Voronoi Diagrams [128 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 6] SPM.1.SL.TZ0.7

Points A(3, 1), B(3, 5), C(11, 7), D(9, 1) and E(7, 3) represent snow shelters in
the Blackburn National Forest. These snow shelters are illustrated in the
following coordinate axes.

Horizontal scale: 1 unit represents 1 km.

Vertical scale: 1 unit represents 1 km.

(a) Calculate the gradient of the line segment AE. [2]

The Park Ranger draws three straight lines to form an incomplete Voronoi
diagram.

(b) Find the equation of the line which would complete the
Voronoi cell containing site E.

Give your answer in the form ax + by + d = 0 where a, b,

d ∈ Z. [3]
 (c) In the context of the question, explain the significance of the
Voronoi cell containing site E. [1]

2. [Maximum mark: 9] EXM.1.SL.TZ0.4

The diagram below is part of a Voronoi diagram.

Diagram not to scale

A and B are sites with B having the co-ordinates of (4, 6). L is an edge; the
equation of this perpendicular bisector of the line segment from A to B
is y = −2x + 9

Find the co-ordinates of the point A. [9]

3. [Maximum mark: 12] EXM.2.SL.TZ0.4
A king rules a small mountain kingdom which is in the form of a square of length
4 kilometres. The square is described by the co-ordinate system
0 ⩽ x ⩽ 4, 0 ⩽ y ⩽ 4.
The king has four adult children, each of which has a luxury palace located at the
points (1, 1), (3, 1), (1, 3), (3, 3). Each child owns all the land that is
nearer their palace than any other palace.
(a) Sketch a Voronoi diagram to represent this information. [2]

The king has a fifth (youngest) child who is now just growing up. He installs her
in a new palace situated at point (2, 2). The rule about ownership of land is then
reapplied.

(b) Sketch a new Voronoi diagram to represent this new situation. [2]
(c) State what the shape of the land, owned by the youngest child,
is. [1]

(d) Find the area of the youngest child’s land. [4]

(e) Find how much land an older child has lost. [1]

(f ) State, with a reason, if all five children now own an equal

amount of land. [2]
4. [Maximum mark: 6] 24M.1.SL.TZ1.6
Points A(3, 4), B(9, 6) and C(11, 2) are shown on the following
diagram, along with the perpendicular bisectors of [AB], [AC] and [BC].

The perpendicular bisector of [BC] intercepts the axes at coordinates

(0, − 1) and (2, 0).

(a) Write down the equation of the perpendicular bisector of

[BC]. [2]
 The equation of the perpendicular bisector of [AB] is y = −3x + 23.

(b) Find the coordinates of point V where the perpendicular

bisectors meet. Give your answer to four significant figures. [2]

A Voronoi diagram is constructed with points A, B and C as the three sites.

(c) Draw, clearly, the edges of the Voronoi diagram on the given
diagram. [2]

5. [Maximum mark: 6] 24M.1.AHL.TZ1.5

Points A(3, 4), B(9, 6) and C(11, 2) are shown on the following
diagram, along with the perpendicular bisectors of [AB], [AC] and [BC].

The perpendicular bisector of [BC] intercepts the axes at coordinates

(0, − 1) and (2, 0).

(a) Write down the equation of the perpendicular bisector of

[BC]. [2]

The equation of the perpendicular bisector of [AB] is y = −3x + 23.

 (b) Find the coordinates of point V where the perpendicular
bisectors meet. Give your answer to four significant figures. [2]

A Voronoi diagram is constructed with points A, B and C as the three sites.

(c) Draw, clearly, the edges of the Voronoi diagram on the given
diagram. [2]

6. [Maximum mark: 15] 24M.2.SL.TZ2.2

Mai is at an amusement park. A map of part of the amusement park is
represented on the following coordinate axes.

Mai’s favourite three attractions are positioned at A(0, 16), B(12, 20) and

C(12, 0).

All measurements are in metres.

(a) Write down the distance between B and C. [1]

(b) Calculate the distance between A and B. [2]

Mai is standing at the attraction at B and wants to walk directly to the attraction
at A.

(c) Calculate the bearing of A from B. [3]

A drinking fountain is to be installed at a point that is an equal distance from

each of the attractions at A, B and C.

(d.i) Write down the gradient of [AC]. [1]

(d.ii) Write down the mid-point of [AC]. [2]

 (d.iii) Hence calculate the coordinates of the drinking fountain. [6]

7. [Maximum mark: 8] 23N.1.SL.TZ1.4

On the following Voronoi diagram, the coordinates of three farmhouses are
A(0, 3), B(8, 3) and C(8, 13), where distances are measured in

kilometres. Each farmhouse owns the land that is closest to it, and their
boundaries are defined by the dotted lines on Diagram 1.

To provide water to the farms it is decided to construct a well at the point where
the boundaries meet on Diagram 1.

(a) Write down the coordinates of this point. [1]

(b) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of [AC]. [3]

An additional farmhouse D(6, 5) is built on the land. The Voronoi diagram has
been redrawn to show the new boundaries. The coordinates of the vertices of
these boundaries are indicated on Diagram 2.

A wind turbine is to be built at one of the vertices.

(c) The wind turbine should be as far from the nearest farmhouses
as possible.

(c.i) By calculating appropriate distances, find the location of the

wind turbine. [3]

(c.ii) Hence, write down the distance of the wind turbine to the
nearest farmhouse. [1]
8. [Maximum mark: 6] 23M.1.SL.TZ2.7
Ani owns four cafes represented by points A, B, C and D. Ani wants to divide
the area into delivery regions. This process has been started in the following
incomplete Voronoi diagram, where 1 unit represents 1 kilometre.

The midpoint of CD is (5. 5, 1. 5).

(a) Show that the equation of the perpendicular bisector of [CD]

is y = −3x + 18. [3]

(b) Complete the Voronoi diagram shown above. [1]

Ani opens an office equidistant from three of the cafes, B, C and D. The
equation of the perpendicular bisector of [BC] is 3y = 2x − 1. 5.

(c) Find the coordinates of the office. [2]

9. [Maximum mark: 5] 23M.1.AHL.TZ1.3
Three towns have positions A(35, 26) , B(11, 24), and C(28, 7)

according to the coordinate system shown where distances are measured in

miles.

Dominique’s farm is located at the position D(24, 19).

(a) Find AD. [2]

 On a particular day, the mean temperatures recorded in each of towns A, B and
C are 34 °C , 29 °C and 30 °C respectively.

(b) Use nearest neighbour interpolation to estimate the

temperature at Dominique’s farm on that particular day. [3]

10. [Maximum mark: 5] 22N.1.SL.TZ0.3

DeVaughn throws a javelin in a school track and field competition.
The height, h, of the front tip of the javelin above the ground, in metres, is
modelled by the following quadratic function,

2
h(t) = −3. 6t + 10. 8t + 1. 8, t ≥ 0

where t is the time in seconds after the javelin is thrown.

(a) Write down the height of the front tip of the javelin at the time
it is thrown. [1]

(b) Find the value of t when the front tip of the javelin reaches its
maximum height. [2]
 (c) Find the value of t when the front tip of the javelin strikes the
ground. [2]

11. [Maximum mark: 13] 22N.2.SL.TZ0.3

Six restaurant locations (labelled A, B, C, D, E and F) are shown, together
with their Voronoi diagram. All distances are measured in kilometres.
Elena wants to eat at the closest restaurant to her. Write down the restaurant
she should go to, if she is at

(a.i) (2, 7). [1]

(a.ii) (0, 1), when restaurant A is closed. [1]

Restaurant C is at (7, 8) and restaurant D is at (7, 5).

(b) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of CD. [2]

Restaurant B is at (3, 6).

(c) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of BC. [5]

Hence find

(d.i) the coordinates of the point which is of equal distance from B,

C and D. [2]
 (d.ii) the distance of this point from D. [2]

12. [Maximum mark: 7] 22M.1.SL.TZ1.4

Three towns, A, B and C are represented as coordinates on a map, where the x
and y axes represent the distances east and north of an origin, respectively,
measured in kilometres.

Town A is located at (−6, − 1) and town B is located at (8, 6). A road runs
along the perpendicular bisector of [AB]. This information is shown in the
following diagram.
(a) Find the equation of the line that the road follows. [5]

(b) Town C is due north of town A and the road passes through
town C.
 Find the y-coordinate of town C.
[2]

13. [Maximum mark: 18] 22M.2.SL.TZ2.3

The Voronoi diagram below shows four supermarkets represented by points with
coordinates A(0, 0), B(6, 0), C(0, 6) and D(2, 2). The vertices X, Y, Z
are also shown. All distances are measured in kilometres.

(a) Find the midpoint of [BD]. [2]

(b) Find the equation of (XZ). [4]

The equation of (XY) is y = 2 − x and the equation of (YZ) is

y = 0. 5x + 3. 5.

(c) Find the coordinates of X. [3]

The coordinates of Y are (−1, 3) and the coordinates of Z are (7, 7).

(d) Determine the exact length of [YZ]. [2]

(e) Given that the exact length of [XY] is √32, find the size of
XŶZ in degrees. [4]
 (f ) Hence find the area of triangle XYZ. [2]

A town planner believes that the larger the area of the Voronoi cell XYZ, the
more people will shop at supermarket D.

(g) State one criticism of this interpretation. [1]

14. [Maximum mark: 6] 21N.1.SL.TZ0.7

There are four stations used by the fire wardens in a national forest.
On the following Voronoi diagram, the coordinates of the stations are
A(6, 2), B(14, 2), C(18, 6) and D(10. 8, 11. 6) where distances

are measured in kilometres.

The dotted lines represent the boundaries of the regions patrolled by the fire
warden at each station. The boundaries meet at P(10, 6) and Q(13, 7).

To reduce the areas of the regions that the fire wardens patrol, a new station is to
be built within the quadrilateral ABCD. The new station will be located so that
it is as far as possible from the nearest existing station.
(a) Show that the new station should be built at P. [3]
The Voronoi diagram is to be updated to include the region around the new
station at P. The edges defined by the perpendicular bisectors of [AP] and
[BP] have been added to the following diagram.

(b.i) Write down the equation of the perpendicular bisector of [PC]

.

[1]
 (b.ii) Hence draw the missing boundaries of the region around P on
the following diagram.

[2]

15. [Maximum mark: 6] 21M.1.SL.TZ1.5

The Voronoi diagram below shows three identical cellular phone towers,
T1, T2 and T3. A fourth identical cellular phone tower, T4 is located in the

shaded region. The dashed lines in the diagram below represent the edges in the
Voronoi diagram.

Horizontal scale: 1 unit represents 1 km.

Vertical scale: 1 unit represents 1 km.
Tim stands inside the shaded region.
(a) Explain why Tim will receive the strongest signal from tower
T4. [1]

Tower T2 has coordinates (−9, 5) and the edge connecting vertices A and
B has equation y = 3.

(b) Write down the coordinates of tower T4. [2]

(c) Tower T1 has coordinates (−13, 3).

Find the gradient of the edge of the Voronoi diagram between

towers T1 and T2. [3]

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