incredibly inexpensive, but when necessary, it provides
tight tolerance. Their tolerance ranges from 5% to 10%, making them appropriate for a wide range of uses.
They can be obtained as electronic components made by Leader. The figure below shows a few basic
polystyrene film capacitors.

Figure 08: Simple Polystyrene film type.

Glass Capacitor

Glass serves as the dielectric material in glass capacitors. Although they have a high current carry capability,
low loss, and great operating performance, they are rather expensive when compared to other types. To
understand a basic glass capacitor, look at the following figure.

Figure 08: Simple Glass type.

2.5 Transistors

Transistors, which act as switches or amplifiers for electrical signals, are essential parts of contemporary
electronics. They are essential components found in many different electronic gadgets, such as computers,
cellphones, televisions, and more. A transistor is a type of semiconductor that can switch or magnify
electrical power and electronic signals. The emitter, base, and collector are the three layers of semiconductor
material that make up a conventional semiconductor. The amount of current or voltage applied to the base
terminal of a transistor determines its behavior.

There are two main types of transistors :

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs):

The emitter, base, and collector are the three semiconductor layers found in BJTs. Depending on how the
layers are arranged, they can be either NPN or PNP.When a tiny current is delivered to the base of an NPN
transistor, electrons go through it from the emitter to the collector. Hole current that is positively charged
flows through a PNP transistor.Current can be amplified by BJTs. Between the collector and emitter, a
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considerably larger current can be controlled by a modest current at the base.frequently utilized in analog
circuits, including switches and amplifiers.

Field-Effect Transistors (FETs):

The source, gate, and drain terminals make up a FET. Typically, semiconductors like silicon are used to
make them. FETs use an electric field generated by the gate terminal to modulate the conductivity of a
channel between the source and drain terminals, thus controlling the flow of current between them. FETs
come in various varieties, such as Junction FETs (JFETs), Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs), and
Metal-Oxide- Semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs).

Fig 09:- Types of transistor

Cables and Connectors transistor

A conductor or collection of conductors used to transfer power or telecommunication signals from one
location to another is referred to as a cable in electronic or electrical systems. Either flexible glass or plastic
fibers or a metal, like copper or aluminum, are used to transport power or electrical communications. There
are many different types of electronics wiring, and cables are frequently built into equipment or made with a
specific end use in mind. When wire lines need to be linked or detached, connectors are utilized. Connectors
are utilized in many electronic devices, much like cables. This is due to the great degree of flexibility they
provide. For instance, the connectors utilized allow printed circuit boards to be rapidly and simply
constructed and integrated into any system or device.

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2.6 LED

The acronym LED represents "Light Emitting Diode." It is a semiconductor device that, when current passes
through it, emits light. LEDs are widely utilized because of their energy economy, durability, and versatility
in a variety of applications. Here's more details on LEDs:

Structure:

1. Semiconductor Materials: Gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium nitride (GaN), or indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) are common semiconductor materials used in the production of LEDs.
2. P-N Junction: Similar to other diodes, LEDs have a p-n junction where, when forward biased, electrons
and holes recombine to create photons, or light.

3. Active Layer: The area of an LED that is active and produces light. Typically, this area is a semiconductor
heterostructure that has been precisely designed to emit a certain wavelength of light. Types of LEDs:

Standard LEDs: Give forth a single color of light, like white, blue, green, or red. They are frequently found
in signage, displays, and indicator lights.
High-Power LEDs: These LEDs have a high light output and are utilized in street lighting, architectural
lighting, and automobile lighting.

RGB LEDs: Come in a single box containing several LED chips that are each of the three colors red, green,
and blue. RGB LEDs are employed in color-changing lighting systems and displays because they can
produce a wide spectrum of colors by varying the intensity of each color.

UV LEDs: These light-emitting devices have uses in forensic analysis, curing, sterilizing, and detecting
counterfeit goods.
IR LEDs: These light-emitting diodes are utilized in optical communication, surveillance systems, and
remote controls.

2.7 TRANSFORMER/ADAPTER

In the context of electronics, a transformer or adapter is a device that changes the voltage or current level of
electrical energy. They are crucial parts of many power distribution systems and electrical gadgets. Here is
additional information regarding adapters and transformers.:

Transformer:

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The electromagnetic induction concept underlies the operation of a transformer. It is composed of two or
more insulated wire coils coiled around a ferromagnetic core. The primary and secondary coils are the two
sets of coils found in transformers. A voltage is produced in the secondary coil when an alternating current

(AC) passes through the primary coil, altering the magnetic field in the core. The voltage transformation
ratio is determined by dividing the number of turns in the main coil by the number of turns in the secondary
coil. Step-down transformers lower voltage, whereas step-up transformers raise it.Electrical isolation
between the input and output circuits is provided by transformers, which is essential for security and
avoiding ground loops.There are several uses for transformers, such as electricity distribution In electronic
circuits, isolation, impedance matching, and voltage regulation.

Adapter (Power Adapter or AC/DC Adapter)

A specific kind of transformer called an adapter is made to change alternating current (AC) from wall outlets
into direct current (DC), which is needed to power electronics. Generally, adapters convert the high-voltage
AC from the mains to a lower-voltage DC that can be used to power routers, laptops, and cellphones.
Rectifier circuits, which convert AC to DC, and voltage control circuits, which maintain a steady output
voltage despite variations in input voltage or load, are frequently found in adapters. Various connections or
plugs are included with adapters to accommodate the diverse input requirements of various devices. Certain
adapters can power devices from batteries or other DC power sources since they are made to be portable.

Key Considerations:

1. Voltage Compatibility: An adapter or transformer must be used in accordance with the voltage and current
specifications of the device it is powering.

2. Safety: To avoid electrical hazards including short circuits, overloading, and electric shock, transformers
and adapters should adhere to safety standards and regulations.

3. Efficiency: Heat generation and energy waste can be decreased by using transformers and adapters with
high efficiency.
4. Size and Form Factor: Depending on the application, size and form factor considerations could be crucial,
particularly for installations with limited space or portable devices.

2.8 Switch

An electrical switch is a part of a circuit that is used to stop or reroute electric current flow. By manually
creating or severing electrical connections, it enables the control of electrical systems or equipment.
Different types and configurations of switches are available to meet different needs and applications.

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 Figure 10: Switch.

2.9 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Thousands or millions of small resistors, capacitors, diodes, and transistors are built on a semiconductor
wafer to create an integrated circuit (IC), also known as a chip, microchip, or microelectronic circuit. An
integrated circuit (IC) can be used as a computer memory, microcontroller, microprocessor, timer, counter,
amplifier, oscillator, or logic gate.

The basic component of every contemporary electronic gadget is an integrated circuit (IC). As the name
implies, it's an integrated system made up of several tiny, networked semiconductor material components
implanted in a thin substrate (often silicon crystal).

Figure 14: Integrated Circuits.

2.10 LAMPS

In the context of lighting, lamps are defined as apparatuses that emit electromagnetic radiation in order to
produce visible light. They are available in a variety of shapes and technologies, each with unique qualities,
uses, and effectiveness. These are a few typical kinds of lighting:

1. Incandescent Lamps 2.Fluorescent Lamps 3.LED Lamps 4.Halogen Lamps

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HARDWARE AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 11: Circuit Diagram

Figure 12: NODEMCU PINOUT.

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NODEMCU

NodeMCU is an open source firmware for which open source prototyping board designs are available. The
name "NodeMCU" combines "node" and "MCU" (micro-controller unit). The term "NodeMCU" strictly
speaking refers to the firmware rather than the associated development kits.

RELAY

Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit. When a relay contact
is normally open (NO), there is an open contact when the relay is not energized. In electro mechanical
relays(EMR),contacts are opened or closed by a magnetic force.

Figure 13: RELAY.

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 CHAPTER-4

CREATING CONTROL BUTTONS IN OVERFLOW SENSOR APP

1. SOFTWARE INTERFACE: A software interface is created between the microcontroller and the
appliances using a overflow server. This is created for the purpose to work in the offline mode as well. The
below image explains the development of Bluetooth module for the project.

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 Fig no 14:- App interface

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 CHAPTER-5

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

The proposed system has hardware and software parts. There are an online part and GSM-based part of the
system. Therefore, the application needs the internet and mobile network to perform the tasks such as open/
close door, window, light, air-condition and perform protection part such as open/close water pump, running
alarm and fan. The system connects to the internet via LAN cable and mobile network via SIM card. The
mobile application runs on a mobile device, which has an Android operating system.

Fig no:- 15 system development

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1. System Technology

In this project some technologies are used to offer many tasks to build the smart home application which
control by a mobile application.

Mobile technology: The system based on a mobile device because the attributes as send and receive SMS
and internet access are easy to use.

Arduino technology: Arduino is an open-source electronics platform designed at the Ivrea Interaction
Design Institute in 2005 as a simple apparatus for quick prototyping, the design depends on simple hardware
and software that can easily be understood by students (Abdullah et al., 2016). Arduino technology started

from programs that reads inputs, light on a sensor, activating a motor, turning on an LED (Caldo et al.,
2015). Instructions are sent to the microcontroller to determine the action to be taken. In the later years,
Arduino board began changing to adjust to new challenges and difficulties, it offers from basic 8-bit board to
IoT applications, 3D printing, and embedded environments (Fatehnia at al., 2016). It is been used in
comminution and controlling, and also became a backbone for many large number of complex projects.

2. Windows Operating System

Windows are sets of Operating systems created by Microsoft which started back in 1985 with Windows 1.0
as the first release. Several versions have been released in the later years (Sharma et al., 2017). Windows has
been the most widely used operating system for PCs. They later releases CE versions used for handheld
devices, and Windows mobile which is an OS for smartphones and Pocket PCs. In 2007, window mobile
turned to be the most prominent smartphone software in the U.S. But later, this fame and popularity blurred
and other software took over (Dinesh et al., 2015). In February 2010, when windows is in competition with
its rivals i.e. iOS and android OS, they release a windows phone to succeed the windows mobile.

3. Android Operating System

Android is a mobile open source OS designed for smartphones and tablets using a modified Linux kernel. It
was originally developed by Android Inc. and later sold to Google in the year 2005 (Shaw

et al., 2016). Its first commercial version was released in 2008, and from that undergoes many version
releases. The latest version 8.1 was released late 2017. For the past 7 years, Android is leading in the
smartphone and tablets

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OS markets. In the early 2017, they announced a report of almost two billion monthly active users
(Wikipedia, 2018).

3.1. Android advantages

Some of the advantages of android OS are:

• It is an open source OS
• Veryintuitive
• 2D, 3D graphics supports Multiple languages
• Different audio video support. Highly secured
• Supports different screen sizes and resolutions Qwerty keyboard

4. Programming Languages

A programming language is a formal language used by developers to feed in instructions to a computer in

order to perform a particular task (Kulkarni et al., 2015). A programmer writes a program in a text format
called source code, then the source code is then translated into machine understandable language called
machine language or binary, this translation is referred to as compilation (Batty et al., 2015). Each
programming language has its particular compiler which translates its source codes to machine codes.

There are many different programming languages developed and many more still being developed yearly.
Many programming languages expect calculation to be indicated in a basic frame (i.e., as a succession of
activities to perform) while some utilize different types of program specifications.

5. Java development kit (JDK)

The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a platform for the development of java applications and applets. It has a
built in runtime environment named the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), the interpreter, and a compiler for
the complete compilation and running of the written program. JKD can also be integrated in Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) which speed up the application or program development by providing
drag-and- drop features for designing the application or applets. Different system platforms like Windows,
Linux and Solaris supports a different JDKs and requirements (DiMarzio, 2015).

6. Android Studio

Android Studio is the official development environment (IDE) for design and development of Android
operating system, it was released in 2003 with version 0.1, and several versions have been released
subsequently ((DiMarzio, 2015). Now the latest version is 3.1 released in this year 2018.

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C is a procedural programming language developed in 1973 for writing operating systems and compiler
designs. C language has a low level memory access and it has an easy set of keywords (Kanetkar, 2016).
Most of the newer programming languages have copied the programming syntax from the C language. E.g.
Java, PHP, JavaScript and many other languages is mainly based on C language. C language can be used on
different platforms from PCs, microcontrollers and supercomputers. Arduino can be also be used for
programming microcontrollers using C language.

7. Use-Case Diagrams

The use-case diagram explained the system designed. This it is a perfect method to understand the system
behaviours. Also, it shows the user how uses the system. Furthermore, it displays the relationship between
the user and system.

8. System user

The system has a user, which he can control and monitor the hardware part of the
system. The user of the mobile application role pointed out below:
Control: the system allows the user to control the hardware part as open/close door...Etc.
Monitor: the system allows the user to monitor the hardware part as the door is open or close and sensors as
temperature, humidity and gas level.

9. System Requirements

The system needs hardware and software tools as Arduino components, sensors mobile device and computer
tools.

9.1. Computer tools

The tools that are utilized for developing the mobile application as follows:
• 1- Toshiba Satellite laptop based on Windows 7 (64-bit) operating system.

• 2- Arduino Software (IDE) version 1.8.5 for editing code and upload it to the Arduino board.

• 3- Android studio 3.1.2 for developing the mobile application includes tools of (emulator, debugger,
libraries, etc.)

• The application is acceptable for Samsung A9 Pro Duos (2016) with dual-SIM card slots devices,
which have these features:

• Android version: 6.0.1 (Marshmallow).

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 • Size: 6.0 inches

• Resolution: 1080 x 1920 pixels. Dimensions: 161.7 x 80.9 x 7.9 mm. SIM:
Dual SIM CPU: Octa-core 4x1.8 GHz Cortex-A72

10. Hardware Components

There are some components in the hardware part as shown below:.

10.1. The Arduino

Arduino refers to an open source computer hardware as well as software company and project with the
ability to design and manufacture microcontrollers which are used for building digital devices that have the
ability to interact with other objects and sense objects. The Arduino boards are available to users fully
equipped with digital and analogue sets for pins and the boards have serial communication interfaces and the
microcontrollers are programmed using C and C++ programming language (Sumithra et al., 2016).

10.2. History of Arduino

The origin of the Arduino project can be traced back to the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Italy. During
that time students used basic stamp processors. In 2003 the project started with the aim of providing low cost
devices that could interact with the environment and sense the surroundings using sensors and actuators (Lin
& Bergmann, 2016). Examples at this stage included thermostats, motion detectors and robots.

The first wiring platform that was created consisted of printed circuit boards that used Atmega 168
microcontrollers. As time went by, the team added Atmega 8 microcontroller to the wiring and the wiring
platform became lighter and less expensive and the team started distributing the source code

in the open- source community until it became popular and its sensors have been widely used in many
Internet of Things devices (Arpita et al., 2015). Figure 8 below shows the detailed history of Arduino from
the beginning as well as the different sectors the technology is being deployed to in the

Arduino mega refers to a microcontroller board that is based on a data sheet ATmega2560 with digital pins
that sum up to 54 of which 14 of the pins are used as PWM output pins and 16 analog inputs (arduino.cc,
2018). In addition, the researchers

explained that the entire board consists of a 16 MHz resonator that is ceramic, USB connection ports, power
jack, reset button and an ICSP header. The various functions on the board contain everything that is needed

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for maximum support of the microcontroller by just connecting the main computer with a USB to the power
cable.

Meijer (2014) explains the Arduino IDE software as an open source project that allows programmers to take
advantage of the Atmega chips which are contained within the software. The software allows programmers
to write code and upload the code to the Atmega chip allowing the code to be executed on the chip. The user
can upload the code using Arduino since it is compatible with most 3D- electronic printers and include
megatronics, minitronics and RAMPS. Machine language is translated using the software known as
“firmware” that can interpret machine instructions into actual movement. Some popular options mentioned
in the literature include Marlin, Repetier and Sprinter.

The reset pin is responsible for resetting the entire system, 3v3 refers to pins with a maximum voltage of 3.3
the same applied to the 5 voltage pin type. Plugs with a voltage between 9 and 12 are plugged into the VIN
pin. Furthermore there are Analog pins which can also be used as digital pins and the RX/TX pins contain
serial communication that will receive and transmit information. PWM contain pins with output options of
PWM and finally the AREF pins are responsible for external reference voltage which are used for Analog.

11. Arduino Shields

Arduino shields are made up of modular circuit boards that are attached on the main Arduino board to add
extra functionality (Chase, 2015). There are different types of Arduino shields that range from IO shields,
motor shields, Ethernet shields, LCD & Keypad shields, input shields, XBee shields. The section below will
address the Ethernet shield and SMS shield. Table 4.2 below shows the different Arduino shields and the
control pins that are used for connection.

12. Ethernet Shield

Arduino Ethernet shield allows the main Arduino board to connect to the internet. The shield bases its
standard on the Wiznet W5100 Ethernet chip that provides a network stack that supports both the TCP and
UDP socket connections (Radiospares, 2017). The Ethernet library is used solely for writing of sketches that

are used to connect to the shield. The connection is made possible through the use of long wires with wrap
headers that connect the shield to the board allowing the pins to stay intact (Meijer, 2014).

Arduino uses different digital pins to communicate with the Ethernet shield that range from pin number 10 to

13. A standard RJ45 Ethernet jack is provided which is capable of resetting both the W5100 and the main
Arduino board (Radiospares, 2017). Figure 10 below shows the Ethernet shield and the informational LEDs
contained on the shield are explained below:

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 • PWR: This LED indicates whether the board and shield is powered or not.

• LINK: It reflects the presence of network links which flash when the
shield is transmitting data

• FULLD: The short abbreviation that indicates that the connection is full duplex.

• 100M: This reflects the presence of a 100Mb per second network

connection which varies from the normal connection of 10Mb per
second

• RX: This pin flashes to indicate that data has been received.

• TX: This pin flashes to indicate to the user that the shield has sent data.

13. SMS Shield

The Arduino SMS shield allows the main Arduino board to be connected to the internet giving it many
functions that range from making calls and sending SMS messages. AT commands are used for
communication purposes between the board and the shield (Newart, 2018). A number of digital pins (2 and
3) are used by the shield for software serial communication with pin 2 being connected to the M10’s TX and
pin 3 to its RX pin.

To operate the shield, a user insert a sim card of any mobile network offering GPRS coverage and step by
step instructions are given allowing the user to connect to the internet and start controlling his or her
surroundings remotely. Figure 11 below shows the SMS shield for Arduino.

This is an ultra small and secure wireless device which has a complete Dual-band GSM/GPRS that can be
installed in a client applications. it also delivers GSM/GPRS 900/1800MHz performance for voice, SMS,
Data, and Fax in a small form factor and with low power consumption (Dekate and Ramchaware, 2015).
With a little

14. Sensors

There are various types of sensors that are used in smart homes and other areas to detect and sense changes
within the environment using the Internet of Things. In this section we will focus on four types of sensors
that are used to sense temperature, humidity, gas and motion in the sections below:

14.1. LM35 Temperature Sensor

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The LM35 temperature sensor is responsible for sensing the temperature and recording it. The sensor records
an output voltage that is linearly proportional to the centigrade temperature and has an advantage over linear
temperature sensors in that the user does not need to subtract the constant voltage in order to get the
centigrade scaling (Peters, 2016). Figure 12 below shows the LM35 temperature sensor.

14.2. DHT11 Temperature-Humidity Sensor

The DHT11 temperature-humidity sensor has the ability to measure both temperature and humidity using a
calibrated digital signal output which ensures high reliability and long term stability (Meijer, 2014). The
system has single wire interfaces that are integrated into the system making it easy to use. Figure 13 below
shows the DHT11 temperature-humidity sensor.

The Gas Sensor (MQ2) sensor is responsible for detecting and sensing any gas leaks in homes or industrial
areas ranging from H2, LPG, CH4, CO, Alcohol, gas and Smoke (Afrobot, 2013). Figure 14 below shows
the gas sensor.

14.3. PIR Motion Sensor

PIR sensors have the ability to detect and sense movement within premises such as movement of a person
within the monitored vicinity. They come in small sizes and are relatively inexpensive and are made up of

pyroelectric sensors with crystals at the centre which emit infrared radiation (Ada, 2017). Figure 15 below
shows the PIR motion sensor.

15. Servo Motor

A servomotor is very small and efficient actuator used for the control of rotating or linear movement from
one position to another. It has of a proper motor attached to a sensor to receive or send a position. It is
mostly been use in robotics applications and

IoTs. It can be used to control a remote-controlled or radio-controlled toys or robots.

16. Relays

Peters (2016) refer to electronic devices that are responsible for opening and closing electrical contacts,
activating them as well as deactivating the operations of other devices within the same electrical circuit.
There are two main types of relay technology which are:

• Mechanical state: This comprises of electromagnetic forces that have both an inductor and a switch
and are responsible for changing the position of the switch.

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 • Solid state: It has the ability to accomplish the same function as the mechanical state however semi-
conductor devices are capable of changing impedance as they activate or deactivate circuits by either
opening them or closing them.
The development of a Smart Home Automation System follows a structured process that integrates
both hardware and software components to create an intelligent, responsive, and user-centric
environment. The system development lifecycle typically includes requirement analysis, system
design, implementation, integration, testing, deployment, and maintenance. The goal is to create a
reliable and efficient system capable of automating home functions such as lighting, heating, security,
and appliance control.

17. Requirement Analysis

The first phase in developing a smart home automation system is identifying and analyzing system
requirements. This involves gathering input from potential users, analyzing use cases, and determining the
specific functionalities the system must support. Key requirements often include:

• Device control: Remote and local control of devices (e.g., lights, fans, security cameras).

• Automation rules: Time-based or sensor-based automation (e.g., lights turn on when motion is
detected).

• User interface: An intuitive mobile or web app for control and monitoring.

• Interoperability: Compatibility with different devices and communication protocols (e.g.,

Zigbee, Z-Wave, Wi-Fi).

• Security: Data encryption, user authentication, and intrusion detection mechanisms.

• Scalability: Support for adding more devices or sensors without redesigning the system.

18. System Design

The system design phase focuses on creating the architecture of the smart home automation system, defining
how components will interact. This includes both hardware and software design.

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 • Architecture: A typical smart home system uses a centralized or distributed architecture. Centralized
systems have a main controller (e.g., Raspberry Pi, Arduino, or a cloud platform) that communicates
with all devices, whereas distributed systems allow devices to interact independently.

• Hardware components: Sensors (motion, temperature, light), actuators (relays, motors),

microcontrollers (Arduino, ESP32), and communication modules (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee) are
selected based on system needs.

• Software architecture: The software design includes modules for device management, data
processing, rule engine, and user interface. RESTful APIs or MQTT protocols are commonly used
for communication between the client and the controller.

• Database design: A database (e.g., Firebase, MongoDB, MySQL) is needed to store sensor
data, user preferences, and automation rules. A cloud-based solution ensures real-time access
and remote control.

19. Implementation

During implementation, the hardware components are assembled and programmed, and the software
modules are developed. Key activities include:

• Firmware development: Microcontrollers are programmed using languages like C/C++ or

MicroPython to interface with sensors and actuators.

• Backend development: The server-side application handles requests, processes sensor data, and
triggers automation rules. This is typically built using Node.js, Python (Flask/Django), or Java.

• Frontend development: A responsive mobile app or web dashboard is created using technologies like
React, Flutter, or Angular. The interface allows users to monitor devices, configure automation, and
receive notifications.

• Integration of third-party services: Integration with voice assistants like Amazon Alexa, Google
Assistant, or IFTTT enhances user experience and interoperability.

20. Testing and Validation

Testing is crucial to ensure the system performs reliably and safely under various conditions.
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 • Unit testing: Individual software components are tested for functionality and correctness.

• System testing: The complete system is tested in a real or simulated home environment to
validate end-to-end functionality.

• Security testing: Penetration testing and vulnerability assessments are conducted to identify security
flaws in the system, such as unsecured communication or weak authentication.

• Usability testing: Feedback from users is collected to evaluate the intuitiveness and ease of use of the
interface. Improvements are made based on user interaction and preferences.

21. Deployment and Maintenance

After successful testing, the system is deployed in the target environment. Deployment involves configuring
devices, setting up the user application, and ensuring stable connectivity.

• Installation: Devices are physically installed and connected to the central hub or cloud server.

• User onboarding: Documentation and tutorials are provided to help users understand and use
the system effectively.

• Maintenance and updates: Continuous monitoring, performance optimization, and periodic updates
are essential to fix bugs, add new features, and ensure security compliance.

22. Future Enhancements

Smart home systems are evolving rapidly, and future development may include:

• AI integration: Incorporating machine learning algorithms to predict user behavior and

optimize energy usage.

• Voice and gesture recognition: Adding multimodal interfaces to enhance accessibility.

• Blockchain: Implementing decentralized control and secure peer-to-peer transactions for devices.

• Edge computing: Reducing latency and improving reliability by processing data locally
rather than relying solely on the cloud.

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 CHAPTER-6

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

In the literature, many researchers have defined Internet of Things as a system that is interconnected with
sensors and actuators which are in devices and used to leverage data that is obtained through sensors (Arpita
et al., 2015; Chase, 2015). Arpita et al. (2015) refers to the Internet of Things as the Internet of Objects
implying the use of objects being connected to a wireless network and self- configuring system for example
a household. Cisco Systems, Inc. describes the Internet of Things as:

“The Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing concept that describes a future where every day physical
objects will be connected to the Internet and be able to identify themselves to other devices. The term is
closely identified with RFID as the method of communication, although it also may include other sensor
technologies, wireless technologies or QR codes.”

The three main components of Internet of Things that enable ubiquitous computing between interconnected
devices are explained below:

Hardware: These include a group of embedded communication tools, sensors as well as actuators.
Middleware: These refer to data analytical tools that are used and on demand storage services.

Presentation: The output should be presented in an easy way that is easy to visualize, understand and
interpret. Arpita et al. (2015) explained that for Internet of Things (IoT) to function properly and

achieve desired results, it is crucial to have the following technologies in place:

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): This technology is key for embedded communication as it allows
the design of microchips which are used for wireless data communication. The same technology is also
available in access control

applications as well as transportation facilities such as ticket replacement and registration tickets.

• Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN): This refers to a group of intelligent sensors which are responsible for
collecting, processing and analysing vital information that has been

obtained in different environments. The data obtained from the sensors are distributed among various nodes

and sent for further analysis.

• Addressing Schemes: A system must be able to identify ‘Things’ for the success of IoT connecting
elements for easier identification of location and other functionalities.

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 • Data analytics and storage: The creation of data is one of the outcomes that are recorded when using
IoT it is therefore crucial for the data to be well analysed and stored. Artificial intelligent systems are
often developed with algorithms to facilitate this process and data is either centralized or distributed
as need arise.

• Visualization: This is a vital step in IoT as it facilitates the interaction between the user and the
environment. Interfaces used for such devices should be attractive and easy to navigate for users

1. History of internet of things

The origin of having networked devices began as early as 1982, with the first internet connected machine
being a Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University. The machine had the ability to detect whether loaded
drinks were cold or not. In 1999, IoT started being well known through the Auto ID Centre at MIT as well as
through market analysis publications. The convergence of multiple technologies in 2015 resulted in the
vision of the Internet of Things being evolved starting from wireless communications to embedded systems

(Arpita et al., 2015).

2. Introduction of a Smart Home

Smart homes have become popular with home equipment being controlled remotely such as refrigerators,
washing machines, air conditioners and other gadgets using sensors which are controlled directly by the
owner of the equipment (Arpita et al., 2015). Wi-Fi is used as the backbone to enable the transfer of higher
bandwidth as well as higher sampling rates that eventually results in better home management as well as
energy conservation. Furthermore, smart homes have the ability to provide enhanced security as well as
ecological sustainability for example an air conditioner connected on the Internet of Things can make more
informed decisions using intelligent sensors and web technology rather than making simple manual and
fixed decisions (Sumithra et al., 2016). Smart air conditioning systems are able to predict house occupancy
times based on the saved history and by so doing the air conditioner can automatically switch on to achieve
the desired results the time the house occupants arrive (Arpita et al., 2015). Furthermore, the researchers
explained that, enhanced comfort can be achieved through the use of smart homes assisting the elderly
people with technology interconnected to do daily chores such as cleaning, cooking, shopping and laundry.
In addition, reminders can be set to remind patients of their daily medicine dose through the use of
intelligent home systems. These systems have the ability to monitor patients and send signals to the
caregivers so that they can respond in a timely manner before extra costs such as hospitalization costs are
incurred. It is crucial before implementing such systems to ensure that the smart home system is secure and
trusted.

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2.1. Automation of smart homes

Automation of Smart homes is an emerging technology that is designed to provide a more convenient,
comfortable, energy saving and secure system to its occupants. Marius et al. (2016) described that by adding
intelligent systems to house environments it has the ability of increasing the quality of life.

2.2 Applications and technologies

Marius et al. (2016) explained the various applications and technologies that are used in smart homes. Figure

6.2.2 below depicts the various technologies that work hand in hand in order to have the desired results. The
components depicted are explained in detail below:

Figure 16: Applications of Internet of Things (Marius et al, 2016)

Light and Devices: The status of the outside light can be checked remotely by the house occupant and
switched off remotely without the occupant getting out of bed. Such devices are an advantage to the elderly
and people with mobility problems allowing them to control devices and switches remotely without the need
to move.

Webcam Surveillance: This involves a video being streamed live through a webcam of what is currently
happening in a certain environment. The camera captures the images in real time and the images are saved,
viewed or even sent through the network as email attachments.

Magnetic Door Sensors: These magnets have the ability to detect when a door is open or closed, the
magnets are normally cased in a plastic shell to protect them from bad weather. When the magnet is less than
0.5 inches, the reed automatically closes.

2.3. Automation ways of smart homes

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In order to fully understand how automation of smart homes work, Kodali et al. (2016) gave an example of a
house owner expecting a visitor at his house, however the visitor arrives when the owner is not there. The
moment the visitor arrives, the owner receives a video call and the owner now has the option of pressing
different options besides 1, 3 will turn on lights, 4 will switch on the fan and 5 will turn on the air

conditioner or the owner can disable the security system remotely. The same happens when a visitor leaves
the house in the absence of the owner, the owner can switch off the appliances and turn on the security
system.

The camera that is connected to a microcontroller is helpful in assisting the owner to make well informed
decisions based on whether the person is a guest or the person is an intruder. The system is solely dependent
on the owner’s discretion on the actions he/she chooses to take. The following actions can be done based on
the user’s discretion: The surveillance camera outside captures the image of the guest or intruder and emails
it to the user.

The user checks the received image to see if the face of the person is familiar or not
If the person is a visitor, the owner can disable the security system and welcome the guest into the house
If the face is not familiar and the owner suspects that the person outside is an intruder, he or she can
remotely forward the captured image to the police station. the police investigating team can then make well
informed decisionson how to get to the house and arrest the intruder.The system can also be synchronised by
integrating the system with a voice call feature that allows smart phone applications to control devices and
appliances within the house by making use of voice anddirecting devices to do certain actions (Marius et al.,
2016).In the literature, many researchers have explained the importance of protecting homes and the
invasion of technology has resulted in even more secure residential homes than before. ElectronicDesign
(2018) explained that house owners are investing in security schemes in order to fully protect their homes
and the internet is controlling energy meters, lighting systems, thermostats, irrigation systems, pool
management systems, video streaming boxes and many other devices and appliances through the use of web
sites which are interconnected to smartphones enabling owners to

control such devices remotely. Figure 3.3 below shows an Internet of Things enabled home that has been
connected remotely and managed by the owner.

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 Figure17: IoT smart home with connected devices and appliances (ElectronicDesign, 2018)

2.4Firefighting

Smoke detectors in the house are linked to your smartphone sending push messages in the event that smoke
is detected. Notifications sent range from false alarms, low voltage levels in batteries to genuine fires (Lin &
Bergmann, 2016). In addition, smart smoke detectors are can be linked and monitored from the central office
and in the event of fire, notifications are sent and the fire brigade can just appear. The air handling system
can be shut remotely in order to stop the spread of fire or smoke allowing people to evacuate the house.
Alternatively some systems will turn on lights and offer spoken directions with instructions on what to do.

Arpita et al. (2015) explained that the use of Internet of Things in firefighting may involve systems being
integrated with cameras so that in the event of fire or smoke being detected, a footage is recorded and the
origin of smoke or fire can be traced.

Motion sensing technology are normally integrated into the kitchen allowing the sensors to sense

smoke or fire in the event of fires that arose as a result of cooking fires which often begin when the stove is
left unattended (Kodali et al., 2016). Furthermore, in order to avoid the spread of fires that originate from the
kitchen, the use of smart plugs is ideal as they automatically switch off appliances which can trigger fires or
smoke when left unattended over a long time for example an iron or coffee machine.

Environmental monitoring is a phrase used by researchers to refer to the different activities that are done in
order to monitor the quality of life in a surrounding area. The different techniques and strategies which are
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used to monitor the environment are designed in such a way that they can monitor the current status of the
environment and report any changes as well as establish environmental trends over a period of time
(Sumithra et al., 2016).

Devices that have sensors in them are able to monitor the impact that certain activities have on the
environment such as pollution, sewer disposal and garbage. The same devices have the ability to monitor
woods, lakes, rivers and even oceans and report results (Arpita et al., 2015). IoT controlled systems that
monitor the environment have sensors that monitor air, water, soil and atmospheric conditions including
wildlife as well as their habitats to ensure that the ecosystem functions well. Hazardous environmental
activities such as tsunamis and earthquakes can be reported early and pro- active measures can be taken into
account before a disaster occurs hence saving lives. Figure 3.5 below shows the implications which may
result if the environment is not properly monitored.

Figure 18: Implications which result due to poor environmental monitoring (Kodali et al., 2016)

2.5 Temperature

The Internet of Things has the ability to monitor temperature levels within an environment and alert the
residents of that place when high or low temperatures are expected allowing them to be pro- active rather
than being reactive. Sensors record the temperature and send push messages to the owner that vital changes
have been recorded and the possible cause of such as smoke or fire within the house (Chase, 2015).

2.6 Humidity

IoT technologies are bringing massive changes in various industrial areas with agriculture being one of them.
It is crucial to monitor the quality of soil remotely and the air to ensure that the desired level of humidity is
achieved at all times to ensure a good harvest after analysing. The system is able to monitor the pH level of
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the soil and the humidity level. Records are saved and this helps farmers to know which time is ideal to plant
their crops (Lin & Bregmann, 2016).

2.7 The Motion

Sumithra et al. (2016) explained how motion detection system works as depicted in Figure 3.6 below. A
sensor chip is placed in an environment such as a yard and is responsible for monitoring all movements that
are taking place in the surroundings and sending reports to the central system. The sensor illuminates \an
invisible infrared light that senses movement and cameras perceive objects and take recordings. If the sensor
perceives the presence of an intruder information is sent to the system and the pro- active measures are taken
such as notifying the user or reporting the case to the police.

2.8 Gas Leakage

Gas is a major source of energy in many homes ranging from being used as a cooking fuel or a warming fuel
when used in gas heaters. Gas leaks can be very hazardous and often result in fire, The Internet of Things
can be used to monitor gas leaks through the use of smart sensors sending push messages to a mobile phone
once the smell of a gas leak is sensed. Marius et al. (2016) developed an IoT gas monitoring system as
depicted in Figure 3.7 below, the system detects any gas leaks within the house and has the ability of
automatically closing the gas valve. In addition, if too much gas has leaked and the tank needs a refill, the
system will automatically book a refill from the gas station and they will send a person to come and fill the
tank. Once a leakage is detected, sensors send a message to the internet and the directed message is
forwarded to the owner in the form of a phone call or SMS. The sensors also monitor the gas stove and in the
event that the gas valve is open but there is no pot on the stove, the gas is automatically switched off. The
process is explained in detail below:

Figure19 : Gas leakage IoT controlled system (Marius et al., 2016)

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A smart home automation system represents a convergence of technology and residential infrastructure,
designed to enhance convenience, energy efficiency, security, and quality of life through the automation and
control of home appliances and systems. The theoretical underpinning of such systems draws from multiple
disciplines including computer science, control systems theory, the Internet of Things (IoT), human-
computer interaction (HCI), and artificial intelligence (AI).

3. Internet of Things (IoT) Theory

The Internet of Things serves as the foundational theory for smart home automation. IoT is based on the
concept that everyday physical objects can be embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity to enable
them to collect and exchange data. In a smart home, devices such as lights, thermostats, cameras, and
appliances are interconnected via a common network, typically Wi-Fi or Zigbee, enabling them to be
monitored and controlled remotely. The key tenets of IoT theory—ubiquitous connectivity, data exchange,
and decentralization—directly inform the architecture of smart home systems.

4 Control Systems Theory

Smart home systems operate on the principles of feedback control. Control systems theory outlines how a
system can use real-time data to maintain desired conditions. For instance, a thermostat uses temperature
sensors to maintain a preset temperature by turning the HVAC system on or off. This closed-loop system,
where outputs influence future inputs, forms the core of home automation functionality. Programmable logic
controllers (PLCs) and microcontrollers apply these principles to manage device operations based on user-
defined rules or sensor input.

5. Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)

HCI theory informs the design of user interfaces for smart home systems. Effective automation requires
seamless interaction between humans and machines. HCI emphasizes usability, accessibility, and user
experience (UX), ensuring that systems are intuitive and easy to use, even for non-technical users. Voice-
controlled assistants like Amazon Alexa or Google Assistant are examples of HCI in action, enabling users to
issue commands in natural language. Mobile applications and dashboards also play a vital role in providing
users with feedback and control capabilities.

6. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

AI and machine learning enhance the capabilities of smart home systems by enabling adaptive behavior and
predictive control. AI allows systems to learn from user behavior and environmental data to make intelligent
decisions. For example, a smart lighting system can learn daily routines and automatically adjust brightness

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or color temperature accordingly. Machine learning models can also detect anomalies in sensor data, which
is crucial for security systems or predictive maintenance of appliances.

7. Ubiquitous Computing

The theory of ubiquitous or pervasive computing posits that computing should be available everywhere and
integrated into the environment in a non-intrusive way. In the context of smart homes, this theory supports
the development of ambient intelligence—systems that anticipate user needs and act autonomously without
explicit commands. This includes features like motion-activated lighting, context-aware reminders, or energy
management based on occupancy patterns.

8. Sociotechnical Systems Theory

Smart homes are not just technical systems; they are socio-technical ecosystems that impact and are
influenced by social behaviors. Sociotechnical theory emphasizes the interaction between people and
technology, recognizing that successful implementation depends on user adoption, privacy concerns, and
ethical considerations. The theory advocates for user-centered design and participatory approaches to ensure
that technology enhances rather than disrupts everyday life. In summary, the theoretical framework of smart
home automation systems is deeply interdisciplinary, rooted in IoT, control theory, HCI, AI, ubiquitous
computing, and sociotechnical perspectives. These theories collectively guide the development,
implementation, and evaluation of smart home technologies, ensuring that they are not only functional and
intelligent but also user-friendly and socially acceptable. A robust theoretical foundation is essential for
advancing smart home innovation and addressing the complex challenges of automation in the domestic
sphere.

Pin Configuration The Arduino Nano can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically.External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-
to-DC adapter (wall- wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive
plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the
POWER connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than
12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The
power pins are as follows: VIN.- The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply
voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. 5V- this pin
outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with power either from
the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying

CSE Department, Integral University, Lucknow 50

voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. 3V3 -A 3.3 volt supply
generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA. GND -Ground pins. IOREF - This
pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly
configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage
translators on the outputs for working with the 5V or 3.3V. 21 Memory The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5
KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM. Input and Output Each of
the 14 digital pins on the Nano can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digital Write( ), and
digital Read( ) functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and
has an internal pull- up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kohms. In addition, some pins have
specialized functions: Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and Trans mit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to- TTL Serial chip. External
Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling
edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt () function for details. PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11.
Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write () function. SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13
(SCK). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library. LED: 13. There is a built- in LED
connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. The
Nano has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024
different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper
end of their range using the AREF pin and the analog Reference () function. Additionally, some pins have
specialized functionality: TWI - A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the
Wire library. AREF - Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference (). Reset - Bring
this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the
one on the board. 22 4.3.4.Communication Microcontrollers depend on a host computer for developing and
compiling programs. The software used on the host computer is known as an integrated development
environment, or IDE. For the Arduino, the development environment is based on the open source Processing
platform (www.processing.org) which is described by its creators as a “programming language and
environment for people who want to program images, animation, and interactions.“ The Arduino
programming language leverages an open source project known as Wiring (wiring.org.co). The Arduino
language is based on good old- fashioned C. If you are unfamiliar with this language, don’t worry; it’s not
hard to learn, and the Arduino IDE provides some feedback when you make mistakes in your proposed
system. The Arduino Nano has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino,
or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is
available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial
communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2
firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a

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inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be
sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being
transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the
Nano's digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI
communication, use the SPI library. As you go through the list of programming statements available in the
Arduino IDE (choose Help->Reference), you might think there isn’t much power for doing t hings like
running servos, operating stepper motors, reading potentiometers, or displaying text on an LCD. Like most
any language based on C, the Arduino supports the notion of “libraries” codeRepositories that extend core
programming functionality. Libraries let you re- use code without having to physically copy and paste it into
all your programs. 23 Servo- This library allows you to connect one or more hobby R/C servos to the
Arduino’s digital I/O pins. The Servo library comes with the standard Arduino installation package Library-
>Servo. This adds the line#include Which tells the Arduino IDE that you wish to include the Servo library in
your sketch. With the functionality of the library now available to you, you can use its various functions to
control one or more servos. For example, you can use the write function to rotate a servo to a specific
position, from 0 to 180 degrees. The following code - myServo.write(90); Moves a servo to its midpoint, or
90 degree position. Structurally, Arduino sketches are very straightforward and are pretty easy to read and
understand. The Arduino program contains two main parts: setup () and loop (). These are programming
functions that do what their names suggest: setup () sets up the Arduino hardware, such as specifying which
I/O lines you plan to use, and whether They are inputs or outputs. The loop () function is repeated endlessly
when the Arduino is operating.Arduino IDE (Integrated development environment) is used to write the
program and dump into the Arduino board

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 CHAPTER-7

APPLICATIONS

This guide provides an insight into a "smart house", that is a dwelling equipped with an „intelligent“ system,
able to control several equipments and services, and is designed for all those who are planning a new
building or renovating an old one, or for those who are simple curious and interested in what it means to
have a "smart house". Reading it you will learn which are the special features of a smart home system, which
are the basic and advanced services a smart home can offer to you, what is the fundamental difference
between a standard electric system and a smart home system, and a lot of other insider information that, as a
simple customer, you will never be made aware.

1. WHAT EXACTLY IS A "SMART HOUSE"

Traditionally, houses, apartments, business premises and buildings for various purposes consist of separate
electrical devices and systems where each of them requires separate handling and work independently of
each other. Usually, in our homes, we can not open the door from the TV remote or can not change the radio
station by the wall switches. This is because every system works on its own and does not communicate with
the others. A "smart house" is actually a dwelling where an organized home automation system connects all
the electrical devices to manage lighting, heating, air conditioning, ventilation, security (burglar) alarm
system, audio and video system, call devices, energy control equipments, presence, automation (door,
windows, blids, gates), technical alarms (for example in case of unwanted water spillage) etcetera . A smart
home is thus created by connecting separate parts of household installations such as lighting, heating,
cooling, blinds, sensors, etc. into a common system. This form of automation results in a reduced need for
human interaction and in an increase of comfort and safety, the provision of additional benefits and
improved energy efficiency. First of all, we must be aware that neither the electrical system nor the house
itself are smart or intelligent, as they have not programmed themselves, they do not learn on their own from
their mistakes and do not correct them (except in the case they are equipped with an artificial intelligent
system!). However, „smart home system“ or „smart house“, as far as marketing is concerned, are well
known terms that can be traced in all media. Second, by increasing energy efficiency, i.e. reducing electricity
consumption, we reduce our carbon impact, which is in line with current European and world policies.
2. HOME AND BUILDING AUTOMATION

When we think of home automation, or smart home systems, or domotics as it is often called, we thus think
of smart thermostats, motion sensor controlled lighting and automated heating and ventilation systems. It can
be defined as the use of a set of devices that controls basic home functions and features automatically and

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sometimes remotely . But if we consider a building, instead of a house, the offered services and the users
needs can be different. Most of the time, the rooms of a building are used especially during the day, there are

dozens or hundreds or even thousands of devices to be controlled, there are equipments that usually we don't
have at home (for example an elevator, fan coils, escalators) and a special attention to access control, energy
saving, security (maybe the owner of an office building is less interested in entertainment and more
interested in who can enter which space) A common definition of Building Automation could be “An
automation system that includes a comprehensive and coordinated control of one or more major system
functions required in a facility.” Smart home systems (or home automation systems) and Building
automation systems (offen abbreviated to BA systems) are therefore "brothers": they share the same
technologies and the same aptitude for control, with a slightly different point of view regarding implemented
functions and number of controlled devices.

3. FUNCTIONS YOU CAN DO WITH A SMART HOME SYSTEM

Let’s take a look at some of the things a smart home system can do. Lighting: lighting is the most important
and most commonly used electrical thing in your home. At the moment, our lifestyle is such that we spend
most of our time at home in the evenings. Since there is not enough natural light at that time, we replace it
with artificial light. 7 In some rooms at home, it is recommended to use lighting with the possibility of
dimming or even changing the lighting temperature (light color). Such rooms are not just living rooms and
bedrooms where you would like to achieve different light scenes, but can also be a hallway between the
bedroom and bathroom or children's room. Think about having to visit the toilet at night. In order not to
injure yourself or break something, or by accident step on that sharp toy that your baby forgot in the middle
of the hallway, it's a good idea to light up your path. In order not to be blinded by too much light, it is more
pleasant if the light in the hallway shines with reduced intensity at night. We also would not like to wake up
others. A similar situation can occur if your child wakes up in the middle of the night due to bad dreams and
you try to calm him (her) down and put him (her) to sleep as quickly as possible. If you turn on the light
when entering the child's room, the child may think it is already morning and will be all happy, as his (her)
dad or mom came to play in his room. On the other hand, many children find it difficult to fall asleep in pitch
dark. The dim light in his (her) room can help you slowly put him (her) to sleep at lower and lower light
intensities. Smart homes usually have lighting outside as well. With different lamps, you can create different
scenes and atmospheres in front of your home. If we are talking about the case that you are outside, it is
advisable to use the option of remote switching on and of these lamps. This will allow you to operate the
outdoor lamps with a remote control (or smartphone) in your pocket as needed, without having to go into the
house each time. With a smart home system you are able to control all kind of lamps, in on/off or dimming
mode, choosing the best interface suitable for you (a simple pushbutton or a remote interface, for example
using your smartphone or a remote controller). You can decide which lamp or group of lamps to turn on or
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off, you can set a certain time of the day when you want the lamp to turn on, you can decide some “scenes”
(the first lamp at 100% of its intensity, the second at 50% and the third one at 20%) or also some lighting

profiles (for 1 hour the lamp is at 70%, then for 25 minutes is at 40%, then for 5 minutes is at 15%...) You
can also use another feature for the same thing, as your home wireless network always knows where you are
because you always have your smartphone with you. This way, the driveway to the house will light up as
soon as you get close enough to your home without having to turn it on yourself over the phone. At night, set
the outdoor lighting to auto-off so it won’t light up all night. It will turn on again if someone invited or
uninvited comes to visit. Your smart house will inform you about his arrival by outdoor lighting. Heating:
heating is one of the sub system always present in a dwelling. Some users maybe live in a building and have
a central heating with radiators. In this case you can install thermostatic valves, connected to the smart home
system, and control them room by room, setting different temperatures. Others maybe live in a townhouse or
in a villa. In this case you can have an underfloor heating with an hydraulic manifold, and can install more
zone valves with actuators connected to the smart home system. With these devices you have control over
the heating at home even via a smartphone. An added value is that it even can save on your heating bill, by
heating only when and where you need. Scenes (scenarios): a „scene“ is used for setting a group of
commands that acts on their actuators with different values. Typical examples are lighting scenes for
different occasions (party, romantic dinner, TV watching etc). If you have a house with two or three floors
the task of closing or opening all the windows can take a certain amount of time. But if you have a smart
home system, at the front door you can 9 install a switch on the wall, with which you can turn off all the
lights in the apartment at the moment you leave home with just one push of a button. If this example is not
sufficient, try to imagine to have a small hotel or bed&breakfast with 10 rooms. The possibility to send a
command to several different actuators can be very useful. A scene does not have to deal only with lighting.
A „cinema scene“ could for example involve a specific management of lights, the rolling shutters of the
room all lowered, the video projector on and the motorized screen activated. Anti-burglary system: most of
the smart home system producers sell devices that provide antitheft functions, from the lowest level (just
presence sensors and a siren) to the highest one (connection with the police or with a security service in case
the anti-theft system fires). If a burglar breaks into your home the smart home system can also trigger the
rapid blinking of all the lights in the apartment (similar to a stroboscopic light) in order to confuse the
burglar as much as possible. Hopefully, a loud alarm and crazy flashing lights will be enough to turn the
burglar escaping into the night. Presence simulation: even the best anti-burglary system in the world will not
distract a determined burglar. But there is something the smart home system might be able to do. Do you
remember the scene from the movie Alone at Home, starring Macauley Culkin, in which two burglars
stopped a van in front of their house and saw that there is a party going on in the house? There was music
playing in the background, a cardboard-cut figure of Michael Jordan riding around the room on a children's

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train. With the help of various strings and levers, Kevin managed to control some other puppets too, thus
creating the impression that someone was at home. A smart home system can provide a presence simulation

feature that is much more advanced than the aforementioned movie story. It records your commands during
any day, such as:
• when individual lights in the house were turned on and off,

• raised and lowered blinds in each room, • changed light luminous in rooms,
• changed color of RGB LED lamps ...

When you leave home for a long time e.g. holiday, you can activate the presence simulation function by
pressing a single key before leaving the house. This one will play all the saved commands so that on the
outside it will look like you are still physically at home. This way, you can record what’s going on for a day,
a week, or even a month just to make the playback of the recording look as real as possible. 10 The
described operation represents a great advantage in terms of safety compared to simple timers that turn the
lighting on and off every day at the same time. A potential burglar can observe your home before the
burglary and find that the blinds go up and down, the lights turn on and off at completely different times
during the day or week. This can already make a difference whether he will break into your home or not.
Alarm clock and room control: if you want to be sure to wake up at the right moment, for sure you will use
an alarm clock. A smart home system can give you the possibility not only to set more alarm clocks, but also
to be connected to the children’s room (for example with a tablet or a smartphone) and at once turn on the
lights in the room to the maximum and raise the blinds. Of course, a teenager can get up and simply turn off
the lights and lower the blinds back. With a simple push of a button, you can lock (block) the operation of
the switches that operate the lights and blinds in the child's room, thus preventing it. Weather control: your
smart home system can be equipped with a weather module, able to measure data such as rain intensity,
humidity, wind speed and so on. In case you are not at home and suddenly it starts to rain, the system can
close the windows, in order not to wet the floor, for example. Or in case of strong wind, it can raise the
awning, in order not to damage it. Automation: when you get home, you can use the remote control or
smartphone to turn on the opening of the door before the entrance to the house and the opening of the garage
door. Using electrical motors, managed by smart actuators connected to the smart home system, you can
automate almost everything: doors, windows, blinds, gates, screens, even armchairs and sofa. In the same
way you can control also third party devices, that can be integrated in the smart home system control, like
stairlift, equipments for disabled and so on. Safety: undoubtedly, the safety of those close to us is more
important to everyone than money and material goods. Protecting your home is absolutely necessary today,
as it provides you with compensation in the event of a fire, burglary ... However, you must do everything
you can to prevent such accidents. Various events detected by sensors in the smart home as well as data on
heating, room temperature, light status, ventilation and so on are processed in real time. This means that the
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system will notify the user of the event as soon as it occurs and not later. At the same time, all these events
can be automatically stored in the event database, for the needs of possible later analysis. When you
gethome, you can watch these events or not, and you can receive the most important things on your
smartphone even when you are not at home. 11 The smart home system provides a connection between
various important functions about safety. With the alarm system you can connect the electrical installation as
well as sensors of movement, smoke, CO2, water spill, open windows and doors, energy consumption
measurements. With their help, you can protect your home from damage and reduce side effects due to
accidental events. Energy efficiency: households use energy for various purposes: space and water heating,
space cooling, cooking, lighting, electrical appliances and other end-uses. Most of the time a user is not
aware of the energy consumption required by the used equipment, and in this case just only the opportunity
to monitor it could reduce energy wastes. Fig. 4: energy consumption in EU households A smart home
system can measure and display the energy consumption of all the devices connected to the electrical
system, can set a power threshold that must not be exceeded in order to prevent the general circuit breaker
trigger, can activate an appliance when the energy tariff is more convenient, can turn off light and heating
when nobody is in the room. Beside this, it can be interfaced with every kind of renewable energy
production system. Smart home systems, with their smart thermostats, presence sensors and energy
monitoring devices are forging a path to a brighter, greener future – and saving us some cash along the way.
Remote control of your house: inside you house, to control all the devices and functions you can use
switches, push buttons, touchscreens and even a voice control interface. But if you are really in a hurry from
home and you only remember later on the road or at work that you did not press the „Turn off all
lights“ button when you left, you can simply log in to your smart home system with your smartphone, tablet
or computer and do so. The majority of the smart home system manufacturer gives you today the possibility
to have a remote control interface, and most of the time it consists in a web page where you can log in (with
your name and password) and check the state of every equipment and every subsystem. 12 Space heating
64.1% Space cooling 0.3% Cooking 64.1% Lighting and Appliances 14.4% Water Heating 14.8% Other
0.9% Fig. 5: smartphone control of the house We have listed here the most common and used set of
functions a smart home system can perform, but there are endless possibilities of usage. With such a system
you can control the watering system, you can intergrate smart appliances, telemedicine devices and every
type of electrical equipment you may want to use. Home Is Where the Smart Is Ev machine-to-machine
communication, and you understand you’re not the most tech-savvy consumer, it’s impossible that you’ve
missed the abundance of home automation products filling the shelves and ads of every home improvement
store. Suddenly an ordinary errand for light bulbs will leave you wondering if your lamp could send you a
message alerting you that the light bulb needs to be replaced. Furthermore, if your lamp is talking to you,
could your refrigerator and sprinkler system be too? Experts say: Yes, the possibilities are endless. If that’s
the case, where do you begin? Any day-to-day, repeatable process is automotable with smart home

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applications. The greater the control and flexibility of these processes, the more energy and cost savings the
resident experiences, which are factors anyone who pays utilities strives to moderate. The smart home
revolution is likely to be more of an evolution, with the incorporation of one or two home systems at a time,
gradually automating our households through smart mobile devices. However, with these elements of
efficiency comes the question of ease of use. Will it bring you enjoyment or exasperation? With so many
brands and models already available in an ever-growing market, how do you know which is best for you?
Lighting Control: Leaving the Dark Ages and Stepping Into the Light Smart lighting allows you to control
wall switches, blinds, and lamps, but how intuitive is a lighting control system? It turns out, quite; its
capabilities are extensive. You’re able to schedule the times lights should turn on and off, decide which
specific rooms should be illuminated at certain times, select the level of light which should be emitted, and
choose how particular lights react through motion sensitivity, as seen with Bel kin’s WeMo Switch + Motion,
which is both affordable and easy to use with its plug-and-play simplicity. HVAC Regulation: No Longer
Burned by Your Heating Bill As fuel costs rise and the availability and sustainability of our resources
becomes a greater concern, heating/cooling our homes efficiently is less a budgetary bonus and more of a
necessity. Over the past year, smart thermostats and automated home heating systems have become more
readily available and easily incorporate into any home. Heating and cooling our homes consumes an average
of 50% of energy costs yearly, making daily HVAC regulation progressively rewarding. Maintaining a
substantial lead among the nearly non-existent competition, the Nest Learning Thermostat, learns your
heating and cooling preferences over time, eliminating the need for programming and is accessible from
your smartphone app. With automated HVAC you are able to reduce the heat when a room is unoccupied,
and increase or decrease it at specific times based on your schedule and occupancy. Lawn Irrigation
Systems: The Grass is Always Greener A lush and healthy lawn is a source of pride for most homeowners,
but the weather doesn’t always cooperate and provide the adequate elements for a flourishing landscape. For
decades we’ve relied on sprinkler systems to keep our yards at peak presentation, but at what cost? The
average American home spends approximately 30% of their daily water usage on lawn and garden
maintenance. Nearly half of that amount is wasted due to inefficiency. If you apply that statistic to the
national average, up to 4.5 billion gallons of water is wasted per day through ineffective watering methods.
If we reflect upon the monetary impact of this, it results in Americans spending over a thousand dollars a
year in water, with a portion of that being waste. The global effects are even greater when you consider the
growing concern over climate change and the dramatic decrease in agricultural natural resources. However,
sprinkler control systems, like Sky drop, are providing water regulation through real-time communication
with local weather data. If a rainstorm develops and deposits two inches of rainwater on your lawn, the
automated sprinkler detects the saturation and disables its scheduled watering. Conversely, the system will
be alerted to dry conditions and supply the necessary amount of nourishment, without over-watering. Smart
Appliances: What’s for Dinner? Will smart kitchen appliances actually make you a better cook? Maybe.

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Smart refrigerators, such as LG’s Smart ThinQ, allow you to scan grocery store receipts and keep an
inventory of your items, and alerts you if an item is about to expire. More impressively, it suggests recipes
based on your refrigerator’s contents and lets you know when you need to replace items. Smart ovens synch
with your smartphone and automatically preheat to the correct temperature based on a recipe selected from
your database. While these appliance options seem a bit superficial and convenience based, there is a
conservation factor as well. By automating your kitchen appliance and making them accessible from your
smart device, you’re able to sever the electricity supplied to unused appliances and reduce your energy
consumption and costs. Considering the number of appliances the average household owns; this could save a
substantial amount of money over time. Security Systems: Knock, Knock... Who’s there? The Internet of
Things. While efficiency and conservation are certainly IoT benefits, its potential to have improved control
over home security is a primary focus. Smart locks, like Kwikset’s Kevo, a Bluetooth enabled electronic
deadbolt, and various connected home security systems, such as iSmartAlarm, offer a variety of features
including door and window sensors, motion detectors, video cameras and recording mechanisms. All of
which are connected to a mobile device and accessible via the cloud, thus enabling you to access real-time
information on the security status of your home. Naturally, there is a great deal of scrutiny regarding the
level of trust in controlling your home’s security system via a mobile device, but it begs earnest exploration
when weighing the potential benefits and peace of mind it provides homeowners.

Smart home automation systems represent a significant advancement in how individuals interact with their
living environments. These systems use a combination of sensors, actuators, communication

protocols, and software to control and monitor various aspects of a home environment remotely and
intelligently. The applications of smart home automation are broad and impactful, providing benefits in
terms of convenience, energy efficiency, security, and accessibility.

4. Home Security and Surveillance

One of the most prominent applications of smart home automation is enhancing home security. Smart
security systems include connected surveillance cameras, motion detectors, smart locks, and alarm systems.
These devices can be monitored and controlled remotely through mobile applications, allowing homeowners
to keep an eye on their property from anywhere. For example, smart doorbells with video capabilities allow
users to see and speak with visitors in real-time, even when they are not at home. Motion sensors can trigger
alarms or alerts when unusual activity is detected, providing real-time security updates and peace of mind.

4.1. Energy Management and Efficiency

Smart home automation systems help reduce energy consumption and promote sustainable living. Devices
such as smart thermostats, smart lighting, and energy monitoring systems allow users to manage and
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optimize energy use. For instance, a smart thermostat learns the user’s habits and adjusts heating or cooling
automatically to reduce energy waste. Similarly, smart lighting systems can turn lights on or off based on
occupancy or time of day. These features not only reduce utility bills but also contribute to environmental
conservation.

4.2. Home Appliances Automation

Automation extends to kitchen and household appliances, making daily tasks more convenient and efficient.
Smart refrigerators can monitor food inventory and notify users when items are running low. Smart ovens
can be preheated remotely or controlled with voice commands. Washing machines and dishwashers can be
programmed to operate during off-peak hours, saving energy and reducing costs. Integration with voice
assistants like Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, or Apple Siri further enhances the user experience by
enabling hands-free control of devices.

4.3. Lighting and Climate Control

Smart lighting systems allow for customizable lighting scenes, dimming options, and remote control. They
can enhance ambiance and comfort while also improving energy efficiency. Climate control systems adjust
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) based on occupancy, time of day, or weather conditions.
These systems create a comfortable living environment tailored to the user's preferences and schedule.

4.4. Health and Wellness Monitoring

Smart home technology also finds applications in health monitoring. Devices such as smart beds, wearable
health trackers, and air quality sensors can monitor a person’s health status and send alerts in case of
irregularities. This is particularly useful for elderly individuals or people with chronic illnesses, as it supports
independent living while ensuring timely intervention when needed.

4.5. Accessibility for the Disabled and Elderly

Smart home automation significantly improves accessibility for people with disabilities and the elderly.
Voice-controlled devices, automated doors, and smart assistants can help users perform daily tasks with
minimal physical effort. This technology fosters greater independence and enhances quality of life.

In conclusion, smart home automation systems are transforming residential living by integrating technology
with everyday life. Their applications span across security, energy management, health, and convenience,
making homes smarter, safer, and more efficient. As technology continues to evolve, the potential for further
innovations and integrations within smart homes is vast and promising.

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Smart home systems make daily tasks easier by automating routine functions. Lights turn on as you walk in,
thermostats adjust based on your preferences, and appliances can be controlled remotely— all from a
smartphone or with voice commands.
• Enhanced Security

With smart cameras, motion detectors, door sensors, and real-time alerts, you can monitor your home from
anywhere. Some systems even let you lock doors, turn on lights, or sound an alarm remotely if

suspicious activity is detected.

• Energy Efficiency

Smart thermostats, lighting, and appliance control can significantly reduce energy usage. Systems can turn
off unused devices automatically or optimize energy usage based on time of day and occupancy.

• RemoteAccessandMonitoring

Whether you're at work or on vacation, you can monitor and control your home remotely through a mobile
app. This adds a layer of peace of mind and control no matter where you are.

• CustomizationandAutomation

Set routines like “Good Morning” or “Movie Time” to trigger multiple actions at once (e.g., adjusting
lighting, temperature, and music). The system can learn your habits and automate accordingly.
• SupportforElderlyandAccessibility
Smart homes can assist the elderly or people with disabilities by automating lighting, reminding them to take
medication, or allowing them to control devices with voice commands instead of physical movement.

• PropertyValueBoost

Having a smart home system can increase the resale value of your property. It's an attractive feature for
modern buyers looking for a connected lifestyle.

Integration with AI assistants like Alexa, Google Assistant, or Siri adds layers of intelligence. Devices can
communicate with each other (IoT), enabling more responsive and seamless automation.

• Scalability and Modularity

You can start small—like smart lighting or plugs—and scale up to a fully automated system. Most systems
are modular, so you can expand as your needs or budget grow.

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 CHAPTER-8

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

In this project we can control four electrical appliances like light, fan, led, and table fan. These four
appliances are been connected to the relay board, this relay board is connected to the microcontroller and the
microcontroller acts as a brain of this system. NodeMcu Esp8266 version of the microcontroller has been
used in the project and the microcontroller is used to connect to a Wi-Fi channel. Using the internet,
NodeMcu can communicate with blynk server (Bluetooth module). The user data’s are sent to the blynk
server and these data are then sent to the NodeMcu board. The voice command works by the following
methods: The respected voice command are sent to IFFT server and then the IFFT server starts to
communicate with the blynk server depending on the kind of command given to it. The blynk server send’s
the data to the microcontroller to switch “ON” the respective relay and correspondingly for switching
“OFF”. When the internet is disconnected then the system goes to offline mode, here the Bluetooth module
is used as a data receiver in the absence of internet and it requires a special software for user interface. Using
the data from the Bluetooth app the module controls the microcontroller respectively. Home automation has
been around since World War I. A television remote was first patented in 1950 and a remote control device
was first used by the Germans in World War I to control motorboats. From there, the evolution of controllers
and automation has been growing and still continue to grow to this day.

Figure 20: Implementation of project

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 CHAPTER-9

CONCLUSIONS

This project is developed to make a smart home automation system using microcontroller, Bluetooth
module. Their main requirements was: a system that could be operated using by an app, voice control to
operate the appliances from anywhere. The differently-abled, old peoples will be the most beneficiary of this
system as they can operate the appliances independently. The system requires a Wi- Fi or an internet
connection to function and in the absence of internet connection, Bluetooth connection is been used to
function the operation efficiently. So, we proposed this system which to be highly energy saving and reliable
and make people feel more comfortable and satisfied. Now everyone can utilize this technology to operate
the appliances. The home automation system has been experimentally proven to work satisfied by
connecting sample appliances to it and the application were successfully controlled from a wireless mobile
device. We learned many skills such as soldering wiring the circuit and other tools that we use for this
project and was able to work together as a team during this project. The Bluetooth client was successfully
tested on a multitude of different mobile phones from different manufacturers, thus proving its portability
and wide compatibly. Thus a low- cost home automation system was successfully designed. Implement and
tested. Day by day, the field of automation is blooming and these systems are having great impact on human
beings. The project which is to be implemented is a home automation using Easy IOT Web server and WIFI
and has very good future development. In the current system web server is installed on a windows PC so the
home appliances can be controlled using only by using the device on which web server is installed. This can
be further developed installing web server on cloud. Advantage of installing web server on the cloud is that
home can be controlled by using any device which has an internet connection and a web browser. By visiting
the IP address of the cloud the control actions can be taken.

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