Unit1

Inhoduc tion
Amplitude -Time Domain Desciptun
Modulaton Aplitude
modulafion Frey
Sustching modulater
dete Cto
Enve lop
points ohick
Communicoton -’ two
between the be wie d o toiee
infomatíon H could
4 Exchange othe
rom each
ahe tan auay

Comunicoatíon. systeon -’ equipments tohen assembled togetho

D7oent Communication
* Communícation sls
torm a casting
Telephony, E-mai!,Brood
E ransmitted Reccived
signal ole
Bleck diogom Signal
olp
mesage
Tronsm chemel eacitaons
-duces
transducen ttr
Noise
(Souyce) could be voice,
geerated,t
message Signal computer (E-mai)non
whese
* brom television sigralfox, pe
sonal
Speech, io nature
electrical communcation
ttumon
Voice :
Speech o pictuses n motfon
transmíssion used the inage
TV: document e
Scan an
Fax: To ¬-mail
Send
Pc: To enY
Ip tansducex: uwhich coNeats one foro
4ronsduce is a device
into another tom
 block sed to covert a non- lechical
rans Aucex
inte time varying lecthi al signal to electsicol rem
Snal onvey ts sounduayeelectsical torm
Microphene
picture (o) Motin to signal is knoLon as
Camera the auai lable
convevsion
Altex this
Jip oigna!" the cficient
to
hransmitteri modifies the ilp sgnal seveval Sub systerm
contoins AmplihieK
thansmitter mcdule Encodex d) estsictions
4tonsmission this onveste )
b Alp signal oith some modulation
a) Modulatox
ocess the lp Amplifications (powen)
hansmittes regencies,signal stscngth tsonsmitted.
4 audio panameter is Con be
f range signal
One more moin how long the Signal is transmitted
+ decide
Powen will ohich the
+ over
Channel: medium
is distance
cestain
channcl co-axal cabl.
optical fiber,
channel : Geostationoy orbit, Rodio
physical ink
J, satetlite in
Wireless channel: 6 ottenuates
dibtesent trenyuenci
atten
filtey
behavCS ke a receives may receive
+
channel signals due to this
transmitted
-cs d the transmitted signal
-uated stgnal noise may ettect
problem is
+ One more
At Yeceives

we my
Recasied sfanal
Teceive
transmitted oignal tdistored signal)
Noise etection depends on the
Attenuation the snal b) medium then the
signal tavel n longun
ength f channe, i4 the l be more
attenuation lbe more & nose rom this detor
ecoves the signa!
Receives should be able to recoveY o not depnds
+ is able to
the eceivoy
ted signal Whethes
the signat to naise atio (SNR).
on poy
SNR = signal
Noise pouen
signat pouwer, SNR il be improved there by
By incvtaing the
dístance.
anal witM thavel a longe
 4But it s not possible to increase Signal pouen beyond
Krit.So in such case Reqent rotive - Repeaters" are usedcestaftes
ain
testa distance

Transnitte Rrgarenafie Ragereatie

lepeato Repeater
Sepeate detects the distor ted signal geneate
4 Regener ative that once
agoin transrit
copPy o transmitted sign al
fresh pasiculas chamel
- cd oueY the
Receiue:turnction veproduce the message signd
(s to
the seceis torted reeived signal
*The torm trom the dis " Dermodulation".
in eletical as

oginal signal is
knan

+ Reproducton a pc () nob.
SCYeen
olp transdu ceyiSpeaker (or) dispay
coul d be a
4 IH Modulation exomple
Iotroduction to transmission as an
sider Voice Signa! signal 3KHE (Assme
con voice
+ let us Speech sgnal o)spectrum oHz to okh)
[WkT Audi ble

Bnse band o)
madulating gh Modutatig Sgoal: Sourceis
signat on intormaton
Base Band geneated by the
mess age signal br) Modulerting sgnal".
*knoThe
wn as
"Base band tronsmitted directly, but
oith
signal cannot be can be tansitel
+ Base band Pesíodic signal it
frequency"
the heip q "Kah tigh treg ogna
Ccarrkx signal)
the base bond signal
peviodíc signal carry
high requency Sgnal" this base band
This
+ krouon as the carr)er
s carsits sianal camy
this
know hoo
let us distance:
signal to fas has three proputies

o) Amplitude
b) Frequen cy
Phase
Medutation : propetie (amplitu de. fey 4
process by which Some
+ The sigmal is vanicd in accovd ance orth the
a cavvier o "Modutating
phase) Me ssagc sanal
base band signa!
band
Modulating gnal bae Msg aignal

caries signal
-ttigh treg accovding
camiey shanges
shope mog ignal
to amplitude Modulation
Amplitude accordiry
camies changes
shape o msg Signal
to treqy Frea modulation
charges aco1di,
Shape caries
phase 4 msg signal
to Phasenodulaton
ohich is used to
modutation,
Dervodulaten: Se prOCCSS
Teer
4get back the oiginal message oignal
Is the
tronsnitting end ohere as
pestormed at the
Modulation is the teceiving end.
is petormed at
dernedulation
Need tor Modulaton: antenna

To
educe the height
To Treduce interference
communication
increase onge
the multiplexing Signals
+ To a'loo quoity ¢ Yreception.
To improve
Amplitude Modulation -> according to
amplrtude the
wave
canies charges
* The (e) modulating sial
fnessage gnal
Ingomation signal - Message sga
carrier signal
 Modul ation ty pe

Analog medulahon
Dijtal modlati,

pulse
Contioucus wave modulation
hmodulation

modulaton Aralog Digtal

Amplitude modula ton Ange pulse
madulation puse
phase modla
VSB Freay modulatcn -tion
AM DsD-Sc SSB modlation
PAM PM PPM PCM

Amp Bouse band sign

s moduBaion Em
instantaneous ualue t
in which the chenges in
o the camiey amplitude
amplit°de o
accordance with the
band Qariex
message Signal(o base

* hequency
caíer
amplitude
signal remains
Vavíes durng
AAAA AM DQve
Constant enly slb-EtEm
mpdulatioR,
Time doman Desieteg-’
(time-domarn)
Let us consides
mlt) - modulating signa
Em
mét) Am Cosu t
mtt) Am cos anfmt where
Signa! Am message sgna anmplituk
C(t) Ec 2 Carries
c ) Ae cosus,t
Ac cos antct standad eauation
c(t) =
the modulated signal
Let st) denotesModutation". is
4 "Amplitude 0
[Act mit] Cos st
s(t)
st) [Ac t mt] cosuct
Et)- Envelope AM waNe
Ac t mtt)
S) Ac f tt Ac mcesut
 ka A
’ sensitivity censtant moduta toy
where
coSt
stt): Ae t ka me)]
mt)]cosanhet
SLt) = Act* Amcosunt] cosangt
cosuthnt cos sot
Anm
Act E Index
moduta hon
’
ohere Am
coswmt]cas wet
Ac
anplitude
SLt) Ac l+ propes
havecan be demodulated
ovdex to
2| ’Ih
modulated
wave ¬ propcsly
An
eceivcY Side demodulating
Always : Ac at the eceivex side ditticult also
then at the signal is vey intormatior
u>| the modulated extratthe origínal
i!
ditfeutt to Am

wave-
Desciptior t AM
epresentation tor AM signal
hequency Domai
domain 0
time
standand Act+ cosuwnt)casust
the expresSioo fnto
St) domain
time
convert this
ne need to Fousey
Frequency domain(
)
trequency domain tronshorm
Time domain

coso,t] uet
cos
rom egnOS(t) [Act A cosnt
= o,t
Ae cos
Cosst +
A cos(A+8)+ cos(A-B
coSB = acosatcos Snt
WKT acoSA cost + pAc
st) Ac 9
+
cos(u4,sutn)t cos(ug-an)
AçCosut+ Acu
 St) :
A, cosit+ A u cos(tm)t+ Ac cos (L-S t
lacer side
Cariey ime pper side
band tem
hand term (LSB)
(USB)
Caríey krey (wt)
US6- q which is highes thon carnies freq ( s- Wm)
LSB ’ eg which is louey thon
culate Fourier transtorm for three eq terns ohich ae
Let us cal
pre sent in eyn
A coS antet
e
Consists to impulses at tte o) t
0 A cos Lat
Acos ( e t t
Ac cos(us- m)t A,
4.
total oq o impulses
-ve pavt is nothing but mirroy image. ue payt
Frequency domain Tepresertati,
Time domain yepsesertation Spectrum AM
Graphicat presertation AM m(u)
mlt)

4Am
Mesar
-Am

cl
Acl
Cames
sígna

Modulated
sigrai
 Generatorn Amplrtude Mo dulation ->
Modulato
| Squaxe - law
sutching Modutator Diodeats
a su i t e h

Sueitching Madulatoy-
A (coset + mt)
ylt)
cpeation q d'ode of
coming to#ue voltage in p side ;t)
bias &4e apply
orward
ode t is pside dicdeit is
-ve uotage in
EVCYSe bas.
For dea diode short cirCuted
D ON
Forasd Bias
D OFF - Open
civcuited messag Canes
Reverse Bias ’ 's sum
the diode is U;(t).V;(t) compaxe to the
to
Here ilp amplitude is high whenindex) value less
cayrier signa (modulation-
aluways maintain u
* WkT osder to
message signal in signal dominatfng
Cayrier
Ahan onc Am ’ Ae high then canier
amplitude
Ac‘
;lt) oillbe decided by
So, the mpies’ ON then
or Ne hal cycle4
;4)- +Ve

cycle camies
for-Ve halt then
V;tt) -Ve ; D- OFF
|b) = o
these too
By combiring
Volt) PLt) V;lt)

pl4) is a peíodic signal

twhere cos[anji(an-0)
an

(aifct) + Odd hamonic terms,

Pt) 42 cos
eqn
Substitute eyn 3 in

t2 cosLa mlt)
he cos st+mlt)4 Ae cosust
 ces e,t mti)
A tes, t 4

ka 4

A(t+ ka me)] cosatSignal

spectnum tor peiodic
trt us drau the

De teetion AM waves ’
Squae -law detectoy
Enve lope - detectoI
Detector ( Diade-detector)-> device that i&
fnuelope- simple &highly
eective
envebpe detectoy ís a AM wave
* An the
demodulation
a diode § a se Sistor
we ll-suited tor detectoy circuit consists asdiode- detector
envelope also knoun
* The circut is
capacitor 4ilter. This slen
) AM signal
Dode

olp
t)
AM RA
and(s) +ve hal 4 AM wave

* In the 4ue haly cycde o the Capacito

AM Signal, diode-Veconducts
holt cycle y.)e ON
voltage
ohereas in the biased
dode is veverse
As a Tesult only te haly
* appears CIOSS
the AM wOve aCsOSS
RC
this 4ve ha AM wNe capacites
hal{ yele, the diode is toruavd based e-the
à h the tVe the ilp
ropidly to the peak uole ¬
capacitorC chaxges yp
Sgnat
) when the ilp stgnal allsbelow his volut, the iode
beceme's Yevexae bfa sed 4 tBe apacitor C di horges alowly
threugh the lood vesfs tor R
until the nert te bal!
)the dischorging proce.s Cetinue s grates
when the ilp sgnal becomes thon the voltay
Capacitor, the diode conducts agaín ( the process
acrOSS
Depeated
apacitor ’
chavging schorging copacitor to the peak value ilp
compaed
chavg the must be short
4To apidly time constant
signal,the charging
period that is
oth the coovie RgC <
enough to ensu
be long
time const ant Rc must the load vesistane
The d'scharging dischosges slowly through so long thot
that the capacitos Canier looe, but not
between tNe peaks the
dischayge at the moxirmurn tate d
R
camcitos voltage wll not
the ire,
the modulating wove where c: message sigal
chong

Forula.
General AM equatfon
· coswt
s(t): Ac [1+ ka mt)] ’ Sensitivity constorl
uwhere
Am
Modulation ndex Ac
ssage Sgna
tohere Am -’ Amplitude ¢ meCayrieY
Ac ’
AM waVe, E, to
Jo order to get the propey
3
avoid over modulotion
representation o AM oave
stondasd time domain
Stt): Ac|t4p cosuont cos u,t
Cories Amp
Ae
LSB o USB Arnpltude
5 characterstics AM Signal
a) Upper side band trequtnCy te ttm
b) lowe fe-tm
c) band width d AM
6 Poe seguired velaton io AM wave
Cariey poweH P A
JR
Upper side band po Puse
Lower side band pouoey
Total pouoer P Pe+s
Ps8