Networking Devices

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 What Is Computer Network

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A computer network is a digital telecommunications network which allows
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nodes to share resources
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Networking Devices Endpoint / Hosts

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Router Te
Switch Firewall
PC Server Mobile
 Networking Devices
Switches
Purpose: Switches operate at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) and are used to forward data within a local
network (LAN).

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Functions:
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Forwarding: Sends frames based on MAC addresses.
VLAN Segmentation: Allows the creation of Virtual LANs to segment network traffic for

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better performance and security.
MAC Address Table: Stores the MAC addresses of connected devices.

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Spanning Tree Protocol (STP): Prevents network loops.
Link Aggregation: Combines multiple links to increase bandwidth (EtherChannel).

Types:
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Layer 2 Switch: Basic functionality of MAC address-based forwarding.
Layer 3 Switch: Capable of routing between VLANs (Inter-VLAN Routing).

Catalyst 9200 Catalyst 9500

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 Networking Devices
Routers

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Purpose: Routers are used to forward data packets between different networks (inter-network
communication).

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Functions:

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Routing: Directing packets to their destination based on IP addresses.

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Packet Filtering: Routers can filter data based on access control lists (ACLs).
NAT (Network Address Translation): Translates private IP addresses to public ones.

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Routing Protocols: OSPF, EIGRP, RIP for dynamic routing.

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Types:

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Core Routers: Positioned at the backbone of the network, handling high-traffic volumes.
Edge Routers: Positioned at the edge of a network, connecting to external networks like the
internet.

ISR 1000 ISR 4000

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Switch
or Router
Internet

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 Networking Devices
Hubs

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Purpose: Hubs are simple devices used to connect multiple devices within a LAN.

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Functions:

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Broadcasts data to all devices connected to the hub.

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Operates at Layer 1 (Physical Layer).

Limitations: No intelligence in traffic forwarding (leads to congestion and inefficiency), no MAC

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HUB
 Networking Devices
Bridges

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Purpose: Used to divide larger networks into smaller segments, reducing collisions.

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Operates at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer).
Filters traffic between segments based on MAC addresses.
Improves network performance by reducing congestion and collisions.

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Types:

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Transparent Bridges: Operate without changes to the network's original operation.
Source Routing Bridges: Use routing information to filter data.
 Networking Devices
Firewalls

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Purpose: Firewalls protect networks from unauthorized access and cyber threats.

Functions:
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Filters traffic based on predefined security rules (e.g., allowing or denying data packets).

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Can operate at different layers (Layer 3, Layer 4, and Layer 7).
Provides VPN support for secure remote access.
Stateful vs. Stateless Filtering: Stateful firewalls track the state of active connections, while

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stateless firewalls treat each packet individually.

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 Networking Devices
Modems

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Purpose: Modems (Modulator-Demodulator) convert digital signals from a computer into analog

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signals suitable for transmission over telephone lines (or vice versa).

Functions:
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Modulation and demodulation of signals for internet connectivity over copper lines.
Provides a bridge between the digital network and analog communication mediums (e.g., dial-up
Internet).

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 Networking Devices
Access Points (APs)

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Purpose: Wireless Access Points allow wireless devices to connect to a wired network via Wi-Fi.
Functions:

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Provides wireless communication within a defined area (Wireless LAN).

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Extends network coverage and capacity by supporting multiple wireless devices.

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Can integrate security features like WPA2/WPA3 encryption, MAC address filtering, and guest

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network management.

Types:

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Standalone AP: Operates independently and provides basic wireless network functionality.

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Controller-based AP: Managed by a wireless controller for centralized control and
configuration.
 Networking Devices
Load Balancers

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Purpose: Load balancers distribute network traffic across multiple servers to ensure no single
server is overwhelmed.

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Functions:

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Increases availability and scalability of applications or websites.

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Provides fault tolerance by rerouting traffic to available servers if one fails.
Can operate at Layer 4 (Transport Layer) or Layer 7 (Application Layer).

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 Networking Devices
Network Interface Cards (NICs)

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Purpose: A NIC is the hardware component that allows a device to connect to a network.

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Provides the physical connection to the network (wired or wireless).

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Converts data into the proper format for transmission over the network.
Can include features like offloading TCP/IP processing for performance improvement.

Types:
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Ethernet NICs: Standard NICs for wired LANs.
Wireless NICs: Used in wireless network communication (Wi-Fi).

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 Networking Devices
Server

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A server is a device that provides functions or services for clients.
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 Networking Devices
Client

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A client is a device that accesses a service made available by a server.
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 Server & Client Communication
Client

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A client is a device that accesses a service made available by a server.
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