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Onr - 003 em Solved Assignment 24-25

The document discusses the necessity of water harvesting for agricultural sustainability, highlighting its role in mitigating water scarcity, enhancing groundwater recharge, and improving crop yields. It also describes two surface water harvesting techniques, check dams and farm ponds, along with factors influencing their selection. Additionally, it explains the drip irrigation system, its components, and its importance in water-scarce areas, as well as the concept of artificial groundwater recharge and its ideal conditions.

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85 views6 pages

Onr - 003 em Solved Assignment 24-25

The document discusses the necessity of water harvesting for agricultural sustainability, highlighting its role in mitigating water scarcity, enhancing groundwater recharge, and improving crop yields. It also describes two surface water harvesting techniques, check dams and farm ponds, along with factors influencing their selection. Additionally, it explains the drip irrigation system, its components, and its importance in water-scarce areas, as well as the concept of artificial groundwater recharge and its ideal conditions.

Uploaded by

netcafe240720
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ONR- 003 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

(NOT FOR SALE)


Que 1. Explain why water harvesting is necessary for agriculture
sustainability.

Ans. Water harvesting is essential for agricultural sustainability


because it addresses water scarcity, promotes efficient water use,
and supports long-term agricultural productivity. Agriculture is a
water-intensive activity, and the increasing demand for food due to
population growth puts immense pressure on available water
resources. Below are key reasons why water harvesting is critical:

A. Mitigation of Water
Scarcity: Water harvesting ensures the availability of water
during dry spells and droughts, enabling farmers to irrigate their
crops even in adverse conditions. This is especially important in
arid and semi-arid regions where rainfall is sparse and unreliable.

b. Enhancing Groundwater Recharge: Harvesting surface runoff


through techniques like ponds and check dams helps recharge
groundwater aquifers. This is vital for regions that depend heavily on
groundwater for irrigation.

c. Prevention of Soil Erosion and Flooding: Capturing and storing


runoff reduces the velocity of flowing water, thereby minimizing soil
erosion and preventing the loss of fertile topsoil. It also helps manage
excess water during heavy rains, reducing the risk of flooding.

D. Reducing Dependence on External Water Sources: By collecting


rainwater locally, farmers reduce their reliance on water supplied from
distant reservoirs or rivers. This makes agriculture more self-reliant
and cost-effective.

e. Improving Crop Yields and Diversification: Consistent water


availability allows farmers to cultivate multiple cropping cycles and
grow a variety of crops, thereby improving yields and promoting
agricultural diversification.

f. Climate Change Resilience: Water harvesting systems provide a


buffer against the adverse effects of climate change, such as
unpredictable rainfall patterns and prolonged droughts. They
contribute to water security, ensuring the continuity of agricultural
practices.

In conclusion, water harvesting is a sustainable approach to managing


water resources efficiently, supporting agricultural productivity, and
ensuring food security for present and future generations.

Que.2 Explain any two surface water harvesting techniques in detail.


Describe the factors impacting the choice of water harvesting
systems.

Ans. Surface Water Harvesting Techniques:

(A) Check Dams:

Check dams are small barriers constructed across streams or rivers to


slow down water flow and create a storage reservoir. They help
increase groundwater recharge, reduce soil erosion, and provide water
for irrigation and livestock. Check dams are typically built using locally
available materials like stones, sandbags, or concrete. They are
especially effective in hilly or undulating terrains.

Farm Ponds:

Farm ponds are small water storage structures excavated on


agricultural land to collect and store rainwater. These ponds are
designed to capture surface runoff from surrounding fields during the
rainy season. They can be lined with materials like clay or plastic to
prevent seepage and ensure water availability for irrigation during dry
periods. Farm ponds also support fish farming and improve soil
moisture in adjacent areas.

Factors Impacting the Choice of Water Harvesting Systems:

Topography: The natural slope of the land influences the type of water
harvesting system. For instance, check dams are more suitable in hilly
areas, while farm ponds work well on flat terrains.

Rainfall Patterns: Regions with high rainfall intensity may require


larger storage structures, whereas areas with low rainfall benefit from
smaller, efficient systems.

Soil Type: Soil permeability affects water retention. Sandy soils may
require lined ponds to prevent seepage, while clayey soils can retain
water naturally.

Land Use: The availability and type of land (agricultural, forest, or


wasteland) determine the feasibility and design of the water
harvesting system.

Community Needs: The size and capacity of the system depend on the
water requirements of the community, including agriculture, domestic
use, and livestock.

Cost and Resources: Financial and material availability influence the


type and scale of water harvesting systems.

Que.3 Explain the drip irrigation system with the help of a neat sketch
and describe the importance of drip irrigation in the area of water
scarcity.

Ans. Drip Irrigation System:

Drip irrigation involves the slow application of water directly to the


root zone of plants through a network of pipes, tubes, and emitters. It
ensures precise and efficient water delivery, minimizing wastage. The
main components include:

Main Line and Sub-Mains: These pipes distribute water from the source
to the field.

Laterals: Smaller pipes connected to the mainline that carry water to


individual plants.

Emitters: Devices that release water at controlled rates.

Importance in Water Scarcity:

Water Efficiency: Drip irrigation reduces water usage by up to 50%


compared to conventional methods, making it ideal for water-scarce
regions.

Enhanced Productivity: By delivering water and nutrients directly to


the root zone, it promotes healthy plant growth and higher yields.

Reduced Evaporation and Runoff: The system minimizes water loss


due to evaporation and prevents surface runoff.

Fertilizer Management: Fertilizers can be applied along with water,


improving nutrient absorption and reducing wastage.

Soil Preservation: It prevents over-irrigation and waterlogging,


preserving soil structure and health.

[Insert Sketch Here]

Que. 4 A farmer applying 5 cm irrigation to 10 ha area and meeting


water requirement of 10

Ans. Cows and of 20 buffalos. Assume requirement of cow and


buffalos are 70 and 60 litres/

Day. Compute the gross storage capacity of a water storage pond to


meet the water need

For 30 days.
Given Data:

Irrigation: 5 cm over 10 ha =

Livestock Requirement:

Cows (10):

Buffaloes (20):

Total:

Total Storage for Livestock:

Total Storage:

Q5. What is artificial groundwater recharge? Explain the ideal conditions for artificial
groundwater recharge.

Ans. Artificial groundwater recharge refers to the process of


enhancing natural groundwater replenishment through human-made
structures and techniques. Methods include constructing recharge
wells, percolation tanks, and injection boreholes to direct surface
water into aquifers.

Ideal Conditions:

Permeable Soils: Sandy or loamy soils with high infiltration rates.

Water Availability: Sufficient runoff or surplus water for recharge.

Aquifer Depth: Shallow aquifers allow for quicker recharge.


Low Contamination: Surface water used for recharge should be free of
pollutants.

Community Support: Local participation ensures maintenance and


sustainability.

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