Pada oli atol a) Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocode 2 Bill Mosley, John Bungey and Ray Hulse me faa eeCivil Engineering Materials, fith edition EDITED BY N. JACKSON & Kk. DNIR CCl Engineering Quantities, sith edition 1. SEELEY Design of Structural Elements i.M.c. MeKENZIE Design of Structural Timber to ECS, second edition W.6.c. MektNZIF Design of Structural Masonry W.C. MeKENZIE Design of Structural Steelwork w.r.c. MexENZIE Engineering Hydrology, fourth edition, v1LS0N Highway Traffic Analysis and Design, thied edition. #.. ALTER fH, HOUNSELL Soil Mechanics, second edition .t_ BARNES Structural Mechanics, second edition R MULSE & | A. CAIN Surveying for Engineers, fourth edition. juREN & W.F. PRICE ‘Timber, seventh edition Hi, £. ESCH AND |-M. DINWOODIE Understanding Hydraulics, second edition Les HAMIL. Understanding Structutes, third edition DEREK SEWARD Reinforced concrete design to Eurocode 2 SIXTH EDITION BILL MOSLEY JOHN BUNGEY RAY HULSE palgrave macmillan{5 84 Moy nd Bang 9% 182, BF, 1250 ates eee No cbt spy en peti maybe ad tha wit eon No raga of ths aban may be pede, tasted Soa espe oP a unde he re ry eae pate itl ce awed he Copa Lrg Ae. 80 oy wh es ay nt i aton Ws pebnn ‘het ave sted he ght tobe ti . i pub 207 by nou and peas ago the woe aca Ac ht nie oa Fecrlon'so rept nh Usted St, sited rg ould sede utes Lega, ppd mrt Prose ep con oh erent egos the ‘ony ere cloud frit bt ibe am he ts Say. ‘cto cfr th bik aa am he Urry Cogs. Preface 1. Properties of reinforced concrete a 32 33 3a 35 36 42 a 44 45 46 48 49 410 ‘Composte ation Stree sain elatont Swinage end thea movement Creep Durabty Speciation of mater, it state design Lit states Chores mater stents an character os Combination f ston Chal ctr of fey Analysis of the structure at the ultimate limit state ‘ctions {oad combinations ad patterns Analysis of beams nals of frames ‘Shear wal tutus resisting horizontal fads edition of moments Analysis of the section Stress relations Distributor of sais and stesees across zeton fn bending Bening a! the equalent rectangular sess bck Singly florea etangur section in being atthe ultimate Tit sate ecangular secon with compression reinforcement atthe vitimate it tate Flanged section in bending at the timate mit state Moment etibution ana the design enustions Bending pla! load atthe uiate it ste Fecangui-parabotstress Bock Tranguar sess block page wa 1 3 n 1s 16 7 2B 2 » 30 3 48 3 se 9 o o 3 ” %Contents Shear, bond and torsion 52 53 Sa Shear Anehoage bond Laps in enforcement Anais of vecton subject to tonionl momen Serviceability, durability and stability requirements Pa Detaing requires Spar-efecve dept ais Cleulation of detection Flexural cracking ‘Thermal ad svinkage cracking Other servieabty eequirements Limitation of damage caused by accidental loads Design and detaing for ses ees Design of reinforced concrete beams 7 73 73 a 78 Frckninary anajss and ember sng Design for bending of a etangule ston wih no moment reitbution Design for bending of # rectangular section with moment redstbuton Flanged bears Oven be Contincous beams Cntever beams and corbels Curtain an anchorage of enorcing bas Desiga for onion Servcebiy and duatity requemens In of reinforced concrete slabs ‘Shea in dabs| Span-efectve depth ratios enforcement detats Sala sla spanning in ane rection Sali slabs spanning i two rections Flat slat floors Ribbed and hellow block Hors Sta sabe "cline a sip methods Column design Losing and moments Colunn caseation an falre moses Reinforcement details Shor alms resting moments ae axial forces Non sectangularsactions ‘Bail Bending of shot columns 92 o4 96 9° 2 116 124 1s 1B 36 “w7 183 156 1s 168 169 ” 174 V8 186 187 1 202 204 208 210 26 28 223 228 26 2 245 282 253 254 258 260 299 2 9.7. Design of slender clus 98 Wats Foundations and retaining walls 10.1 Pad footings 102 Combined footings 10.3 Sup featings| 10.4 stip Tootngs 1S. fat foundations 10.7. Dasign of ple caps 108. Recating wal Prestressed concrete 1a Principle of prestresing 11.2 Methods of pressing 113 Anas of conerete section under working loads 114 Design forthe snes i state THIS Anais and design atthe uma iit tate Composite construc 121 The design procedure 12.2 Designo he steel beam for contons during construction 123. The compote section a theultimate init sate 12:4 Design of shear connectors 125 Tener reinforcement inthe concrete flange 12.6 Deletion cheks a he serviceability State n Appendic Farther reading as 2 2a 235 ey 235 26 299 304 208 a9 m2 ma ue 30 a 376 381 385 ey 403 495,Preface The purpose ofthis book i to provide straightforward introcicton tothe principles nd methods of design for concrete siritues. It is dtcted primarily at sven and ‘young engineers who rege an underanding ofthe basic theory aa concise guide to design procedures. Although the dead design muthods are generally according to uropean Stndanls (Burson), mai of the tory and ptice ofa fundarentl rnatre an should, therefore, be wel to engingers in counties outside Europe “The search for harmonisation of Technical Standards across the Baropsan (Community (EC) bas fed othe development ofa series ofthese Strctral Euroves ‘which are the tsa document intended for adoption throvghou ll te member snes The use of hese comon stds intended to fower trade air od enable ‘companies to compet on mare equitble basis throughout the BC, Barocade 2 (EC2) deals withthe design of conerctestucture, which has most recealy been coveted in ‘he UK by Bridsh Stand BSE1T0. BSBLIO is scheduled for withaval in 2008 Exvocode 2, which wil const of 4 parts, also adopts the limit stab principles sablished in Bris Stands, Thi book rters primarily to part, dling with neal rules for buildings, Ewocude 2 mist he sed it conunction wit fer European Standards inching Brocade O (Bass of Design that deals wi analyse and Burocode 1 (Aims) that covers lounge on srctores. Ober celevant Standards are Eurccode 7 (Geotcinial Design) and Eurocode 8 (Seismic Desig) ‘Sever UK bodies hive len produced «range of supporting documents giving commentary and background explanation for some ofthe zeguirements of the code Faher supporting docementition includes, foreach separate county, the National Amex which includes information specif to the individual member ses and is Supported inthe UK by the Brits Stpdards publication PD 66872006 which provides background infomation. Additionally, te British Cement Association his paced The Concive Bxrocode forthe Design of Concrete Buildings which cowains rasteil that hos ben distil frm EC2 bu is presented in a way tat makes it more user sendy han the main Barccode snd contains only that information whichis essential for the design of more everyday coneate structures. The Tnsituon of Stucten gincers has also prodused a new edison oftheir Design Marul, These later wo documents ako contain information not inclded in EC? such ax design chats and design methods dra fom previous Brisk Stare, In this et reference ie mae both BC? andthe Concise Code The presentation of BC2 is oriented towards computer solution of equations encompasses higher concrete strengths and is quite different from that of BSE! However the essential feature of EC? is that he principles of design embodied inthe docureat are almost deatcal 10 the piciles inherent inthe use of BS8110. Hence, slthout there ar sme differences in deals, engineers who ae we o designing to the exiting Brsh Standard sald have no difcly in grasping the eserilfeaures ‘this new eode, New grades of reinforcing see! hive been recently Been introxced and design Is now based on concrete cylinder strength, with both of these changes incorporate in this eon. ‘Changes in vernnology, sing partly from language difleences, have resulted in the introduction ofa few terms tht ae unamlia oenginers whe have worked with [BS8L10. The most obvious ofthese isthe use of ations to describe the loeing ox siractures and the vse ofthe teres permanent and variable actions wo dssibe dead and imposed loads. Notwithstanding this, UK influence in rating the document his been ‘ery sting and terminology 8 broadly the same asin existing Betish Standards ‘Throughout this text, tenniology has been Kept generally in ine-with commonly secepted UK practice and heoce, for example, loads and actions are used ‘nserchangably. Other ‘ne’ terminology i dented at appropriate points in the tet The subject tern this book as sen ange 0 that chapters 1 105 deal mol with hey and analysis ile the sabsoqent chapters cover the design and dele of ‘cious ype of member and structure. Tn omer to include tops tha are usually in an Undergraduate coure, dee isa section on earring sutures and als capers ‘on prestessd coven and composite constuction. A new soon on seismic design fas aleo bean aoe Import eauation tat have Desa derived within the text are highlighted by en ‘secsk adjacent tothe equation number and in the Appendix a summary of key ‘tations is given, Where i hss boon necessary to include atrial Ua snot ety povided by the Enocodes, this is bee hased on curely accepted UK good practice Tn preparing this new eon [which ples Reinforced Concrete Design fo EC2 (1996) by the same authors), the principal aim has oen t retain the stuctre and fesurs ofthe well-established book Reinforced Concrete Design by Mosley, Bungey ad Hulse (Palgrave) whic i bse on Bish Stands, By comparing the books it ‘possible to sce te estentia ferences between Eurocce 2 and existing Bish Standards and to contest the diferent outcomes When situs are designed 0 siher code Ir shoud be emphasised that Cas of Practice are always ible to be eevised, and reads should ensure that they ae using the latest eon of any relevant standard nal, the author: would Tike t thank Mis Mary Davison for her had work, ticnce and assistance withthe preparation of the mans ‘Acknowledgements Permission to repndace EC? Figures 52,53, 67, 82 83, 8:7, 89, 94 and 99 and Tables Ai. (EN 1990), 74, 82 and 83 from BS EN 1992-1; 2004s praned by BSE Bh Standards can be obtained from BSH Customer Services, 389 Chiswick High Road, London WS 4AL (el +44(0}20 8996 9001, email esevices@bs\-slobal com). “We would also like to acknowledge and thank ARUP fr pecmision to reproduce the sihtographs shown in chapters 2 to 8, and 12 The photograph of The Tower, Ess Side Plaa, Portsmouth (cove and chae 1 s reprduced by courtesy of Stepenton RC Frame Contricer, Oakwood House, (Guildord Road, Bucks Green, Horsham, West Suse, Dedicated to all our families for thelr encouragement ‘and patience whilst writing this text Prefaceybvenmc boats sMranN Notation Novation is generally in accondance with EC2 and the principal symbole are listed below, Other symbols are defined inthe text where neessry. The symbol for tin and f for srs have been adopt throughout, withthe gene system of sbscrps Such dha the ist subscript eer othe material ¢~ concrete, s~ steel, and the second ‘subscript refers co the Iype of ste, ¢ ~ compression, t~ esion B — mpodulus of easicity F taal (acon) G permanent load 1 Second moment of area pests loss facto Mento Bending moment Naat oad @ ——vanable load Torsional moment sha free @ elton beat or wih 4 effective depth of tension enforcement depth to compression reinforcement © escenicty overall depth of section in plane of Bending i rats of gyration k——cooticent 1 length or span n—altimae Toad pee unit Ir earvatue of «beam spicing of ser ieinfrcement a depth of stress black thickness punching shear primer puta as depth 2 lever am Ac concrete cross-sectional area ‘Ay exossetional aren oF pressing tendons A, cross-sectional aa of tension reiafarcement AL erosesetional ea of compression reinforcement ‘Acmx — stose-sectional aes of tension enforcement regi athe uma Limit Notation rss setonal tea of tension reinforcement provided tthe uate limit ‘ros-sttonal tea shear eiaorcemet in he fem of nko het-up has secant moduli of elasticity of conte modulus of elasticity of reinforcing or presressng steel ‘haraceriie permanent Toad cond ret of are of concrete ‘moment of a eclunn corresponding to he balanced condition fesgn value of moment ohimate momeat of resistance ‘ral load ana column corresponding to the balanced contin design vale of axial force inal prestress force characteristic variable lod {esign value of torsional moment sign val of shear force eharacseitic wind loa ‘nimi width of seston characteristic clinder strength of concrete toean eylnde sueagth of conerete rmeun tensile strength of concrete shraceistic yield srengt of presressing ste ‘harcteristic yield strength of reiforcemest ‘harcteritic permanent lot per unit ares ‘i average compressive sess in the concrete for a rectangular parabolic stress ‘factor tht lates the dep to the centroid ofthe ‘lock andthe depth to the neta ais angus parabolic sess hk Teveram factor = eft 1 effezive height of column or wall & characteris vatable ood per unit area @ —eneticient of thermal expansion te eur rato 8 action combination fctor Ye pri sey faetor fr conerete stent ail efey factor fr oads (actions), F Yo pial fey face fr permanent oa, ‘hy —-artilenfey factor for arabe loads, Q yi safey factor forse! strength 8 net reitbuton factor & —tardiamete Notation for composite construction, Chapter 12 ‘Ay Ares of w strata steel section A. Shear are of stractrl steel secon 9° Wath of de sel Mange/ xi Notation 7 a ‘Clear depth of steel web or diameter of the shank of the shear stud ‘CHAPTER a Modulus of elasticity of sel =e 1 Bifective modulus of elasticity of concrete 2 ‘Mean value of the axial tensile strength of concrete . | fect Properties of | Ji, Overall depth of the profiled stel sheeting excluding embossments rein orce Fue Second momest of area of the wunsormed concrete are and the stuctua oS cece sienna patent nag concrete pall with tho bea & ——_ Redvson fector fr resitance of add stud with roid te sheeting transverse co the bee 2 Length. span i : ‘Me Mornent of resistance ofthe compote section 11 Mota ato or nantes of sea eoometrs Beer nuueune ny Namber of shear connectors for fll shear connection Reinforced concrete ka trong duabe balding mater tat can be formed into Pay Design valve ofthe shear resistance of single connector ‘rary ved shapes andes anging fom a sng ectanguar clara, toa nde Ke Resistance ofthe concrete ange furved dome or sels uly and vert are achieved by combining the bet f Ro, Resistance ofthe concrete above the neta axis fenures of concrete and see. Consider some o the widely dlfeing propertes of R, Resistance ofthe sel section thes wo mite tat are ited Dow Ry Resistor ofthe sel ange Ry Resistance ofthe sel flange above the neutral axis Concrete Stet Ry’ Resistor af the clear web depth ns oe a Smee fe, Roce wart mae monn me fy ‘Thickness of the steel web oot tae or : Way Plastic section modulus of a steel structural section tap ie (a coma ne oe {Samat eat VES, whe fio ebro for fatter on ree to provide the tera strength and probably some of the shes strength whe the concrete, song In compression, protects the ‘Helo ge duably anal fre reitance Thi chpee can present ‘eta biel intron tothe ase properties ef concrete and its eel enforcement. For a more compechentve study it tecammende that relrence spud be made to the specalied tents sted in Further Reading a he end of the book Degree of seat connetionjpreanisdescansean uta ein ncn es Staatnseitoaorn eae 2._Relnforced concrete design 1.1. Composite action ‘The tensile stength of conrete is nly aboot 10 pe ent ofthe compressive strength Because of his, erly all enforced concrete tures ae designed the sexumption that the concrete doesnot resist any tensile forces. Reinforcement is designed 0 cay hese tele free, which are taster by bond Detween the iteace of the OHO rte f this bond i aot equate, he rsinforcing are wil ost slip within the ‘ere and the will not bea composite aeton. Tus member shook be deed so that the concrete can he well compacted around the reinforement during onsrvetion. In addon, bars are normally ribbed so that there is an extra ‘mechanical sip the analysand design ofthe composite reinforced concrete section, itt asumed that tere i perfect ond, 0 tha he sirain inthe reinforcement is went! to the sain athe adjacent concrete, This ensure tht there is wha is known a “compatiblity of stains across the eros seta of the merber “The coeficiens of them expansion fo tel and for conerte ae ofthe omer of 106 10° per °C and 7-12 «10 por °C resposively, These vale ae sticinty lose dat problems with bod seldom aise from ferential expansion between the (60 rates ave normal trperatae ang. Figure 1.1 illustrates the behaviour of simply supported bear subjected o bending snd shows the position of ste! reinforcement to resist the tensile Fores, wile the ‘compression forces inthe tp of the beam ae camo by the conc, i r 1.2 | Stress-strain relations ‘The loads on a structure ce dition ofits members with resukiog sueses and susan inthe cnerete andthe steel reinforcement, To ery out the eas and design fa mesmber itis necesay (0 have a knowiedge of the celationship between thse fetes and stains This knowledge is patenlary important when dealing wih reinforced concrete which is composite rateil for in his case the analysis ofthe fhessson # cross-section of member must consider the equilibrium ofthe feces in the concrete and sel, and asd the compaibiity ofthe suns across the cross-section 1.2.1 Concrete [Concrete is «very vatable mutcal,aing a wide rane of strengths a cess-stain ues typical curve for concrete in compression is sown in figure 12. Astbe led is “ppd, the aio between te sess ad ins is approximately liner a is andthe mcrte behaves almost at an elastic material with vitoally Tull recovery of oplacemeat ifthe load i removed, Eventually, the carve ino longer linear andthe ‘eoncrte behaves more and tore aplastic material I the load were removed ding fhe plastic range the recovery would 10 longer be complete and a permanent deformation would resin, The ultimate sain for most strctral conerts tend 0 be ‘constant vate of approximately 0.018, althouph thi ikely to reduce fr concetes ith cube strengths above about @ Nin’. BSENI982 “Design of Concrete Sauctures'- commonly known as Eurocode 2 (or BC2) recommends values For use in such eases. The precise shape ofthe szes-sain curve i very dependent on the Jeng of time te lod x pple, Tctr whieh wl be urther discussed in seaion 14 on creep, Figur 1.2 i ype fn sexes fing ‘Concrete generally increases strength with age, This characteristics lsrated by the graph in figure 1.3 which shows how the inrease is rapid at first, becoming xe _rodval later. The prove relationship wll depend upon the ype of cement wed. That Showin s forthe type variation of an adequately cud conerete made with commonly sed class 425 Poland Cement Some eades of practice allow the concrete sregth 1 Seating” Wherever tension occurs i ikely tat ceasing of the concrete wil tke pce. This cracking, however, des not detat frm the safety of the ststure provide there is 00d reinforcement bonding 1 easue thatthe eres are resined rom opening 50 that the embeded sel connie to be protetd from corosion. When the compressive or searing forcs exceed the strenth of the concrete, then Stel reinforcement must aguin be provided, but in these cases i sony reir 10 supplement the load-carrying capacity of the concrete, For example, compression reinforcements gonarally rogue in column, whore it takes the frm af eral ars ‘yuo nese the perimeter To provent these bas buekling, sel binders ae used to ‘sis the retain provided by the sutounding concrete Ex +— = _ [- {tt Properties of reinforced concrete 3 Imengtt ontoer sh semasaneR natalie sta te 4.| Reinforced concrete design sd indesign toe vated acon othe age ofthe onc when it supa the desig lad. Europe Cates, however, do not pet the we of emt reer tan the 2day vale in culelaions, bu the rus of lacy ay be miedo azn Fr age how er. Tr the Unted Kingdon, compressive sess tas ttn beithessre and xyes ints of 150 mm ee crashing sent ta ge of 28 days. Mos ter tis ue IS mm arte nds which ae 30 mm ong. Formal seg conceit ein beng ion average about 8 he eae seaghAll deen cakes to C2 are bared othe charcteriic eye sree defined i sexton 22.1. Cate stents nny bowever be wed for eames papas, with the harcore strengthen 8 fae ‘Coneretes wll ama be specie pen ofthese 28a chareterti sents fox example strength cls C3545 concrete ban chances cylinder stant of 35 Nina and achat cbe seg of 45 Nan Ke il ented a thee some Tung of in tse vas, wise ae usual quod ia mutes of § Naum” for cab sng, Contes made with lighrweight aggepes ae Leia by the pee Lc ‘Modulus of elasticity of concrete {ee sen fom the sess-srain curve for concrete tha though elastic behaviour may be assumed for siesses below about one-tindof the ukimat compresive sent his relationship is ot truly Tinea, Consequently i is necesay to define precisely what value is 10 be cake 2 the modal felsic. A numberof altemative definitions exis, butte most commonly adopted is B= Ese where am is known asthe secant or staré modulus. This is messued fora particule concrete by means of static test in which a eyiade i oad oust above one-hind of the corresponng mean contol cube sues ay ate, OF 04 mean eylinder teagth and then eycled back to zero sires, This removes the eft finial "bedng-in” and minoe stress editions in the cone tmder Load. The load is reapplied andthe Behaviour wil the be almost linear the average slope of te lne upto the spect tess i aken sy the value for Ey. The testis described in detain BS 188] andthe results generally lows a8 the secant modulus of elas ‘The dimaic madulas of elastic, By, is sometimes refered o since this is much ceusier to measure inthe laboratory and tere is a fairly well defined selaionship ‘otween Zon and By. The sonar et bse on determing the resonant regency ‘ofa prism sfecimen andi aso described in BS 188. Its also possible wo obtain a good cstimate of ; from uleasonic easing ehigues, which may somtimes be we on ‘ie to assess the conerete in an actual stuctre, The standard test for By is on an unsuessed specimen, It-an be seen from Rue 14 that the valve obtained represents the slope of the tangeat at zero stess and Fis therefore higher than Bay. The relationship between the two modal is ofen taken 2s Sevan mols By = (1.2584 — 19) kN “This eguation is salcenly acewate for normal design purpose, The stl vale of for weonerete depends on many factors related tothe mi, but cea relationship is considered to exist between the mexulis of east ad the ‘ompressive stent. “Typical values of Bn for various conrete clases using gravel aggregates which are suitile fr design are shown in able I, For limestone aggregates These values sould Be rece by factor of 09, or for basa inezease by aftr of 1.2. The magnitude of the modula of clasticy is requted when investigating th defection and eacking of strat, When considering short-term effects, member sfnes willbe based on the Sle todulus Ee defined! above, I Tonle effets ate being considered it ean be own tat the effet of crop canbe represented by moxifying the valve of Fy (oan ‘ffetve vate Ee, an thi is sessed in secon 63.2 ‘The elatie medusa an ge oter than 28 days maybe estimated ron this table by ‘ing the acticipated strength value et that age If atypical value of Poisson's ratio is ‘eee, his should be taken 02 for regions which rent subj: to tension eacking. 122 Steel Figure 15 shows typical sess-strain curves for (a) hot roll high yield sel, and (by cote worked high yield ste, Mild sce! behaves as an elastic material with the "stsin roportonl fo the sess up to tbe yield a which pon there a side increase in rain with nochange in ste. After the yield pois, this becomes a plastic mae td the sain inccases rapidly wp othe imate value Mh yield steel, which s mest Table 1.1. short-term modulus of elasticity of pormabweight gravel concrete 28 day charter strength (rm?) Stoic Sect) mods fata am (ieee) (ane) 2018s 0 2s)30 a tor 2 35145 40150 35 45/55 36 Soy60 3” eos ° mores a sos 2 30/105 “4 Properties of reinforced concrete | 5 Nosikel day toneReinforced concrete design (0) Hot rte ste (0 ott wer te may beave in sila manner oc may, onthe ober and, noc have such definite ye pint but may show a more gradual chang fom tic 10 plastic behaviour and redveed ductility depending on the manufacturing process. All materia have a sinilar slope of the elastic region wih elastic modulus = 200 kha? approxinatly The specified swength sed i design is bused on ether the yield stesso a spit roof sess. 1.2 percent prot ses defined in igure 1 Shy the broke line dawn parle! to the ear par of the sess-sain curve Rerroval the load within the plate range would result in the sress-tain diagram following line approximately paral! othe loading potion ~sce ine BC nig 16 Te tel wl be let witha permanent stain AC, which s nowa as sip’. I the steels ain load, the stese-saindigram wil follow the anoadng curve ua i amost Tesch the original sess at B and then it wil curve in he dreton of he ist odin. Thus, the proportional it forte second loading higher than forte ntl fd, This ction i eee to a sain taveving™ of “work hardening. The lod deformation ofthe ste is also dependent onthe lng of time the load is pli. Under a constant srs the sais wil gradually increase ~ this phenomenon is known as ‘creep or ‘exation’The amt of erp tat aks place over period of time depend onthe grade of sel and the magnitude ofthe sees. Crep of the toa is of litle sigiicaoes im arma enforced concrete Wor, Bat 8 portant actor in prestressed concrete where the peestessing sels very highly sessed 1,3 © Shrinkage and thermal movement ‘As concrete hardens ther i redation in volume, This svinkage is liable to cause ‘racking ofthe concrete, but it also has the beneficial eet of strengthening the bond between the concrete and the steel reinforcement. Shrinkage begins to take place as ‘xa the concrete is mixed, and is easediniilly by he absorson ofthe water by the concrete andthe aggregate, Futer shrinkage is cased by evaporation ofthe water ‘which rises to the concrete surface. Daring the sting paces the hydration ofthe cement causes a great deal of heat fo be generated, an asthe conte cools, father sHuikage takes place as a result of thermal conacton. Even afer the concrete has hardened, shrinkage comics a6 drying out persists over muxy moots, and any subsequent woting and drying can also cause swelling and shrinkage, Thermal sHrinkage may be reduced by reiting the temperature se during heaton, which ay be achieved bythe following procedures 1 Use 2 mix design with a low cement contnt or suible cement replacement (eg Pulsed Pel Ash or Ground Granlated Bla Furnace Sig) Properties of reinforced cone 2 Avoid rapid andening and finely ground cement if posible 3 Weep aggregwes and mixing water col 4, Use tel shut 5. Stik the shuterng cay to allow the et of hydration o disp nando] With a wate spay. 2 Tow water-cement ratio will help to reduce dying shrinkage by Keeping wo 2 rninimum the volume of mnissre tat can be lost. I the change in volume of the concrete i allowed 10 take place ely and without resin, there wil be no stress change within the concrete, Resi ofthe shrinkage, fn the ocr hand, wil cause fensilestins and stresses. The estat may be caused tery by fixiy with adjoining members or fiction against an eat surface, and internally y the action of the see vaforcoment. For a Tong Wall o oor slab te fevrint from adjining concrete may be reduced by eonsicting successive bays fase of altemate bays, This allows te foee end of every bay to ontact befor the fx bay ca. ‘Day-to-day thermal expansion of the concrete canbe greater than the movements causd by shinkage. Thermal stresses and stains may be contd Dy the comes pisitonng of movement or expsnsion joins in «ste. Fr example the jins ‘Should be placed at an abrupt change im cross-section and hey should, in gener ass completly though the strcture io one pane ‘When the tensile srerses caused by shrinkage or thermal ovement exceed the meng of the conse, cacking wil occur. To contol the crack widths, see feiforcement mist be provided clase tothe concrete surfice the codes of pace Specly minim quanties of reinforcement in meme for this purpose, Calculation of stresses induced by shrinkage (a) Shrinkage restrained by the reinforcement ses caused by reinforcement in am oherwie unesained member be called quite simply. The member shown in igure 1.7 has re shrink finn ofc. if made of pain soocret, but this overall movement is reduced by the lacusion of reinforcement, giving © compressive sin 2 inthe sel and easig an fective tensile sin the coneete Miprerenet Sage rare