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CHM 264 Note 2

The document discusses the types of dyes used in paper manufacture, categorizing them into basic dyes, direct dyes, and pigment dyes. Basic dyes are cationic and used to suppress yellow tones in mechanical pulps, while direct dyes are anionic and adhere to substrates through non-ionic forces. Pigment dyes are insoluble and can be derived from dyes, with various examples provided for each category, including popular dyes used in the paper industry.

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6 views3 pages

CHM 264 Note 2

The document discusses the types of dyes used in paper manufacture, categorizing them into basic dyes, direct dyes, and pigment dyes. Basic dyes are cationic and used to suppress yellow tones in mechanical pulps, while direct dyes are anionic and adhere to substrates through non-ionic forces. Pigment dyes are insoluble and can be derived from dyes, with various examples provided for each category, including popular dyes used in the paper industry.

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DYES USED IN PAPER MANUFACTURE

The dyes used in the pulp and paper industry can be divided into 3
groups: basic dyes, direct dyes and pigment dyes.
Basic Dye and Modified Basic Dyes
Basic dyes are used to suppress the yellow shade/tone of mechanical pulps
in applications such as the production of newsprint and lightweight coated
papers. Amino derivatives (and acetic acid and softening agents) of basic dyes
are used mainly for application on paper. Some examples of basic dyes include
the first dye to be discovered, Mauvene (discovered by Perkin), magenta, crystal
violet, safranin, basic fuchsin and methylene blue.
Basic dyes are cationic, which means that the coloured part furnishes a
positive charge when it is dissolved in water. The chromophore in basic dye
molecules contains a positive charge, hence, they are applied to substrates with
anionic character where electrostatic attractions can be formed. They react on
the basic side of the isoelectric point. They are salts, usually chlorides in which
the dyestuff is the basic or positive radical, thus, they bond to either carboxyl or
sulphonic acid groups on a substrate by forming salt links with the anionic
groups in the substrate. They are characterized by excellent water solubility in
the presence of glacial acetic acid and represent the most brilliant of all known
synthetic dyes.
Advantages of basic dyes include: high tinctorial strength, good wet
fastness, moderate substantivity, relatively economical, wide shade range and
good brightness while poor shade stability, high acid content, coloured
backwaters, variable exhaustion rates, very poor lightfastness and preferential
dyeing are some of the limitations of basic dyes.
Modified basic dyes are generally based on the chemistry of basic dyes
but are characterized by longer molecular structures than traditional basic dyes.
Consequently, they demonstrate significantly improved properties over
traditional basic dyes. Modified basic dyes exhibit improved fibre coverage,
substantivity and lightfastness and enjoys wider applicability and clear
backwaters over traditional basic dye.

Direct Dyes
Direct dye, also called Substantive dye are a class of coloured, water-
soluble anionic dyes that are taken up directly by substrates they demonstrate
affinity for. E.g., the benzidine derivatives. Substantive/ direct dyes adhere to
their substrate by non-ionic forces. The amount of the affinity (attraction)
is known as "substantivity"; the higher the substantivity the greater the
attraction of the dye for the substrate.
They are applied to the substrate from an aqueous bath containing
electrolyte where they are supplemented with dyes of good fastness to light and
wash fastness. They do not exhaust well when they are applied without
additives, hence, salts are added to improve the yield of direct dyes to obtain
deeper shades.
The wash fastness of direct dyes is generally inferior but a number of after
treatments are available to improve this property. Most direct dyes can be
stripped using stripping salts like sodium hydrosulphite without damaging the
substrate. About 25% of direct dyes are blues, 20% are reds and yellows, 10%
are blacks with greens bringing up the rear at about 4% of all the products.
They are available in the market and are very easy to apply with only a few
noted for brightness of shade.
Direct dyes are further sub-classified into 3 Classes as A, B and C based
on their compatibility with one another under certain conditions of batch
dyeing. This means that dyes in the same sub direct dye classification (SDC)
group have identical dyeing characteristics which are different from those in
other groups. Class A: Self Levelling Direct Dyes, Class B: Salt Controllable
Direct Dyes and Class C: Salt and Temperature Controllable Direct Dyes. They
are: azo dyes, sodium salts, fixing agents and metallic (chrome and copper)
compounds.

Direct Red Dye

Mineral and Pigment Dyes


A distinction is usually made between a pigment, which is insoluble in
its vehicle (dispersed liquid medium) (resulting in a suspension) and a dye,
which either is itself a liquid or is soluble in its vehicle (resulting in a solution).
In some cases, a pigment can be manufactured from a dye by precipitating a
soluble dye with a metallic salt. The resulting pigment is called a lake pigment.
Some of the relevant pigments include: Natural iron (Red Ochre, anhydrous
Fe2O3 and the hydrated Yellow Ochre (Fe2O3.H2O)) and charcoal or carbon
black while synthetic pigments include: white lead (basic lead carbonate,
(Pb(CO3)2Pb(OH)2) and blue frit (Egyptian Blue). White lead is made by
combining lead with vinegar (acetic acid, CH3COOH) in the presence of CO2.
Blue frit is calcium copper silicate and was made from glass coloured with a
copper ore such as malachite. Other synthetic pigments include: vermilion,
verdigris and lead-tin-yellow, Prussian blue, French ultramarine (a synthetic
form of lapis lazuli), the various forms of Cobalt and Cerulean Blue, Phthalo
Blue (a synthetic organometallic pigment with overwhelming tinting power),
mauveine, red, crimson, blue and purple. The table below contains some of the
popular dyes used by the paper industry.

Popular Dyes used in Paper Industry


S/No. Dye Quality of Paper
1 Methylene Blue File board, maplitho
2 Brilliant Green Cover paper
3 Methyl Violet Violet poster, maplitho paper, cream wove,
coloured wove
4 Scarlet Red File board
5 Acid Orange Buff board, buff manila board
6 Malachite Green File board, coloured poster
7 Metanil Yellow File board, coloured poster
8 Sunfast Yellow File board, coloured poster, buff manila board
9 Auramine File board
10 Rhodamine File board, pink coloured poster, maplitho,
duplex board, cover paper

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