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Development and Performance Evaluation of a Motorized Gari Sieving

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Friday Aje Ovat Simon Ogbeche Odey

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European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, 2018, 5(7): 459-465

Research Article ISSN: 2394 - 658X

Development and Performance Evaluation of a Motorized Gari

Sieving Machine
Ovat FA1 and Odey SO2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria
2
Department of Wood Products Engineering, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria
Correspondence: simonodey@crutech.edu.ng, +2347034575615
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT
One of the most important steps in the cassava-to-gari processing chain, is the breaking into tiny particles of the de-
moisturized grated white paste cassava that can easily be garified into dried gari. Lump breaking and sieving is
commonly done by hand to remove ungrated and tread like cassava. A faster method of lump breaking and sieving in
gari production necessitated the need for the designing of the motorized gari sieving (sifting) machine, aimed at reducing
or completely eliminating all problems associated with sieving of gari. As output of the machine increased per day,
promote hygiene improve the quality of gari and save time when compared with the traditional method of sieving. The
machine is made of the main frame, hopper, lump breaker, sieving chamber and equipped with a 0.75 kW motor
operating at 1400 rpm. The performance was evaluated and this reveals an average sieving rate of 0.033 kg/s and a
mean efficiency of 78%.

Key words: Development, Evaluation, Motorized, Gari, Sieving

________________________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a tuberous root crop grown majorly in the tropical regions of the world such as
Latin America, Sub-Sahara Africa, and Asia. Its drought tolerance and ability to thrive in marginal soils has been widely
acknowledged [1-4] and this endears it to most farmers. Cassava can be used in various ways and each component of
cassava plant, from leave to roots can be utilized in one way or another. In some communities, the leaves are consumed
as a vegetable, or used in soup as ingredient or dried and fed to livestock as protein feed supplement. It is known globally
as a cheap source of calorie in human diet and animal feeds especially in Africa where it accounts for 60% of root crops
consumption. Cassava is primarily a source of carbohydrate and contains very little protein or fat. The approximate
composition of the cassava tuber is starch, 20-30%; protein, 2-3%; water, 75-80%; fat, 0.1%; fibre, 1.0%; ash, 1-1.5%.
Cassava can be processed into varieties of food for man among which are gari, fufu/akpu, starch, abacha, tapioca,
kpokogari and lafun (cassava flour) among the rural dwellers [5]. Currently, it is fast becoming a foreign exchange earner
due to its new status as a major industrial raw material for the production of wide varieties of flour-based and starch-
based products such as Lafun (fermented flour), gari (flakes), High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF), alcohol for fuel,
glue, starch and so on [6-8]. Today, about 60% of cassava is used for industrial purposes while 40% is consumed by the
households. As reported by [9], in Nigeria, a Federal Government directive on 10% cassava flour utilization in wheat-
based baking flour has triggered a serious hike in demand for cassava. Most postharvest processing operations of cassava
tubers are still being done manually.

Cassava Processing into Gari

Cassava processing into gari consists of various unit operations. Fresh cassava tubers are peeled, washed and grated. The
grated pulp is put in sacks (Jute or polypropylene) and the sacks are placed under heavy stones or pressed with a
hydraulic jack between wooden platforms for 3-4 days to express excess liquid from the pulp while it is fermenting.
Fermentation imparts an acidic taste to the final product. The dewatered and fermented lumps of pulp are crumbled by
hand and most of the fibrous matter is removed. The remaining mass is sieved with traditional sieves (made of woven
splinters of cane) or iron or polyethylene mesh. After being sieved, the fine pulp is then roasted in an iron pan or earthen
pot over a fire. If the sieved pulp is too wet, it takes longer time to roast resulting in a finished lumpy product with dull

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colour. Palm oil may be added to prevent the pulp from burning during roasting and to give a light yellow colour to the
gari. When palm oil is not added, a white gari is produced. Palm oil contains substantial quantities of vitamin A; yellow
gari is 10-30 percent more nutritious therefore more expensive than white gari [4-5, 10-12].
Gari is creamy-white granular flour with a slightly fermented and a sour taste made from fermented cassava tuber. It is a
dry fermented and gelatinized coarse meal. It is mixed into a paste with hot or cold water and eaten with soups or stews.
It is also used as snack when mixed with milk and sugar. This product can be stored for up to 2 years if kept below 12%
moisture content. Gari is consumed in Nigeria, Ghana, Togo, Benin and Cameroon [13]. [14] recorded that sifting
(sieving) is an essential process in the production of gari which is one of the major products of cassava in Nigeria. It is
necessary to sift before and after garification to remove oversized grain fractions. It is particularly important to sift after
frying to remove the bigger grains so as to make it more attractive and to increase the market value of the product.
Gari is widely known in Nigeria and other West African countries. Nigeria in African is the largest producer of cassava
[15]. Its production is commonly estimated at about 49 million tons a year. Cassava plays a vital role in the world food
security because of its capacity to yield under marginal soil conditions and its tolerance to drought. Cassava performs
five main roles; farm reserve crop, rural food staple, cash crop for urban consumption, industrial raw materials and
foreign exchange earner. Nigeria among African countries has made attempt to diversity the use of cassava as primary
industrial raw material in addition to its role as livestock feed. Cassava could be transform into two principal product-
flour and gari from new and traditional varieties. The newer varieties give higher yield which could be seen as the
improved varieties. Mechanization allows people to process large quantities quickly before they get spoil as people in
less underdeveloped and developing countries of the world rely on only traditional methods for the processing of cassava
into food products [16]. In the mechanization of the cassava processing methods into gari, different machines have been
developed. These machines have their different features that characterize their modes of operations, advantages and
efficiencies.

Sifting (Sieving) of Gari during Processing

One of the most important steps in the cassava-to-gari processing chain, is the breaking into tiny particles of the de-
moisturized grated white paste gari that can easily be garified into dried gari. Lump breaking and sieving is commonly
done by hand to remove ungrated and tread like cassava. The cassava lump formed during processing is broken into
smaller particles to enhance sieving. The sieving is achieved locally by placing the broken lumps on a local mesh made
of raffia palms or metal and then robbed with the human palm. This is to reduce the cassava lump to the smallest possible
grain sizes as well as remove the remains of the cassava roots, as well as some cassava chips which may adversely affect
the quality of the gari [15], [17]. The properties of the material to be used on the sieve are very important as they are
factors on their own for effective sieving operations. Such properties include the physical, mechanical and thermal
properties of the material needed to be determined for a proper sieve analysis.
A faster method of lump breaking and sieving in gari production necessitated the need for the designing of the motorized
gari sieving (sifting) machine, aimed at reducing or completely eliminating all problems associated with sieving of gari.
With the motorized garisiever, appreciable quantities can be sieved over a short period of time resulting in an increased
production [16].

Development and application of Gari Sieving Machine

The quality of gari produce and ultimately the texture of the end product depends on two prime factors namely: (1) the
sieve aperture size used and (2) the garifying process, which includes heat input regulation and the manipulative skill of
the operator. Considering these factors, if the sieve aperture size is too small, it not only result in the sieved cassava mash
being too fine but also have a feedback effect on the operator who will exert more energy to shear and compress the mash
over the sieve and at a higher time. On the other hand, if the aperture is larger than optimum, though sieving will be
faster and the operator will be more at ease, the sieve may end up not eliminating unwanted particles. Evidently, an
optimum sieve aperture size will be needed to marry time, operators comfort and a sieved particle that will produce an
acceptable gari grain after garification [17]. [18] classified gari into extra fine grain, fine grain, coarse grain and extra
coarse grain gari. And, observed that “generally, for making eba, the fine grain or coarse grain gari are usually okay and
the extra coarse grain for soaking” [19].
[20] developed a cassava sieve, he carried out a performance evaluation on the machine with an efficiency of 76% and
output capacity of 69.12 kg/h. Mechanized graters are needed to produce a sufficient quantity of cassava mash to meet
market demands and standards. Smallholder processors therefore need to learn how to use and maintain these machines
[13].
[21] fabricated a cassava lump breaker with locally available materials such as mild steel, stainless steel, and so on, but
they failed to carry out a comprehensive performance evaluation in terms of the efficiency and throughput capacity on
the machine. They recommended that the machine should be constructed with stainless steel materials because it prevents
corrosion and allow hygienic operation.
Also, the test sieves and tests required to arrive at these grain sizes were specified. But the bulk of gari consumed in both
rural and urban areas are produced by rural cassava farmers who obtain dewatered cassava mash sieves from the local
craftsmen. The rural cassava farmers may have no choice but to use the sieve size seemingly imposed on them by the

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local craftsmen until it is proved beyond reasonable doubt that increasing the sieve aperture to an optimum will benefit
them in the cassava processing business and that gari produced will still retain its acceptable quality for making eba.
[22] Developed a motorized cassava sifter was developed and evaluated. The sifter was powered by a 3.41kW petrol
engine; the overall dimension of the machine is 1117 x 1045 x 500 mm. The sifting unit is made of a shaft of 980mm x
25 mmØ. On the shaft are 16mm alternatively, arranged on the rods are bristles rubbing brushes that does the
pulverization. There are also spikes in between the first two brushes, these assist in breaking the cassava mash lumps.
The sieve was gauge 1.5mm thick stainless steel and concave in shape with a dimension of 800 and 400 mm respectively
it is perforated in regular size of 2 mm Ø. There is a rubber seal in between the upper concave cover and the concave
sieve this prevents cassava mash been sieved escaping from the sifting chamber. Test results showed that the sifter has
sifting efficiency of 90% at sifting speed of 450 rpm with an output capacity of 132.78 kg/h at a moisture content of 40%.
Particle sizes of the sifted mash ranged from 0.378 to 0.38 mm, while the fineness modules was 1.91.
[14] Recorded that a combine gari post grinder-sifting machine was designed, constructed and tested with the aim of
easing the problem of sifting and grinding of oversized grains after the garification process. The machine consists of the
hopper, sieving unit, grinding unit, electric motor mounted on a frame. The electric motor pulley drives the double
groove pulley while this in turn drives the single groove pulley of the grinding machine. The double groove pulley is
keyed to camshaft which runs parallel under the sieve trough. The cam is always in direct contact with the sieve trough
base. Hook attachment are incorporated at mid-point of sieve trough and the frame top, this allow the fixing of extension
to keep the trough in constant contact with cam during operation. From the cam the sieving unit receives the power
which results in the reciprocating motion that makes the gari to fall into the chamber and pass out through the outlet.
According to [14] the test results showed that the machine has a highest sifting capacity of 28.2 kg/hr with sifting and
grinding efficiencies of 85.5 and 84.0% respectively. A minimum and maximum loss of 12.8 and 27.3% of gari grains
respectively were observed during the performance test. The sifting efficiency decreases with increase in loading of the
machine while the grinding efficiency increase with loading. The machine could be adapted to handle other low bulk
density materials such as yam flour, ground spices and other powdery products. The machine can easily be dismantled
and it’s operational and maintenance procedure is simple.
Mechanized sieves have been conceived and developed as a means of reducing human effort and time involved in sieving
operation. [23] Developed and evaluated a motorized cassava mash sifter, which was powered by an electric motor. The
machine dimension was put at 915 mm × 455 mm × 630 mm. Test result according to the report show that the sifter has
efficiency of 93.3% at 26% moisture content at sifting speed of 410rpm and output capacity of 135 kg/h. [24] Developed
a motorized dewatered cassava mash sifter at the National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM) which was
evaluated to determine the effects of operating speed on its sifting efficiency. Four operating speeds were chosen for the
study, these are, 450, 500, 600 and 650 rpm. The machine was allowed to run, and the time required completing the
sifting of 15 kg dewatered mash sample at all the tested speeds were noted and recorded. Sifting efficiency achieved was
86.5% at an operating speed of 650 rpm while the lowest efficiency achieved was at 75.5% while operating at a speed of
450 rpm and output of 200kg/h.
In the light of this, a development and performance evaluation of a motorised gari sieving machine is conceived (Add
more justification to this).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Design Considerations
In the design of this motorized sieving machine, careful consideration was given to a number of factors such as: Strength
of materials for the fabrication, moisture content of the materials that is to be processed on the machine, cost of the
required materials, expected life span of the design, cost of maintenance of the design and availability of replaceable
parts [25-26].
Design, Materials and Components of the Sieving Machine
The materials used in the fabrication of the gari sieving machine included but not limited to; mild steel, alloy cast iron,
cast aluminum and so on. Some of the major components of the designed gari sieving machine are motorized cassava
lump breaking and sieving machine which consist mainly of the following components namely main frame, hopper, lump
breaking pot, sieving chamber, discharge outlet, pulleys electric motor, bevel gears, shaft etc. Some of these items are
described below;
i. Main frame: This is the main unit of the machine on which every other components of the machine are
supported. It is fabricated with high strength material that will withstand vibration. Mild steel angle rod is
selected. It is to be welded together to make for rigidity.
ii. Hopper: The hopper is a funnel shaped receptacle through which lumps of gari are fed into the breaking head
through gravity. The hopper is casted solidly to the lump breaking pot cover.
iii. Lump breaker: This comprises of the driving shaft, spikes and spikes holder. It is designed with the use of a
20mm mild steel shaft. 10mm mild steel rod is welded on the shaft to serve as spikes that will provide the
whirling effect. They are all contained in a pot casted with aluminum to prevent corrosion.

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iv. Sieving chamber: The sieving chamber is designed with casted aluminum to prevent corrosion and subsequent
rusting of the sieving chamber. It is a square trough of considerable depth to prevent spilling. It is casted and
holes are drilled on it.
v. Pulleys: These are mechanical devices that are sued to transmit motion/power from one shaft to another. The
pulley is preferred for this purpose as the velocity ratio is the inverse ratio of the diameters of the driving and
driven pulleys.
The pitch diameter could be determined by the relationship: velocity ratio
= 𝑁𝑁 /𝐷𝑅
Where DN = Diameter of driven pulley
DR = Diameter of driven pulley
NR = Rotational speed of driver shaft
NN = Rotational speed of driven shaft
The pulley and belts are preferred to this purpose as the distance between the two pulley is short, resulting in negligible
slip between pulleys, easy installation, long life, high velocity ratio, high power transmission and its ability to absorb to
shock.
vi. Electric motor: The machine is to be driven by one horse power (1hp) or 0.75 kW electric motor, running at
about 1400 rpm.
vii. Bevel gears: Bevel gears are used to transmit motion or power at constant ratio between two shafts whose axis
intersect at an angle. The bevel gear is used to transmit power to the lump breaking shaft and the sieving
chamber.
viii. Shafts: Shafts are rotating machine elements used to transmit power from one place to another. The power is
delivered to the shaft by some tangential force and the resultant torque or twisting moment set up in the shaft
permits power to be transmitted to various machine parts linked to the shaft. Three shafts are used in the design
the first or primary shaft is connected to the electric motor with the aid of a vee belt.
Below is a table showing the parts and materials to be used for their design and the properties of the selected
materials.
The power is generated by an electric motor of 1hp (0.75kw) and is transmitted to the primary shaft by means of pulleys.
A second shaft is connected on the main shaft (primary shaft) by means of bevel gears to transmit power to the lump
breaking chamber. A third shaft is connected, still from the primary shaft and is used to produce an oscillatory motion in
the sieve.

Power transmission
The pulley and V-belt were chosen for the transmission of power from the motor to the other moving parts. This is
because this transmission system gives compactness, is easy to install with negligible slip. Most importantly, the belt and
pulley produces a high velocity ratio. The diameter of the driver pulley, DA, thickness of belt, T, input speed, NA, output
speed, NB, diameter driver pulley, D A, and service factor are essential parameters in power transmission calculation.

Torque
The torque for driving pulley is gotten by the relation
𝑃𝑋60
𝑇=
2𝜋𝑁𝐵
Where P = Designed power
NB= Speed of driven pulley
Tension of the belt
Let 𝑥 = external angle of contact of the belt
𝑥 can be estimated using the relation
𝐷𝐵 − 𝐷𝐴
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 =
2𝑥
Also, let Q = angle of lap on the smaller pulley on the motor Shaft (D A).
This can be determined with the use of the relation
𝑥
𝑄 = 180° − 2𝑥 𝑋
180
Bevel gears
Three shafts were used to transmit power with the aid of bevel gears.
Given that 𝑇𝐺 = Actual of teeth on gear
𝑇𝑃 = Actual of teeth on pinion
𝑇𝐺
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝑉. 𝑅 =
𝑇𝑃
Volume of Lump Breaking Pot
The volume of the lump breaker is given by the relation

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Ovat & Odey Euro. J. Adv. Engg. Tech., 2018, 5(7):459-465
_________________________________________________________________________________
Volume of a cylinder = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑙
Where
𝑟 =radius (mm)
𝑙=length (mm)

Fig. 1 The Completed Gari Sieving Machine and an Exploded Drawing

Feed Hopper

Lump Breaker

Sieving Tray

Belt

Sieved Products Outlet

Motor

Fig. 2 The Completed Gari Sieving Machine

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Fabrication of Sieving Machine
Fabrication of the designed parts of the gari sieving machine was carried out in the Mechanical Engineering Workshop of
the Cross River University of Technology, Calabar.
All required parts were fabricated to sizes, welding was done accordingly using appropriate electrodes and assembly of
parts was carried.
Testing of Sieving Machine
The parameters tested for included the mass of gari which could be sieved, the time for which this sieving could be done,
the rate of sieving and the overall efficiency of the machine was also calculated. Although different gari sieving
machines have been designed, fabricated and tested with varying efficiencies. The gari sieving machine under
consideration has a unique feature of the lump breaker which was incorporated to reduce operation time and to increase
its efficiency. The samples used in the testing of the machine were processed through the raw cassava to the
demoisturizedgari or dried gari. Different masses of the gari were obtained as samples, 1-5 corresponding to
masses;1.0kg, 1.5kg, 2.0kg, 2.5kg and 3.0kg respectively. The machine was set up appropriately with adequate power
supply. Loading of the machine with the samples was executed at different intervals with their respective masses. A stop
watch was used to obtain the different times taken for each sample to be completely sieved.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

At the end of the fabrication and assembly of the gari sieving machine, it was subjected to various tests and the results
obtained are tabulated below.

Performance Test Result

Table -1 Performance Test Results of the Motorized Gari Sieving Machine.
S/N Initial mass Mass and Mass sieved Time (Sec) Efficiency Sieving Rate
(kg) residue (kg) (kg) (%) (kg/Sec)
1 1.0 0.30 0.70 30 70 0.023
2 1.5 0.40 1.10 45 73 0.033
3 2.0 0.45 1.55 60 76 0.033
4 2.5 0.50 1.50 75 60 0.033
5 3.0 0.60 2.40 90 80 0.033

Table 1 shows the result of the different test samples according to the time taken for the sieving to be completed, the
initial mass of the sample, the mass of the residue or the unsieved materials and the sieving rate of the machine at each
given sample. The average values of the above parameters were calculated as also shown. Summary of the tested samples
on average basis shows that2.0kg of gari sieved left a residue of 0.4kg. This indicated that 1.45kg of the sample was
completely sieved out of the 2.0kg average mass. The average time taken for the sieving of the 2.0kg of the gari was 60
seconds which means that, the sieving rate of the machine is 0.033kg/s. This also implies that, the efficiency of the
machine is about 78%. This efficiency compares favourably with other gari sieving machines designed and fabricated by
different authors such as [3, 22-23, 27-28].

CONCLUSION
The design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a motorized gari sieving machine was carried out. This work was
successfully executed with new features added, such as lumps breaker, aluminum sieving chamber to prevent corrosion
and rusting, guardson running parts incorporated to ensure the safety of the operator and improve machine life and the
use of link in place of Cams and Followers. The test result shows an overall efficiency of 78%.

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