GRAMMAR

GRAMMAR:
1. Present and Past
2. Present perfect and Past
3. Future
4. Modals
5. Passive
6. Articles and nouns
7. Pronouns and determiners
8. Relative clauses
9. Adjectives and adverbs
10. Conjunctions and prepositions
11. Phrasal verbs
 Tenses in the Present:

1 Present Simple: Subject + base form of the verb

2 Present Continuous: Subject + am/is/are + present participle verb
3 Present Perfect Simple: Subject + have/has + past participle verb
4 Present Perfect Continuous: Subject + have/has + been + present participle verb

Tenses in the Past:

1 Past Simple: Subject + past tense verb

2 Past Continuous: Subject + was/were + present participle verb
3 Past Perfect Simple: Subject + had + past participle verb
4 Past Perfect Continuous: Subject + had + been + present participle verb

Tenses in the Future:

1 Future Simple: Subject + will + base form of the verb

2 Future Continuous: Subject + will + be + present participle verb
3 Future Perfect Simple: Subject + will + have + past participle verb
4 Future Perfect Continuous: Subject + will + have + been + present participle verb

1 Present Simple: This tense is used to describe habitual actions, general truths, and states that are true at the time of speaking.
Example: "I go to the gym every morning."

2 Present Continuous: This tense is used to describe actions that are happening at the time of speaking or actions that are
planned in the future.

/
Example: "I am watching a movie right now."

3 Present Perfect Simple: This tense is used to describe actions or events that started in the past and have a connection to the
present. It's also used to describe completed actions in the recent past.
Example: "I have finished my work for the day."

4 Present Perfect Continuous: This tense is used to describe actions that started in the past and are still ongoing, or actions that
have just finished but still have a connection to the present.
Example: "I have been studying for three hours."

5 Past Simple: This tense is used to describe actions that started and ended in the past, and it's often used to describe a
sequence of past events.
Example: "I ate breakfast this morning."

6 Past Continuous: This tense is used to describe actions that were ongoing in the past, or to describe two past actions
happening simultaneously.
Example: "I was walking to the store when it started raining."

7 Past Perfect Simple: This tense is used to describe actions that happened before another past action or event.
Example: "I had finished my work before I went to bed."

8 Past Perfect Continuous: This tense is used to describe actions that were ongoing in the past and were completed before
another past action or event.
Example: "I had been studying for two hours before I took a break."

These tenses differ in terms of when they describe actions or events, their duration, and their relationship to other actions or events
in time. It's important to use the correct tense to accurately convey the intended meaning.

1 Future Simple: This tense is used to describe actions that will happen in the future, without specifying when.
Example: "I will call you later."

2 Future Continuous: This tense is used to describe actions that will be ongoing at a specific time in the future.
Example: "I will be studying all night tomorrow."

3 Future Perfect Simple: This tense is used to describe actions that will be completed before a specific point in the future.
Example: "I will have finished my project by next Friday."

4 Future Perfect Continuous: This tense is used to describe actions that will be ongoing up until a specific point in the future.
Example: "I will have been working on this report for three days by the time it's due."

These tenses differ in terms of when the actions will occur, how long they will last, and their relationship to other actions or events in time. It's
important to use the correct tense to accurately convey the intended meaning in the future.
 Modals
In English, modals are a type of auxiliary verb that are used to express a range of meanings, such as obligation, permission, ability, possibility,
and likelihood. The following are the modals in English:

1 Can: used to express ability, permission, and possibility

2 Example: "I can speak Spanish."
3 Could: used to express past ability, permission, and possibility; also used to make polite requests and give suggestions
4 Example: "Could you please pass me the salt?"
5 May: used to express permission and possibility
6 Example: "May I use your phone?"
7 Might: used to express possibility and uncertainty
8 Example: "It might rain later."
9 Must: used to express obligation and necessity
10 Example: "I must finish this project by tomorrow."
11 Should: used to express advice, recommendation, and obligation
12 Example: "You should see a doctor if you're feeling sick."
13 Shall: used to make offers, suggestions, and to express future plans
14 Example: "Shall we go to the park tomorrow?"
15 Will: used to express future actions and to make predictions
16 Example: "I will meet you at the train station."
17 Would: used to express polite requests, offers, and hypothetical situations
18 Example: "Would you like some tea?"
These modals have different meanings and usages, and it's important to use the correct modal to accurately convey the intended meaning.

If and wish

If" is used to introduce a condition or a hypothetical situation that may or may not be true. It is often used to talk about something that could happen in
the future or to express a possibility or uncertainty.

Example: "If it rains, we will stay inside."

"Wish," on the other hand, is used to express regret or dissatisfaction about a present or past situation that we wish were different. It is used to talk
about something that is impossible or unlikely to happen.

Example: "I wish I had studied harder for the exam."

In terms of structure, "if" is followed by a clause that expresses a condition, while "wish" is followed by a past tense verb and is often followed by the
word "that" and a clause that expresses the desired outcome.

Example: "I wish that I could go to the concert."

Passive
In English grammar, the passive voice is a sentence construction in which the subject of the sentence is the receiver of the action, rather than the
performer of the action. In other words, the focus of the sentence is on what is being done to the subject, rather than who is doing it.

The passive voice is formed using a form of the auxiliary verb "to be" followed by the past participle of the main verb. The main verb changes into its
past participle form, and the subject of the sentence becomes the object of the action.

For example:

Active voice: The teacher graded the papers.

Passive voice: The papers were graded by the teacher.

In the passive voice, the papers are the subject of the sentence, and they are receiving the action of being graded by the teacher.

The passive voice is often used in formal or scientific writing, and can be used to emphasize the action being taken rather than the person or thing
taking the action. It can also be used to avoid specifying who is performing the action, or to create a more polite or diplomatic tone.
 Articles and noun
Articles are a type of determiner that are used to indicate the specificity or generalization of a noun. There are two types of articles in English:
definite articles (the) and indefinite articles (a/an).

The indefinite article "a" or "an" is used to refer to a non-specific or singular noun that has not been previously mentioned.

Example: "I need a pen." (referring to any pen, not a specific pen)

The definite article "the" is used to refer to a specific or previously mentioned noun.

Example: "I need the pen you borrowed yesterday." (referring to a specific pen)

Nouns can be used with or without articles depending on the context and intended meaning. For example, when referring to a specific person, we
would use the definite article "the," while when referring to a general group of people, we would use the indefinite article "a" or "an."

Example: "The teacher is grading papers." (referring to a specific teacher)

"A teacher is grading papers." (referring to any teacher)

In summary, nouns are words used to name people, places, things, or ideas, while articles are determiners used to indicate the specificity or
generalization of a noun.

Pronouns and determiners

Pronouns and determiners are both types of words that are used to modify and identify nouns in a sentence.

Pronouns are a type of word that are used to replace a noun or noun phrase in a sentence. They are used to avoid repetition and make sentences
less cumbersome. There are several types of pronouns including personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, reflexive
pronouns, and relative pronouns.

Examples of pronouns include:

• Personal pronouns: he, she, they, etc.

• Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, etc.
• Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those, etc.
• Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, herself, himself, etc.
• Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, etc.
Determiners are words that are used to provide additional information about a noun or noun phrase. They come before a noun and indicate things
like quantity, possession, or definiteness. Determiners can be divided into several categories including articles, possessive determiners,
demonstrative determiners, and quantifiers.

Examples of determiners include:

• Articles: a, an, the

• Possessive determiners: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
• Demonstrative determiners: this, that, these, those
• Quantifiers: some, any, many, few, several, each, every, all
The main difference between pronouns and determiners is that pronouns replace a noun or noun phrase, while determiners modify and specify a
noun or noun phrase.
 Relative clauses
A relative clause is a type of subordinate clause that modifies or describes a noun in the main clause of a sentence. It begins with a relative pronoun
such as "who," "whom," "whose," "which," or "that."

The purpose of a relative clause is to provide additional information about the noun or noun phrase that it is modifying. This can include information
about the noun's identity, characteristics, or qualities.

Here is an example of a sentence with a relative clause:

"The woman, who is my neighbor, is a doctor."

In this sentence, the relative clause "who is my neighbor" modifies the noun "woman" by providing additional information about her identity. Without
the relative clause, the sentence would simply be "The woman is a doctor," which is less informative.

Relative clauses can also be used to provide more specific details about a noun, to help distinguish it from other similar nouns.

Here is another example of a sentence with a relative clause:

"The car, which is parked in the driveway, needs a new battery."

In this sentence, the relative clause "which is parked in the driveway" modifies the noun "car" by providing more specific information about its location.
Without the relative clause, the sentence would simply be "The car needs a new battery," which is less specific.

Relative clauses can be essential (restrictive) or nonessential (non-restrictive). Essential relative clauses provide information that is necessary to the
meaning of the sentence and cannot be removed, while nonessential relative clauses provide additional information that can be removed without
changing the essential meaning of the sentence.

Here is an example of an essential relative clause:

"The woman who stole my purse has been caught."

In this sentence, the essential relative clause "who stole my purse" is necessary to identify which woman is being referred to.

And here is an example of a nonessential relative clause:

"The book, which I read last week, was really good."

In this sentence, the nonessential relative clause "which I read last week" provides additional information about the book, but it is not essential to
understanding the main point of the sentence.

Adjectives and adverbs

Adjectives and adverbs are two important parts of speech in English that are used to modify or describe other words in a sentence.

Adjectives are words that are used to modify or describe nouns or pronouns. They can describe various qualities such as size, color, shape, or
personality. For example:

• The blue car

• The tall man
• The friendly dog
In these examples, "blue," "tall," and "friendly" are all adjectives that modify or describe the noun that follows them.

Adverbs, on the other hand, are words that modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They can describe qualities such as time, manner,
degree, or frequency. For example:

• She runs quickly.

• He speaks softly.
• They often go to the movies.
In these examples, "quickly," "softly," and "often" are all adverbs that modify or describe the verb that precedes them.

It's important to note that some words can function as both adjectives and adverbs, depending on their placement in a sentence. For example:

• She sings loud. (adverb modifying the verb "sings")

• She has a loud voice. (adjective modifying the noun "voice")
Understanding the difference between adjectives and adverbs is important for constructing clear and effective sentences, as using the wrong one can
result in confusion or ambiguity.
 Conjunctions and prepositions
Conjunctions and prepositions are two different types of words used in English.

Conjunctions are words used to connect two or more words, phrases, or clauses together in a sentence. They are used to join ideas, show
relationships between concepts, and create complex sentences. Some common conjunctions in English include "and," "but," "or," "nor," "so," and
"yet."

For example:

• She loves to read books and watch movies.

• I wanted to go to the beach, but it was raining.
• Do you want tea or coffee?
• He did not study for the test, nor did he ask for help.
• She is tired, so she is going to bed early.
• The dog barked all night, yet nobody complained.
Prepositions, on the other hand, are words used to show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They are used
to indicate position, direction, time, manner, or purpose. Some common prepositions in English include "in," "on," "at," "to," "with," and "for."

For example:

• The book is on the table.

• He went to the store.
• We are meeting at the park.
• She is playing with her dog.
• I am doing this for you.
It's important to understand the difference between conjunctions and prepositions, as they have different functions in a sentence. Conjunctions are
used to join words or ideas, while prepositions are used to show relationships between words.

• In" is used for larger, more enclosed spaces, such as cities, countries, rooms, buildings, and regions. For example:
• I live in the United States.
• The books are in the library.
• I am in the kitchen.
• "At" is used for specific locations or points in time, and can refer to smaller or more precise locations. For example:
• I will meet you at the restaurant.
• The party is at my house.
• The meeting is at 9 a.m.