BASIC OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING May - 2019 Paper Code Note : Attem pt five questions in all, selecting one question from each Section. Question No. 1 is compulsory. All questions carry equal marks. Q.1. Explain the following : (a) Significance of Phasor Dit (2.5) (b) BH Curve and (2.5) (c) Torque-Speed characte (2.5) (a) Power factor and its improvement. (2.5) (e) Voltage and Current sources. (2.5) (® RMS. value. (2.5) Ans. (a) Phasor Diagram : The dia, gram in which different alternating quantities of the same frequency, sinusoidal in nature are represented by individual phasors indicating exact phase interrelationship is known as phasor diagram, Significance of Phasor Diagram : (1) As phasor diagram can be drawn at any instant, X and Y axis are not included in it. But, generally, the reference phasor chosen is shown along the positive X axis direction and at that instant other phasors are shown. This is just from convenience point of view, The individual Phase of an alternting quantity is always referred with respect to the positive x-axis direction, (2) There may be more than two quantities represented in phasor diagram. Some of them may be current and some may be voltages or any other alternating quantities like flux, etc. The frequency of all of them must be the same. (3) Generally, length of phasor is drawn equal to r.m.s. value of an alternating quantity, rather than maximum value. G@) The phasors which are ahead, in anticlockwise direction, with respect to reference Phasors are said to be leading with respect to reference ‘and phasors behind are said to be lagging. (8) Different arrow heads may be used to differentiate phasors drawn for different alternating quantities like current, volta ge, flux, flux. Ans.(b)B-H Characteristies : The graph between the flux density B and field intensity Hofa magentic material is called B-H o tumiliar magnetization, curve. Fig.(1) shows a typical B-H curve for an iron specimen. As seen from the curve it curve it ean be devided into four distinct regions O4, AB,, B,C and the region beyond C, ‘The slope of the B-H curye for iron can be explained as follows : (2) In the region OA (in step region), magnetic field strength H (another name is magnetizing force) is too weak to cause any appreciable alignment of domains (or elementary magnets). Consequently, the increase in flux density B is small, In the neighbourhood of the origin the graph is a straight line through the origin, and the slope gives the inital permeability. (6) In the region AB,, more and more domains get aligned ac H increases, consequently, B increases almost linearly with H,ii ‘i Basic Of Electrical Eng __—+ B(Wbim’) oO —— H (Aum) Fig. : B-H Curve for an iron sample fewer domains are left unaligned, consequetly, the (c) In the region B,C only @ increase in B with H is very small. (d) Beyond C, i.e. beyon the iron material is said to be magnetically sat with fair accuracy by Frohlich’s equation d the knee zone. no more domains are left unaligned and rated, This upper portion of the curve is represented Be ert where (a) is a hardness con il # -4) Here B, is the saturation flux density. s of DC Motor: The speed-torque characteristic as mechanical characteristic. higher loads, the ies istic is also known for smaller values of load. But at ‘Ans.(c) Torque-Speed characterist is shown in Fig.(a). Speed-torque character Speed sharply falls with the increase in torque speed drops linearly but slowly with increasing toraye: Frence geries motors are best suited for services where the motor 'S directly coupled to the load such as fans whose speed falls with the increase in load torque. Speed in RPM Torque in N-m ———> Fig.(a) : Speed-Torque Characteristics of DC Series Motor os: 2019 ji Solved papers, May'-2019 3 B Tech ans) Power Factor : Power Factor improvement is a method to restore Power Ans. spas close 10 unity as is economically possible Factor to . “iis normally achieved by the addition of eapacitors to the electrical network, which i y He for the Reactive Power demand of the induetive load and thus reduce the burden on compensa ThesUPPY gactor Improvement : The low power factor is mainly due to the fact that most i eoney ade are inductive and. therefore, take lagging currents. In order to improve the Fhe ot ome device taking leading power should be connected in parallel with the load. Te uch dese ‘wan be a capacitor, The capacitor draws a leading current and partly or ne pletely neutralises the lagging reactive component of load current. This raises the power cor f cae factor of the load. 1 (ii) (iii) Fig. : (1) Mlustration : To illustrate the power factor improvement by a capacitor, consider a single phase load taking lagging current / at a power factor cos 9, as shown in fig.(1). ‘The capacitor C is connected in parallel with the load. The capacitor draws current J. which leads the supply voltage by 90°. The resulting line current I’ is the phasor sum of / and /c and its angle of lag is 9, as shown in the phasor diagram of fig. | (iii). It is clear that is less than 0}, so that cos > is greater than cos 9). Hence. the power factor of the load is improved. The following points are worth noting : () The circuit current /’ after p.f. correction is less than the original circuit current /. (ii) The active or wattful component remains the same before and after p.f. correction because only the lagging reactive component is reduced by the capacitor. 160s >) = I cos (iii) The lagging reactive component is reduced after p.f. improvement and is equal to the difference between | i lagging reactive component of load (//sin $,) and capacitor current (/-) Vsin o) = Ising, - | i 2 . (iv) As 10s @1 = I’cos $y : VI cos 9 = VI' cos $y [Multiplying by V] Therefore, active power (kW) remains unchanged due to power factor improvement. “) sing, = Isin o) - VI’sin oy = Vi sin @,-Vic (Multiplying by V] ite. Net kVAR after pf ion = Lagging kVAR before p.f. correction — leadi var oteaatt p-f. correction = Lagging re p.f. correction — leadit4 ». Basic Of Electrical Engg Ans.(e) Voltage Source : A voltage source means a source that supplies constant voltage to a load irrespective of the value of load resistance. The example of voltage source are d.c. generator and battery. In Fig.(1). E = Open circuit voltage of source R, = Internal resistance of source R, = Load resistance The output voltage bn, E ) a o> RptR, When R.< ae a aS or R,+ Rt, = TTR +R +R, (iv) Subtracting equation (i) and (ii) and (iii) from equation (iv) we have respectively RiRy 8 ame - RRs Ry = Bek, +R ao) Ry Be = eh eRe Avi) These relationship may be expressed as follows The equivalent star resistance connected to a given terminal is equal (o the product of the two delta resistance connected to the same terminal divided by the sum of the delta~ connected resistances If the three delta connected resistance have the same value R,,, the three resistance in the equivalent star for identical systems will be Star-Delta Transformation : Multiplying equation (v) and (vi). (vi) and (vii), (vii) and (v) and then adding them, we get RURERy + R/RERy + RERRS (Ry +R +R) RR Ry Ro + Ro+ Ri) RRRs 7 : (A+R +R) © Ry + Ry + Ry lls) Diving equation (ix) by equation (v), (vi) and (vii) separately, we have Rak + Rohe + RRA _ py 4 pe + SORE Bee Ry Ry RR, * RR +RR, fi Ro +RcR : pea Ray + Repke + RoR _ p+ Re Ske 1 Rp 8 RiRy RyRy + RpRc + RRs _ p+ Rg +42 and R ‘ Ra Basie Of Electricat ei The above relationship may be expressed as below : The equivalent delta resistance between two terminals is the sum of the two Star resistance connected to those terminals plus the product of the same divided by the third star resistance. Q.3. Explain the following with taking suitable example : (a) Thevenin Theorem (8) (b) Norton Theorem ay Ans. (a) Thevenin theorem (after French physicist, M. Leon Thevenin) states that “the current (1) flowing through a resistance Ry connected acrass any two terminals (say A and B) of a network containing one or more sources of eurrent/voltage (i... active network) given by 1+ Ry, where V7, = open-circuit voltage between 4 and B, ic. with R, disconnected: and Rij = equivalent resistance of the network with R, removed, and the sources of currenv/voltage, if any, replaced by their respective internal resistances. Roce A hee a fc A > f : R, R R, R, Vv, iE R, - ye) Dee De (a) (b) (ce) Fig. : (1) Mlustration : To visualize the application of Thevenin’s theorem, consider a network shown in fig.(1). Suppose we are required to determine the current flowing through the load resistor, R,. We shall follow the following general steps: i Step 1 + Disconnected and remove the resistance of the load resistor (R,) under consideration from the terminals 4 and B [as shown in fig. 1(b)] to get open-circuit. Step 2 : Calculation of open-circuit voltage Vy, across the free terminals 4 and B: Current when terminals A and B are open, E 1 = GER +R) Open-circuit voltage, Vy, = Potential drop across Ry = [Ry ERy | (+R, +R) Step 3: Remove the voltage source from the circuit, leaving behind only its interna resistance (r) as shown in fig. I(c). Now view the circuit inwards from the open-terminals 4 and B. It is found that the circuit now consists of two parallel paths- one containing resistance &) xzBilech 4 Year Solved papers, May -2019 9 only, and the other containing resistances R and rin series, Consequently, the equivalent circuit resistance (Ry,) as viewed from the open-terminals A and B is given by : Rr : . Rin = Ry +(R, +r) (ii) In other words, the entire open-circuit network as viewed from A and B is reduced to single source, called Thevenin’s source, whose voltage and internal resistances are respectively given by Vp, and Rr, as depicted in fig.1(d). Step 4 : Connect back load resistances under consideration (,) across the terminals A and B, from where it was removed earlier. Then, the current flowing through the load resistance R, is given by : Ans.(b) Norton’s Thorem : A linear active network consisting of independent and or dependent voltage and current sources and linear bilateral network elements can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisiting of a current source in parallel with a resistance, the current source being the short circuited current across the load terminal and the resistance being the internal resistance of the source network looking throug the open circulated load terminals. Explanation : In order to find the current through r, the load resistance Fig,(1), by Norton’s theorem, let us replace r, by short circuit Fig. (a). Obviously, a and a Next, the short circuit is removed and the in dependent source is deactivated as done in Thevenin’s theorem (fig. I(b)]} . ere, = ht | Here, Rin = 21 ae . As per Norton's theorem, the equivlent source circuit would contain a current source in Parallel to the internal resistance, the current source being the short circuited current across the shorted terminals of the load resistor Fig I(c). Obviously — iv*ee Basic Of Electrical Engg. Equivalent souree network alent circuit. Fig.1(b) : Finding of R, (or R,,) Fig-1(c) : Norton’s equ Steps for Solving a Networks Utilising Norton’s Theorem + ‘Step 1: Remove the load resistor and find the internal resistance of the source network by deactivating the constant sources. Let this resistance be Rigg. ‘Step 2: Next, short the load terminals and find the short circuit current flowing through the shorted load terminals using conventional network analysis. Let this current be /sc Step 3 : Norton’s equivalent circuit is drawn by keeping R,,, in parallel to /,- a8 shown in fig. 1(c). ‘Step 4 : Reconnect the load resistor (R,) aross the load terminals and the current through it (/,) is then given by Rin I= eR eR, int Section - B Q.4.(a) What do you mean by Transformer ? What are the different types of transformers ? (7) Ans. Transformer : A transformer isa static electrical device which transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit at the same frequency, usually with changed value of voltage and current. Core Type Transformer : A single phase core type transformer consists ofa magnetic frame with two cores, upper yoke and bottom yoke. The primary and secondary coils are spilt into two parts. Half the turns of the primary and half the secondary turns are placed on each core (limb). {A 3-phase core type transformer consists of minimum 3 cores, each provided with the primary and secondary coils of one phase. Generally, circular coils (winding) are used in the core type transformer, which indicate theoretically that a circular core should be used. It is very complicated to manufacture a circular core and as a result, the stepped core is generally used. However, for small transformers, a rectangular or square core can be used. A schematic diagram showing the magnetic frame and the windings on the cores for single phase core type transformer has been shown in Fig,(1). 7B.Tech 1” Year, Solved papers, May -2019 Yoke WW pHVS civ ~ LV (Low voltage winding) Test HV (High voltage winding) a 4 BING L Insulation Fig.(1) core type transformer, Shell Type Transformer : A single phase shell type transformer consists of a magnetic frame with a central core (limb) and two side cores, completing the path of magnetic flux. Primary and secondary coils (winding) are placed on the central core ina particular configuration as shown in Fig.(2). Such an arrangement forms a shell of iron around the copper. The central leg flux is divided at the yoke section, half, that is 0/2 towards each side leg. As the flux in the section of yoke and side is only half, the cross-section of the yokes and side cores is approximately half the section of the central limb. Yoke MAT] Lv XM V HV W Side Ly Main 7 Side Core’ * Core Core w {|B Insulation E>: T Lv UK N} Yoke . Fig.(2) : Single phase shell type transformer. ‘A core type ofr transformer is more easily repaired on site. The shell type of transformers are more robust mechanically.ot s Basic Of Electrical Engg Q.4.(b) What do you mean by regulation ? (8) Ans, Voltage Regulation : The way in which the secondary terminal voltage varies with the load depends upon load current, the internal impendance and the load power factor. The change in secondary terminal voltage from no load to full load, with primary voltage and frequency held constant, is termed the inherent regulation. The figure of merit which determines the voltage characteristic of a transformer is termed as voltage regulation. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the rated terminal (secondary) voltage. It is defined as the change in magnitude of terminal (secondary) voltage when full-load (rated load) of specified power factor supplied at rated voltage is thrown off (reduced to no-load) with primary voltage and frequency held constant, as percentage of the rated terminal voltage. If V, is the secondary (terminal) voltage at full-load at specified power factor and E, is the secondary (terminal) voltage at no load. then percentage regulation is given as Ey ~Vy Secondary rated voltage As per IS, the secondary rated volt at no load i.e. E, Voltage regulation = *100 ¢ of a transformer is equal to the secondary voltage Voltage drop intransformer at full load cee ee 100 ‘0, percentage regulation No — load rated secondary voltage, E, = 100 When the power factor is leading, the percentage regulation is given as TARy 9 sing Percentage regulation = «100 The percentage regulation can be given as 1yRo, cos + 1, ing aoe _ hess PSA e SNe ing % regulation - (+ ve sign for lagging power factor and ~ ve sign for leading power factor) sing |x100 J = (PU resistance xcoso+ PU reactance §)x100 Voltage regulation of a transformer, on an average. is about 4 percentage. From the consumer's view point. voltage regulation due to variations in load is undesirable and should be kept smallest possible Q.5. Discuss about the following : (a) Power measurement by Two Wattmeter Method. (6) (b) Auto Transformer 6) (c) Voltage and Current relations in Star Connection. (5) Ans. (a) This is the generally used method for measurement of power in 3-phase, 3- wire load circuits. The current coils of two wattmeters are inserted in any twa lines and pressure coil is connected from its own current coil to the without a current coilBeech 1” Year, Solved papers, May -2019 13 (a) (b) * Fig. : Two-Wattmeter method of measuring 3-phase 3-wire power Let v,, v,, v, and j,, (,, /,, be the voltages and currents of the three loads connected across three different phase at any particular instant. These being instantaneous values, the power at the instant under consideration is equal to the sum of their products regardless of power factor i.e. instantaneous power, p=, i,+v, i, v, i, watts (a) Star-connected System : Since all the three phase meet at a star point, according to Kirchhoff’s first law, the algebraic sum of three instantaneous currents is zero. iei,+i,>i, = 0 ori, = ~(i, +4) Substituting i, = (i, + ,) in expression (/) we get Instantaneous power, pia vi tit vi, +i) = iv, i) + Av, - ») Since i, is the instantaneous current flowing through the current coil and (v-¥,) is the instantaneous potential difference across pressure coil of wattmeter W,, therefore (vy, — ¥,) é, = w,, the instantaneous power measured by wattmeter W, Similarly é, is the instantaneous current flowing through the current coil and (v, ~ v,) is the instantaneous potential difference across pressure coil of wattmeter W,, (v, ~ v,) i, = W, the instantaneous power measured by wattmeter W, Hence total instantaneous power, p=wtwy, or Total average power, e = 97%, Hence the algebraic sum of ‘two wattmeter readings gives the total power in the 3-phase, 3-wire star-connected load circuits whether the load is balanced or unbalanced. (b) Delta-Connected System : In delta-connected system the three phases form a closed loop and according to kirchhoff’s second law. y+v,+¥, = 0 or —(v, + ¥,) Instantaneous power, p = v, i, +¥,i,+¥,i,=— (yt MY, HMA +H A = - vi, i) + ¥, (i, - i)4 Basic Of Electrical Engg Since — v, is the instantaneous pd across pressure coil and (7, ~ /,) is the instantaneoy current flowing through current coil orf wattmeter W,, wattmeter W, reads average of —v, (i, ~ i) and similarly wattmeter W, reads average of » (1, ~ /)) Hence total power, P= W, > W, Hence the algebraic sum of two wattmeter readins gives the total power of the circujj irrespective of the fact that the circuit is balanced or unbalanced and star-connected or delta. connected.‘ Ans.(b) Auto-Transformer ; An auto-transformer with only one winding wound on laminated core. A part of this winding is common to both primary and secondary sides. On load, a part of the load:current is obtained direct from the supply and remaining part is obtained by transformer action. In an ordinary transformer the primary and secondary windings are electrically insulated from each other but connected magnetically [see Fig.(1)]. whereas, in an aut6- transformer the primary and secondary windings are connected magnetically and electrically. Fig.(2) shows the primary winding AB from which a tapping at C is taken, such that CB acts as a secondary winding. The supply voltage is applied across AB and the load is connected across CB. The tapping may be fixed or variable. When a.c. voltage V, is applied AB, an alternating flux is set up in the core, it induces an e.m.f. E, in the winding AB. The part of this e.m.f. is taken in the secondary circuit. = primary applied voltage ; = secondary voltage across the load ; = primary current ; load current. number of turns between A snd B and number of turns between C and B Neglecting no-load current, leakage reactance and losses. V, .. Transformation ratio, E, and V No n~A ™N As the secondary ampere turns are opposite to primary ampere turns so the current I, is in phase opposition to I,. The secondary voltage is less than the primary, therefore, current I, is more than I,. The resultant current flowing through section BC is (1, ~ I,). K=BuTwOH™ Yeah Solved papers, May =2019 15 Now, ampere tus due to section BC © current = turns (h N aot \x ner KM A-K) w Ny ‘ Ampere turns due to section AC = /(M)-N2)= 4M, {! a } ANOUK) iy M Equations (/) and (i) show that the amepere turns due to section BC and AC balance each other which is the characteristic of transformer action. Ans.(c) Relationship of current and voltage in case of starconnected system : Consider the balanced star-connected system as shown in Fig.(). ® | Fig.(1) : (a) Balanced star-conneeted system; (b) phasor diagram To derive the relation between V, and V,,, consider line voltage Viy Vay Vex * Vay . Vay = Van + Van) Similarly Von = Vin t C¥ an) | and Vag = Vax t ¥en) The procedure for drawing the phasor diagram of Fig.1(b) is as follows : Draw three phasors V,, V,, and V,, representing the phase voltages. These voltages are of equal magnitude but displaced by 120°. The line voltage phasors, Vy. Vy» Vx are drawn by \ectorially adding the phase voltages. For example, to draw line voltage V,, We have to add the phase voltages as View = Vax t Vin = Vig tVend The phasor V,, is obtained by reversing ah Vqy is obtained by vectorially adding V,., and V,,, as has been shown in Fig. 1(b). Similarly the other line voltages have been drawn. The phase currents’I,, I, and 1, have been shown lagging the phase voltages by,the power factor angle 0. From the phasct diagram shown in Fig.1(b), the phase angle between phasors V, and Vy) is 60°Basic Of Electrical Engg 16 - Weave V. cos 60° Vay = Whee +H + 2Ma Fy 08 60° : I 24 Vu, x Vin = Vey rn + hy Vy, x Vv. = BM py, V, = V3M, Thus, for the star-connected system Line Voltage = /3 x Phase voltage Line Current = Phase current Section - C Q.6. How the generation of rotating magnetic field works ? Explain the construction of three-phase induction motor in detail with suitable diagram. Also describe the different applications of three-phase induction motor. (15) Ans, Production of 3-Phase Rotating Magnetic Field : Consider three similar coils A, Band C displaced in space by 120°, as shown in Fig.(a), and connected to 3-phase ac supply. Let each of alternating fields due to currents in coils A, B and C be resolved into two components OA, and OA,, OB, and OB, OC, and OC, respectively travelling with angular velocity in the direction shown in Fig.(a), where w = 2n/, / being the supply frequency. Consider the instant when the current in coil A is maximum. At this instant both of the components OA, and OA, of the alternating field produced by the current in coil A are along the axis of the coil A ie, along OA. The current in coil B is 120° behind the instant of its maximum value, therefore, each its components OB, and OB, will have to rotate through 120° in order to reach the axis of the coil B ive. along OB. Hence components OB, and OB, are along OC and OA respectively. The current in coil C is 240° being the instant of its maximum value, therefore, each of components OC, and OC, of the field produced by current in coil C will have to rotate through 240° in order to reach the ay is of coil C i.e. along OC. Hence at this instant components OC, and OC, are along OB and OA respectively, From Fig.(b), it is clear that components OA,, OB, a i nd OC, are rotating in counter- Clockwise direction with same angular velocity w but are 126° apart, therefore, their resultant isBTech 1" Year. Solved papers, May -2019 7 always zero. Components OA,, OB, and OC, are rotating in clockwise direction with same angular velocity « and also points in same direction. therefore, resultant gives a pure rotating field rotating at synchronous speed The direction of rotation is the same as the direction of phase sequence /.¢., first current in coil A attains its maximum value, then current in coil B attains its maximum value and then current in coil C attains its maximum value, as shown in Fig.(c). Hence to reverse the direction ofrotation of the magnetic field, it is necessary to change the phase sequence which can be done by interchanging any two of the terminals. Construction of three-phase induction motor : A 3-6 Induction motor consists of two main parts namely stator and rotor. (1) Stator ; It is the stationary part of the motor. It has three parts, namely (i) Stator frame or outer body (ii) Stator core (iii) Stator winding () Stator frame or outer body : The function of stator is to support the stator core and stator winding. The frame is made of cast iron and steel, and it protects the inner parts of the machine. To place the motor on foundation, feet are provided in the outer body as shown in Fig(1). Slot Fig. :(2),8 tikidy Basic Of Electrical Engg (ii) Stator core: The stator core has to carry the alternating magnetic flux that produces the hysteresis and eddy current losses, The core is made up of high vrade silicon steel stampings that have low iron loss, The thickness of laminations varies from 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm, The slots are punched on the inner periphery of the winding, {iiiyStator winding : The stator winding is made of formed coils and are placed in z insulated stator slots. Three separate single phase windings insulated from each other and separated in space by 120° electrical are made, The six terminals of the winding (two of each phase) are connected in the terminal box of the machine. The stator of the motor is wound for definite’ number of poles. The exact number of poles being determined by the requirement of speed, amping as shown in fig.(2) to accomodate stator 120f HEHE Where N, = Speed of stator magnetic field (Synchronous speed) f = Supply frequency P = No.of poles Three phase winding may be connected in star or delta externally with the help of a startor, (2) Rotor : It is the rotating part of the motor. There are two types of rotor, which are used in 3-@ Induction motor. * (i) Squirrel cage rotor (ii) Stip ring oF phase wound rotor (Squirrel cage rotor : Most of the motors have squirrel case rotor. A squirrel cage Fotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core having semi-closed circular slots atthe outer periphery. The rotor uses heavy bars of copper. aluminium or brass,instead of windings. These bars are | short-circuited at both the ends by end ring as shown in Fig,(3) | Short: crate Caae ‘core In this type of rotor itis not possible to add any external resistance in the rotor circuit, ‘The rotor slots are usually not parallel to the shaft but are in some angle, known as skewing. The skewing of rotor has some advantages like reduces humming, smoother torque and reduces magnetic locking of the stator and rotor. : © (ii) Slipring or phase wound Rotor : The motors having this types of rotor are rarely used. The type of motors are used where high starting torque is required. In this type of rotor,B.Tech I Year, Solved papers,’ May -2019 19 is possible to add any external resistance to achieve the starting torque Slipring rotor consists or a laminated cylindrical core having semi-closed slots at the outer periphery and carries the three phase insulated winding, he rotor is wound for same number of poles as that of stator, The three phase winding terminals are connected to three insulated slip rings mounted on the rotor shaft as shown in Fig.(4). The sectional front view is shown in fig,(5). vez 4 [IIIT 4-- Sess = “f Y ps OI KWAK Fig. 2 (5) Applications of Induction Motor : (1) Squirrel cage induction motor (i) General purpose with normal torque and normal starting current Application — Fans, blowers, centrifugal pumps. line shifting ete. (ii) High torque medium slip Applications - Compressors, crushers, reciprocating pump etc (iii) High torque medium slip Application ~ Sheers, punch, presses ete, (iv) Normal starting current and low starting torque Application — Fans and centrifugal pumps. (2) Slipring Induction motor : These motors are used where very high starting torque is required such as fans, pumps, conveyor, compressor ete. Q.7.(a) Describe the relationship between torque and speed in DC Motor. (8) Ans. Speed-Torque Characteristic of DC Series Motor : The speed-torque characteristic is shown in Fig.(a). Speed-torque characteristic is also known as mechaniical characteristic. Speed sharply falls with the incvease in torque for smaller values of load. But at higher loads, the speed drops linearly but slowly with increasing torque. Hence series motors are best suited for services where the motor is directly coupled to the load such as fans whose speed falls with the increase in load torque. Speed-torque Characteristic of DC Shunt Mot in Fig.(b). ; : ‘This type of motor is used in applications requiring medium starting torque such as centrifugal pumps, blowers, fans, conveyors, boring mills, shapers, wood working machines, spinning and weaving machines. printing presses, machine tools ete. This characteristic curve is shown,0 Basic Of Electrical Engp DC shunt motors should never be started on heavy loads because such loads negy heavy starting current | Torque in Nan —> aka Nae aBie (a) : Speed-Torque Characteristics __Fig.() : Speed-Torque Characteristics of DC Series Motor of DC Shunt Motor Q.7.(b) Explain the construction and working of synchronous generators in detail, ) Ans, Construction of Three Phase synchronous Generators : Synchronous machine Consists essentially of two parts namely the armature (or stator) and the field magnet system (or rotor). (1) Stator : The armature is an iron ring, formed of lamination of special magnetic iron orsteel alloy (silicon steel ) having slots on its inner periphery to accommodate armature conductors and is known as stator. The whole structure is held in a frame which may be of cast iron or welded steel plates. The field rotates in between the stator, lux of the rotating field cuts the core ofthe stator core. To minimize the eddy current loss, the stator core is laminated. The laminations are stamped out in complete rings (for smaller machines) or in segments (for larger machines) and insulated from each other with paper or varnish. The stampings also have opening which make axial and radial ventilating ducts to provide efficient cooling. A general view of stator and frame is shown in fig.(1), Fig.(1) : Stator of a Synchronous Generator.B.Tech I" Year, Solved papers, May -2019 24 Slots provided on the stator core are mainly of Lo types (i) open slots and (ii) semiclosed slots. The open slots are more commonly used because the coils can be form-wound and insulated prior to being placed in the slots giving least expenditure and more satisfactory winding method. This type of slots also facilitate in removal and replacement of defective coils (2) Rotor : The field system is just like that of de generator which is excited from a separate source of 125 or 250 V de supply. The excitation is usually provided from a small de shunt or compound generator, known as an exciter, mounted on the shaft of the alternator itself The field system of the alternator is rotated with in the armature ring and is known as rotor. The exciting current is supplied to the rotor through two slip-rings and brushes. The polarities of the field produced are alternately North and South. The power rating of the exciter is ordinarily 0.3 to 1% of power rating of synchronous- generator. The rated voltage of the exciter is usually between 125 and 250 volts. (a) Salient Pole Type Field Structure (b) Non-Salient Pole Type Field Structure Fig.2) Rotors are of two types namely (i) salient-pole type and (ii) smooth cylindrical type or non salient pole type. Both types are shown in fig.(2). Principle of operation of synchronous generator : The synchronous generator operates on the basic principle of electromagnetic induction. Alternator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.: Basie Of Electrical The law of electromagnetic relates to the production of emt. i¢., emf is induced conductor whenever it cut netic field as shown in fig(a). This is called Farad, first law of electromagnetic induction. An alternator has stationary armature and rotating magnetic field. The armature ma, consist of three phase windings or single phase winding. The field winding is excited by é¢ source and when it is rotated by suitable prime mover, the stator conductors cut the magnets flux and as stated above. according to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, emf will by induced in the stator winding, which is given as, cross the m as, ¢ = Bh The wave shape of the induced emf depends upon the wave shape of the flux density Section — D QS8. Differentiate the following : 7 (a) Watt meter and Energy meter (8) J (b) Moving iron Type and Moving Coil Types ” Ans.(a) Watt meter and Energy meter : Basis For Wattmeter Energy Meter Comparison Definition It measures the power flows |The eneray meter measures the energy in the circuit consume by the electrical load. Unit Measures power in watt Measures energy in joules. al Working Current Carrying conductor | Work on the principle of conversion of Principle place ina magnetic field electrical energy into mechanical work. experiences a torque. Construction | Fixed and moving coil.control__ | Driving system, moving system, braking system, damping system, system and counting mechanism are the Scale & pointer. four main parts of the energy meter. Applications | It is used for measuring power [It is used for measuring electrical energy in an electrical circuit and for in homes and industries. determining the power ratin ‘of the appliances. I Ans.(b) Moving iron ‘Type and Mov Coil Types : Basis For Moving Iron Instrument Moving Coil Instrument Comparison Definition In moving iron instrument the soft | , In moving coil instrument the iron is used for moving mechanism. conductor coil is used for measuring the current and voltage Working Magnetism Similarto working principle of principle DC motorB.Tech I" Year, Solved papers, May -2019 a Uses Both for AC and DC measurement DC measurement Accuracy Less More Scale : Uniform | Damping ction Damping Heddy Current Damping = | Power High ioe Consumption | Controlling Gravity or spring, Spring, Torque | Deflection | Proportional to Current Square of current Hysteresis | Not occur Occurs 7 - Loss | bay ee = Beer Used in Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattneter | Voltineter, ammeter, gal va eel obmmeter | Q.9. Explain the following det (a) Induction type Wattmeter (5) (b) SFU and MCB (5) (c) ELCB and MCCB 6) Ans. (a) Inductions type Wattmeter : Induction type watineters are used to measure the power in A.C Circuits. Where as the dynamo meter type wattmeters can be used for measurement of power in both D.C and A.C Circuits. The working principle of induction wattmeter depends on the production of torque due to reaction between a flux 6,. or eddy currents induced in a metal dise by another flux 0,. The magnitude of fluxes @, and , depends on the current or volt 4 The instant farems value of the deflecting torque current or voltage under measurement and the value of mean detecting torque is proportional to the mean square of the current or voltage. Consrtruction : The essential parts of an induction type wattmeter and connection is shown is fig. (a). In this instruments there are two electromagnetic coils. The current coil which is connected in series with the load have and carries the load current. The coil is made of thick wire having lesser number of turns. The coil which is of many turns of thin wire is made to have high inductance and is known as pressure coil. The pressure coil is connected across the supply and carries current proportional to Supply voltage. ‘The current in pressure coil lags behind supply voltage by 90°. The phase angle of the current in pressure coil depends upon the nature of the load. © to be measured, proportional to the square of the In between the two electromagents there is an aluminium disc which cuts the flux set up by mese electromagnets and thus eddy currents are induced in the dise “The interaction between the eddy currents and the two fluxes develops deflecting torqui The deflecting torque is proportional to the power supply.69 Basic Of Electrical, Engg For controlling torque a phosphor bronze spiral is attached to the spindle. For damping torque, a permanent magnet is placed at one end of the disc and eddy current damping is useg One or more copper shading bands are fitted on the control limb of the upper electromagn, By adjusting the position of these bands. the flux of the pressure coil is made to lag behind the supply voltage by exactly 90° Scale ee Supply sr, o>or () Phasor diagram ‘Current, gage “Pivot (2) Construction Fig. : (I) Advantages of induction type watimeter : (i) Better damping torque (ii) Free from frequency error (iii) Free from the effects of stray fields (iv) Fairly long scale Disadvantages of induction type wattmeter + Some subjected to serious temperature error. Ans.(b) $.F.U : It has one switch unit and one fuse unit, When we operate the breaker, the contacts will get closed through switch and then the supply will pass through the fuse unit to the output. Whereas in a Fuse Switch Unit there is no separate switch and fuse unit. There is only the fuse unit which itself acts as a switch. When we operate it the fuse unit will close the input and output of the breaker. SFU has been used to rip the circuit, particularly for high capacity tripping. =B.Tech I* Year, Solved papers, May -2019 5 MCB-Miniature Circuit Breaker: MCB isan clectromechanical device which guards an electrical circuit from an over current, that may effect from short circuit, overload or imperfect design. This is a better option to a Fuse since it doesn’t require alternate once an overload is and thus gives a better operational protection and operating cost. The operating principle of MCB is identified. An MCB can be simply rearranged greater handiness without incurring hus simple. An MCB function by interrupting the stability of electrical flow through the circuit once an error is detected. In simple conditions this circuit breaker isa switch which routinely turns off when the current flows through it and passes the maximum acceptable limit. Generally, these designed to guard against over current and over heating. MCB is substituting the rewirable switch-fuse units for low power domestic and industrial applications ina very quick manner. In wiring system, the MCB is a blend of all t such as protection of short circuit, overload and switching bimetallic strip & short circuit protection by used solenoid hree functions Protection of overload by using a These are obtainable in different pole versions like single neutral poles ifnecessary. The normal current rating is ranges from 0.5-63 A with a symmetrical short circuit breaking capacity of 3-10 KA, at a voltage level of 230 or 440V. The characteristics of an MCB mainly include the following @) Rated current is not more than 100 amperes (ii) Normally, trip characteristics are not adjustable (ii) Thermal/thermal magnetic operation double. triple pole & four poles with Ans.(c) ELCB -Earth Leakage Cireuit Breaker : circuit from the electrical leakage. When someone gets an elect cuts off the power at the time of 0.1 secs for protecting the per: from the circuit against short circuit and overload, ELCB is asecurity device used in electrical system with high Earth impedance to avoid shock. It notices small stray voltages on the metal fields of electrical gear, and interrupt the circuit if an unsafe voltage is detected. The main principle of Earth leakage protectors is to stop injury to humans and nature due to electric shock. This circuit breaker is a specialized kind of latching relay that has structures incoming mains power connected through its switching contacts so that this circuit breaker disconnects the power supply in an unsafe condition. ‘The ELCB notices fault currents from live to the ground wire inside the installation it Suards. If enough voltage emerges across the sense coil in the circuit breaker, it will turn off the Supply, and stay off until reset by hand. A voltage-sensing earth leakage circuit breaker doesn t detect fault currents from exist to any other ground body ‘The characteristics of an ELCB mainly include the following : (i) This circuit breaker connects the phase, earth wire and neutral ii) The working of this circuit breaker depends on current leakage MCCB-Molded Case Circuit Breaker : The MCCB is used to control electric ‘energy in distribution n/k and is having short circuit and overload protection. This circuit Breaker is an electromechanical device which guards a circuit from short circuit and over current, Th The ELCB is used to protect the ric shock, then this circuit breaker sonal safety and avoiding the gear ey26 Basic Of Electrical Egg offer short circuit and over current protection for circuits ranges from 63 Amps-3000 Amps, The ve a means to manually open a circuit, automatically open s. In an electrical circuit, the over current may primary functions of MCCB isto gi circuit under short circuit or overload condition: result faulty design. The MCCB is an option to a fuse since it doesn’t need an alternate once an overload is noticed. Unlike a fuse, this circuit breaker can be simply reset after a mistake and offers enhanced operator safety and ease without acquiring operating cost. Generally. these circuits have thermal current for over current and the ma element for short circuit release to work faster. he characteristics of an MCCB mainly include the followin (i) The range of rated current us up to 1000 amperes (ii) Trip current may be adjusted (iii) Thermal thermal magnetic of neeas = 2019 SC santa Paper Cod Note : Attempt five questions in all Question No. 1 is compulsory selecting one question from each Section, All questions carry equal marks. Q.1.(a) State and explain superposition theorem, Ans. The superposition theorem ec he stated as below containing two or more voltage sources. thi may be determined by adding together alg (2.5) Ina linear resistance network '¢ Current through any element (resistance Or source) ebraically the currents produced by each source acti are replaced by their internal resistance. If a voltage minals to which it was connected are jointed together. If are removed and the network terminals to which they were source has no internal resistance, the tert the current sources are Present they connected are left open. The procedure for applying superposition the (i) Replace all but one of the sources of st internal resistance of any source is very small as com network. the source is replaced by a short circuit. In leaving in place any conductance that may be in parallel with it Gi) Determine the currents in various branches using Ohm’s law: Gil) Repeat the process using each of the emfs turn by turn as the sole emf each time. Now the total current in any branch of the circuit is the aleebraie sum of currents due to each source. ‘orem is as follows : upply by their internal resistance. If the npared to other resistances existing in the case of a current source open the circuit Q.1.(b) Three resistance R,, R, and R, are connected in delta. Obtain their equivalent in star connection. (2.5) Ans. Q-1.(¢) What are the features of an ideal transformer 2 (2.5) Ans. The features of an ideal transformer are : (1) Zero winding resistance : It is assumed that, resistance of primary as well as secondary winding of an ideal transformer is zero. That is, both the coils are Purely inductive in nature.iu Basie Electrical Engine Higher the permeability, lesser the mmf require (2) Infinite permeability of the core ing current is required for flux establishment. That means. if permeability is high, less magneti magnetize the transformer core. (3) No leakage flux : Leakage flux is a part of magnetic flux which does not get linked with secondary winding. In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that entire amount of flux get linked with secondary winding (that is, no leakage flux). (4) 100% efficiency : An ideal transformer does not have any losses like hysteresis loss, eddy current loss ete. So, the sutput power of an ideal transformer is exactly equal to the input power. Hence. 100% efficiency. Q.1.(d) What are the losses occurring in a transformer ? (2.3) Ans. Transfromer Losses : There are two types of losses which may occure ina transformer : (1) Iron losses or coere losses or constant losses. (2) Copper losses or FR losses. (J) Iron losses or core losses : This loss includes hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. This loss is independent of load and is also known as constant loss. This loss can be deter- mined by open circuit test on transformer. (i) Hysteresis loss : Since the flux in the transformer core is alternating, power is re- quired for the continuous reversal of elementory magnets of which the iron is composed. This loss is known as hysteresis loss. (ii) Eddy Current Loss : Since the flux in the tansformer core is alternating it links with the magnetic material of the core. This induces emf in the core and circulate eddy currents. Power is required to maintain these eddy currents. This power is dissipated in the form of heat and known as eddy current loss. (2) Copper losses : These losses are due to the ohmic resistance of the transformer windings. Q.1.(e) What are the methods of providing controlling torque in indicating instruments ? (2.5) Ans. Method of Providing Controlling Torque : The following two methods are used to provide controlling torque in indicating instruments. (1) Spring control method (2) Gravity control method. (1) Spring control method : This is most commonly used method for providing controlling torque in indicating instruments. In this method, one or two phosphorus bronze spiral springs are attached to the moving spindle. The other end of the spring is attached to the fixed body. The controlling torque (T,) is directly proportional to the angle of deflection Oi.e. T, «0. (2) Gravity control method : In gravity control method, a small weight (w) is attached to the moving system is such a way that it tries to bring the pointer to zero position when it is deflected due to gravity Q.1.(f) What are the necessary conditions for torque production in electrical chines ? (2.5) —_ .BiTech l Year. Solved papers, Dee -2019 29 Ans. Conditions of development of net torque in a machine : (1) There must be magnetic field S, produced by the stator and field R, produced by the rotor as shown in Fig.(1), (2) There must be a position phase difference o between these fields, Ifthe two fields are along the same line, tangential force component is zero. the torque produced is zero. (3) Ione field is tixed in space. the other must also be fixed and if one is rotating the other must also rotate at the same speed direction (4) Ifeither of the field is reversed. the direction of the torque is reversed, (5) I both the fields are reversed. the direction of the torque remains the same. So if both the fields are alternating at the same frequency there isa net unidirectional torque. as is clear form Fig. Ma) and (). So iffone field is fixed and the other is alternating. the torque produced will be alternating (oscillating) in both the direetion. That means, no net torque produced, torque tolque a] torque s, @) (b) : (ce) @) Fig. : (1) : (6) If both the fields are alternating then the time phase difference between them must not be 90°. otherwise the situation of point (4) arises and no net torque is produced. Unit — .2.(a) Explain the nodal method of analysing an electrical circuit, (7.5) Ans. Node Analysis : This method is mainly based on Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) This method uses the analysis of the different nodes of the network. Every junction point ina network, where two or more branches meet is called a node. One of the nodes is assumed as reference node whose potential is assumed to be zero. It is also called zero potential node or datum node. At other nodes the different voltages are to be measured with respect to this reference node. The reference node should be given a number zero and then the equations are to be written for all other nodes by applying KCL. The advantage of this method lies in the fact that We get (n~ I) equations to solve if there are “n” nodes. This reduces calculation work. Steps for the Node Analysis : Step |: Choose the nodes and node voltages to be obtained. Step 2 : Choose the currents preferably leaving the node at each branch connected to each node. Step 3 : Apply KCL at each node with proper sign convention, Step 4 : If there are supernodes, obtain the eq) ations directly interms of node voltages which are directly connected through voltage source ‘Step 5 : Obtain the equation for the each branch interms of node voltages and substitute in the equations obtained in step 3oY 30 Basic Electrical Engine Step 6: Solve all the equations obtained in step 4 and step 5 simultaneously to obtaing, required node voltage. Mlustration. Consider. For example, a two node network, as illustrated in Fig.(1) Node C has been takedn as reference node. Let V, and V,, be the voltages of nodes , and B respectively with respect to node C. Let the current distribution be as shown on the cirey; diagram [Fig.(1)] arbitrarily. Now let us get independent equations for these two nodes REFERENCE NONE 1) Node A is the junction of resistors R,. R, and R,. So current equation for node A is or Ai) or Aii) the values of V, and V,,and then the values The Eqs.(i) and (ii) can now be solved to gs ly. and I, can be computed cas of currents 1), 15.1 Q.2.(b) Find the current through 15Q by using Norton's theorem, as in fig.(7-5) 4 6 4 AW FF [oa | { 5 ov | ; aq) | r i ; Rasa DB Tech 1" Year. So! ed papers, Dec -2019 31 Ans. (a) Short-Circuit Current J, As shown in Fig.1(b). terminals A Will use Superposition theorem to tind /, (i) When Only Current Source is Present : In this case. 30-V battery is replaced by a short-circuit. Fhe 4 A current divides at point D etween parallel combination of 4 Q and 6 Q. Current through 6@ resistor is ly = 4 44-6) = 164 trom BoA Gi) When Only Battery is Present: In this case. current source is replaced by an open: so that no current flows in the branch CD. The current supplied by the battery constitutes the short-circuit current and 1S have been shorted after removing 15Q resistance. We 1” = 30"4+6)=3A I, = 1"=1,/=3-16=14A 4 Cc 6 A A nA ‘se oy, (b) Norton's Parallel Re As seen F 10Q. The 8Q resistance does not come into the picture because ch CD. the Norton’s equivalent circuit along with the load resistor T= 14+ WW0+ 15) =0.56.4 R= of an open in the b | Pig. Md) st soidal full (1.5) is given by the 2) Derive expression to find the rms. value of voltage of a s Q3, wave ae. , Ans. RAVLS. Value of sinusoidal current ; Sinusoidally varying equation r= J, sin & tn elementey strip having thickness d@ in the first half eyele of a squared } Consider wave Let © be its mid ordinate \rea of strip = Pd0 Area of first half cycle of squared wave [rae= (u, sin 6). d032. asic Elton Eas : 2 \r tn ~cos20)40 = 42(@- S822) : 2 sin2x-sin0 )] oy -( S22 =sin0 ) ele ) = ( aU fas 0)- (0-0) = 2 - 40 Squaring both sides P a Area of first half of squared wave — Base f= t= Q.3.(b) A resistance of 10 Q inductor of 0.5 H and a variable capacitor is is connected across 100 V, 50 Hz supply. Find the capacitance at connected in serie: resonance, voltage across inductance and capacitance. (7.5) Ans. R = 100 = 05H At series resonance, we have I ML = ES I 1 tt 90,26 x10 F 4 f2L 4x? x(50)"x0.5 Ans. or cpileoh I Year. Solved papers, Dec -2019 Vv _ 100 at resonance, | = = 10A Current at resonance, J, = = "15 PD. across L, V, = J, X, = 10 2m» 50 * 0.5) = 1570 ¥. Ans. \ acros' = = x % 1571 V. Ans. aaah 1 Xo" WO 350% 20.26% 10% te . Unit — 1 Q.4.(a) A40 KVA transformer | :s an iron loss of 400W and full load copper loss of 800W. Find the load at which maximum efficiency is achieved. (75) ‘Ans. Iron or core loss, P, = 400, Full load copper loss, P, = 800 W Let the tranformer maximum efficiency at x% of the full load, then copper loss, 2 (3) P_= Iron loss P, 100 P [400 ae x= fe xl00= 55 x100= 70.71% Ans. € Q.4.(b) Write the applications of an autotransformer. State how it is different from a conyentional transformer. (7.5) Ans. Application of Auto-Transformer : (i) For getting continuous variable ac voltage. (ii) For giving a small boost to distribution cable to correct voltage drop. (iii) Large induction motors takes heavy current at the time of starting. To reduce this heavy inrush current an auto transformer startor is used to give low voltage supply at the time of | starting of induction motor. (iv) Can be used regulating transformer. Key Differences Between Autotransformer and Transformer : 1. An autotransformer has only one winding which acts both as a primary and the secondary whereas the conventional transformer has a two separate windings, i.e., the primary | and the secondary winding. 2. The auto-transformer works on the principle of self-induction ‘i.e. induce the electromagnetic force in the circuit due to variation in current. The conventional transformer works on the principle of mutual inductio:. in which the emf induces in the coil by changing the current in the adjacent coil. 3. The auto-transformer is smaller in size, whereas the conventional transformer is larger in size. 4. The autotransformer is more economical as compared to a conventional transformer. 5. In an autotransformer, electrical power is transferred from primary to secondary partly by the process of transformation and partly by the direct current. The conventional transformer transfers the electrical power through the electric transformation due to which power loss occurs. 6. The voltage regulation of an auto-transformer is much better than the conventional transformerBasic Electrical E a asic Electrical Engineer 7. The autotransformer has only one winding, Thus, less conductor is required for Winding ventional transformer. : as compared oh day ining ihe auaransfomerare not cee ali whereas the windings of the conventional transformer are electrically insulated from each othe, D The starting current of the auto-transformer is less than the actual current, whereg the starting current of the conventional transformer is one-third of the main current : 10. The auto-transformer is more efficient as compared to the conventional transformer, LL The leakage flux and resistance of an auto-transformer are low because it has only one winding whereas it is high in the conventional transformer. 12. The autotransformer has less impedance as compared to conventional current. The smaller impedance results in the large short circuit current. 13. The cost of the autotransformer is very less whereas the conventional current is very costly. 14. The losses in the auto-transformer are less as compared to the conventional transformer. 15. The output voltage of the secondary transformer varies when the sliding contacts are used in the secondary winding whereas the output voltage of the conventional transformer always remains constant. 16, The autotransformer is used as a voltage regulator, in the laboratory, in the railway stations, as a stator in an induction motor, etc., whereas the conventional tr ansformer is used t0 step-up and step-down the voltage in the power grid. Q.5.(a) State and explain the method to measure the power in a three phase circuit using two watt meters. (7.5) ‘Ans. This is the generally used method for measurement of power in 3-phase, 3-wire load circuits. The current coils of two wattmeters are inserted in any two lines and pressure coil is connected from its own current coil to the without a current coil. (a) (b) Fig, : Two-Wattmeter method of measuring 3-phase 3-wire power Let yj fy ¥, and jy iy iy be the voltages and currents of the three leads connected across three different phase at any particular instant. These being instantaneous values, the iTech I* Year, Solved papers, Dec -2019 power at the instant under consideration is equal to the sum of their products regardless of power factor i.e. instantaneous power, pay, ity, i, by, 4, watts th phase meet at a star point, accordi (a) Star-connected System Since all the three Kirchhoff’s first law, the algebraic sum of three instantaneous currents is zero. : ieiti,+i, = 0 ori, = -(i, +4) Substituting i, = (i, + 4) in expression (/) we get Instantaneous power, = iv, — 4) + 20, - %)) Since j, is the instantaneous current flowing through the current coil and (v,~ isthe il of wattmeter W,, therefore instantaneous potential difference across pressure coi 0, -%)) 5 =p the instantaneous power measured by wattmeter’ Ww, Shmilay i, is the instantaneous current flowing through the current coil and (»,~y,) the instantaneous potential difference across pressure coil of wi W,, (v, = ¥,) i, = W, the instantaneous power measured by Hence total instantaneous power, p=w,tw, or Total average power, ‘ p=W,+W, Hence the algebraic sum of two wattmel 3-phase, 3-wire star-connected load circuits whether tl (b) Delta-Connected System : In delta-connected system th loop and according to kirchhoff’s second law. vyty,ty, =O of y= — 0, +%) Instantaneous power, p =v, i, +% +A OT MM THATS = = vi, - 4) +> 4) Since = v, is the instantaneous pd across pressure coil and (/, ~#,) is the instantaneous current flowing through current coil orf wattmeter W,, wattmeter W, reads average of ~ y, (i, ~ i,).and similarly wattmeter W, reads average of v, (i, ~ i): Hence total power, P= W, + W; Hence the algebraic sum of two wattmeter rea irrespective of the fact that the circuit is balanced or unbalanced an connected, =vitvyit yy th e i Aa ee attmeter wattmeter W, ter readings gives the total power in the he load is balanced or unbalanced. three phases form a closed \dins gives the total power of the circuit id star-connected or delta- Q.5.(b) A 230/460 V transformer has a primary resistance of 0.2 and reactance of 0.5Q and secondary resistance and reactance are 0.75Q and 1.80 respectively. Find the secondry termminal voltage if it is supplying a load of 10A at 0.8 Pf lagging. (7-5) Ans. K. = 460/230 =2; R,,= R,+K? R, = 0.75+2*0.2 = 1.550 Xjp Xt K°X\= 1.842? 80 15( Roy 008 + Xop Sind) = 10(1 550.8 +3.8%0.6) = 424.8V =, Second terminal voltage = 460 - 35.2- 3g Basic Electrical En ering Unit - HI Q.6.(a) Explain the principle of operation of three phase induction motor, (73) Ans.Principle of Operation : Consider a portion of the rotor and stator as shown iq fig. (a) ‘Stator flux Stator Direction of rotation of stator flux Vie Rotor } Airgap Curent in Rotor Conductor (a) (b) Direction of rotation of stator flux Direction of rotation of rotor (e) Fig. : (1) When a 3~6 supply is given to the stator winding, a revolving magnetic field, rotati os. : synchronous speed N, =", is produced. Let the field is rotating in anticlockwise direction, The stationary conductors cut the revolving field and due to electromagnetic induction an emfis induced in the rotor conductor. As the rotor conductors are short circuited, the current will flow | through them. The direction of this induced current is determined by applying Fleming" hand rule as indicated by “cross” or plus sign in fig. 1(b). ‘Now when a current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field, a force will be experienced by the conductor, the direction of which is given by applying Fleming's left hand rule. Therefore the rotor conductors will experience force in the anticlockwise direction. ie. the rotor follows same direction as that of stator magnetic field. The rotor picks up speed and tries to attain the synchronous speed but fails to do so. Itis becaused if the rotor attains the synchronous speed then the relative speed between rotating stator field and rotor will be zero, no emf will be induced in the rotor conductors. It means there —Bech 1* Year, Solved papers, Dec -2019 * 37 will be no current, As a result of this no rotor field and hence no torque is produced. Therefore the induction motor never runs at synchronous speed. It always runs at a speed less then the synchronous speed. Q.6.(b) How is synchronous machine different than an induction motor? (7.5) Ans, Comparision between 3- synchronous motor and 3-@ induction motor | 3- synchronous motor 3- induction motor 1, Itis not self starting. Itis self staring 2. It always runs at synchronous speed. | Its speed depends upon the frequency of ac. suply. 3. Auxiliary means are required for No auxiliary means are needed. starting. 4. Ithas to be synchronized It has not be synchronized 5. Speed is constant at any load. It speed decrease with load. 6. It can be operated under a wide range] It always runs with lagging power factor of power factor, both lagging and only. leading. 7. Itis costly and complicated Itis very simple, rugged, reliable and low inj cost. 8. The break down torque is approx The break down torque is proportional the mately proportional to the applied square of the applied voltage. voltage. 9. Its torque is less sensitive to change in} Its torque is more sensitive to change in supply voltage. supply. 10. Required d.c. excitation. Does not require d.c. exitation. 11. Employed for supplying mechanical | Employed for supplying mechanical load load as well as for power factor only. improvement, Q.7. Draw and explain the construction, working and torque-speed characteristics of d.c. motor. (15) Ans. Ma in consturctional features : The complete assembly of various parts in a scatered form of d.c. machine is shown in fig.(1) The essential parts of a d.c. machine are described below wi) (ii (ii Magnetic frame or Yoke ) Pole core and Pole shoes (vi) Commutator (vii) Brushes i) Field or Exciting coils (viii) End housing iv) Armature core (ix) Bearing ) Armature winding (x) Shaft Wv. Basic Electrical Engin ENO BRUSH i ouene / SPRING PRING BRUSH) Ss] POLE CORE POLE SHOE (Laminated) Fix POLES Working Principle of DC Motor : The principle upon which a de motor work is very simple. If a current carrying conductor ed in a magnetic field, mechanical force is experienced on the conductor, the direction of which is given by Fleming's left hand rule (also called motor rule) and hence the conductor moves in the direction of force. The magnitude of the mechanical force experienced on the conductor is given by F = BLL newtons where B is the field strength in teslas (Wb/m), J. is the current flowing through the conductor in amperes and /_ is the iength of conductor in metres, uERNG- revo WINDS gare ve roe oul SHOE ae = OR mor: : FRAME ‘snaer. SEL ARMATURE Gone COMMUTATOR: FEET: Fig. (a) : 4 Pole DC MachineBlech 1 Year: Solved papers, Dec -2019 i When the motor is connected to the de supply mains, a direct current passes through the brushes and commutator to the armature winding: wh ile i passes through the commutator it is converted into ac so that the group of conductors under successive the opposite directions. as shown in Fig.(a). Also the direction of current in the individual conductors Teverses as they pass away from the influence of one pole to that of the next In Fig.(a),a4-pole de motor is shown when the field and armature circuits ere connected across de supply mains. Let the current in armature conductors be outwards under the N field poles carry currents in -poles (shown by dots) and inwards under S-poles (shown by crosses). By applying Fleming’ left hand tule, the direction of force on each conductor can be determined, which has been il Fig.(a). From Fig(a), it is observed that each conductor experien rotate the motor armature in clockwise direction. These forces collectively produce a driving torque. Speed-Torque Characteristic of DC Series Motor : The speed-torque characteristic is shown in Fig.(b). Speed-torque characteristic is also known as mechanical characteristic Speed sharply falis with the increase in torque for smaller values of load. But at higher loads, the speed drops linearly but slowly with increasing torque. Hence series motors are best suited for services where the motor is directly coupled to the load such as fans whose speed falls with the increase in load torque. ———— SPEED IN RPM TORQUE IN Nm ——> Fig.(b) : Speed-Torque Characteristics of DC Series Motor Speed-torque Characteristic of DC Shunt Motor : This characteristic curve is shown in Fig.(c). This type of motor is used in applications requiring medium starting torque such as centrifugal pumps, blowers, fans, conveyors, boring mills, shapers, wood working machines, spinning and weaving machines, printing presses, machine tools etc. DC shunt motors should never be started on heavy loads because such loads need heavy starting current.40 _—— SPEED IN RPM——— TORQUE IN N-m — Fig.) : Speed-Torque Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor Unit —1V Q.8. Write detailed notes on : (15) (i) Earthing and its importance Gi) MCCB Capacity of batteries Ans. (i) Earthin: he process of connecting metallic bodies of all the electrical apparatus and equipment to the huge mass of earth by a wire having negligible resistance is called earthing. When a body is earthed, it is basically connected to the huge mass of earth by a wire having negligible resistance.Thus, the body attains zero potential i.e., potential of earth. This ensures that whenever a live conductor comes in contact with the outer body, the charge is released to the earth immediately. Purpose or importance of Earthing : The basic purpose of earthing is to protect the human body(operator) from electric shock. To illustrate the purpose of earthing consider an electrical circuit shown in fig. I(a) where an electrical appliance of resistance & is connected to the supply through a fuse and switch. When the operator touches the metallic body of the apparatus(see fig.1(a)) having perfect insulation, the equivalent circuit is shown in fig.1(b). Where two parallel paths are formed. Since the insulation resistance R, is very high as compared to appliance resistance R, whole of the current flows through appliance resistance and no current flows through human body(operator's body) resistance. When earth fault occurs, the live(phase) wire directly comes in contact with the outer body and the insulation resistances is reduced to zero as shown in fig. 1(c). Now the body resistance is just in parallel with the appliance resistance. A heavy current flows through the human body and operator gets a severe shock. However, if the metallic body or outer frame of the appliance is properly earthed. Under earth fault condion, the circuit will be as shown in fig. 1(d). Where earth resistance R, is just in parallel with the appliance resistance & and body resistance R,. Since earth resistance is very small as compared to body resistance, almost whole of the fault current flows through the earth resistance and no current flows through the human body. Thus, the operator is protected from electric shock. Moreover, the fault current is much more than the full load current of the circuit which melts the fuse. Hence, the appliance is disconnected automatically from the supply mains. 2B Tech I Year, Solved papers, Dec 7 p FUSE ) Gu s i ‘SWITCH (8) 1 3 4-PHASE ‘AC. SUPPLY . R Ry a (@) Fig. : (1) MCB-Miniature Circuit Breaker : MCB is an electromechanical device which guards an electrical circuit from an over current, that may effect from short circuit, overload or imperfect design. This is a better option to a Fuse since it doesn’t require alternate once an overload is identified. An MCB can be simply rearranged and thus gives a better operational ess without incurring huge operating cost. The operating principle protection and greater han of MCB is simple. ‘An MCB function by interrupting the stability of electrical flow through the circuit once an errors detected. In simple conditions this circuit breaker is a switch which routinely turns off when the current flows through it and passes the maximum acceptable limit. Generally, these are designed to guard against over current and overheating MCB is substituting the rewirable switch-fuse units for low power domestic and industrial applications in a very quick manner. In wiring system, the MCB is a blend of all three functions such as protection of short circuit, overload and switching, Protection of overload by using a bimetallic strip & short circuit protection by used solenoid. These are obtainable in different pole versions like single, double, triple pole & four poles with neutral poles if necessary. The normal current rating is ranges from 0.5-63 A with a symmetrical short circuit breaking capacity of 3-10 KA. ata voltage level of 230 or 440V. The characteristics of an MCB mainly include the following (i) Rated current is not more than 100 amperes (ii) Normally, trip characteristics are not adjustable (iii) Thermai/thermal magnetic operation )Capacity of a battery : The quantity of electricity which a battery can deliver scharge until its terminal voltage falls to 1.8V/cell is called the capacity of a during single battery.. Basic Electrical Engi my The capacity of a battery or cell is commercially expressed in ampere-hours ang generally denoted by A-H. Capacity of a battery or cell = ampere-hours where, 1, = discharging current in amperes T. = discharging time of a battery or cell in hours. Q.9. Write technical notes on : (15) (i) PMMI instructions (ii) Single phase induction type energy meter (iii) Power factor improvement Ans. (i) Permanent Magnet type moving coil instruments : These instruments are very sensitive accurate. These instruments can be used only on d.c. as voltmeter and ammeter Principle : The basic principle of permanent magnet type moving coil instrument is that when a current carrying conductor is placed ina magnetic field, a mechanical force is exerted on the conductor as shown in fig.(1). The basic principle can also be stated that when a field F produced by the movable current carrying coil tries to come in line with the main field, thus@ deflecting torque is developed as shown in fig.(2). By the production of deflecting torque, the pointer deflects over the scale. Construction : The simple view of « perman \et type moving coil instrument is shown in fig.(3). It consists of a powerful! permanent shoe magnet. A light rectangular coil of many turns of fine wire is wound on a light alumin m former. An iron core inserted in between the coil sides to reduce reluctance for the magnetic lines of force. The coil is mounted on the spindle and acts as the moving element. Two phosphor bronze spiral hair springs are attached to the spindle. The springs provide the controlling torque as well as they act as incomming and outgoing leads for the current. Eddy current damping is provided by the aluminium former. Working : When the instrument is connected in the circuit, the operating current flows through the coil which is mounted on the spindle. Since the coil is placed in the strong field of permanent mi jets, a force is exerted on the current carrying conductors of the coil whichBlech 1* Year. Solved papers, Dec -2019 2 produces deflecting torque. Thus, the pointer attached to the spindle in deflected er the calibrated scale. Uy Fig. : (3) 2) If current in the coil is reversed, the direction of deflecii ng torque will be reversed because field produced by the permanent magnets does not change. This will give a wrong direction of rotation, thus, the instrument can not be used on a.c.. it can only be used d.c Ans.(ii)Single phase induction type energy meter : Induction type instruments are used only for a.c. measurements. These instruments can be used either as ammeter, voltmeter or wattmeter. However, the induction principle finds its widest application as an energy meter. Induction type single-phase energy meter is used invariably to measure the energy consumed in any a.c. circuit in a prescribed period where supply voltage and frequency are constant. Energy meter is an integrating instrument which measures the total quantity of electrical energy supplied to the circuit ina given period. Principle : The basic principle of induction iype ene! induction. When alternati meter is electromagnetic rrent flows through two suitably located coils (current coil and potential coil) produces rotating magnetic field which is cut by the metallic disc suspended near to the coils, thus, an e.m.f. is induced in the dise which circulates eddy currents in it. By the interaction of rotating magnetic field and eddy currents, torque is developed and causes the disc to rotate. This is the same principle which is applied in the single-phase induction motors. Construction : An induction type single phase energy meter, as shown in fig.(1), has the following main parts of the operating mechanism : (1) Driving system (2) Moving system (3) Braking system (4) Recording mechanism.RECORDING | GEARS POTENTIAL COIL { Fig. : (1) Working : When the energy meter is connected in the circuit, the current coil carries the load current and pressure coil carries the current proportional to the supply voltage. The magnetic field produced by the series magnet (series coil) is in phase with the line current and the magnetic field produced by the shunt magnet (pressure coil) isin quadrature with the applied voltage (since the coil is highly inductive). Thus. a phase difference exists between the fluxes produced by the two coils. This sets up a rotating field which interacts with the dise and produces a driving torque and, thus, dise starts rotating. The number of revolutions made by the di depends upon the energy passing through the meter. The spindle is geared to the record mechanism so that electrical energy consumed in the circuit is directly registered in 1h. The speed of the disc is adjusted by adjusting the position of the braking magnet. For example, if the energy meter registers less energy than the energy actually consumed in the circuit. Then, the speed of the disc has to be increased which is obtained by shifting the braking magnet nearer to the centre of the disc and vice-versa Ans.(iii)Power factor improvement The power factor for lighting and heati supplied from 3-phase power supply ranges from 0.95 to unity but the power factor for motor loads ranges from 0.5 to 0.9. Power factor for single phase moturs may be as low as 0-4 (ae and for electric welding may be even 0.2 or 0.3 (lagging). 1g loadsp.Teol Year Solved papers, Dee -2019 5 Disadvamages of Low Power Factor : The current for a given load supplied at a constant voltage will be higher at lower power factor and low at higher power factor. For example stlead P is supplied at terminal voltage V and at power factor cos @ by a I-phase system then Joad current is given by Pp V cos IeP and V are constant, the load current Lis inversely proportional to power factor. cos ‘ies lower the power factor. higher the current and vice versa, The higher current due to poor power factor affects and system and results in the following disadvanta (i). Rating of generators and transformers are proportional to their output current hence inversely proportional to power factor, therefore, large generators and transformers are required to deliver same load but at a low power factor. (ii) The x-sectional area of the bus-bar an to be enlarged for the same power to be delivered but at a low power factor. (iii) For the same power to be transmitted but at low power factor, the transmission line or the distributor or cable will have to carry more current. Thus more conductor materal is required for transmission lines, distributors and cables to deliver the same load but at a !o power factor. (iv) Cooper losses are proportional to the square of the current hence inversely proportional to the square of the power factor, ¢., more copper losses incur at low power factor which results.in poor efficiency. (v) Low fagging power factor results in large Voltage drop in generators, transformers, transmission lines and distributors which results in poor regulation. Hence extra regulating equipment is required to keep the voltage drop within permissible limits Thus we see that the low power factor leads to a high capital cost for the alternators, switchgears, transformers, transmission lines, distributors and cables etc. ‘Advantages of Power Factor Improvement : If the power factor of the supply or power station is raised to unity, the current for the same amount of power to be supplied is reduced to minimum. This results in reduction of transmission line copper losses and reduction or voltage drop in transmission line and in alternator windings as copper losses are directly proportional to the square of supply current and voltage drop is directly proportional to the supply current The advantages of good power factor are that (/) load output of a given plant is better utilized (ii) line losses are reduced to minimum, therefore, efficiency of the plant is improve (iif) voltage drop or voltage regulation is considerably reduced. : d the contact surface of switchgear is required —~