Microwave Engineering Basics of Microwave Engineering Microwave are radio signals in the frequency range from 1 to 300 GHz. The Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum below Ultra High Frequency (UHF) is mostly already fully occupied leaving little or no room for the growth of new tadio services. At microwave frequencies, tremendous bandwidth is available for new radio services as well as for wide-bandwidth signals such as V, multiplexed signals, oF computer data. For microwave frequencies o/@e << 1, so ground behaves as dielectric, so cannot reflect back the electromagnetic waves at microwave frequencies SO microwave frequencies cannot be used for ground wave communication. Microwave Frequency Band Designation era Te nation 500-1000 MHz : 1-2 GHz u 2-3 GHz. ‘ 3-4 GHz. S 4-6 GHz S 6-8 GHz. G 8-10 GHz x 10-12.4 GHz, x 124-18 GHz, Re 18-20 GHz K 20-26.5 GH is ___265-40 GHe Ke — idSHORTER ———>] WAVELENGTH(mete) Ri ee ace a — i Pee i) oc ar of * © Virus Molecules Atoms omic Nuc —- wt Footbal Fold utterly PinHead — Bact FREQUENCY-Hz (wavesisecond) HIGHER ——> eee et TT 408 10" 107 107% 10% 10% io Pec et Wire ecu == _tower 40° 107 10° 40° 10" 10" ejected by tho oye is called visible fin eat 40% 10% 10" erento i esos as a Frequency Band Designation sioae ey cE Designation . Typical Service ay 3-30 KHz _ | Very Low Frequency (VLE) _| Navigation, sonar 30-300 kHz | Low Frequency (LF) Radio beacons, nayigational 300-3000 kHz | Medium Frequency (MB) ‘AM broadcasting, marintime radio, coast «| guard communication, direction finding, 3-30 MHz_| High Frequency (HF) Telephone, telegraph and facsimiles shortwave international broadcasting: armature radio; citizen’s band; ship-1o- coast and ship-to-aircraft communication 30.300 MHz | Very High Frequency (VHF) | Television, FM broadcast, air-traffc control, police, texicab mobile radio, navigational aids. a 300-3000 MHz| Ultra High Frequency (UHE) | Television, satellite communication, radiosound, surveillance radar, navigational aids er 330GH: | Super High Frequency (HF) [Airborne radar, microwave inks Coriinoncarriecland moble communication, satellite communica) — 30-300 GHz | Extreme High Frequency (EHF) | Radar ommuniSY Points an Primary benefit of microwaves is wide bandwidth availabitiy t low frequenc V-/ structure and less of the s y more . E-H1 format Conductor is used for large skin depth to guide electromagnetic tae # tick As the frequency increases the energy transfer is more in rie 4 thin conductor is sufficient to guide the wave. * Electromagnetic waves in common are dispersive m nal spherical wavefront. nyt wat hove Dispersive nature of electromagnetic wave has adv. 7 ‘ famage of thai used for one to multipoint communication, = nionidens Electromagnetic waves strength decreases with increa Propagation due to dispersive nature. EH format amd se in distance of Waveguides (Single Lines) The term waveguide may refer to any linear structure that conveys electromagnetic waves between its end points. At frequencies more than 3 GHz losses in the transmission lines and cables become significant due to the losses that occur in the dielectric needed to support the conductor and within the conductor itself. In general, a waveguide consists of a hollow metallic tube of a rectangular or circular shape used to guide an electromagnetic waves by successive reflections from the inner walls of tube. Key SAints:. * Inthe waveguide, no Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) wave/mode can exist, but Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) waves can exist. + The dominant mode in a particular guide is the mode having the lowest cut-off frequency. Types of Waveguide The Waveguides can be classified based on these shapes given below a——F _ Rectangular Circular weguide we waveguide Ellipticalral Single ridged waveguide Double ridged Rectangular Waveguide Rectangular waveguide is situated in 2 Directig the rectangular coordinate system Propagation Propagay with its breadth along x-direction, Yh ’ 2 width along y-direction and a z-indicates direction of propagation. Width Vector Helmholtz equations x WH, =- wpeH, 5 For TE wave (E, = 0) ——_ a>] = er VE, = - ope E, Breadth For TM wave (H, = 0), y=0 +/B Rectangular coordinate system in Pee ere en rectangular waveguide constant § = Phase constant @ = Attenuation constant y? + ope = h? 2 2 oe = +1°E, =0 (for TE wate x’ 2, 2, a ie n a A +h?H, =0 (for TM wave) Ox’ oy’ * Solving above equations we find £, and H,. + Also applying Maxwell equations we can find E,, H,, E,. Hy £,=-, 6 _ jou aH, ee ARC Oxe hee Oy, aE, , jp dH, Ey ee ee IO nz Yh Oy, eae ox 1 aH , joy 2E, h? ax hb? ayWave &. he fea 29. and H, = id co i, = 0, putting th BA ese values in e Mpo uations (1 to he ts along ence TEM wa ‘ong x and y directions, E,, EH, » Ey Ey Hy H, y TE ve can and ™ Moe Not exist inside a waveguide eC The electromagnetic patterns, called as eas : inside a we hi infinite number of @ waveguide have an infinite nurnbe present in the ae ei ener aveguide, ie ae oT types of mode (TE and TM) ar aot 8 are denoted as TE,,,, an : Wave variation along wider ireaeon co a n= Half wai ati Ve variation along narrow dimension b —— Electric field —-—-— Magnetic field Electric and i Magnetic fields in rectangular waveguide VN a ga (b) TE10 (c) TEz0 TE, and TEx, mode in rectangular waveguide TE Mode in Rectangular Waveguides TEmn modes in rectangular cavity are characterized by E,=0 ie. zeomponent of magnetic field Hz must be exi transmission in guide. TE field equations in rectangular waveguide as, e,-6,008(™)*"("F ie __ (mmx NW) gi = Egy sin (es )eos( b Je £,=0 __ (mm ma Hentetl Jel b isting in order to have energy Eyew Hy = Hoy COS (=) sin (=) ev lhe H, = Ho, COS (=) cos (@)e™ a b Propagation Constant The propagation of the wave in the guide is assumed in positive z-direction. Propagation constant Yg in waveguide differs from intrinsic propagation constant y of dielectric. a eye hee hp => + he h=.[h? +h? is cut-off wave number For lossless dielectric y? = - Or He, Mg a+ JaPpe—f? = + yor pe? Cut-off Wave Number The cut-off wave number his defined by Wg {He «for TEmn mode There are three cases for the propagation constant Yq in waveguide. Case 1 + itotpe=h’, then Yg =. hence there (evanescence) in the guide. « Thus ata given operating frequ propagate, and modes with f < * Such mode are called evanescent modes. The cut Somes ipeene bon due uy will be no wave propagation twill ency f, only those mode having foe f, will lead to imaginary B (°° teal a) off frequency is Case 2 Harpe > h? po by vg = IB = + Joype 1-(5) Case 3 if wpe Ag. Ag Is imaginary ie. no propagation in the WaVEQuice Phase Velocity (v,) Vp =Ag-f bute =fay For propagation of signal in the guide, 4, >A, so Vp is greater than Velocity of light but this Is contradicting as no signal travel faster than ‘Speed of light. However, v, represents the velocity with which ‘wave changes its phase in terms of guide wavelength /e., phase velocity Group Velocity (»,) # any modulated signal is transmitted through guide, then modulation envelope travels at slower speed than carrier and of course slower than speed of light. de (ee oo (, Bd Forlree space v, =v, and vp-v, =e7v, ee yi] Note TE.g, TE, TEx etc. modes can exist in rectangular waveguide but *Y TM, TH TMy ete. can exist. Power Transmission in Rectangular Waveguide rey a 1-6) oe B= ERE +162) ccay «tor TExFp OIE EF okay, (i) t where @ and b are the dimensions of waveguide and 7 = SB pacance Of free space, Or Ming mode ft \s intrinsic Waves/Modes in Rectangular Waveguide or TM mode H, = Oi.e., the z component of electric field E Must exist in er to have energy transmission in the guide, @ TMmn Mode field equations are &=6, e a (= eye E, sn ITY) @-ibz ee sin(2 = =) sin in( e H, =H, sin( Jeo (= ~iB2 a b Hy =H, by cos ( 3 me. sin ) pi H, =0 of the TM mode, characteristic equations are s: ame as that of TE but some are different and they are given as ene “ae z tote552 Microwave Engin, etn 2 ‘) f 2 a off) en aS i, Power Loss in a Waveguide There are two ways of power losses in a waveguide as given below (i) Losses in the dielectric {ii) Losses in the guide walls if the operational frequency is below the cut-off frequency, Propagation constant y will have only the attenuation term ot, ‘e., B will be imaginary implying that no propagation but total wave attenuation. So, but So, So attenuation constant 2 54.6 f a =—— !1-|—| dB/length he () So this is the attenuation at f < f but for f > & there is very low loss. f =cut off frequency Also attenuation due to non-magnetic dielectric is given by, _ 27.3 fe, -tan& oy = ——_ dB/length ) * 5-loss tangent of the dielectric material is given as, pS Jg JO* The Atte *S diver Bation ¢o, S, nstant due to imperfect conducting walls in TE 19 mode 2a(t) ae a metre/length 2 1G) f Inttinsie i si ote ic impedance for free space [No = 377 2) ce resistance (Q/m*) No= R 8 ® = Resistivity o 23 Sarsaciity, in S/m. = In, se idea (corresponds to skin losses) bf uo = Permeability of medium For free space p = pop, hi, =tandpy = 4n x 107 Him for free space. TE Modes in Rectangular Waveguide * TE mode : m=0,n=0 It cannot exist, as all the field components vanishes. + TE, mode : m=0,n=1 E,=9, H, =0and E,Hy exist.” * Te,ymode: m= ,n=0 E,=0,H, = 0,E, and H, exist. a mb? + neat * TE,,mode : me=tandn=1; Ae,min For TE10 mode, Ag 10 = 24 TE, mode, Acot = 2b wee g2ebr TE,, mode hort = oe sents different cut-off iy for TM mode also, different modes repre y igth.itcular waveguidethe serng ppb Cycles of field variation in ond subscript m indicates 1/a) along the radius of a guide. igh 2x radian of 6, while seci the number of zeros of Ey i.e., Jf (Phy, ee Note The phase velocity, group velocity and guide wavelength remains same as that of rectangular waveguide. Modes in Circular Waveguide TMnm Modes in a circular guide’ are defined as H, = 0. But E, #0, in fo transmit energy in the guide. holtz equation in terms of E, in circular guide is VE, =y°E, field equation for TM,,,, modes are given as (Fm venile E, =F Sp (7204) cosine) on ‘) sin (nd) -e™ © Fo 4 cos (no) e Fat) cos (nd) e- H, = H = fm, n= 0,1,2,3andm=1,2,3,4 aKey Points + For TE wave h= Prim and h= Fan for TM waves a on 208 h Pam + TE,; is the dominant mode in circular waveguide for TE, 1, Pm =1841 he ma 50 hee for TEs; = Ba also for TM wave he = 2 A Pan ar waveguide. x Note TEM mode cannot exist in circul eee ee (a) Circular waveguide TE, Mode in circular waveguide Gy tL eee) — st i) (b) Circular waveguide TE,, Mode in circular waveguide Aa TE,,Mode foront TE,,, Modes in circular waveguideer Handi Tectangutar woven eaettY “OFT : = Dielectric Strength of material : er , euro frequency for TE.) mode = Operating frequency : fax = Maxim E * ul For circular waveguide Im frequency Prax TEs; = 1790 a2 (4) aw Prax TEp; = 1805 a2 |1— (ty a f er Transmission in Circular Waveguide or Coaxial ra lossless dielectric, 1 pen feaaz [SLIEa! +16? Ir oo Zy en R= Zt (UH 41H? ro oo = Wave impedance in guide. ius of the circular guide je power transmitted through a circular waveguide for TE, q= (G/F) (2 2 + JE, = Lien {CLled? +1esP Irae Ze | “fF P(e Ea roe earring rhStrip Line Strip lines are m ‘odifications of two wi Planar transmiss ion lines used at freq The dominant Mode for the stri associated wit! like transistors, Ground Plane \ re lines and coaxial lines, luencies from 100 Mist. ee * ip line is TEM mode. The main h strip line in the mounting of discrete and ac icuty , diodes, circulators, chi ain diff tive com, P resistor, chip capacitor Pent ¢ FE —~(solid liney 11 (dotted line) Ground plane. Zz (@) Schematic diagrams of strip lines (b) Field lines l= 30z | pas. We, We + 0.4415 where, W, = Effective width of centre conductor = MY Hofo€; | Zo = 'p Microstrip Line it is an unsymmetrical Strip line. Microstrip line is nothing but smal Conductive line, etched on one side of dielectric substrate, while other side of the substrate is grounded. -<— Conductor strip E—(solid line) Dielectric H---(dotted line) strip Ground plane {a) Schematic diagram of microstrip line _(b) Field lines 44=-In( P)torha>a Te