Single phase inverter 12V DC TO 220V AC

A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Award of

DIPLOMA
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Under the supervision of
Mr. M Usama Kidwai

By
Name: Md. Rafiuzzama
Enrollment No.: 2200103634
Roll No.: 2201064014

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY POLYTECHNIC
INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Md. Rfaiuzzama has carried out the project work

presented in this report entitled (Single Phase Inverter 12V DC TO

220V AC) for the award of DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING from
Integral University, Lucknow under my supervision. The project report embodies
results of original work and studies are carried out by the student himself.
I found him to be sincere and hardworking and wish him all success in future.

Guided By Project Coordinator

(Mr. M Usama kidwai) (Mr. Abdussalam)
Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department
University Polytechnic University Polytechnic
Integral University, Lucknow Integral University, Lucknow

Head of Department External Examiner

(Dr. Md Ibrahim)
Electrical Engineering Department
University Polytechnic
Integral University, Lucknow
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would be a great pleasure to write a few words, which would although not suffice
as the acknowledgment of this long cherished effort, but in the absence of which this
report would necessarily be incomplete. So, these words of acknowledgement come
as a small gesture of gratitude towards all those people, without whom the successful
completion of this project would not have been possible.
Firstly, we would like to express deep gratitude towards our guide (Mr. M Usama
kidwai) and our Project Coordinator Mr. Abdussalam, who gave their valuable
suggestions, motivation and direction to proceed at every stage. In appreciation I
offer them my sincere gratitude; I would also express my heart felt gratitude towards
the Head of Department Dr.Md Ibrahim.
Last but not the least; we would like to thank the department of Electrical
Engineering, University Polytechnic, Integral University, Lucknow

Guided By Project Coordinator

(Mr. M Usama kidwai) (Mr. Abdussalam)
Electrical Engg. Department Electrical Engg. Department
University Polytechnic University polytechnic
Integral University, Lucknow Integral University,Lucknow

Head of Department
(Dr. Md Ibrahim)
Electrical Engg. Department
University Polytechnic
Integral University, Lucknow
 ABSTRACT

This project focuses on the design and implementation of a

single-phase inverter that efficiently converts 12V DC (Direct
Current) from a battery or solar panel into 220V AC
(Alternating Current) suitable for household appliances. The
inverter is a critical component in renewable energy systems and
backup power solutions, especially in areas with unreliable
electricity supply.
The core of the inverter design includes a DC-AC conversion
circuit, utilizing MOSFETs or IGBTs driven by a PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation) control strategy to generate a
highfrequency AC signal. This signal is then stepped up to 220V
using a step-up transformer and filtered to approximate a pure
sine wave or a modified sine wave, depending on the
application.
Key features of the project include:
• Efficient power conversion with minimal heat loss

• Compact and cost-effective circuit design

• Capability to power basic household appliances such as

lights, fans, or chargers

Applications of the inverter include use in solar power systems,
emergency backup systems, and portable energy solutions.
The project provides a practical understanding of power
electronics, control systems, and transformer design, making it
ideal for engineering students and hobbyists interested in
renewable energy and power conversion technologies.
 INTRODUCTION
In today's world, the demand for reliable and efficient power
conversion systems is growing rapidly, especially with the
increasing use of renewable energy sources such as solar panels
and battery-based backup systems. One of the most essential
devices in such systems is the inverter, which converts Direct
Current (DC) into Alternating Current (AC).
This project presents the development of a single-phase inverter
designed to convert a 12V DC input into a 220V AC output,
which is the standard voltage for most household and small
office appliances. This type of inverter plays a vital role in
enabling the use of DC power stored in batteries or generated by
solar panels to run AC-powered devices.
The basic operation of the inverter involves generating a square
or modified sine wave using electronic switching components
like MOSFETs or transistors, which is then passed through a
step-up transformer to increase the voltage from 12V to 220V.
Additional filtering stages can be included to improve the
waveform and reduce harmonic distortion, making the output
more suitable for sensitive devices.

The design of this inverter emphasizes cost-effectiveness,

portability, and energy efficiency, making it suitable for use in
rural electrification, solar home systems, emergency backup
systems, and educational purposes. Through this project,
students gain hands-on experience with power electronics,
transformer design, and practical circuit implementation.
 TABLE 1 - LIST OF COMPONENTS

S.NO. . LIST OF TABLE RATING

1 MOSFET IRFZ44N

2 RESISTANCE 330 Ohm

3 DIODE

4 CONNECTOR

5 PCB BOARD

6 WIRE 1.5mm

9 TRANSFORMER 5 amp

10 BATTERY 12V

11 HEAT SINK

12 LED BULB 9W
 TABLE 2 - CONTENT

SN. Table of Content Page

NO.
1 Certificate 01

2 Acknowledgement 02

3 Abstract 03

4 Introduction 04

5 List of Table 05

6 Mosfet 07-08

7 Resistance 09-10

8 Diod 11-12

9 PCB board 13-14

10 Transformer 15-16

11 Battery 17-18

12 Heat sink and LEB bulb 9 watt 19-20

13 Circuit Digram 21-22

 MOSFET
The IRFZ44N is a N-channel power MOSFET that's commonly
used in switching and power control applications. Here are its
key specs and features:
Basic Specs:
Type: N-Channel MOSFET
Drain-to-Source Voltage (Vds): 55V
Continuous Drain Current (Id): 49A (at 25°C)
Gate Threshold Voltage (Vgs(th)): 2.0V – 4.0V
Rds(on): ~0.022 ohms (at Vgs = 10V)
Total Gate Charge (Qg): ~67 nC
Features:
.High current capability
.Low on-resistance
.Fast switching speed
Ideal for logic level control when driven with 10V (not optimal
for 5V logic without gate driver)
If you’re planning to drive this with a microcontroller (like an
Arduino at 5V), it’ll technically work but won’t be fully
saturated (i.e., Rds(on) won’t be minimal), so heat and
efficiency might be a concern. A logic-level MOSFET (like
IRLZ44N) would be better for direct 5V control
 RESISTANCE

The 330-ohm resistor is a commonly used standard resistor

value in electronics. Here's a detailed breakdown of its
characteristics and typical uses:
Basic Information:
Resistance: 330 ohms (Ω)
Color Code: Orange – Orange – Brown – Gold
Power Rating (common): Typically 1/4W (0.25W), but also
comes in 1/8W, 1/2W, 1W, etc.
Tolerance: Usually ±5% (gold band), meaning actual resistance
can vary between 313.5Ω and 346.5Ω.
Ohm’s Law Application:
Using Ohm’s Law:

V = IR This current is ideal for:

Limiting current to an LED (so it doesn’t burn out) Protecting

microcontroller pins from excess current Pull-up or pull-down
purposes in digital circuits (sometimes)
 DIODE

A diode is a basic yet crucial electronic component that allows

current to flow in one direction only, kind of like a one-way
valve for electricity.

Basic Structure & Symbol:

Symbol: A triangle pointing at a line

→ |>|

The triangle (anode, + side) points to the line (cathode, – side).

Current flows from anode to cathode, not the other way around.

How It Works:

Forward-biased: When the anode is more positive than the

cathode by about 0.7V (for silicon diodes), current flows.

Reverse-biased: If you try to apply voltage the other way, the

diode blocks the current (until breakdown voltage is reached).

Types of Diodes & Their Uses:

1. Standard (Rectifier) DiodesEx: 1N4007

Used to convert AC to DC in power supplies.
 PCB BOARD
A PCB (Printed Circuit Board) is a fundamental component in modern electronics.

Key Features:

1. Insulating substrate: Typically made of materials like FR4 (fiberglass-reinforced

epoxy laminate).

2. Conductive pathways: Copper tracks that connect components.

3. Component mounting: Pads for soldering components like resistors, capacitors,

and ICs.

Types:

1. Single-sided PCB: Components on one side, copper tracks on the other.

2. Double-sided PCB: Components on one side, copper tracks on both sides.

3. Multi-layer PCB: Multiple layers of copper tracks and insulating materials.

Applications:

1. Consumer electronics: Smartphones, laptops, TVs.

2. Industrial control systems: Robotics, automation, and monitoring systems.

3. Medical devices: Diagnostic equipment, implants, and monitoring systems.

 TRANSFORMER
A 5-amp transformer is an electrical device that steps up or steps down voltage
levels, handling a maximum current of 5 amps. Here are some key aspects:

Types and Applications:

Step-down transformers: Reduce high voltage to low voltage, suitable for
applications like LED lighting, swimming pool lights, and outdoor landscape
lighting.

- Isolation transformers: Provide electrical isolation between primary and secondary

coils, useful for safety and noise reduction.

- Variable transformers: Allow adjustable output voltage, commonly used in

laboratory settings or applications requiring voltage adjustments.
Specifications:

- Input voltage: Typically 110-240V AC, 50/60Hz.

- Output voltage: Varies depending on the transformer type, such as 12V AC or DC.

- Power rating: Usually 60W for a 5-amp transformer.

Features and Benefits:

- Overload protection: Automatic cut-off in case of overcurrent or short circuit.

- High efficiency: Low energy loss and heat generation.

- Compact design: Suitable for installation in limited spaces.

- Waterproof and dustproof: Ideal for outdoor applications
 BATTERY
A 12V battery is a type of rechargeable or non-rechargeable battery that provides 12
volts of direct current (DC). Here are some key aspects:

Types:

1. Lead-acid batteries: Commonly used in automotive applications, such as cars,

trucks, and motorcycles.

2. Lithium-ion batteries: Used in various applications, including electric

vehicles, renewable energy systems, and portable devices.

3. Deep cycle batteries: Designed for deep discharge and recharge cycles, often
used in marine, RV, and off-grid applications.

Applications:

1. Automotive: Starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) systems in vehicles.

2. Renewable energy: Energy storage for solar and wind power systems.

3. Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS): Providing backup power during outages.

4. Marine and RV: Powering electrical systems in boats and recreational vehicles.

Characteristics:

1. Voltage: 12V DC

2. Capacity: Measured in ampere-hours (Ah), indicating the battery's energy storage

capacity.

3. Self-discharge rate: The rate at which the battery loses its charge when not in use.
 HEAT SINK & LED BULB 9W

A heat sink is a component designed to absorb and dissipate heat

away from a source, such as an electronic device or component.
Its purpose is to:

1. Absorb heat: Draw heat away from the source.

2. Dissipate heat: Release heat into the surrounding

environment.
Heat sinks are commonly used in:

1. Electronics (CPUs, GPUs, LEDs)

2. Power electronics

3. Aerospace

4. Automotive
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM