CONTENTS

CHAPTERS PARTICULARS Page No

I
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN OF THE STUDY
NEED FOR THE STUDY
1-12
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

II INDUSTRY PROFILE 13-25

III COMPANY PROFILE 26-41

IV THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 42-52

V DATA ANALYSIS AND 53-64

INTERPRETATION

VI FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND 65-67

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY 68
WEBLIOGRAPHY
 CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

Decisions about the firm's funding, dividends, and investments are primarily the
purview of financial management, which aims to achieve a general objective. The
company's primary goal is to increase the value it provides to its shareholders. You can't
go around with money; you either spend it or you lose it. Every company relies on its
finances. A new field of study known as financial management has emerged in response
to the growing significance of the finance function. This topic is becoming relevant to
everyone. Planning and overseeing the use of a company's financial resources is the
purview of financial management. Prior to its separation from economics in 1890, it was
considered a subfield of economics. It continues to rely significantly on economic theory
and lacks any original body of knowledge.
Academics and working managers alike have a great deal of interest in financial
management. Academics are very interested in it since the field is continually evolving
and because there are still contentious areas with no clear resolution. Financial choices
are among the most important for a company, and managers in the field find that having
a grasp of financial management theory helps them make better analytical and conceptual
judgments.
Financial Management's Purview:
Companies build factories to make things, and some of those factories even
provide services to their clients. For financial gain, they offer their wares for sale. In
order to buy industrial and other facilities, they raise capital. Therefore, a company's three
primary functions are:
• Make a product.
• Promotion
• Income and assets

1
 In order to fund operations that provide returns on invested capital, a business
borrows money. Then, it uses that money to engage in production and marketing.
Therefore, an organization that carries out operations in the areas of finance,
manufacturing, and marketing is called a business company. The finance function of a
business is the process by which the firm acquires money and then uses that capital to
generate returns to the fund suppliers.

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT'S GOALS:

Commonly regarded as financial management goals are the following two.
• maximizing profits
• Maximizing wealth

Maximizing Profits:
As the purpose of any financial plan, the maximization of profits is only logical
given that this is the implicit objective of most businesses.
A presumption in favor of profit maximization as the goal of financial
management exists. As far as economic efficiency is concerned, profit is the standard.
The societal financial resources would have been used most effectively, economically,
and successfully if every company in the society was striving to maximize profits.
Maximizing profit for one company, if pursued by all, would maximize society's well-
being. In the end, both the corporation and society would suffer from poor resource
allocation due to profit maximization as the goal of financial management.
1.It doesn't care about the danger.
2.The choice to maximize profits disregards the finance component and the risk
connected with it, focusing only on profitability.
3.The temporal value of money is disregarded since it does not take into account when

2
expenses and returns occur.
4.The goal of maximizing profits is vague and open to interpretation.
5.A gulf might open up between the shareholders' and management's perspectives as a
result of profit maximization.
6.Since profit is taken from accounting, profit maximization focuses on how a move will
affect the bottom line in the short term, particularly how much more money will be made
that year or in the next few months.

Maximizing Your Wealth:

The maximizing of a share's value is a common way to communicate this goal.
In order to maximize shareholder wealth, one must be aware of and decide upon a suitable
metric.
Economic value is the standard unit of wealth measurement in the field of
financial management. With an acceptable discount rate that represents the level of risk
involved, the economic value is the sum of all future cash flows produced by a choice
and their present value. This economic metric disregards profit in favor of cash flows.
The economic value idea is unbiased because it uses discounting to account for risk and
the timing of cash flows.

Maximizing Profits vs. Maximizing Wealth:

The goal of profit maximization is to maximize a company's profit as a measure
of its success. A practical and objective approach is taken by the goal of maximizing
shareholder wealth. Companies may choose to pay dividends on a regular basis if they
want to maximize shareholder value, or they can choose to keep all of their revenues and
reinvest them.

FUNCTION:
Like many other aspects of modern life, financial management has evolved
considerably during the years. A company's financial management is mostly ineffective.
To ensure timely payment of all obligations, it is the only responsibility of the Finance
Manager to keep accurate financial records, prepare reports detailing the firm's condition
and performance, and organize the monies recorded by the organization.

3
 It used to be that a business's finance managers were the only officials whose job
it was to oversee the administration of the company's funding sources; in fact, the only
time a firm ever needed help finding a suitable funding source or more funding was when
it was conducting an experiment. In recent years, the focus on decision-making has
persisted.
First, there was a need for a more precise cost of capital assessment due to the
growing confidence in this metric.
The second issue is that traditional means of obtaining financial backing have
been inadequate.
Additionally, thirdly, there has been ongoing management behavior that has
exposed takeover interests.
Fourthly, the world's nations are now more closer connected due to the rapid
development of transportation and communication.
Their actions have sparked a renewed interest in global finance. Determining the
right function for the company to play in addressing these issues necessitates raising the
share of these financial management tools.
In a nutshell, this is the big picture of financial management's importance:
It shows the internal and external resources that may be used to satisfy the
financial demands of every industry, no matter how big or little. In doing so, it determines
how well the bank uses individual or corporate science to mobilize resources.
Capital budgeting approaches help management invest cash in lucrative
initiatives by examining their feasibility. By controlling and regulating the funds to get
the most out of them, it also allows management to protect shareholder interests by
making good use of money obtained from various sources.

CASH MANAGEMENT
Large investments in assets with a lengthy lifespan are the main focus of capital
budgeting. Property, plant, and equipment are examples of physical assets, whereas
innovations in technology, patents, and trademarks are examples of intangible assets.
Investments in the steps that lead to new technologies and products—including research,
design, development, and testing—could be considered investments in intangible assets
as well. Two characteristics separate a capital investment project from ongoing expenses,
regardless of the nature of the assets being invested (tangible or intangible). The first is

4
the sheer size of these undertakings. The second is that the advantages or cash flows from
such initiatives often don't materialize for quite some time.
The effects of large, long-term investments in both physical and immaterial assets
are not immediately apparent. The strategic position of the business in the future will be
determined by an investment made now.
These investments also significantly affect the cash flows and risks that the
company will face in the future. Therefore, capital budgeting choices are crucial to the
success or failure of the business and have far-reaching effects on the firm's performance.
Capital budgeting includes budgeting of capital expenditure on new projects,
expantion projects, diversification projects, and normal capital expenditure.
At present our study relates to capital budgeting decisions , in case of existing
firm regarding expansion projects. While going for such capital budgeting decisions, we
pass through several activities including feasibility study as follows.
An evaluation of a project's viability for financial investment is known as a
feasibility study.
Investment choices in capital expenditures are made via the process of capital
budgeting. A capital expenditure is a non-negotiable, long-term investment on an asset
whose return is anticipated to occur at a later date.
The decision to allocate funds to a certain long-term project is part of the capital
budgeting process, which also includes the management of capital expenditures.
Investment choices using present finances for future rewards make capital
budgeting a difficult procedure.
Steps in creating a capital budget:
1. Project generation: Different levels of an organization's hierarchy might give rise to
different kinds of investment proposals. There are a few possible classifications for the
investment proposal.
a) a plan to expand the product range with a new project.
b) A plan to increase production of an already established product line.
c) Suggestions for cutting expenses within the current system, from the highest levels of
management all the way down to the lowest-level employees. Both systematic and
unplanned approaches might be used to generate the suggestions.
2. There are two phases to the project evaluation process.

5
 a) calculating potential gains and losses. It is essential to quantify the costs and benefits
in terms of cash flows.
3. Choose a project: upper management may have the last say on the project's approval
since capital budgeting choices are so consequential. Nevertheless, initiatives undergo
thorough screening on several levels.
4. Execution of the project: Following the final selection of investment proposals, the
funds are allocated for capital expenditure. The management team or the project
execution committee is responsible for monitoring the capital budget to make sure that
all monies are being spent as allocated.
Totally autonomous: This category encompasses all investment plans that are
being reviewed by the company's management for various responsibilities. Private
investment plans may be for anything from machines and cars to buildings and parking
lots as well as recreational facilities and so on. Each project is evaluated independently
of the others before being approved.
When two or more projects are reliant on one other, the choices made for one will
have an impact on the other projects in some manner.
Mutually exclusive: When we talk about ideas that are mutually exclusive, we're
referring to those that provide different ways of performing the same thing. If one plan
is approved, the other is no longer necessary.
How to assess investment ideas or create a capital budget.
Every moment, companies get a plethora of investment ideas for various
initiatives. Unfortunately, there is never enough money in the company's coffers to put
money into every single idea. Because of this, picking the most beneficial suggestions
from among all the competing ones is crucial.
Key terms: -
1. Budgeting for capital expenditures (investment evaluation): - The purpose of this
planning process is to help businesses decide whether to make long-term expenditures,
such purchasing new or replacement equipment. It is worthwhile to pursue research into
new plants, new goods, and development initiatives. This is a spending plan for
substantial investments or capital outlays.
2. Value of money after deducting a certain amount of interest for a specified period of
time is known as temporal value of money (TVM).
3. Cash flows are the inflow and outflow of funds into and out of an organization,

6
document, or a financial instrument. The standard practice is to take the reading over a
limited time frame.
4. Annuity: Any stream of set payments that ends after a certain amount of time has
passed is called an annuity. Whose payments are paid at conclusion of each month. One
example might be setting up automatic payments to a savings account.
5. Perpetuity: Permanent income that does not diminish over time or a steady flow of
funds that never ends.
6. Inflation rate: The increment in the price index is a measure of inflation. The rate of
change in the price index as a percentage over specified time period.
7. The rate of return (ROR) is the ratio of an investment's gain (or loss, whether realized
or not) to its initial investment. Return on investment (ROI), rate of profit (ROP), or
simply return is another name for it.
8. Present Value (PV): Based on historical data, the present value (PV) is the amount that
a future payment (or series of payments) would be worth after discounting to account for
things like total discounted income (TVM) and investment risk.
9. The future value factor, or FV factor, is the product of the present value and the
accumulation function; it represents the nominal future amount that a particular quantity
of money is "worth" at a certain period in the future assuming a specific interest rate, or
rate of return more broadly.

7
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The following overarching goals are the intended outcomes of this project. Here are the
goals:
• Researching the choices made by KPR AGROCHEMICALS in their capital budget.
• Find out what KPR Limited, BICCAVOLU does for a living and how the fertilizer
industry works.
• To find out how much the company has borrowed against its long-term solvency.
• To investigate KPR AGROCHEMICALS Limited's (BICCAVOLU) operational
efficiency in performance
• Analyze the potential advantages and predicted results of new initiatives
• Achieve specific production and sales volumes revenue and market share goals
• Build a strong relationship, provide excellent customer service and ensure timely
delivery.
• Achieve probability growth, increase share holder value and maintain a strong
financial position.

8
 NEED OF THE STUDY

This project study aims to analyze and comprehend the financial sector's capital
budgeting process, exposing participants to the real-world applications of theoretical
knowledge. Additionally, it sheds light on the company's capital budgeting operations.
Tell us where the money for the business comes from.
This study is necessary, because we understand how capital expenditure
estimates are prepared for new project, expansion projects, diversification projects
besides normal capital expenditure. We can also assess how the raising of funds and
allocation of financial resources are chosen or selected we can also understand how the
capital budgets are reviewed from time to time to keep in consonance with meeting the
business targets in the course of implementation of new projects, expansion,
diversification of existing projects of industrial and business organisation

9
 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Only KPR's activities are within the purview of this analysis. KPR was the only
source of information used in the analysis of the primary and secondary sources. Results
from operations and the balance sheet for the last five years. With any luck, this research
will shed light on the organization's capital budgeting practices and provide suggestions
on how to refine this crucial decision-making process.
Capital budgeting is an ongoing process that involves various functional areas of
management, including production, marketing, chemical engineering, financial
management, etc., and KPR AGROCHEMICALS Limited is no exception. All of these
departments are crucial to the decision-making process.

10
 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

Two places might provide the data needed for this study:

METHODS

PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

1.PRIMARY DATA:
The candidate's conversations with department heads and meetings with
officials and personnel make up the bulk of the main data. All of the data was
confirmed by first-hand observation and discussions with relevant "KPR
AGROCHEMICALS limited" financial department officials.

2. SECONDARY DATA:
The secondary data was compiled from the company's own printed materials,
including annual reports, public reports, bulleting, and more.
Half of the time series data used in this research comes from original sources,
while the other half comes from secondary sources.

11
 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

1) This research just covers KPR and BICCAVOLU; it doesn't include any other
companies in the fertilizer industry also.
2) With the data that has been provided, we must finish the project.
3) the organization's own records and information were the basis for the research.
4) We need to finish the operation using the data that has been provided to us.
5) One of the drawbacks of project research is the time concern, as there is only eight
weeks to complete the task.

12
 CHAPTER-II

INDUSTRY PROFILE
 INDUSTRY PROFILE

Any substance that provides plants with nutrients that they may easily absorb is
called fertilizer. Because the capacity to transform a large amount of nutrients into
another form is a fundamental physiological characteristic of seeds. At a time when
population pressure is mounting on agricultural production, the expansion of this variety
has taken on increased significance, leading to higher usage of fertilizers. The increasing
need for fertilizers was also helped along by this. The fertilizers that get the most use.
Fall within the category of "underbasing" nutrients. Among nutrients, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potash are the most distributed.

Since fertilizers are now an essential part of farming, the domestic fertilizer
industry is vital for meeting self-sufficiency objectives and maintaining a steady supply
of fertilizer. Consequently, government policies have supported the business by offering
various incentives. During 1991–1992, India ranked as the world's fourth-largest
producer of fertilizers, a result of extensive research into the industry's growth.
Following the advice of the joint parliamentary committee on fertilizers pricing,
the import tariff on phosphoric acid and ammonia was eliminated in 1991–1992, which
led to a slight increase in fertilizer conception to 12 million metric tons. This was done
to encourage domestic production of die-ammonium phosphate to match imported
D.A.P.
Fertilizer Information:
Plant feeding is what fertilizer is all about. Nutrients are essential for plant
growth, just as they are for human health. Three nutrients—nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium—are essential for plant growth and development. These three nutrients are
known as macronutrients, and they are transformed into forms that plants can readily
absorb by fertilizer manufacturers.

13
 Minor nutrients, often known as micronutrients, are those that plants need in
smaller quantities; while these nutrients are usually manufactured independently, they
are eventually combined in different proportions to meet the demands of different plants.
one kind of crop. Farmers and consumers may learn about the nutritional content
of fertilizer from the analysis that is included with each bag or bulk shipment. To make
sure the fertilizer is accurately labeled and provides the quantity of nutrients mentioned
on the bag, each state has its own set of rules and regulations.
Fertilizer was a key ingredient in the green revolution, which began in response
to rising food demand and improved agricultural techniques made possible by
technological advancements made possible during planet War II. Without it, our planet
would look quite different today. Fertilizer helps improve our environment in many ways,
one of which being the amount of food we eat now.
fertilizer varieties
Because global weather patterns and soil types are so variable, and because every
crop has its own unique characteristics. Many different formulas of commercial fertilizers
are available, all of which are made from natural sources.
Ammonia, the primary component of nitrogen fertilizer, is produced by reacting
hydrogen with air utilizing gas as a feedstock. The compounds known as ammoniated
phosphates, such as MAP and DAP, are produced by the reaction of ammonium with
phosphoric acid. Potassium murrieta. Potassium chloride, or potassium iodide, is
produced from mined minerals after they have been treated to eliminate any inherent
salts.
Ammonium nitrate is a solid fertilizer that is both water-soluble and contains
about 34% nitrogen. When ammonia and water are mixed, the result is aqua, a nitrogen-
based fertilizer that may be applied to the soil or used to make phosphate fertilizers. Its
nitrogen content can reach up to 25%.
Ammoniating super phosphate, making complete fertilizer, and injecting it
directly into the soil all make use of nitrogen solutions, which are water-based solutions
of ammonia, ammonium nitrate, and occasionally urea—solid fertilizer comprising about
45 percent nitrogen—and other soluble nitrogen compounds. They may be applied under
pressure and come in a range of compositions and nitrogen contents.

14
nitrogen nimbus:
All plant proteins include nitrogen, and the "blueprints" for genetic traits, DNA
and RNA, contain nitrogen as well. An essential component of many fertilizer solutions,
ammonium nitrate is a solid fertilizer with a nitrogen content of around 34%. You may
apply aqua ammonia directly to the soil or use it to make phosphate fertilizers; it is a
nitrogen-based fertilizer that is manufactured by combining ammonia with water. It
contains up to 25% nitrogen.
Ammoniating super phosphate, making complete fertilizer, and injecting it
directly into the soil all make use of nitrogen solutions, which are water-based solutions
of ammonia, ammonium nitrate, and occasionally urea—solid fertilizer comprising about
45 percent nitrogen—and other soluble nitrogen compounds. nitrogen is essential for
plant development and the synthesis of chlorophyll. It is also a key component of many
fertilizers. Nitrogen makes up over three quarters of the atmosphere and is hence
abundant in the air. Ammonia is produced by a sophisticated chemical process by
combining atmospheric nitrogen with natural gas.
A phosphate, or phosphorus, is:
In order to promote healthy root development and early plant maturity,
phosphorus is sometimes best applied to soil close to the seed. A sufficient amount of
soil P is essential for plant root uptake. Phosphorus is not very soluble in water. In order
to fulfill the crop's requirement for phosphorus, the water in the soil has to be replaced
two or three times a day. Phosphorus compounds aid in guiding energy use.
For photosynthesis to take place, plants need phosphorus molecules to
"repackage" and transmit energy. Phosphate aids in seed germination and facilitates
plants' effective use of water; it is also a component of DNA, making it a fundamental
component of genes and chromosomes. How is the letter P formed? There are natural
geological deposits that contain phosphorus. The United States and other regions of the
globe are potential locations for deposits.
magnesium(II) sulfate:
Potassium acts as a stress buffer, shielding plants from the harsh winter weather
and warding off pests like weeds and insects. It also prevents wilting, keeps roots from
spreading out, and aids in food transfer. As a regulator, potassium ensures that plants use
water efficiently and activates enzymes.

15
 The freshness of the food you buy is also ensured by potassium. Where does the
letter K originate from? Among the elements found in the Earth's crust, potassium ranks
sixth in terms of quantity. K makes its way into the world's seas and oceans via a natural
process that takes a long time. After a period of time, the water evaporates, leaving behind
mineral deposits that are buried under hundreds of feet of dirt. These deposits are known
as potash or potassium chloride, and the ore from these deposits has potential uses.
processing alone is enough to eliminate contaminants like common salt, without
the need for complicated chemical conversion.
Irrigation Requirements:
Nearly 70.6% of India's population makes their living in agriculture, making it
the most important economic sector in the country. The agricultural sector accounts for
30% of the world's income and uses 10% of the landmass to grow crops. However, there
is a limit to how much land can be used for farming, and the plant population is growing
at an alarming rate, so there is an even greater need for food. Since arable land cannot be
expanded much, the only solution is to improve soil fertility.
In order for a substance to be considered fertiliser, it must have nutrients in a
enough quantity and easily available form. Fertilizers are by-products of the commercial
sector that contain one or more vital plant nutrients.
Additionally, fertilizers, like other products, should not include or create any
chemical that is harmful to soil, plants, or humans beyond what is considered allowed.
There are legal restrictions on the classification of some substances as fertilizer in several
nations, including India.
Fertilizer is the most popular tool farmers use to replenish depleted soil nutrients
and increase plant growth. Its purpose is to make soil more fertile, which in turn allows
plants to grow stronger crops. We have accomplished a significant deal of word-of-mouth
independence in fertilizers and food, which is much more difficult than it was in the past,
and fertilizers have played a crucial part in this.
In the 1990s, India's expanding population necessitated an additional 1 million
metric tons of fertilizer nutrients per year. The incentive-oriented, efficiency-linked
administrative pricing system did more than just entice new investors; it also prompted
existing units to boost operational efficiency and improve resource management
generally.

16
 In the last twenty-five years, India's fertilizer consumption has skyrocketed, with
the majority of the country's fertiliser being applied by hand. This has led to a noticeable
improvement in the country's crop yields, which were previously plagued by low
fertilizer use efficiency.
Chemical fertilizers have made great strides in addressing the long-standing
problems of food production and soil fertility, yet contemporary agriculture relies heavily
on energy. This is especially true in India.
The need for fertilizer in our nation is rising steadily over the years. India's total
fertilizer consumption (NPK) has surpassed 8.72 million tones, up from 4.6 kg/ha in
1984–1985. More than 65% of farmers are using fertilizer, and if the remaining farmers
are encouraged to join the ranks of adopters and increase their use to the recommended
level, the replacement of fertilizer will undoubtedly be substantially higher.
These days, farmers utilize commercial fertilizer to fix plant nutrient deficits,
keep soil fertility at its best, and boost crop yields and quality. Essentially, fertilizers are
used to create citrine, which is not fond of soil fertility when it comes to harvesting crops.
Crop traits, weather conditions (particularly moisture availability), yield target,
fertilizer cost relative to crop selling price, and other variables are the primary
determinants of fertilizer rate and placement decisions.
India's Farming System:
Consumption of food grains is key to India's economic development, and by the
year 2000 A.D., the country is projected to need 235 million tons of grain. There was a
40 million metric ton rise in food grain output in 1980–1981 and 1990–1999. The
following decade will have a 60 million metric ton growth, which is no easy feat.
With a population boom, India's arable land has shrunk from 0.3 ha in 1950 to
less than 0.14 ha at the turn of the century. From 1960–1961, the country's total food
grain production increased by 90%, with only a small uptick in output of other
commodities. Nearly 70% of the country's rain-fed land is dedicated to crop cultivation.
High rainfall regions yield over 56% of the world's rice, 70% of cotton, and nearly
all of the world's jute and menthe without the need of irrigation. The eighth five-year plan
successfully met the task of increasing agricultural output at an average yearly rate. One
of the most important parts of the former is agriculture.

17
 Fertilizers have evolved into an essential component of agricultural inputs,
making the presence of a domestic fertilizers sector critical for achieving the objectives
of food security and sufficiency and ensuring a consistent supply of fertilizers. Because
of the extensive research and development that went into the fertilizers business in India,
the country ranked fourth in the world in 1991 and 1992, thanks in large part to
government policies that supported the sector by providing various incentives.
In 1991–1992, fertilizer use increased slightly to 12 million tons due to the
withdrawal of potassium fertilizers under the recommendations of the joint parliamentary
committee on fertilizers pricing. The customs charge on imports of phosphoric acid and
ammonia was eliminated to encourage domestic producers of diammonium phosphate to
compete with the upgraded dap. As one of the primary businesses that supplies a key
ingredient for agricultural development—fertilizers—the fertilizers industry justifiably
occupies a central position in the economy. Now, the imposition of customs tax has
played a pivotal role in highlighting the significance of fertilizers. Because of this, the
price of fertilizers will go up significantly.
An Overview of the Sector:
The industry's efforts to spread the word about fertilizer advancements have been
going on since 1883, and they've been vital in feeding a hungry globe. As the world's
population grew, more and more people were living in cities and towns, distant from
farms, and the need to find ways to feed them prompted the development of the
groundbreaking idea of plant nutrition.
Since 1960, global food production has more than quadrupled, keeping up with
the population expansion, all thanks to new fertilizers. The fertilizer business is well-
positioned to contribute to the production of food that will be required to sustain an
estimated 9 billion people by the year 2025.
Providing plants with plant-available forms of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and
potassium (K) is the primary focus of the fertilizer business. In terms of plant
development and well-being, each nutrient plays a unique role.

18
Soil Enhancers:
Federal and state governments ensure that fertilizers meet quality and safety
standards similar to those that apply to other manufactured items. The fertilizer regulating
programs of each of the fifty states and the District of Columbia are typically overseen
by the respective state departments of agriculture.
Governing Body:
Protecting consumers, ensuring accurate labeling, preventing harm to humans and
the environment, and ensuring the correct use of fertilizers are all areas that fall under
state control. The wide variation in soil conditions throughout the nation necessitates
fertilizer regulation at the state level. As an example, the deep, rich black soils of the
Midwest Corn Belt are quite different from the rocky, shallow soils of New England.
Different crops (potatoes vs. maize, for example), soil nutrient levels, weather patterns,
and cropping patterns need state-specific regulation. Groundbreaking scientific research
in the late 18th century established the direct involvement of chemical components in
plant nutrition; this finding laid the groundwork for the contemporary commercial
fertilizer business, which places a premium on safety and science. The first industrial-
scale fertilizer production began in the 19th century with the introduction of super
phosphate in 1843, followed by ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate, and, in the first two
decades of the 20th century, synthetic nitrogen fertilizer made directly from atmospheric
nitrogen. This idea was backed by direct scientific experimentation.
Making a Fertilizer Safety Assessment:
Traditionally, the goal of fertilizer R&D has been to find the sweet spot between
nutrient application rates and economic crop yields. Fertilizer production and its possible
negative impacts on human and environmental health have been the focus of study since
the 1960s, when the contemporary environmental movement began.
Its dedication to safety has not wavered since 1996. To find out what, if any,
dangers metals in fertilizer pose, the fertilizer institute launched a thorough safety
evaluation exercise. Phosphate and potash fertilizers include trace levels of mettles since
they are present in the ore bodies that are extracted. Some micronutrient fertilizers are
also included, along with phosphate and potash products. also include metals, as do
materials derived from recycled materials and ores that have been mined.

19
Fertilizers Benefit Our Environment:
Research and technological advancements in agriculture have many positive
effects: they preserve the environment, boost food production, and improve our lives in
many other ways. The world's plant life relies on fertilizers. Commercial fertilizers will
play a crucial role in the battle to feed the expanding global population, which is projected
to reach 8.5 billion in 2040. Experts predict that food production has to rise by more than
2% per year just to keep up with existing diets.
Fertilizers are eco-friendly. With fertilizers and contemporary high yield
agricultural technologies, more food is produced per acre each year, so land may be
saved. This helps to preserve the natural environment. An important worldwide
environmental concern, the extensive habitat destruction caused by inefficient "slash and
burn" low-yield farming, may be mitigated with the right use of fertilizers.
Where the Fertilizer Industry in India Started and How It Grew:
In 1940, the first nitrogenous fertilizer factory was created. It had a tiny capacity,
but it produced roughly 50,000 pounds of nitrogen and 50,000 pounds of ammonium
annually. In 1951, the first public sector fertilizer plant was erected in SINDRI.
After that, the Indian government came up with the idea of constructing fertilizer
plants in each of the country's states. The industry began to grow rapidly in the 1960s,
and since then, it has continued to do so in the public, private, and joint sectors to keep
up with the increasing demand for nitrogenous and phosphoric fertilizers. It was always
the farmer's goal to get fertilizers at a cheap format price.
An rise in the following factory price is always desired by the processes. The
Indian government made a bold step toward food security in 1997 when it determined
that keeping fertilizer costs low for farmers was the best method to boost application
rates, which in turn increased grain output.
Given that producers would be unwilling to sell at such a price, the government
created a favorable variance for the farmer.

20
 COUNTRIES THAT PRODUCE A LOT OF FERTILIZER:
Years ending June 30th, measured in million metric tons*.

COUNTRY 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24

China 21.5 22.8 21.5 22.1

India 10.5 10.9 10.9 10.7

United States 13.5 11.2 9.9 10.6

Russian
4.1 5.0 5.4 5.5
Federation

Canada 3.7 4.1 3.9 3.5

United States 9.0 8.5 7.3 7.6

China 6.7 6.4 6.7 7.4

India 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.9

21
Russian
1.7 2.0 2.3 2.4
Federation

Brazil 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4

Canada 9.2 8.2 9.2 8.2

Russian
3.5 4.0 3.7 4.3
Federation

Belarus 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.7

Germany 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.5

Israel 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8

22
 COUNTRIES THAT USE FERTILIZER IN LARGE QUANTITIES:
Years ending June 30th, measured in million metric tons* (Metric tons)
THE CENTER MANAGES TWO RATES:
How much the producer ought to charge for fertilisers sold to farmers. All
manufacturers adhere to the same, stable pricing that is accessible for farmers. Using
prescribed deficiency rules with respect to capacity utilization, the manufacturer should
have received payment from the farmer at a reasonable price.
Each plant has its own unique raw material consumption and utility use patterns.

COUNTRY 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24

China 22.9 24.1 22.1 22.5

India 11.4 11.6 10.9 11.3

United states 11.3 11.2 10.5 10.9

France 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.4

Pakistan 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.2

China 9.4 9.0 8.7 8.9

India 4.1 4.8 4.3 4.3

United states 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.20

Brazil 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.5

Australia 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2

United states 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

China 3.5 3.4 3.5 4.0

Brazil 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.7

India 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.7

The retention price is structured in such a way that it often covers obligatory costs;
a business operating at 90% would make 12% after taxes, or net worth. By recovering
fixed operational and capital-related expenses more effectively, a unit operator would
reap the advantages of high operating rates.

23
 The manufacturer receives a subsidy from the government in the form of a
reimbursement for the difference between the selling price and the retention price.
Nitrogenous fertilizers were the first to use the retention-pricing system (RPS) in
1997, followed by phosphoric fertilizers other than single super phosphate (SSP) in 1979,
and finally SSP in 1982. In the same year, MMTC was established to channel DAP
imports with the purpose of predicting the local market by 1991. The fiscal deficit has
grown as a result of the wasteful spending on fertilizer subsidies. After then, the path to
economic liberalization was long and winding for the road government. There was a lot
of pressure on me to cut fertilizer subsidies, which had risen from Rs. 25 core in 1978 to
Rs. 3,730 core in 1991.
In July 1991, three nitrogenous fertilizers—ammonium sulphate (As), calcium
ammonium nitrate (CAN), and ammonium chloride (ACP)—were deregulated, and all
other fertilizers saw a 40% price increase. However, due to subsequent political notice,
this was reduced to 30%, and small and marginal farmers were entirely exempted from
the same. Quickly abandoned was the exception.
The nitrogenous sector was targeted by the government in August 1991, who
reinstated subsidies, deregulated phosphoric and potash fertilizers, proclaimed DAP, and
discarded the retention price and subsidy plan. Phosphoric fertilizer use dropped
dramatically as a result of the decontrol's impact on the price of the fertilizer. For the
purpose of partly offsetting the boost that the government received under the Act. Their
complicated fertilizers would cost between Rs. 5,000 and Rs. 800 per ton if subsidies
were to be instituted. The basic premise was that there would be a proportional decline
in the import of phosphoric acid and an increase in the import of raw materials for
phosphoric fertilizer manufacturing.

24
IMPORT OF D.A.P:

Originating from several nations: Jordan, Germany, Canada, Romania, UK,

Japan, USA, Czechoslovakia, Caraway, Saudi Arabia, Philippines, Mexico, Former
USSR, and more.
There was no change to the price of either nitrogenous phosphate fertilizers or the
fertilizers policy between 1981–1982 and 1990–1991. However, the Indian government's
subsidy burden continued to rise sharply. While it was 375 core in 1981–82, it climbed
to 4800 core in 1990–91. Agricultural expansion, rising production costs, increased
fertilizer usage, and other factors are contributing to the rise.
Decontrolling phosphatic and potassium fertilizers was recommended in the 1992
report of the joint parliamentary committee as a means to alleviate the financial strain on
the government from subsidies. So, the same starting from August 24th.

25
 CHAPTER-III

COMPANY PROFILE
 COMPANY PROFILE

KPR Chemicals and its sister company, KPR AGROCHEMICALS Ltd., are two
of India's most prominent fertilizer manufacturers. The new firm is a frontrunner in its
field and has its headquarters in KOPPAL (Karnataka) with activities throughout AP.
The principal purpose of the incorporation of KPR AGROCHEMICALS' Limited
on January 2, 2001 was to engage in the business of producing fertilizers and pesticides.
Our yearly sales in 2007 were USD 20 million, with 70% coming from our home
company and 30% coming from the Middle East and Gulf nations. In the southern Indian
market, we have a poultry and rice milling business. Among the products that we may
provide are rice, eggs, and egg powder. We have 30 years of experience in the agricultural
field.
Sri KOVVURI PAPA REDDY established KPR Group in 1970. Fertilizers,
pesticides, animal health, nutrition, feed, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, seeds, power mills,
rice mills, solvent extraction units, poultry, and more are all part of K.P.R. Group's
expansive manufacturing operations. A greater variety of agrochemical goods and
attentive service are what you can expect from KPR. Our most obvious offerings are our
products and services. There are a lot of places to get these.
KPR Fertilisers LTD is a group of industries having number of units in AP and
Karnataka. Its head office is situated at Balabhadrapuram in Biccavolu mandal of East
Godavari District, AP.
In Balabhadrapuram a pesticides manufacturing unit has been set upto produce
various kinds of pesticides. The group has subsequently started a fertilizer manufacturing
industry in Biccavolu. In other words mixing plant preparing DCP(dicalcium phosphate)
SSP(single super phosphate) NPK, DCP forma etc. This product is mainly for farmers as
fertilizer to produce good yield in their harvesting crops.
The KPR Group has also expanded its units and recently started the fertilizer
mixing plant near Koppal district in Karnataka State which is similar to BICCAVOLU
plant.
The KPR Group has also expanded its business in producing other product i.e, sulphuric
acid(chemical plant in the becenity of BICCAVOLU unit).In BICCAVOLU plant the
KPR group has started 2 mega watts power generation plant also which is for captive
consumption.

26
The power is getting generated by way of utilizing steam i.e, emanated from sulphuric
acid plant. The power which is produced from the power plant is again diverted to
sulphuric acid.
plant as well as other fertilizers unit situated in the same vicinity of the factory. So
by consuming self generated power KPR group is running all its units.
The similar industry which has recently been started in Karnataka also producing
various fertilizer products and supplying to ryots in Karnataka state as well.
The KPR group has also started a seed manufacturing industry near Warangal in
AP which is providing good quality of seeds to the ryots(farmers).
So in TOTO the group is providing fertilizers products, seeds etc to various
farmers and helping them to get more yield of different crop.
The KPR group by having various kinds of manufacturing units providing good
marketing facilities of its own products. The KPR group has developed its marketing
network through out the country by setting up of depos (stock yard) in major cities of
India to supply the product to the needy farmers.
The company has provided number of employment facilities (technical &non
technical)by having recruited various candidates into their group.The employees working
in the units of said group are working contributing their share of work to make the
business success.
Though the industry is now in the manufacturing field of fertilisers and pesticides,
proposing to enter in field of chemicals manufacturing for which spade work is work
going on.
Accordingly the KPR group is contributing its service to the nation by providing
good employment facility, providing fertilizers and pesticides product to the ryots and
also contributing good revenue to the government by way of taxes.

The KPR group has now focused on implementation on procedures systems which will
be for ISO CERTIFICATION (Industrial Standardization for Organization).

27
 As part of the certification program the administration and other departments are
now focusing to prepare systems and procedures which are already in force in the
organization.
Nevertheless, here at KPR, we feel that what really sets us apart is our proactive
approach towards problem-solving, which is shown by our prompt and dependable
replies. We also strive to maintain customer integrity in all our interactions. Our goal is
to avoid chance sales and instead form long-term relationships with our clients because
we care about their success.
Now a days the world is governed by the principle of “SURVIVAL FOR THE
FITTEST”

KPR VISION:

Our mission is to provide high-quality fertilizers at affordable prices while

satisfying all state holders as a market leader in the phosphatic business.
KPR MISSION:

“TOPPER IN SUPPLY, PROPER IN QUALITY ,HONOUR IN TRUST”.

To improve the ryot's economic well-being by supplying high-quality agricultural

supplies and accompanying services that guarantee good value. Kyots, all the while
furthering shareholder economic interests that are congruent with national goals.
In consideration of the promotional role played by IFFCO, so long as IFFCO’s
the legal and beneficial owner of not less than 79,70, issued and fully paid by equity
shares of KPR Fertilizer.

28
KPR INTENT:
“WE STRIVE TO ATTAIN THE POSITIVE ROLE OF INDUSTRY LEADERSHIP.”.

29
COMPANY AT GLANCE:

Company: KPR FERTILISERS LIMITED

Year of incorporation: 2nd January 2001

Promoter: Government of Andhra Pradesh,IFFCO

Fertilizer Trade: 18:46:0 Annual production of DAP

30000MMT Capital Cost:80
Means of Finance: 40% Equity,60% Borrowed
Major Raw Materials : Phosphoric Acid, Ammonia Sulphuric Marketing
Territorities: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.
Transportation: Rail 30%,Road 70%.
Fertilizers: DAP,SSP,Sulphuric Acid.

Monochrotophos,Qunolphos,Edhosulphon,
Carbendazim
Registered office: Halavarthy, Koppal Taluk, Karnataka. Bankers
Andhra Bank.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS:
Hierarchy
Chairman: Sri Kovvuri Papa Reddy.
Director: Sri Karri Venkata Mukunda Reddy.
Executive Director: Sri Kovvuri Rajasekhar Reddy.
Alternative Director: Mr.Kishan President and Whole Time
Director: Mr.Ravi Chandra. Company Secretary

30
 PRODUCT PROFILE:

Fertilizers:

In our technology –leading NPK mixing and granulating plant 540 MTPD in AP &
200 MTPD in Karnataka and
Single Super Phosphate (SSP) 600 MTPD in AP &300 MTPD in Karnataka KPR,
For optimal crop protection and growth, we are producing a range of granular NPK
combinations of the highest quality.

SINGLE-USE SUPER DETERGENT:

• Harvested goods: Paddy, cotton, vegetables, and sugarcane
• Formerly: Resolved phosphate and sulfur deficit. Growth of roots
• Amount: 50-100 kg per acre
The following formulations are possible in our purpose-built formulation plant:
WG, SG, WS, WP, SP, FS, SL, EW, UL, OL, etc. We are committed to both the ongoing
enhancement of packaging and product quality and the advancement of formulation
technology.

CHEMICALS:
In our Sulphuric Acid Plant 200 MTPD along with 2 MW power cogeneration
by waste heat steam recovery, advanced technology superior quality acid for mainly
batteries, treatment, technical grade, ore production, Industrial uses and fertilizer
creation.
Among India's many established industries, the chemical sector stands out for
its long history of consistent expansion. Some of the fastest-growing subsectors of India's
manufacturing sector have been those dealing with chemicals and related products. While
industrialized nations use 40 kg of sulfuric acid per capita per year, India consumes just
approximately 5 kg. This disparity highlights the chemical industry's perceived growth
barometer. In our seed to plant at Warangal, AP, we are processing the paddy, Maize and
Sun flower seeds with 130 MTPD capacity of each to produce the KPR brands standard
Quality for the farmers to get the excess yield.

31
 HYBRID SUNFLOWER:
• 2 G Seed for Acre
• Duration of Crop 95-120 Days
• Plants Spaced Two Feet Aside
• 2-Foot Rowing Distance
• Fertilisers N-P-K 32-36-12

PADDY SEEDS:
• 25-30 Kgs seed per Acre
• Crop Duration Khariff 150 Days
• Rabi 120 Days
• MTU 1010,1001,1061,7029,3626
• BPT 5204,JJL 1798,IR 64 etc.

FEED & PHARMA:

In our Feed and Pharma Plant, we produce the Di Calcium Phosphate50 MTPD
Feed grade and Pharma/Dentifrice grade 30 MTPD.We also produce the Mineral
Mixtures for Poultry and cattle feed ingredient from our in house Di calcium Phosphate.

KPR’DCP – FEED & PHARMA DIVISION:

Calcium and Phosphorous are the two vital nutrients for healthy body.Di –
calcium phosphate Mono calcium phosphate considered being good source of calcium
and phosphorus and subjected the toxic element and heavy metal/ fluorine should be
within permissible prescribed limit. Our state of art plant maintaining the optimum level
of production procedures to produces highest Bio-available DCP.

Key Features of our Feed & Pharma Division:

We India we are the only one DCP manufactures having our own Sulphur melting
plant hence use virgin quality of sulphuric acid for our Feed & Pharma product. Our
products does not manufactured by any spent/effluent acid of other plant which in general
content hazardous chemical/unidentified toxic element/pesticide residues etc.
We use very safe and pure quality of input raw material to provide safe product
to customer. We also keep heavy metals/fluorine under prescribed BIS limit. Our product
does not contain any undigested rock phosphate.

32
 product does not contain any organic/microbes impurity. We have ISI mark for
DCP- Animal feed grade and mineral Mixture for cattle.
PESTICIDES:
Cypermethrin 25% E.C.
▪ Crops:Cotton, Groundnut,Brinjal,Citrus,Bhendi.
▪ Insects:Leaf Folder,Lucern,Caterpillar,Leaf Miner
▪ Dosage/Acre:150-200 ml(1ml/1li water)

Triazophos 40% E.C.

▪ Crops:Paddy,Cotton,Vegetable,Flowering plants,Coconut
▪ Insects:LeafRoller,Borer,Aphid,Jassid,Thrips,Whitefly,Bollworm,Fruit borers.
▪ Dosage/Acre:400-500ml(2.5ml/1lt water)

Indoxacorb14.5%S.C.
▪ Crops:Cotton,cabbage.
▪ Insects: Red cotton bug,Dusky cotton bug
▪ Dosage/Acre:200-250ml(1ml/1lt water)

ACTIVITY :
The main activity of the company is manufacturing of pesticides and fertilizers
which have huge market potential both in domestic and overseas markets. The company
mainly deals in the manufacturing of the following products.

WIND POWER
Alternative energy sources were developed in response to oil constraints in the
1970s.In the 1990s, there was a resurgence of environmental consciousness in reaction
to research showing that our planet's climate might change if we keep using fossil fuels.In
many parts of the nation, wind power is a cost-effective option for electricity generation.
Because they don't burn fuel to create electricity, wind power plants—also known
as wind farms—do not contribute to pollution in the air or water.The capacity for wind
power in the US has grown significantly over the last decade, thanks to rising prices of
fossil fuels (particularly coal and natural gas) and rising public concern about emissions
from their production.
The major application of wind energy nowadays is to produce electricity. Since
wind will continue to blow while the sun is shining, it may be considered a renewable
energy source.

33
 The Sanganer K.P.R Wind Unit, Tamil Nādu, India’s southern peninsular region
in Tamil Nadu is blessed with more than 650MW of installed capacity. This Wind farm
comprises of Suzlom’s time tested wind turbines of 350KW,600KW,1250KW and
1500KW.
The wind power potential is among the finest. Because of its unusual geography,
which experiences two monsoon seasons annually, the windy season lasts for a longer
time. The Sankaneri wind farm in Suzlon serves as the host destination.
The K.P.R Wind Unit is generating 3 MW power and fully grid to the Tamil Nadu
Electricity Board, Tamil Nadu Government of India.
How Wind Speeds Are Distributed:
Wind speeds vary, thus it's not possible to use an average to predict how much
power a wind turbine may generate in a particular area. It is common practice to fit a
probability distribution function to observed data in order to evaluate the frequency of
wind speeds at a certain place. Variations in wind speed distributions might be expected
at various places.
GRID MANAGEMENT:
Substations used in wind power collecting systems include large capacitor banks
to rectify power factor, since induction generators, which are often employed in these
projects, need reactive power for excitation. To guarantee predictable and stable behavior
during system faults (Low voltage ride through), transmission system operators must
conduct extensive modeling of the dynamic electromechanical characteristics of a new
wind farm.
This is because different types of wind turbine generators behave differently
during transmission grid disturbances. One major difference between induction and
steam or hydro turbine-driven synchronous generators is that the former can maintain
system voltage even when faults occur, while the latter cannot. When it comes to
connecting to the grid, doubly-fed wind turbines with solid-state converters installed
between the generator and collector system seem to be the best option.
In order to outline the necessary specifications for connecting to the transmission
grid, operators of transmission systems will provide developers of wind farms with a grid
code.In the event of a system failure, this will include power factor, frequency stability,
and the dynamic behavior of the wind farm's turbines.

34
 SPIRIT OF KPR:
We set out on our mission with the zeal of entrepreneurs, fueled by the insatiable
need for new ideas. Hard work pays off in the end. As long as everyone pitches in with
their best effort and an unparalleled feeling of urgency, we can become a world-class
leader.
• Entrepreneurship and innovation
• gaining an edge over competitors by using creative thinking effectively
• Anxiety about not having enough time
• quick-witted, laser-focused, adaptable, and learning company.
• Everyone put their hand up and did their part.
• Every employee is given the chance to make a significant impact and achieve success
according to their own merit.
• Integrity in Performance
• Building trust both inside the company and with individuals by fulfilling promises.
• Passionate individuals.
• Enabling and motivating people to perform at their highest level.
• Responsibility for results.
• Focus on the essential few performance areas and you will be rewarded if your
expectations are clear.
• The interest of GSK is aligned.
• We are one cohesive unit, working together toward our goal with a shared vision and
coordinated approach.
• Grow oneself and others around you.
• An organization-wide expectation of the capacity to learn throughout one's career.
People who drive KPR vehicles:
We are up against other great organizations in our sector, each with its own
talented employees and dogged pursuit of success. In order to maintain a competitive
advantage, how can we, as a firm, plan to succeed in the five key areas that drive our
business?

35
PLANNING AND PERSPECTIVE:
“Quality-Innovation-Commitment” is our company's motto. We prioritize
providing top-notch goods and service. Everyone is cordially invited to visit our office
for business discussions. We have a team of employees with a wealth of academic and
practical knowledge, and we employ a lot of well-known specialists. Our firm has
established strong links of technical cooperation with hundreds of scientific research
units and institutions, which provides us with significant support and guarantees that our
goods will continue to be of the highest quality. Our employees have a broad range of
specializations, and we have state-of-the-art equipment. At home, our goods are well-
respected for their consistent excellence.

QUALITY POLICY:
"Our goal at K.P.R fertilizers limited is to provide our customers with the most
efficient and cost-effective products possible by constantly improving our resources and
working systems. We focus on meeting the changing needs of the market as a supplier of
fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, chemicals, and animal nutrients."
The product or service's quality determines the company's success in a highly
competitive market.

The company's policy on quality:

For the following reasons:
• To guarantee that all customers, both internal and external, get services and products
that fully satisfy their societal, efficiency, and quality requirements?
• To consistently and reliably fulfill these criteria.
• To institute a quality-first policy across the board for all company operations.
• Seeking improvements in service level, cost, and quality on an ongoing basis.
• Preserve the ecosystem in which they operate and practice resource conservation
wherever feasible.
• For the company as a whole to see quality as everyone's duty and work toward that goal.
• To ensure that all workers are working in a safe environment.
As a model of "total quality management," they take the initiative to upgrade
processes, improve general cleanliness, and provide quality training. Their goal is to
make customers happy, therefore they've been raising the bar on performance indicators

36
 including first-time satisfaction, customer complaint rate, and non-product metrics. They
are devoted to meeting requirements the first time, every time, and that quality is the most
important need in all of their business processes.

Policy on Safety:
• KPR AGROCHEMICALS is dedicated to doing business in a way that prioritizes
environmental preservation on a global scale.Among our most important company goals
is ensuring everyone's safety on the job. We also think that
• It is possible to avoid injuries.
• Injury prevention is the shared responsibility of management and workers.
• Preventing accidents is excellent for business.
• It is a requirement of employment to work in a safe manner.
• Maintaining a high standard of health and safety performance is an organization-wide
priority.
• Safeguarding against harm and disease.
• That all relevant safety laws and regulations are followed.
• Responsible and safe operation of the plant based on a thorough risk assessment.
• As a cornerstone of their strategy for commercial success, the organization will strive for
excellence in occupational hygiene and safety.

OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY:

• Providing a product with good quality.

• Satisfying needs of consumers.
• Following policies i.e., Quality policies and safety policies.

One of the biggest and most prominent manufacturers of agrochemical goods in

India, KPR group includes KPR AGROCHEMICALS limited, which produces a variety
of high-tech fertilizers. environmentally friendly products. Our company has six
manufacturing units in south Indian market.
Our range of products –NPK fertilizers, Single Super Phosphate, Sulphuric Acid,
Feed & Pharma, Seeds, Pesticides Unit includes Insecticides, Fungicides Herbicides.
The company has stick to the rule of providing high quality chemicals product to
domestic and overseas market, supported by our experienced technical team, strong
37
 manufacturing capability, flexible devoted personal.
Sulfuric acid was an immediate hit in India, where supplies were consistently low.
The management anticipated the need for an additional facility in India to accommodate
the product's increasing demand, so they conducted extensive studies to choose an
appropriate site.
• Sulfur, a key ingredient in sulfuric acid synthesis, is abundant and easily accessible.
• Labor is inexpensive.
• Water, a natural resource, is readily available
• The closeness to the largest southern market
• The government, which is both passionate and cooperative.

CHART OF ORGANIZATIONS:
The Site Director is responsible for running the manufacturing facility and reports
to the VP of operations at headquarters. Each department head reports to the Site Director
and is responsible for a certain aspect of running the facility.

PRODUCTION:
• Koppal plant produces broadly three products in its unit.
• Single Super Phosphate,
• NPK,
• Dicalcium Phosphate,
• Sulphuric Acid,
• Horlicks manufacturing section consist of five production lines.

PRODUCTION LINES:
The plant has five lines of production of which two are dedicated to sulphuric acid
production and the other three are used to produce Single super
phosphate,NPK,Dicalcium Phosphate per the demand and production schedule. The plant
runs three shifts 365 days a year. The rated plant capacity is 56 batches per day, but the
actual production varies between 40 to 45 batches. Each batch corresponds to 1275kgs
of Sulphuric acid or 1000kgs of Single Super Phosphate,NPK,Dicalcium Phosphate.
THE PROCESS:

➢ Finished goods are transported to the packing stations

➢ From the packing station products are taken to each one of the canteen stores departments
(CSD) outlets.

38
 The work of Regional Sales Officers (RSO) located in the four metropolitan cities after
the production process is complete. In other words they ensure that the products are
distributed from the depots to whole Present Business Activities of Fertilizers Division:
KPR AGROCHEMICALS Private Limited has been set up with a
capital expenditure of Rs.101.38 crores availing a term loan of Rs 75.70 crores and has
working capital facilities with Andhra Bank. The Company has two units, one in Andhra
Pradesh and the other unit is in Karnataka State.
➢ sealer and retailers.

39
 THE AGGREGATE MANUFACTURING CAPACITIES OF THE
COMPANY, PRODUCT WISE ARE:

PRODUCTS LICENCED INSTALLED PRESENT

OPERATING

Pesticides - - -
Single Super - 600 TPD 65%
Phosphate(SSP)powder

NPK - 540 TPD 65%

DCP - 50 TPD 65%
Sulphuric Acid - 200 TPD 70%
DMS 30 TPD 65%
Alum 30 TPD 65%
CSA 30 TPD 65%
Power plant 20 MW 20MW 80%
Units in Karnataka
SSP - 150 TPD 60%
NPK Mixtures - 300 TPD 60%
DCP - 30 TPD 65%
Sulphuric Acid 200 TPD 70%
DMS 30 TPD 65%
Alum 30 TPD 65%

Expansion Plan OF KPR FERTILISERS PRIVATE LIMITED:

The KPR Company has drawn business plans for the next two year which include
capacity expansion at Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka Divisions and product
diversification in a big way. The business plan is proposed as under

40
PRODUCT CAPACITY
ANDHRA PRADESH
Di methyl sulphate 30 TPD
Alum 30 TPD
Chloro Sulphonic Acid 30 TPD
Power generation (Gas based) 20 TPD
KARNATAKA
Di methyl Sulphate 30 TPD
Alum 30 TPD
Sulphuric Acid 200 TPD
DCP 30 TPD

HEALTH:
The reference doctors are: Pothu Raju hospital at Biccavolu for Biccavolu
fertilizers unit and also KVR hospital at Rayavaram.
The KPR Group has its own Ambulance for medical care.
Prioritizing the needs of our clients:
By increasing farmer productivity via forward integration, KPR Group aspires to
have the most happy client base, in understanding that company is founded on quality
and honesty.
• Make high-quality items that provide excellent value for the money.
• Create new things so that consumers are satisfied.
• Practice in an ethical, transparent, and fair manner.
KPR Welfare Measures:
Various welfare initiatives have been implemented by the KPR group in an effort
to enhance the overall working conditions. The following are listed:
• Facilities for Drinking Water.
• There are first aid boxes in many places.
• Head protection, such as helmets.
• Facilities for transportation.
• Facilities for the cafeteria.

41
 CHAPTER-IV

THEORETICAL FRAME WORK

 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK OF
CAPITAL BUDGETING

Large investments in assets with a lengthy lifespan are the main focus of
capital budgeting. Property, plant, and equipment are examples of physical assets,
whereas innovations in technology, patents, and trademarks are examples of intangible
assets. Investments in the steps that lead to new technologies and products—including
research, design, development, and testing—could be considered investments in
intangible assets as well. Two characteristics separate a capital investment project from
ongoing expenses, regardless of the nature of the assets being invested (tangible or
intangible). The first is the sheer size of these undertakings. The second is that the
advantages or cash flows from such initiatives often don't materialize for quite some time.
The effects of large, long-term investments in both physical and immaterial assets are not
immediately apparent. The strategic position of the business in the future will be
determined by an investment made now.
These investments also significantly affect the cash flows and risks that the
company will face in the future. Therefore, capital budgeting choices are crucial to the
success of the company and have far-reaching effects on its performance.

42
 Investment choices in capital expenditures are made via the process of capital
budgeting. A capital expenditure is a non-negotiable, long-term investment on an asset
whose return is anticipated to occur at a later date. Investment choices with a longer time
horizon are also known as capital expenditure decisions.
The decision to allocate funds to a certain long-term project is part of the capital
budgeting process, which also includes the management of capital expenditures.
Investment choices using present finances for future rewards make capital budgeting a
difficult procedure.

Process of capital budgeting:-

1. Project generation: Various levels within a corporation may generate investment

ideas of different sorts. There are a few possible classifications for the investment
proposal.
a) a plan to expand the product range with a new project.
b) A plan to increase production of an already established product line.
c) Suggestions for cutting expenses within the current system, from the highest levels of
management all the way down to the lowest-level employees. Both systematic and
unplanned approaches might be used to generate the suggestions.
2. There are two phases to the project evaluation process.
a) calculating potential gains and losses. It is essential to quantify the costs and benefits
in terms of cash flows.
b) Choosing a suitable metric to evaluate the project's attractiveness
3. Choose a project: upper management may have the last say on the project's
approval since capital budgeting choices are so consequential. Nevertheless, initiatives
undergo thorough screening on several levels.

43
1. Project execution:- Once all investment ideas have been finalized, the funds
are set aside for capital expenditure. Spending must adhere to the allocations specified in
the capital budget, which is the responsibility of the project execution committee or upper
management.

44
 Prerequisite independent Mutual Exclusive

Strong
substitute

Strong
complement

Weak
complement

Weak
substitute

• Replacement
• Contingent investment proposals

Independent:- This encompasses all investment plans that are currently being
reviewed by the company's management for various responsibilities. Examples of
independent investment suggestions include investments in equipment, autos, buildings,
parking lots, entertainment, and so on. Every one of these initiatives is considered
independently and accepted based on its own merits.
Dependent:- The decisions on one project effect in certain way the decisions on other
projects if they are dependent.

Mutual exclusive:- These kind of proposing connote those proposals which represent
alternative methods of doing the same job. In case of proposal is accepted , the need to
accept the other is ruled out

45
 Replacements are the planned investments in new, more modern equipment to
replace older, less efficient machinery.
Proposals for contingent investments: - The usefulness of certain initiatives
depends on external factors. Management of a company may be thinking of building staff
housing and a cooperative store if they follow the example of others. The need of the
store disappears if the decision is not to construct quarters. Workers will be unable to
make any purchases if management opts to build quarters but no stores. These initiatives
are considered dependent.

46
Techniques for assessing investment proposals or creating capital budgets:
Every moment, companies get a plethora of investment ideas for various initiatives.
Unfortunately, there is never enough money in the company's coffers to put money into
every single idea. Because of this, picking the most beneficial suggestions from among all
the competing ones is crucial.

47
 Methods of evaluating profitability of capital investment proposals. The
various methods are:

1. Traditional Method
• Payback period Method
One way to calculate the return on investment (ROI) of a long-term investment is
using the payback period, often known as the pay of period approach. The idea behind
this approach is that in time, the extra money made by capital assets would cover the cost
of the expenditure. The time it takes for the project's increased earnings to pay the initial
cost of the worker is therefore measured by this metric.
The payback period is equal to the initial investment divided by the yearly cash
inflows.
Earnings before depreciation and taxes are the yearly cash inflows shown here.
The ROI (Return on Investment) Method
This approach considers the anticipated returns from the investment across its full
lifespan. One name for this approach is the accounting rate of return technique. In this
system, the rate of return or profits is used to rank the different initiatives. Among
competing projects, the one with the greater rate of return is ultimately chosen.

48
 You may calculate the annual rate of return by dividing the net investment into
the project by the average annual earnings. To get the average annual profits, divide the
total profits over the project life by the project's duration.
To calculate net investment, add up all of the investments made before, during,
and after a project.-The worth of scrap, if any
The benefits
• It's straightforward to compute and comprehend.
• Rather of relying just on the earning up to pack back technique, it incorporates all project
earnings into the rate of return calculation.
• Simple to determine using financial data, as this approach is based on accounting
principles of profit.
Negative aspects
• The temporal worth of money is disregarded by this strategy, similar to the payback
method.
• The accounting gains are more significant than the cash flows, which are not considered.
• It doesn't take into account when the gains are made.
• You can't use this approach if you want to invest in a project that's already in the past.
2. The Discounting or Time-Adjusted Approach
• The Strategy of Net Present Value
One up-to-date way to assess investment offers is using the Net Present Value
approach. This approach seeks to determine investment returns by factoring in the time
element, which takes the time value of money into account. By discounting these cash
inflows and outflows by the firm's cost of capital, we may get the Net Present Value of
the project throughout its full lifetime, year by year. Acceptance of the plan is possible if
the net present value is zero or positive, which occurs when the present value of the cash
outflow is less than the present value of the cash inflow. Rejection of the proposal is
necessary if the reverse is true.

NPV=PRESENT VALUE OF CASH INFLOWS-

INITIAL INVESTMENT

49
 Advantages:

When assessing investment proposals, the Net Present Value Method has the
following benefits:
Recognizing the same temporal value of money, it works well when there is a
consistent outflow of funds and an equal intake of funds at various times.
It considers the profits made during the project's lifetime, allowing one to assess
the investment proposal's genuine profitability.
It considers the goal of achieving the highest possible profit.
Negative aspects:
The following restrictions are associated with the NPV method:
• The net present value method is more challenging to comprehend and use in
comparison to the older methods.
• When comparing projects with different lifespans, it may not be beneficial to have a
project with a larger net present value but a shorter asset life, or vice versa. This is
because projects with different lifespans may not provide the same outcomes.
• When comparing projects with uneven investments of finances, it may not provide
satisfactory findings.
• Choosing the right discount rate is a challenging task.
• The trial-and-error approach known as the internal rate return technique
Current capital budgeting practices also include the Internal Rate of Return
(IRR) approach, which considers the TVM. The time-adjusted rate of return technique
is another name for it, along with discounted rate of return method, trail and error yield
method, and other others. A project's net present value may be calculated using the net
present value approach by discounting its future cash flows at a predetermined rate,
often known as the cut-off rate. The internal rate of return approach, on the other hand,
uses a reasonable degree of trial and error to discount a project's cash flows. This means
that the investment amount is equal to the net present values that were computed in the
same way.
Integrated return on investment (IRR)= total cash inflows divided by economic life of
the project

50
 Advantages:
• Similar to the LPP technique, it considers the time value of money and may be utilized
effectively in situations with both even and uneven cash flows across distinct time
periods.
• It allowed for the assessment of genuine profitability as it took the project's profitability
into account during its whole academic lifespan.
• Unlike the NPV technique, this one does not need determining the cost of capital,
making it superior. In cases when it is difficult to ascertain the cost of capital.
• The rate of return is used to consistently rank different offers.
• This approach may also be compacted with the goal of maximizing. Profitability and is
regarded to be more dependable approaches of capital budgeting.
Negative aspects:
• The most challenging aspect of this process of evaluating investment offers is how
tough it is to grasp.
• It is not appropriate to assume that earnings are reinvested at the internal rate of return
over the duration of the project, which is the basis of this strategy. This is especially
true if the firm's average rate of return is not directly related to its internal rate of return.
• When the projects being evaluated vary in size, lifespan, and timing of cash flows, the
results of the NPV and IRR methods could change.
Profitability index Method (discounted benefit cost ratio):

It is also a way to evaluate the investment proposal that takes time into account.
The link between the current value of cash inflow and cash outflow is known as the
profitability index or benefit cost ratio.
The present value of the cash inflow divided by the present value of the cash ou
tflow is the expression P.I.
If the profitability index is more than one, the plan is approved. If it is less than
one, the proposal is rejected. This strategy ranks the projects according to their priority,
with those with higher profitability indices being prioritized above those with lower ones.

51
Advantages:
The Net Present Value approach is somewhat tweaked to create this approach.
One big problem with the NPV approach is that it's not possible to rank projects based
on this method. This is especially true when the costs of the projects varies greatly. In
this case, the profitability index method is the best way to assess the projects.
Negative aspects:
The most challenging aspect of this process of evaluating investment offers is
how tough it is to grasp.
It is not appropriate to assume that earnings are reinvested at the internal rate of
return over the duration of the project, which is the basis of this strategy. This is
especially true if the firm's average rate of return is not directly related to its internal rate
of return.
When the projects being evaluated vary in size, lifespan, and timing of cash flows,
the results of the NPV and IRR methods could change.

52
 CHAPTER-V

DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION
 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

PAYBACK PERIOD
The typical usage of this payback time is to determine the number of years
required to recoup the initial expenditure. Both time and profitability are disregarded by
this payback period. Whether or if the original investment is profitable is of little concern.
Return on investment (ROI) = initial investment / yearly cash flows (assuming all
cash flows are uniform)
We compute the payback time by adding together all of the cash flows from each
year if they are not uniform.
Net income during the year = PAT + Dep Profit after tax (PAT) is the same as
depreciation (Dep).

53
 Computation Pay Back Period

60000
50000
40000
30000
Series5
20000 Series4
10000 Series3
0 Series2
Series1

The payback time may be determined by adding up the cumulative yearly cash
flows, which are not uniform in the table above.
The starting capital required is 13,220.20 lakhs.

INTERPRETATION:

With an initial investment of Rs. 132,20.20 lakhs, the firm should be able to recoup its
costs within three years and seven months.

54
 ACCOUNTING RATE OF RETURN :
Accounting rate of return, or ARR, is a measure of a company's financial
performance. Typically, the predicted profits from an investment over the full term are
used to calculate the annualized rate of return (ARR).
Annualized Rate of Return (ARR) = Average yearly Profits / Average investment
x 100.
The formula for calculating average yearly profit is to divide the total profit by
the number of years. You may calculate the average investment by dividing the initial
investment by 2.

Accounting rate of return, or ARR, is a measure of a company's financial

performance. Typically, the predicted profits from an investment over the full term
are used to calculate the annualized rate of return (ARR).
Annualized Rate of Return (ARR) = Average yearly Profits / Average
investment x 100.
The formula for calculating average yearly profit is to divide the total profit
by the number of years. You may calculate the average investment by dividing the
initial investment by 2.
= 710.97+1132.88+4065.21+5711.05+6355.05/5
=3595.032

55
Annual Return on Investment (ARR)= Average Annual Profits/Average Investment x 100 =
13220.20 divided by Initial Investment/2, which is 6610.1.
=3595.032/6610.1x100
=0.5438 x 100
=54.386%

Computation of Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2024 2025 2026 2027 2028

INTERPRETATION:

Finding out how profitable the investment suggestions are is the reason for
doing this ARR analysis.
The average return on investment is shown in the table above.
Typically, the predicted profits from the investment over the full term are
used to calculate the annualized rate of return (ARR). Conclusion: The KPR has
an average rate of return of 54.386%.
The current net worth:
Net present value is abbreviated below as NPV. You may hear it referred
to as the discounted cost benefit ratio or net present value technique. The present
value of cash flows is calculated using this approach, which assumes a needed
discounting factor.

56
Index of Profitability:
Another name for the profitability index is the benefit-cost ratio. In many
ways, it resembles the net present value approach. By calculating the present value
of all cash inputs and outflows, the net present value approach allows us to get the
net present value. When comparing NPV with PI, there is none other than By
subtracting expenditures from revenues, we arrive at the net present value (NPV)
of an investment. In contrast, the present value of future cash flows is divided by
the original investment to get the present value of PI using the PI technique.
The present value of cash inflows is calculated using this approach, which
assumes a needed discounting factor.
The project is approved if the net present value (NPV) is positive;
otherwise, it is refused. Our proposal is approved if the net present value is greater
than zero.
We reject the proposal if the net present value is less than zero. The project
is considered approved if the PI is more than 1. The proposal is rejected if PI is
less than 1.

57
 Subtract the original cash expenditure from the present value of cash inflows to
get the net present value. first investment= first monetary outlay
A company's net present value
NPV is the present value of cash inflows less the original cash expenditure.
equals 2716.68 minus 13220.20
Profitability Index= Initial Capital Outlay/Present Value of Cash Inflows
With an NPV of 27,16.68 and a PI of 1.20, the final result is

8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2024 2025 2026 2027 2028

58
INTERPRETATION:

You can see the 5-year NPV and PI in the table up there.
Cash flow present values are calculated using the NPV and PI procedures.
Using the discounting factor, these approaches compute the present values of cash
flows. When calculating the present values of cash flows using the NPV and PI
techniques, we use a discounting factor of 10%.
The present value of cash flows is obtained by multiplying the cash flows
by the discounting factor.
The project's net present value is 27,16.68 In this case, NPV>0.
Therefore, the project is beneficial to the company. The project's Pi value
is 1.20.
Within this context, PI>1.
Therefore, the project is beneficial to the company. This project has been
approved, and the company will benefit from it.

59
 INTERNAL RATE OF RETURNS :

Businesses use the internal rate of return (IRR) as a statistic in capital

planning to determine whether investments are worth making. One more name for
it is rate of return or discounted cash flow rate of return. Unlike the new present
value (NPV), which shows the value of magnitude, it is an indication of the quality
or efficiency of an investment. The internal rate of return (IRR) is the yield on
investment (the rate of return on capital) expressed as an annually effective
compounded rate of return.

Total Present values @ 20%

3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2024 2025 2026 2027 2028

60
INTERPRETATION:

Rs.13220.20 lakhs is the initial investment of the KPR. Company. Finally, the
internal rate of return (IRR) is 14.53%, which is the result of a discrepancy of 1442.46
and 317.9 between the computed current values and the necessary net cash outlay.
At IRR NPV=0, PI=1, as we have used 10% as the discount factor for the cost of
capital. This business is operating with a minimal anticipated return.

CASH FLOWS AFTGER TAX (CFAT)

8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2024 2025 2026 2027 2028

61
In the net present worth table, the rate of 2.29 shows a range of 24–25%. Thus,
let's figure out the CFATs at a 25% and 24% present value.

62
63
 Present value of cash in flows

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
2024 2025 2026 2027 2028

INTERPRETATION:

The Profitability index is 1.20 it is >1. So it is also accepted.

All Techniques are accepted.

64
CHAPTER-V

FINDINGS

SUGGESTIONS

CONCLUSION
 FINDINGS

➢ From the decision making it was observed that the pay back period is 5years 1month but
standard pay back period by KPR is 7years.
➢ Projects are considered acceptable according to the acceptance rule of net present value,
which states that a positive net present value indicates that the project is worth
pursuing.
➢ The suggested expansion project's profitability index is one higher than its positive net
present value, according to the observation.
➢ The analysis concluded that the corporation should use the payback period method for
capital budgeting evaluations.
➢ The analysis found that the project investment outperformed its cost of capital by a
wide margin, yielding an internal rate of return of 10%.
➢ As the company's IRR value is going up, it means that its IRR situation is positive.
➢ By ARR position of the company we conclude that after paid all taxes the company
gains profits every year in an increasing position (or) order.

65
 SUGGESTIONS

• It has been recommended in the research that the corporation should keep the payback
period as if it were current practice.
• Some have proposed that the corporation should aim to keep its net present value positive.
The project should be approved since its net present value is positive.
• Its capital investment request has been approved after it suggested certain methods for
assessing it.
• The current circumstances necessitates that the corporation maintain the internal rate of
return, according to certain suggestions.
• Someone has proposed that the corporation should keep the profitability index the same
way it is right now. Acceptance of the project is possible because the profitability index
exceeds the positive net present value.

66
 CONCLUSION

The revamp projects play an important role to increase the production, Both the
partial revamp and the cdr+mini revamp, as well as the debottlenecking project, will play
a significant part in the company's social and economic development.
To ascertain additional funding needs and future cash flows, financial activities
may be budgeted for using capital budgeting methods such as net present value (NPV),
internal rate of return (IRR), profitability index (ROI), payback period (PR), and
annualized rate of return (ARR).
The connection between time and money may be further solidified via these
monetary pursuits. These projects have huge benefits such as cost reduction, more
production and development works
.By applying these capital budgeting techniques we can conclude that cdr+mini revamp
is best project which can reach the expectations.

67
BIBLIOGRAPHY

WEBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

S No. Referred book Author / Publisher

1. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT I.M.PANDEY
2. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PRASANNA CHANDRA
3. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT KHAN & JAIN

4. ADVANCED MANAGEMENT R.K. SHARMA

WEBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.KPR AGROCHEMICALS LIMITED

http:/ / www.google.com

68
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