Report Date : 31/07/2013 1 / 8

SAFETY DATA SHEET

LIQUID CHLORINE

SECTION 1: IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/MIXTURE AND OF THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING

1.1. Product identifier

Product name LIQUID CHLORINE
Product No. 7010
Synonyms, Trade Names Chlorine
REACH Registration number 01-2119486560-35-xxxx
EU Index No. 017-001-00-7

1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
Identified uses Disinfectant.
Used in the manufacture of: bulk large scale chemicals, formulation of preparations, pulp, paper, paper
products, fine chemicals, non-metallic mineral products, basic metals including alloys, computer,
electronic, optical and electrical equipment, textiles, leather and fur.
Uses advised against None

1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet

Supplier Packed Chlorine Limited
Hampton Court
Manor Park
Runcorn
Cheshire
WA7 1TU, UK
+44 (0)1928 597 090 (General Enquiries)
+44 (0)1928 597 002 (Fax)
sheq@packedchlorine.com

1.4. Emergency telephone number

IN AN EMERGENCY DIAL 999 (UK only) or 112 (EU)
For specialist advice in an emergency telephone Runcorn +44 (0)1928 572000 (24 hr)

SECTION 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture

Classification (EC 1272/2008)
Physical and Chemical Hazards Ox. Gas 1 - H270;Press. Gas, Liquefied - H280
Human health Acute Tox. 2 - H330;Skin Irrit. 2 - H315;Eye Irrit. 2 - H319;STOT SE 3 - H335
Environment Aquatic Acute 1 - H400;Aquatic Chronic 1 - H410
Classification (1999/45/EEC) T;R23. Xi;R36/37/38. N;R50.
The Full Text for all R-Phrases and Hazard Statements are Displayed in Section 16.

2.2. Label elements

Contains CHLORINE
Label In Accordance With (EC) No. 1272/2008

Signal Word Danger

Hazard Statements
H270 May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser.
H280 Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
H315 Causes skin irritation.
H319 Causes serious eye irritation.
H330 Fatal if inhaled.
H335 May cause respiratory irritation.
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LIQUID CHLORINE
H410 Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Precautionary Statements
P273 Avoid release to the environment.
P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P261 Avoid breathing vapour/spray.
P304+340 IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position
comfortable for breathing.
P313 Get medical advice/attention.
P410+403 Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place.

2.3. Other hazards

None

SECTION 3: COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

3.2. Mixtures

CHLORINE 100

CAS-No.: 7782-50-5 EC No.: 231-959-5

Classification (EC 1272/2008) Classification (67/548/EEC)

Ox. Gas 1 - H270 T;R23
Press. Gas, Liquefied - H280 Xi;R36/37/38
Acute Tox. 2 - H330 N;R50
Skin Irrit. 2 - H315
Eye Irrit. 2 - H319
STOT SE 3 - H335
Aquatic Acute 1 - H400
Aquatic Chronic 1 - H410

The Full Text for all R-Phrases and Hazard Statements are Displayed in Section 16.
REACH Registration number 01-2119486560-35-xxxx
EU Index No. 017-001-00-7

SECTION 4: FIRST AID MEASURES

4.1. Description of first aid measures

Inhalation
Remove victim immediately from source of exposure. Provide rest, warmth and fresh air. For breathing difficulties oxygen may be
necessary. Perform artificial respiration if breathing has stopped. Get medical attention. During resuscitation, care must be taken to avoid
contamination by the substance from the patient.
Ingestion
Do not induce vomiting. Get medical attention.
Skin contact
Remove contaminated clothes and rinse skin thoroughly with water. Get medical attention. Care must be taken to prevent the spread of
material from contaminated clothing.
Eye contact
Promptly wash eyes with plenty of water while lifting the eye lids. Continue to rinse for at least 15 minutes and get medical attention.

4.2. Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed
General information
Atmospheric concentrations in excess of the occupational exposure limit may lead to immediate severe irritation of the upper respiratory
airways, intense coughing, choking and bronchospasm (15-20ppm); shortness of breath, chest pain, possible nausea and vomiting
(30ppm). There is some evidence that such exposures may cause bronchial hyperactivity in suscepitible individuals. Unconsciousness and
death may occur following exposure to concentrations above 50ppm, (dependant upon duration of exposure). Chemical tracheo-bronchitis,
pulmonary oedema may appear up to 48 hours after exposure (above 40ppm).

4.3. Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
Remove patient from exposure, keep warm and at rest. Administer oxygen if necessary. Apply artificial respiration if breathing has ceased
or shows signs of failing. Fluid build up on the lung (pulmonary oedema) may occur up to 48 hours after exposure and could prove fatal.

SECTION 5: FIREFIGHTING MEASURES

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LIQUID CHLORINE
5.1. Extinguishing media
Extinguishing media
Use fire-extinguishing media appropriate for surrounding materials. Keep fire exposed containers cool by spraying with water. Use water
with caution, chlorine in water can be very corrosive. Do NOT spray on to leaking containers.
Unsuitable extinguishing media
None known.

5.2. Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture

Specific hazards
Non-combustible. Oxidising agent; may assist combustion. Mixtures of chlorine and hydrogen are explosive over a wide range of
concentrations. See also under 'Hazardous Reactions'.

5.3. Advice for firefighters

Protective equipment for fire-fighters
Self contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing must be worn in case of fire.

SECTION 6: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

6.1. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures

Ensure full personal protection (including respiratory protection) during removal of spillages.

6.2. Environmental precautions

Provided it is safe to do so, isolate the source of the leak. Warn people downwind. Spillages or uncontrolled discharges into watercourses
must be IMMEDIATELY alerted to the Environmental Agency or other appropriate regulatory body.

6.3. Methods and material for containment and cleaning up

Contain spillages with sand or earth, cover with polythene sheeting. If foam is applied use a medium density protein foam such as Angus
FP70. Do not allow to enter drains, sewers or watercourses.

6.4. Reference to other sections

For personal protection, see section 8.

SECTION 7: HANDLING AND STORAGE

7.1. Precautions for safe handling

Do not breathe gas. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Wherever possible should be handled in high containment systems. Provide
adequate ventilation, including appropriate local extraction, to ensure that the occupational exposure limit is not exceeded. Keep away
from: Incompatible materials: combustible materials, reducible materials, organic compounds.

7.2. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities

Store in tightly closed original container in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place. Protect from heat and direct sunlight. Keep in original
container.

7.3. Specific end use(s)

None.

SECTION 8: EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION

8.1. Control parameters

Name STD TWA - 8 Hrs STEL - 15 Min Notes

CHLORINE WEL 0.5 ppm 1.5 mg/m3

WEL = Workplace Exposure Limit.

DNEL
Industry Inhalation. Long Term Local Effects 0.75 mg/m3
Industry Dermal Long Term Local Effects 0.5%(w/w)
Industry Inhalation. Long Term Systemic Effects 0.75 mg/m3
Industry Inhalation. Short Term Local Effects 1.5 mg/m3
Industry Inhalation. Short Term Systemic Effects 1.5 mg/m3
Consumer Inhalation. Long Term Local Effects 0.75 mg/m3
Consumer Dermal Long Term Local Effects 0.5%(w/w)
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LIQUID CHLORINE
Consumer Oral Long Term Systemic Effects 0.25 mg/kg/day
Consumer Inhalation. Long Term Systemic Effects 0.75 mg/m3
Consumer. - Inhalation - Short term - Local effects - 1.5 mg/m³ .
Consumer. - Inhalation - Short term - Systemic effects - 1.5 mg/m³
PNEC
Freshwater 0.21 ug/l
Marinewater 0.042 ug/l
Intermittent release 0.26 ug/l
Sediment Unlikely to adsorb.
Terrestrial Compartment - Unlikely to absorb in soil. .
Atmospheric Compartment - No data.

8.2. Exposure controls

Protective equipment

Process conditions
Provide eyewash, quick drench. Use engineering controls to reduce air contamination to permissible exposure level.
Engineering measures
Provide adequate ventilation, including appropriate local extraction, to ensure that the defined occupational exposure limit is not
exceeded. For operations where there is a risk of exposure to chlorine, full protective clothing and suitable respiratory equipment must be
worn.
Respiratory equipment
For high (or unknown) concentrations suitable respiratory equipment with positive air supply must be worn (EN 139 air-line BA or EN 137
self-contained BA). A cartridge/canister full-face mask respirator (EN 136) may be suitable for low concentrations and short exposure times.
Where a cartridge/canister filter is suitable, use: Type B (EN 141) Check with protective equipment manufacturer's data.
Hand protection
Wear protective gloves. Use protective gloves made of: Neoprene. Butyl rubber. Manufactured/tested in accordance with EN 374.
Eye protection
Wear splash-proof eye goggles to prevent any possibility of eye contact. Manufactured/Tested in accordance with EN 166.
Thermal hazards
Use gloves with insulation for thermal protection, when needed.

SECTION 9: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

9.1. Information on basic physical and chemical properties

Appearance Gas (usually supplied as a liquid under pressure).
Colour Yellow green.
Odour Pungent.
Solubility Slightly soluble in water. Soluble in: many organic solvents.
Initial boiling point and boiling range -34
(°C)
Melting point (°C) -101
Relative density 1.468 (liquid density) @ 0°C
Vapour density (air=1) 2.49 @ 20°C
Vapour pressure 6.7 bar @ 20°C
Viscosity 0.35 (liquid) mPas @ 20°C
0.013 (gas) mPa.s @ 20°C
Solubility Value (G/100G 0.74
H2O@20°C)
Odour Threshold, Lower 0.2 - 0.4 ppm
(not sufficient for warning)
Odour Threshold, Upper
ppm
Flash point (°C)
Not applicable.
Flammability Limit - Lower(%) Non-combustible
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LIQUID CHLORINE
Partition Coefficient
(N-Octanol/Water)
Not applicable.

9.2. Other information

Critical Temperature (°C) 144

SECTION 10: STABILITY AND REACTIVITY

10.1. Reactivity
Oxidising agent; may assist combustion.

10.2. Chemical stability

Stable.

10.3. Possibility of hazardous reactions

Can react violently if in contact with many organic materials such as mineral oils and greases (including silicones) and finely divided metals.
Dry chlorine reacts violently with titanium. Forms explosive compounds with alcohols, glycols, ammonia and its compounds. Forms
explosive mixtures with hydrogen over a wide range of concentrations. Can cause an iron/chlorine fire with steel at temperatures over 100
Deg C.

10.4. Conditions to avoid

Keep away from moisture.

10.5. Incompatible materials

Materials To Avoid
Reacts with - ammonia, reducing agents, combustible materials, finely divided metals, acetylene, hydrogen, hydrocarbons, organic
materials.

10.6. Hazardous decomposition products

Hydrogen chloride in the presence of water.

SECTION 11: TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

11.1. Information on toxicological effects

Acute toxicity:
No specific studies available for chlorine gas. Read across from sodium hypochlorite. Value used for Chemical Safety Assessment 1100
mg/kg bw Data from sodium hypochlorite solution, at the highest industrially produced concentration of around 15%, shows low oral
toxicity.
No specific studies available for chlorine gas. Read across from sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite has a very low acute dermal
toxicity. LD50 >2000 mg/kg bw.
A reliable human study showed that an exposure to chlorine up to 1.5 mg/m3 during a few days did not result in an inflammatory effect in
the nose nor show changes in the respiratory function. LC50 values of 900 - 1200 mg/m3 are reported for an exposure of 30 minutes.
Concentrations higher than 3000 mg/m3 may be lethal at shorter periods. LC50 (4 hour) Value used for Chemical Safety Assessment 0.65
mg/l.

Skin Corrosion/Irritation:
Irritating to skin.

Serious eye damage/irritation:

Causes eye irritation.

Respiratory or skin sensitisation:

No data available for chlorine. Read across from sodium hypochlorite. Human Patch testing suggests the material is unlikely to be a skin
sensitiser. Reliable test data indicates that sodium hypochlorite has no potential for skin sensitisation in animals.

Germ cell mutagenicity:

On the basis of a weight of evidence approach, chlorine should not be classified as genotoxic as the majority of the relevant in-vitro and
in-vivo mutagenicity studies were negative.

Carcinogenicity:
Well conducted studies in animals exposed to chlorine by inhalation showed no increase in tumor incidence.
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LIQUID CHLORINE

Reproductive Toxicity:
There is no evidence from animal studies that sodium hypochlorite has any adverse effects on development or fertility.

Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure:

Exposures to concentrations of chlorine > 6.0 mg/m3 will cause irritation of the respiratory tract. Exposure to concentrations >3000 mg/m3
may be lethal.

Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure:

Inhalation : Repeated exposure to chlorine by inhalation, the most relevant route of exposure, causes adverse effects in the respiratory
tract. No systemic effects were observed in repeated dose inhalation studies in animals.

Aspiration hazard:

Not an aspiration hazard.

Inhalation
Irritating to respiratory system.

Skin contact
Irritating to skin.
Eye contact
Irritating to eyes.

SECTION 12: ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

12.1. Toxicity
Acute aquatic toxicity Read across from sodium hypochlorite.
Fish : Fresh water LC50 (96 hour) : 0.06 mg/l , Marine water LC50 (96 hour) : 0.032 mg/l
Aquatic invertebrates: Fresh water EC50 (48 hour) (Daphnia magna) 0.141 mg/l, Marine water EC50 (48 hour) (Crassostrea virginica)
0.026 mg/l
(Algae) NOEC (7 day) Fresh water 0.0021 mg/l
M-factor (Acute) = 100 M-factor (Chronic) = 10

12.2. Persistence and degradability

Chlorine will react readily in the atmosphere, in soil and with organic matter. In water, chlorine will form hypochlorous acid and
hypochlorite at environmental relevant pH. Chlorine discharged to sewer will form chloramines.

12.3. Bioaccumulative potential

Bioaccumulative potential
The product has low potential for bioaccumulation. (log Kow -0.85)
Partition coefficient
Not applicable.

12.4. Mobility in soil

Mobility:
Rapidly dissipates in soil.

12.5. Results of PBT and vPvB assessment

Not Classified as PBT/vPvB by current EU criteria.

12.6. Other adverse effects

The product is substantially removed in biological treatment processes. There is evidence of inhibition to the aerobic treatment process at a
concentration (mg/l) of 0.05 mg/l Highly toxic to sewage micro-organisms. Can cause damage to vegetation.

SECTION 13: DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS

13.1. Waste treatment methods

Chlorine may be absorbed in an alkaline solution (caustic soda or sodium carbonate). Dispose of contents in accordance with local
authority or national legislation requirements.

SECTION 14: TRANSPORT INFORMATION

Air Transport Notes Forbidden for transport by air.

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LIQUID CHLORINE

14.1. UN number

UN No. (ADR/RID/ADN) 1017

UN No. (IMDG) 1017

UN No. (ICAO) 1017

14.2. UN proper shipping name

Proper Shipping Name CHLORINE

14.3. Transport hazard class(es)

ADR/RID/ADN Class 2

ADR Label No. 2.3 + 5.1 + 8

IMDG Class 2.3

Transport Labels

TOXIC
OXIDIZING CORROSIVE GAS
AGENT
5.1 8 2

14.4. Packing group

14.5. Environmental hazards

Environmentally Hazardous Substance/Marine Pollutant

14.6. Special precautions for user

Tunnel Restriction Code (C/D)

14.7. Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC Code

Not applicable.

SECTION 15: REGULATORY INFORMATION

15.1. Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture
Uk Regulatory References
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (S.I 2002 No. 2677) with amendments.
Guidance Notes
COSHH Essentials: Easy steps to control chemicals - Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations HSG193.
EU Legislation
Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 CLP. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 REACH.
National Regulations
The substance is listed in the following International Inventories or exempt: AICS (AU) DSL (CA) IECSC (CN) TSCA (US) KECL NZIOc
PICCS EINECS/ELINCS Switzerland
Water hazard classification
WGK 2

15.2. Chemical Safety Assessment

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LIQUID CHLORINE
A chemical safety assessment has been carried out.

SECTION 16: OTHER INFORMATION

General information
Only trained personnel should use this material.
Revision Comments
This is first issue.
Issued By Compliance Department
Safety Data Sheet Status Approved.
Date 26-Jul-13
Risk Phrases In Full
R36/37/38 Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
R23 Toxic by inhalation.
R50 Very toxic to aquatic organisms.
Hazard Statements In Full
H270 May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser.
H280 Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
H315 Causes skin irritation.
H319 Causes serious eye irritation.
H330 Fatal if inhaled.
H335 May cause respiratory irritation.
H400 Very toxic to aquatic life.
H410 Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.

Disclaimer
This information relates only to the specific material designated and may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other materials
or in any process. Such information is, to the best of the company's knowledge and belief, accurate and reliable as of the date indicated. However,
no warranty guarantee or representation is made to its accuracy, reliability or completeness. It is the user's responsibility to satisfy themselves as
to the suitability of such information for his own particular use.
 Liquid Chlorine: CAS: 7782-50-5

Section 1 Exposure Scenario: Worker

Title Manufacture of chlorine

Sector of Use SU8, SU10

Process Category PROC1, PROC2 PROC3, PROC4, PROC8a, PROC8b, PROC9, PROC15

Environmental release Category ERC1, ERC2

Processes, tasks, activities covered Production, Maintenance, Sampling, Packing

ES Exposure Criteria OEL: 0.5 ppm (1.5 mg/m³) – 15 min STEL

Section 2 Operational conditions and risk management measures

Product characteristics
Physical form of product Liquefied gas; Concentration of substance in product: circa. 100 %
Section 2.1 Control of worker exposure
Operational conditions

Amounts used Amounts used vary between ml (sampling) and m3 (material transfer).
Duration [1 Worker]: > 4 hour(s)/ shift; Frequency of use [1 Worker]: 220
Frequency and duration of use
days/Year(s).
Human factors not influenced by Respiration volume under conditions of use: 10 m3/8 hour(s)/ days (light activity).
risk management Body weight: 70 kg (Worker).

Other given Operational Conditions

Production can take place either indoors or outdoors at ambient temperature.
affecting worker exposure
Direct releases of chlorine to the atmosphere are to be avoided. The use of caustic
scrubbers or equivalent measures on vents is required. Break-in to any system
containing chlorine should not take place until after it has been emptied, purged,
completely degassed, shut-off via blind flange and disconnected. A monitoring alarm
Technical conditions and measures
system must be in place to detect leaking chlorine gas. Loading and unloading:
at process level (source) to prevent
Gaseous chlorine is usually transferred via pipelines to on-site users. In this case,
release
chlorine is filled into the reaction vessel through closed systems, while off-gases from
the reactor are treated before release to the atmosphere. When tankers or cylinders
are used for smaller production processes, the chlorine should be transferred
through loading stations adapted to the size of the vessel.
Plants should be equipped with chlorine detectors at appropriate locations. Such
detectors can generally detect 0.1 ppmV and have a pre-alarm level and an alarm
level of up to 5.0 ppmV. The measuring device used for chlorine monitoring is an
Technical conditions and measures
electrochemical sensor, which is sensitive not only to chlorine, but also to other
to control dispersion from source
chlorinated substances present in the air. The concentration of chlorine measured in
towards the worker
the atmosphere of a Chlor-Alkali plant may take into account any additional
chlorinated substances that are present. Ensure that there is sufficient air exchange
and/or exhaust in work rooms and appropriate exhaust ventilation at machinery.
Organisational measures to prevent Ensure that all personnel are trained. The safety procedures and protective
/limit releases, dispersion and equipment to be used to prevent dermal and inhalation exposure should be
exposure determined by the plant supervisor and documented in the work permit.
Chlorine is produced in a closed system, and during normal working procedures,
exposure to chlorine will occur only in case of leaks or during maintenance,
loading/filling operations and use in the laboratory. Liquefaction, storage and loading
areas must be equipped with chlorine detectors. All workers in the plant must receive
specific training in emergency procedures in case of leaks.

Atmospheric levels should be controlled in compliance with the occupational

exposure limit. For operations where there is a risk of exposure to chlorine above the
OEL, full protective clothing (Level 1) and suitable respiratory equipment must be
Conditions and measures related to
worn. Self-contained breathing apparatus must be used for emergency operations.
personal protection, hygiene and
Personal protective equipment (PPE) should always be used when on the plant as a
health evaluation
precautionary measure: safety glasses, safety shoes, overalls, escape mask.

Personal protection equipment:

Respiratory protection
For high (or unknown) concentrations, suitable respiratory equipment with positive air
supply must be worn. A cartridge/canister full-face mask respirator may be suitable
for low concentrations and short exposure times. Where a cartridge/canister filter is
suitable, use Type B. Check adequacy with protective equipment manufacturer's

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 Liquid Chlorine: CAS: 7782-50-5

data.
Use only respiratory protection that conforms to international/national standards.

Hand protection
Impervious gloves.
Recommended: Neoprene, Butyl rubber (non-recommended materials: PVC,
Polyethylene).

Eye Protection
Wear protective eyewear (goggles, face shield, or safety glasses).

Skin protection
Wear suitable protective clothing.
Wear solvent-resistant apron and boots. (Neoprene)

Other:
Guarantee that the eye flushing systems and safety showers are located close to the
working place.
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Wash contaminated clothing before
reuse.
Consult the industrial hygienist or the safety manager for the selection of personal
protective equipment suitable for the working conditions.

During the manufacture of chlorine, exposure is most likely due to unforeseen events
Additional good practice advice i.e. failure of lines/joints etc. to contain the chlorine. Such events would be
beyond the REACH CSA Emergencies and would be attended to by trained personnel wearing PPE and RPE
appropriate to the conditions they are working under.

Section 2.2 Control of environmental exposure

Operational conditions
Contributing scenario Manufacturing
Operational Conditions
Frequency and duration of use Continuous use/release: 365 days/Year(s)
Environmental factors not influenced by risk
management
Rivers: 10
Coastal zones (default) 100
Other Operational Conditions of use affecting Available chlorine in effluent is measured as total residual
environmental exposure chlorine (TRC).
Technical conditions and measures at process level There is practically no release to waste water and soil. Upon
(source) to prevent release contact with water, chlorine is converted into hypochlorous acid,
which is destroyed rapidly in contact with organic as well as
inorganic material. Chlorine will also readily volatilise to air,
where it will degrade due to photolysis.
Technical onsite conditions and measures to reduce or limit Avoid release to the environment. In the event of any gas leak,
discharges, air emissions and releases to soil immediately notify the appropriate authorities.
Organizational measures to prevent / limit release from site All personnel are to be trained in the relevant procedures.
Conditions and measures related to municipal sewage Size of STP: 2000 m3/days (default)
treatment plant
Conditions and measures related treatment of waste Waste treatment methods
Disposal should be in accordance with local, state or national
legislation.
Absorb the product in an alkaline solution (caustic soda or
sodium carbonate).
Reduce the product with sulfite, pyrosulfite or alkaline thiosulfate.
Packaging waste
Use dedicated containers to avoid unnecessary treatment
processes. Ensure that packaging containers are completely dry
prior to use.
Conditions and measures related to external recovery of None
waste

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 Liquid Chlorine: CAS: 7782-50-5

Section 3 Exposure estimation

Workers exposure
Chlorine is a gas at room temperature and normal pressure. Inhalation is the only significant route of
exposure. No contact with liquid chlorine and consequently no dermal exposure is to be expected.
Moreover, the production processes are closed and, in case of break-in for maintenance purposes, safety
procedures are applied in such a way that the opening of the system always takes place after complete
degassing of the chlorine. Nevertheless, on the basis of a precautionary approach, the use of protective
equipment such as face shield, goggles and gloves is mandatory in production areas.

The EASE model has been used to assess the extent of the possible inhalation exposure to chlorine gas.
Four different scenarios have been used: normal production work in cell room, maintenance, loading-filling
and laboratory work. The conditions considered for the four scenarios and the corresponding results of the
modelling are presented in the table below.

EASE modelled exposure to chlorine in production plant

Exposure Exposure Exposure Exposure

Scenario 1: Scenario 2: Scenario 3: Scenario 4:
Work in Maintenance Loading-filling Laboratory work
production cell- work work
rooms
Temperature of 90 25 25 25
the process, °C
Physical form of Gas/Vapour Gas/Vapour Gas/Vapour Gas/Vapour
the product
Exposure type Gas/Vapour Gas/Vapour Gas/Vapour Gas/Vapour
Aerosol formation No No No No
Ability to become High High High High
airborne
Open system(s)/ Closed system(s) Closed system(s) Closed system(s) Closed system(s)
(closed systems)
Engineering Full containment Use with local Use with local Use with local
control measures exhaust exhaust exhaust
ventilation. ventilation. ventilation.
Significant False True True True
breaching
EASE 0-0.1 ppm 100-200 ppm 100-200 ppm 100-200 ppm
EXPOSURE [0-0.3 mg/m3] [300 -600 mg/m3] [300-600 mg/m3] [300-600 mg/m3]
RANGE
This modelling work reinforces the need to use the additional control measures described above during
maintenance work, loading/filling operations and laboratory use.

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 Liquid Chlorine: CAS: 7782-50-5

Environmental exposure
The releases of chlorine to the environment from different sources is summarised in the table below.

Annual chlorine gas releases to the environment in Europe

Release source Release to air Release to water

Natural Global estimates from 100 No specific process for direct
million to 2 billion tonnes per release of molecular chlorine to
year water identified
Production + on-site 123 metric tonnes 18.7 metric tonnes
manufacture
Use as a chemical intermediate ~ 3.2 metric tonnes ~ 0.5 metric tonnes
(chlorine transported off site)
Cl2 used in aqueous applications No Chlorine gas will be released
due to non-accidental use.
Further information is given in
the Sodium Hypochlorite Risk
Assessment

The European atmospheric releases from chlorine production and from the use of chlorine as an
intermediate are less than 0.0002% of the global Cl2 generated in the marine boundary layer.
No chlorine gas will be released from aqueous emissions during its production and use, as the pH of the
waste stream is regulated to ensure that all chlorine is converted to hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite.
Consequently, chlorine will not be detected in water at environmentally relevant conditions. The
assessment of the risks of the resulting hypochlorite to the aquatic compartment is described below.
Equally, the environmental releases of gaseous chlorine during its manufacture are judged to have no
immediate concern for the terrestrial or atmospheric compartment.

Risk characterisation for the aquatic compartment

Compartments PEC PNEC PEC/PNEC Discussion

Fresh water 6.0E-06 mg/L 2.1E-04 mg/L 2.86E-02 The substance is of no
immediate concern for the
environment
Sea water 6.0E-06 mg/L 4.2E-05 mg/L 1.43E-01 The substance is of no
immediate concern for the
environment
Sedimentation - - - The substance is of no
(Fresh water) immediate concern for the
environment
Sedimentation - - - The substance is of no
(Sea water) immediate concern for the
environment
Fresh water - food - 11.1 mg/L - The substance is of no
chain immediate concern for the
environment
Sea water - food - 11.1 mg/L - The substance is of no
chain immediate concern for the
environment

Section 4
Guidance to DU to evaluate whether he works inside the boundaries set by the ES

Guidance is based on assumed operating conditions which may not be applicable to all sites; thus, scaling
could be necessary to define appropriate site-specific risk management measures. If scaling reveals a
condition of unsafe use, additional RMMs or a site-specific chemical safety assessment is required.

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 Liquid Chlorine: CAS: 7782-50-5

Section 1 Exposure Scenario: Worker

Industrial use of chlorine. End uses of chlorine as substance as such or
Title
preparations at industrial sites
Sector of Use SU5, SU6b, SU8, SU9, SU13, SU14, SU16

PROC1, PROC2 PROC3, PROC4, PROC5, PROC8a, PROC8b, PROC9, PROC13,

Process Category
PROC14, PROC15

Environmental release Category ERC1, ERC4, ERC6B

Production of other chemicals (Production, Maintenance, Sampling, Loading and
Processes, tasks, activities covered
unloading); Waste water treatment; Paper and textile industry (minor, other)
OEL:
ES Exposure Criteria 0.5 ppm (1.5 mg/m³) – 8 hour(s) TWA
1.0 ppm (3 mg/m³) – 15 min STEL
Section 2 Operational conditions and risk management measures
Product characteristics
Physical form of product Liquefied gas; Concentration of substance in product: circa. 100 %
Section 2.1 Control of worker exposure
Operational conditions

Amounts used Amounts used vary between ml (sampling) and m3 (material transfer).
Most processes that use chlorine as an intermediate are carried out as continuous
Frequency and duration of use
processes, but some as batch processes also.
Human factors not influenced by Respiration volume under conditions of use: 10 m3/8 hour(s)/ days (light activity).
risk management Body weight: 70 kg (Worker).

Production can take place either indoors or outdoors at ambient temperature. The
Other given Operational Conditions
temperature of the chlorine may be above ambient temperature due to its
affecting worker exposure
vapourisation during transfer from its pressurised container.
Direct releases of chlorine to the atmosphere are to be avoided. The use of caustic
scrubbers or equivalent measures on vents is required. Break-in to any system
containing chlorine should not take place until after it has been emptied, purged,
completely degassed, shut-off via blind flange and disconnected. A monitoring alarm
system must be in place to detect leaking chlorine gas. Loading and unloading:
Gaseous chlorine is usually transferred via pipelines to on-site users. In this case,
chlorine is filled into the reaction vessel through closed systems, while off-gases from
Technical conditions and measures the reactor are treated before release to the atmosphere. When tankers or cylinders
at process level (source) to prevent are used for smaller production processes, the chlorine should be transferred
release through loading stations adapted to the size of the vessel.

Prior to the offloading of bulk chlorine, joints must be tested, as there is a potential
for exposure if joints are not made correctly. When changing cylinders and drums,
there is always the potential for small amounts of chlorine gas to be released during
disconnection of empty containers as these always contain residual chlorine (1barg)
to prevent suck back into the container. The volume released is minimised by
purging and exposure should be prevented by the use of RPE.
Plants should be equipped with chlorine detectors at appropriate locations. Such
detectors can generally detect 0.1 ppmV and have a pre-alarm level and an alarm
level of up to 5.0 ppmV. The measuring device used for chlorine monitoring is an
Technical conditions and measures
electrochemical sensor, which is sensitive not only to chlorine, but also to other
to control dispersion from source
chlorinated substances present in the air. The concentration of chlorine measured in
towards the worker
the atmosphere of a Chlor-Alkali plant may take into account any additional
chlorinated substances that are present. Ensure that there is sufficient air exchange
and/or exhaust in work rooms and appropriate exhaust ventilation at machinery.
Organisational measures to prevent Ensure that all personnel are trained. The safety procedures and protective
/limit releases, dispersion and equipment to be used to prevent dermal and inhalation exposure should be
exposure determined by the plant supervisor and documented in the work permit.
Chlorine is produced in a closed system, and during normal working procedures,
exposure to chlorine will occur only in case of leaks or during maintenance,
loading/filling operations and use in the laboratory. Liquefaction, storage and loading
areas must be equipped with chlorine detectors. All workers in the plant must receive
specific training in emergency procedures in case of leaks.
Conditions and measures related to
personal protection, hygiene and
Atmospheric levels should be controlled in compliance with the occupational
health evaluation
exposure limit. For operations where there is a risk of exposure to chlorine above the
OEL, full protective clothing (Level 1) and suitable respiratory equipment must be
worn. Self-contained breathing apparatus must be used for emergency operations.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) should always be used when on the plant as a
precautionary measure: safety glasses, safety shoes, overalls, escape mask.

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 Liquid Chlorine: CAS: 7782-50-5

Personal protection equipment:

Respiratory protection
For high (or unknown) concentrations, suitable respiratory equipment with positive air
supply must be worn. A cartridge/canister full-face mask respirator may be suitable
for low concentrations and short exposure times. Where a cartridge/canister filter is
suitable, use Type B. Check adequacy with protective equipment manufacturer's
data.
Use only respiratory protection that conforms to international/national standards.

Hand protection
Impervious gloves.
Recommended: Neoprene, Butyl rubber (non-recommended materials: PVC,
Polyethylene).

Eye Protection
Wear protective eyewear (goggles, face shield, or safety glasses).

Skin protection
Wear suitable protective clothing.
Wear solvent-resistant apron and boots. (Neoprene)

Other:
Guarantee that the eye flushing systems and safety showers are located close to the
working place.
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Wash contaminated clothing before
reuse.
Consult the industrial hygienist or the safety manager for the selection of personal
protective equipment suitable for the working conditions.
During the manufacture of chlorine, exposure is most likely due to unforeseen events
Additional good practice advice i.e. failure of lines/joints etc. to contain the chlorine. Such events would be
beyond the REACH CSA Emergencies and would be attended to by trained personnel wearing PPE and RPE
appropriate to the conditions they are working under.

Section 2.2 Control of environmental exposure

Operational conditions
Contributing scenario Manufacturing
Operational Conditions
Frequency and duration of use Most processes that use chlorine as an intermediate are carried
out as continuous processes, but some as batch processes also.
Environmental factors not influenced by risk
management
Rivers: 10
Coastal zones (default) 100
Other Operational Conditions of use affecting Available chlorine in effluent is measured as total residual
environmental exposure chlorine (TRC).
Technical conditions and measures at process level There is practically no release to waste water and soil. Upon
(source) to prevent release contact with water, chlorine is converted into hypochlorous acid,
which is destroyed rapidly in contact with organic as well as
inorganic material. Chlorine will also readily volatilise to air,
where it will degrade due to photolysis.
Technical onsite conditions and measures to reduce or limit Avoid release to the environment. In the event of any gas leak,
discharges, air emissions and releases to soil immediately notify the appropriate authorities.
Organizational measures to prevent / limit release from site All personnel are to be trained in the relevant procedures.
Conditions and measures related to municipal sewage Size of STP: 2000 m3/days (default)
treatment plant
Conditions and measures related treatment of waste Waste treatment methods
Disposal should be in accordance with local, state or national
legislation.
Absorb the product in an alkaline solution (caustic soda or
sodium carbonate).
Reduce the product with sulfite, pyrosulfite or alkaline thiosulfate.
Packaging waste
Return containers to the manufacturer/supplier for treatment and
re-use.
Conditions and measures related to external recovery of None
waste

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 Liquid Chlorine: CAS: 7782-50-5

Section 3 Exposure estimation and reference to its source

To estimate exposure to chlorine in end uses, two types of applications are considered:
The use as intermediate in chemicals production and the use in bleaching and water disinfection.
About 1% the chlorine production in EU is utilised in elemental chlorine in water applications such as
drinking water, swimming pool, sewage treatment, pulp and paper and textile industry. These uses of
chlorine have strongly declined, taking into account relevant tonnage (< 100 t/y); chlorine use as an
intermediate are now dominant.

Workers exposure
In case of the use of chlorine as an intermediate, the potential for exposure is limited, taking into account
that production processes take place in closed systems; exposure to chlorine is normally only possible in
the event of an accident. Chlorine is filled into the reaction vessel through closed systems, while off-gases
from the reactor are treated (generally by alkaline scrubbers) before release in the atmosphere.
At the end of the reaction, any un-reacted chlorine is vented through an alkaline scrubber. Chlorine
detectors should be placed in the loading and in the degassing areas. Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) must always be used: safety glasses, safety shoes, long sleeved shirt, long trousers, escape mask.
In case of chlorine leaks, detection and monitoring are performed.
Self-contained breathing apparatus must be used for emergency operations.

Maintenance: The opening of a chlorine system should take place only after it has been emptied, purged,
completely degassed, shut-off via blind flange and disconnected. Maintenance and repair of pumps, dosing
systems and automatic control systems should only be carried out by specialised companies or trained
workers. Maintenance work should only be carried out only if a ‘work permit’ from the plant supervisor
has been issued and the status of the plant has been checked. In general, PPE used for handling of the
product is: appropriate eye protection, face shield, gloves, safety shoes, long sleeved shirt, long trousers
and gas mask. In case of opening of the system, PPE used is either goggles and face shield or full-face
breathing apparatus, gloves, overalls, rubber boots, gas mask or self-contained breathing apparatus.

Sampling: The sample must be taken from the system at well identified sampling stations in the plant.
Special sampling devices are used by trained persons with sufficient knowledge of all aspects of chlorine
handling. Manual sampling is only done to check the reliability of the automated remote control systems.
Protective equipment (safety shoes, long sleeved shirt, long trousers, safety goggles, escape respirator)
must be used.

Loading and unloading: When tankers or cylinders are used for smaller production processes, the chlorine
is transferred through loading stations adapted to the size of the vessel. All personnel who enter the area of
a chlorine loading installation must receive special training and have available personal respiratory
protection. A line diagram of the pipework and advice concerning the method of operation should
be permanently available. An emergency plan and precise instructions in case of emergency must be
permanently available and all personnel involved, including visitors, must be trained in those procedures.
Toxic Refuges should be provided, where appropriate. Self-contained breathing sets and protective
clothing suitable for dealing with a chlorine leak must be available in lockers located near any discharge
point, and accessible at all times in case of emergency.

The EASE model has been used to assess the extent of the possible inhalation exposure to chlorine gas
(as an intermediate). Four different scenarios have been used: normal production work in cell room,
maintenance, loading-filling and laboratory work. The conditions considered for the four scenarios and the
corresponding results of the modelling are presented in the table below.

EASE modelled exposure to chlorine in production plant (as an intermediate).

Exposure Exposure Exposure Exposure

Scenario 1: Scenario 2: Scenario 3: Scenario 4:
Work in Maintenance work Loading-filling Laboratory
production work work
cell-rooms
Temperature of the 90 25 25 25
process, °C
Physical form of the Gas/Vapour Gas/Vapour Gas/Vapour Gas/Vapour
product
Exposure type Gas/Vapour Gas/Vapour Gas/Vapour Gas/Vapour
Aerosol formation No No No No
Ability to become High High High High
airborne
Open system(s)/ Closed Closed system(s) Closed Closed system(s)
(closed systems) system(s) system(s)
Engineering control Full Use with local Use with local Use with local
measures containment exhaust exhaust exhaust
ventilation. ventilation. ventilation.

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 Liquid Chlorine: CAS: 7782-50-5

Significant breaching False True True True

EASE EXPOSURE 0-0.1 ppm 100-200 ppm 100-200 ppm 100-200 ppm
RANGE [0-0.3 mg/m3] [300 -600 mg/m3]] [300-600 mg/m3] [300-600 mg/m3]

Other chlorine end uses:

Use in the disinfection of drinking water

When chlorine is used as disinfection agent for production of drinking water, it is supplied either in cylinders
containing up to 100 kg chlorine or in special drums containing up to 1000 kg chlorine, depending on the
size of the treatment plant. These containers are provided by specialised distributors. The cylinders or
drums must be kept in a well ventilated area, protected from rain, and access should be limited to
authorised and well trained personnel (locked zone). An escape mask must be at hand in the area.

The replacement of an empty cylinder/drum by a full one is the key operation where exposure to chlorine
could happen. Other occupational exposure to chlorine for workers handling the product in drinking water
plants does not normally occur, as the product is added to water via closed circuits. The empty container
must be closed and the connecting circuit placed under negative pressure because the system is under
chlorine demand.

The new cylinder/drum must be connected to the system through a flexible, copper or stainless steel pipe
and a new crushable join to ensure a good tightness. The new cylinder/drum should then be progressively
opened and checked for possible leaks with an ammonia “detector" To reduce discontinuity in chlorine
feeding during the change of cylinders/drums, they are connected to the system in pairs, one being in use,
while the other remains on standby. When the container in use is empty, a special valve system allows a
quick change to the container on standby. The change of cylinders/drums occurs at a mean frequency of
about once per week and the operation takes between 20 and 30 minutes. The loading area should be
equipped with chlorine detectors.

The EASE model has been used to assess the extent of the possible inhalation exposure to chlorine gas
during its use in water disinfection. Two different scenarios have been used: Work in storage area,
Connection/disconnection operations. The conditions considered for the two scenarios and the
corresponding results of the modelling are presented in the table below.

EASE modelled exposure to chlorine in drinking water disinfection

Exposure Scenario 1: Exposure Scenario 2:

Work in storage area Connection/disconnection
operations
Temperature of the process, 25 25
°C
Physical form of the product Gas/Vapour Gas/Vapour
Exposure type Gas/Vapour Gas/Vapour
Aerosol formation No No
Ability to become airborne High High
Open system(s)/ Closed system(s) Closed system(s)
(closed systems)
Engineering control measures Full containment Use with local exhaust ventilation.
Significant breaching False True
EASE EXPOSURE 0-0.1 ppm [0-0.3 mg/m3] 100-200 ppm [300 -600 mg/m3]
RANGE

Use in waste water treatment

Operations linked to the use of chlorine in waste water treatment and worker exposure are similar to those
in the drinking water use described above.

Use in the pulp and paper and textile industries

The use of chlorine gas in the pulp and paper and the textile industries has almost entirely ceased.
Chlorine gas might still be used in wool chlorination to prevent shrinkage but, even in this instance,
alternative products are usually preferred.

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 Liquid Chlorine: CAS: 7782-50-5

Environmental exposure
The releases of chlorine to the environment from different sources is summarised in the table below.

Annual chlorine gas releases to the environment in Europe

Release source Release to air Release to water

Natural Global estimates from 100 No specific process for direct
million to 2 billion tonnes per release of molecular chlorine to
year water identified
Production + on-site 123 metric tonnes 18.7 metric tonnes
manufacture
Use as a chemical intermediate ~ 3.2 metric tonnes ~ 0.5 metric tonnes
(chlorine transported off site)
Cl2 used in aqueous applications No Chlorine gas will be released
due to non-accidental use.
Further information is given in
the Sodium Hypochlorite Risk
Assessment

The European atmospheric releases from chlorine production and from the use of chlorine as an
intermediate are less than 0.0002% of the global Cl2 generated in the marine boundary layer.

No chlorine gas will be released from aqueous emissions during its production and use, as the pH of the
waste stream is regulated to ensure that all chlorine is converted to hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite.
Consequently, chlorine will not be detected in water at environmentally relevant conditions. The
assessment of the risks of the resulting hypochlorite to the aquatic compartment is described below.
Equally, the environmental releases of gaseous chlorine during its manufacture are judged to have no
immediate concern for the terrestrial or atmospheric compartment.

Risk characterisation for the aquatic compartment

Compartments PEC PNEC PEC/PNEC Discussion

Fresh water 6.0E-06 mg/L 2.1E-04 mg/L 2.86E-02 The substance is of no
immediate concern for the
environment
Sea water 6.0E-06 mg/L 4.2E-05 mg/L 1.43E-01 The substance is of no
immediate concern for the
environment
Sedimentation - - - The substance is of no
(Fresh water) immediate concern for the
environment
Sedimentation - - - The substance is of no
(Sea water) immediate concern for the
environment
Fresh water - food - 11.1 mg/L - The substance is of no
chain immediate concern for the
environment
Sea water - food - 11.1 mg/L - The substance is of no
chain immediate concern for the
environment

Section 4
Guidance to DU to evaluate whether he works inside the boundaries set by the ES

Guidance is based on assumed operating conditions which may not be applicable to all sites; thus, scaling
could be necessary to define appropriate site-specific risk management measures. If scaling reveals a
condition of unsafe use, additional RMMs or a site-specific chemical safety assessment is required.

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