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Quantum Mechanics - Unit 4

The document discusses wave mechanics, focusing on wave-particle duality, de Broglie's hypothesis, and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. It explains that matter exhibits both wave and particle characteristics, with implications for measuring position and momentum. Additionally, it introduces concepts like wave packets and expectation values in quantum mechanics.

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5 views46 pages

Quantum Mechanics - Unit 4

The document discusses wave mechanics, focusing on wave-particle duality, de Broglie's hypothesis, and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. It explains that matter exhibits both wave and particle characteristics, with implications for measuring position and momentum. Additionally, it introduces concepts like wave packets and expectation values in quantum mechanics.

Uploaded by

chanducbit117
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wave Mechanics

❖ Wave-Particle Duality

Illustrations for Particle nature:


Photo electric Effect
(Photon + Electron Interaction) Both
are particles

Wave Nature of light:


Double silt experiment

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de Broglies hypothesis

According to Louis de Broglie since radiation such as light exhibits dual nature both wave
and particle, the matter must also posses dual nature.

The wave associated with matter called matter wave has the wavelength
and is called de Broglie wavelength

λ=h/m‫ט‬

Characteristics of matter waves


Since λ=h/m.‫ט‬

Lighter the particle, greater is the wavelength associated with it.

Lesser the velocity of the particle, longer the wavelength associated with it.

For v=0, λ=∞.

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Davisson and Germer’s experiment----1927

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Particle in a 1-Dimensional box
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Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

In 1927 Heisenberg proposed “the uncertainty principle”.

It states that only one of the “position” or “momentum” can be measured accurately
at a single moment within the instrumental limit
Or
It is impossible to measure both the position and momentum simultaneously with
unlimited accuracy.
∆ x : uncertainty in position
∆ p: uncertainty in momentum

then ∆ x ∆ p ≥ h/4 π
The product of ∆ x & ∆ p of an object is greater than or equal to h/4 π
If ∆ x is measured accurately i.e. ∆ x →0 then ∆ p→ ∞
Like, energy E and time t.

∆ E ∆ t ≥ h/4 π

and angular momentum L and angular position θ


∆ L ∆ θ ≥ h/4 π

Physical significance of Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

(i) This principle explains why it is possible for radiation and matter to have a
Dual (wave-particle) nature

(ii) This principle helps in understanding the many phenomenon's like absence of
electron within the nucleus, existence of protons, neutrons in nucleus, etc…

(iii) This principle also states that we can only predict the probable behavior of
quantum mechanical systems and not the exact behavior
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1) The uncertainty in position and the velocity of particle 10-10 m and 10x 10-24
sec-1
respectively calculate the mass of particle in Kg?

2) An electron has speed of 1.05x 104 m/sec with in the accuracy of 0.01 %, calculate the
uncertainty in the position of an electron

3) An electron has a momentum py=1.40×10−25 kg.m/s. What is the minimum


uncertainty in its position that will keep the relative uncertainty in its
momentum (Δpy/p) below 2.7%

Calculate the uncertainty in the velocity of an electron which is confined in a 10 A o box?

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Wave Packet

A wave packet comprises a group of waves


slightly differing in velocity and
wavelengths with phases and amplitudes

Such that they interfere constructively over


a small region of space where the particle
can be located and out side this space they
interfere destructively so that the amplitude
reduces to zero.

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Expectation values
The expected or the average value of a dynamical quantity is the mathematical expectation for the
result of a simple measurement …It also defined as the average result of a large number of
measurements taken on an independent system

Expectation value of any quantity which is a function of ‘x’ ,say f(x) is given by
∞
< f(x) > = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑓(𝑥)| ψ |2 dx for normalized ψ

Thus expectation value for position ‘x’ is

∞
< x> = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥| ψ |2 dx

Expectation value is the value of ‘x’ we would obtain if we measured the positions of a
large number of particles described by the same function at some instant ‘t’ and then
averaged the results

Example: Find the expectation value of position of a particle having wave function ψ = ax
between x = 0 & 1, ψ = 10 elsewhere.
< x> = ‫׬‬0 𝑥| ψ |2 dx
1
< x> = a2‫׬‬0 𝑥3 dx
< x> = a2 /4
Free Particle wave function

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Probability Current Density

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Thank You

“There is nothing impossible to him who will try”


Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.)

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