Department of Electronics &

Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

COSUMER ELECTRONICS
(MODULE 4)
BEC654B

Prepared by
Prof. Juslin F

01-05-2025 AT M E C o l l e g e
ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU of Engineering, Mysuru 1
 Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

Module-4 Syllabus (BEC654B)

Cable Television: Introduction, Video Monitor, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV),
Cable Television, Cable TV Using Internet.
Miscellaneous Devices: Digital Watch, Calculator, An Electronic Guessing Game,
Cordless Telephone.
(Text : 15.1 to 15.5 and 17.1 to 17.4)
TEXT BOOKS:
1. B.R. Gupta, V. Singhal "Consumer Electronics", S.K. Kataria & Sons, 6th edition,
2013, ISBN 978-93-5014-407-7.
2. R.P.Bali, Consumer Electronics, Pearson Education (2008)

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 Department of Electronics &
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Introduction
• Television systems have a number of applications besides entertainment.
• Closed circuit television(CCTV) for surveillance industry, education etc. is one such
application.
• This application requires a video monitor.
• Presently the TV signal is rarely received through antenna-because cable television
provides a large number of options and better viewing.

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 Department of Electronics &
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Video Monitor
A video monitor is a display device in computers, closed circuit television systems etc.
• It is similar to a television receiver but is some what different also. These differences are as under:
1. Direct Baseband Signal: A television receiver gets RF modulated signal from the antenna and converts
it into video output (for picture tube) and audio output (for loudspeaker). On the other hand a video
monitor is given the base band video signal at its input and converts it into video and audio outputs.
Therefore it does not need the tuner and IF amplifier stages.
2. Some video monitors do not have the audio section.
3. Deflection Linearity: A smaller angle of deflection gives better linearity, lesser geometrical distortion
and lesser defocussing effects near the edges and corners. A grade video monitors use 90° deflection
picture tube. B grade video monitors use 110° deflection picture tube. Television receivers use 110° or
114° deflection picture tube
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4. Bandwidth and Resolution: Television systems have a bandwidth of 7 MHz. Video monitors use 8 or 10 or even
higher bandwidth. Television receivers have 625 lines per frame. In video monitors the resolution can be high
because there is no limit on frequency. Computer video monitors have horizontal and vertical resolutions of 1024
and 768 respectively.
5. Input Sensitivity: Input signal for video monitors is generally 1 Vp-p.
6. Television receivers always have internal sync. However video monitors may have external sync also in addition to
internal sync.
Fig. 15.1 shows a block diagram of a video monitor. The various terms are the same as in television receivers. Most
video
. monitors have a 75 Q. termination for the shielded cable which supplies the video signal. The monitor in Fig.
15.1 does not have audio section.

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• Desk top computers use the cathode ray tube monitor shown in Fig. 15.1.
• The laptop and notebook computers use flat panel display which may be a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or
electro-luminescent (EL) display.
• To connect a monitor to a computer one needs a graphic adapter board (more commonly known as video card).
Some graphic boards have video memory also

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Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)

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• A CCTV system has a camera tube (along with scanning arrangement) and a video amplifier located at a central
place.
• The arrangement for generation of sync. and blanking pulses has also to be provided.
• The composite video signal is transmitted through a coaxial cable to the video monitor.
• The system may also have a number of video monitors distributed uniformly over the area where viewing facility is
to be provided.
• Moreover the number of video cameras may also be more than one.

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Synchronizing System

• CCTV systems do not have master synchronizing pulse generator.

• The mains supply frequency of 50 Hz with suitable wave shaping circuit is used to trigger the vertical oscillator.
• The horizontal oscillator is a crystal controlled astable multivibrator.
• The output of astable multivibrator is in the form of clock pulses which are used to establish the timing sequences
necessary for synchronization.
• In this system of synchronization the line spacing between the two fields may vary in a random fashion.
• Therefore, it is known as random interface system.

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Self Contained Units and Remote Units:

• CCTV system may have self contained camera units or remote operation type camera.
• Self contained camera unit has all the equipment (i.e., camera, video processing circuitry, synchronisation and
blanking pulses circuitry etc.) at one place.
• The video signal from the unit is sent to monitors through cables.
• Remote operation cameras have all the equipments except camera tube at a central place.
• The camera is separate and is installed at the actual site e.g., on the ceiling above the operation table in a hospital.
• The camera is connected to the remaining equipment through multicore cable.
• In this arrangement the camera can be located very near the actual scene to be shown and at a convenient place.

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Common Synchronization System

• A CCTV may have more than one camera to show different aspects of the scene e.g., demonstration of a surgical
operation is done by using three cameras located at suitable positions around the body part to be operated on.
• All these cameras can have a common synchronization system.
• The synchronization pulses could be provided by a common synchronous pulse generator (SPG).
• Fig. 15.3 shows a common synchronous pulse generator feeding four cameras and terminated finally in a 75W
cable impedance.

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One Camera Feeding Different Monitors

Fig. 15.4 shows a single video camera feeding 4 monitors each terminated in cable impedance of 75 2. When these
monitors are situated a bit far away, the signal may suffer attenuation. To compensate this loss, a distribution
amplifier is added.

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Camera Selector Switch:

• More than one camera may be feeding one or more 'monitors.
• Evidently these cameras would be switched on by turn but only one at a time.
• A push button camera selector switch is used to switch on the camera.
• The switches should have mechanical interlocking so that only one switch is operated at one time.
• A 75 Ω terminating impedance is used on each camera and the group of monitors. Fig. 155 shows this
configuration

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Applications of CCTV
Closed circuit television has a large number of applications. Some of these are:
1. Surveillance CCTV is a boon for all places requiring constant surveillance. Banks, shops, commercial establishments,
traffic junctions etc. are some such places where CCTV can be used to keep an eye on the people and their
movements. Surveillance through CCTV helps in solving many criminal acts at such places.
2. Industry. Many situations and manufacturing processes require close inspection. In some of these local inspection
may not be possible. CCTV can be used in these situations for remote inspection. Nuclear reactions can be inspected
from safe distances using CCTV.
3. Education. CCTV has enabled many complicated surgical operations to be shown to a large number of medical
students. It is possible to have one teacher sitting at a convenient place and his lecture and demonstrations telecast
to a large number of students at different places using CCTV.
4. Miscellaneous. CCTV also finds application in oceanography, aerospace monitoring etc.

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 Department of Electronics &
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Some of the special facilities and applications of cable television systems are:
1. To fulfil television needs of people living in fringe areas.
2. To serve people living in multistoreyed high rise buildings. It is not possible to have individual antenna for each
family living in such buildings.
3. To enable people to enjoy a large number of channels. An antenna can supply only one or two channels but a
cable TV system can easily supply dozens of channels. This gives a greater choice to viewers
4. To enable local announcements to be made through this medium.
5. To enable people to enjoy local programmes, movies etc. telecast by the cable operator on his own channel.
6. To see movies on demand. For local programmes the frequency ranges of 104 to 174 MHz and 230 to 300 MHz
are used.

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UHF/VHF Signal Processor

• The signals are received through an elaborate antenna system, generally suitable size parabolic dish antenna.
The dish antenna is installed in low noise low interference area.
• The signals are processed by a VHF/UHF signal processor.
• Fig. 15.6 shows one such processor.
• In the first stage the signals are converted to IF carriers.
• The next stage is filtering followed by amplification.
• The sound and video VHF signals are then level controlled.
• Automatic gain control (AGC) is an essential aspect of processing.
• The signals are then recombined, converted to different channels and dispatched over to the cable network.

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Cable Network
• For providing service to consumers, an elaborate cable network is necessary. Initially the signals are fed
to trunk lines which feed the branches and finally the twigs.
• The connections to subscriber may be direct or through a converter (for pay channels). Converter is
also called Set Top Box.
• Fig. 15.7 shows one typical cable distribution system. Signal suffers attenuation of about 15 dB in a 500
m cable. Therefore a number of booster amplifiers (also known as repeaters) have to be installed to
compensate the signal loss.
• An alternative system is a star system in which the VHF/UHF signal processor is at a central location
and feeds a star network from which connections are given to subscribers.

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• It is necessary to convert all UHF channels to VHF.

• The signal loss (expressed in dB) is lower at VHF than at UHF.

• The dB loss increases as per square root of frequency (If dB loss is 3 at 400 MHz, it will be 6 at 1600 MHz).

• Moreover the signal processor can accept signals from dish antennas as well as local programmes.

• These local programmes include feature films, announcements, cultural programmes etc.

• The signal processor is also called head end in cable TV terminology.

• The signal is amplified by trunk amplifier and distributed over the network.

• The network consists of trunk lines, branch lines and twigs.

• The connections to consumers are given from the twigs. (Twigs are also called service lines).

• At each stage an amplifier is necessary to boost

01-05-2025 the signal.
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 Department of Electronics &
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CABLE TV USING INTERNET

• Many internet service providers offer a large number of high definition TV channels thus providing competition to local
cable TV operators.
• Some of the ISPs offer phone, TV and other internet facilities at a cost much lower than before.
• As cost of fibre optic cable is likely to further decrease over the future years, the cable connection will mostly be through
fibre optic cable resulting in better reception.
• A company named UTOPIA encompasses 14 cities in north eastern Utah (USA) has about 3000 subscribers getting high
speed internet access, telephony and television through fibre optic cable.
• This company presently offers a data rate of about 30 megabits per second but is likely to offer speed of 100 megabits per
second.
• Thus a two hour movie can be downloaded in a couple of minutes.
• Many such companies have come up in different countries of the world.
• It is also possible that these internet service providers will divide the high definition TV channels into separate channels
for parents, older children and youngsters.
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• The combined use of television, internet and telephony is called triple play of consumer communications
 Department of Electronics &
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(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

CHAPTER : 2
Miscellaneous Devices: Digital Watch, Calculator, An Electronic Guessing Game,
Cordless Telephone.

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 Department of Electronics &
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(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

Digital Watch
• A digital watch displays time (hour and minute).
• It consists of a quartz crystal oscillator, logic circuit, digit driver, segment driver and display. Fig. 17.1 shows a
block diagram

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 Department of Electronics &
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(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

PRINCIPLE
• The quartz crystal oscillator generates a high frequency signal (about 32 kHz).
• The signal is counted and processed by electronic components.
• The processed signal is decoded to generate the drive signals in the form of digits.
• Fig. 17.2 (a) shows an arrangement of 7 light emitting diodes to display the decimal numbers 0 to 9.
• In a light emitting diode (LED) an electric current causes the injection of minority carriers into regions of crystal
where they can recombine with majority carriers resulting in emission of light.
• In Fig. 17.2 (a) each LED is called a segment because it is a part of the number to be displayed.
• Fig. 17.2 (b) is the schematic diagram.
• The function of series resistors is to limit the current through LED.
• By earthing one or more terminals (a to g) we can display any digit from 0 to 9 e.g. by earthing a, b, c, d and g,
LEDs in these paths will be turned on and digit 3 will be displayed.
• If all terminals are earthed, digit 8 is displayed.
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 Department of Electronics &
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DIGITAL CIRCUITARY
• Fig. 17.3. shows the block diagram of counter used as frequency divider in a digital clock. The dc input (from cell) is
first converted into 1 Hz ac.
• This 1 Hz ac is directly suitable for counting seconds.
• It is divided by two cascaded counters, (one Mod. 10 and another Mod. 6 so as to give an overall Mod. 60 counter)
for counting minutes.
• The output at this stage is suitable for counting minutes.
• For counting hour this frequency is further divided by 60 (using cascaded Mod.-10 and Mod. 6 counters

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• Figure Below shows a detailed block diagram.

• The dc input is first converted to Hz ac which is the desired frequency for counting seconds.
• This 1 pulse/second frequency goes to count accumulator for counting seconds.
• The count accumulator is also a counter. A 0-59 counter is a mod-10 (i.e. decade counter) cascaded with a mod-6
counter.
• The mod-10 counter drives the 1s place of the seconds display and mod-6 counter drives the 10s place of the seconds
display.
• The decoder/driver converts binary output of count accumulator into decimal digits and drives the second segment
display

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• For counting the minutes the 1 Hz pulse is divided by 60 (using cascaded mod-10 and mod-6 counters). The 1
Hz/minute pulse goes to count accumulator for minutes. This count accumulator for minutes along with
decoder/driver and display is exactly similar to that of seconds counter and display except that the. input is 1
pulse/minute pulse.

• For counting hours, the above frequency of 1 pulse/minute is further divided by 60 (using mod-10 and mod-6
counters in cascade). The 1 pulse/hour wave goes to count accumulator for hours. The hours count accumulator is a
decade counter cascaded with a Mod 2 counter. The decade counter drives the 1s place in the hours display and the
Mod 2 counter drives the 10s place in the hours display. A time setting feature is always an essential aspect of digital
clocks and watches

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 Department of Electronics &
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CALCULATOR
Principle
• An electronic calculator is very cheap and convenient device for making
calculations.
• The keyboard is the input device.
• On the case are a number of press buttons for various digits and functions.
• When a button is pressed, a corresponding signal is sent to the processing
• unit i.e. IC chip.
• Processing unit consists of an integrated circuit chip.
• The chip depends on the type of calculator (general purpose, scientific etc.).
• It is the heart of the calculator.
• All operations are performed by this unit. The result of calculations is displayed on the
display. Most calculators use LED (light emitting diodes) for this purpose.
01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 31
• LCD is also used. Calculators are powered by pencil cells.
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Architecture of Calculator

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Fig. 17.6. shows a block diagram illustrating the architecture of a calculator. It has a keyboard (for input), display (for
output) and an IC. The IC has several subsystems whose functions are as under Clock.
Clock:
It sends constant frequency pulses to all the parts for synchronization of all operations.
The clock frequency may range from 25 kHz to 500 kHz.
When the calculator is turned on, the clock runs continuously and various circuits 'idle' till a command comes from the
key board.
Encoder.
We work with decimal numbers.
However all computers and calculators use binary numbers in their operations.
Encoder converts the decimal number into binary (or binary coded decimal i.e. BCD) numbers.
Decoder/Driver. The binary result is converted to decimal by the decoder.
The driver drives the display unit.
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Adder/Subtractor.
The arithmetic operations are performed in this/section.
Instruction Register. It contains the instructions necessary for bigger numbers. with decimal points. The
controller follows the directions in the instruction register.
ROM. Read only memory.
The steps to be followed in the calculations are programmed into ROM. The memory size of ROM in a calculator
is a some thousands of bits.
Display register.
It stores the latest numeral etc. which we input into the calculator. Operand register. It stores the last but one
numeral which we had put in the calculator.
Accumulator Register.
The results of the arithmetic operation this register. are stored in X Register (extra register) It holds the sign of
the arithmetic
01-05-2025 operation (e.g. +) in binary form. Control
ATME Circuit.
COLLEGE OF It controls all the operations in the calculator.
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An Electronic Guessing Game

• Figure shows the block diagram of an electronic guessing game using CMOS counter counter.
• A random number is generated and the player tries to guess the number.
• The computer gives the answer as too high or correct or too low.
• The player again guesses the number till he hits upon the correct number.
• The player who gets the answer in fewest guesses walks away with the prize.
• The parts of the game are clock (about 1 kHz frequency), binary counter, magnitude counter and switches.
Initially the push button S, is pressed thus connecting clock to the binary counter.
• A random number (between 0000 to 1111 i.e. decimal 0 to 15) is generated when the push button S, is
released. This random number is held by the counter at input Bo-B3 of the magnitude comparator.
• The player's guess input is Ao-A3.

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• The three outputs are A = B (green LED), A < B

(yellow LED) and A > B (red LED) Depending on
the three possibilities one of these three LEDs
will glow.
• In the event A > B or A < B, the player inputs
another number A-A3, If A = B, the game is
started again by pressing push button S₁.
• Now a new random number is generated

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CORDLESS TELEPHONE

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• Cordless telephone is a wireless telephone used for making and receiving telephone.
• Fig. 17.8 shows the base unit and the portable unit.
• Both the base unit and portable unit are provided with transmitting and receiving antennas. Thus the two
are linked through radio frequency link
• The portable unit is usually in the standby mode.
• When the ringer (bell) sounds, the subscriber presses a switch (known as talk switch).
• This switch turns on a transmitter in the portable unit.
• This radio frequency signal is transmitted by the transmitting antenna on it.
• The receiving antenna on the base unit receives this signal.
• The base unit demodulates this signal and sends it to the telephone exchange. Thus the portable unit gets
connected to the telephone system of the area.

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• When the subscriber dials a number, the dial pulses produce signals which modulate the carrier and transmit

it to the base unit (through the portable unit's transmitting antenna).

• The base unit receives these signals (through its receiving antenna), demodulates them and sends them over

to the telephone line.

• Thus a connection is established between the portable unit and the telephone system of the area

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THANK YOU

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