COMPUTER GRAPHICS

CGR-22318
UNIT-III
OVERVIEW OF
TRANSFORMATION

13-10-2022 Miss. S. A. Salunkhe

 POINTS TO BE COVERED
• INTRODUCTION

• 2D TRANSFORMATION

• MATRIX REPRESENTATION AND HOMOGENEOUS

COORDINATES

• COMPOSITE TRANSFORMATIONS

• 3D TRANSFORMATION

• TYPES OF PROJECTIONS

13-10-2022
 INTRODUCTION
• Everyimage or object drawn on a computer needs some
transformations. kindof

• The transformations are nothing but moving, scaling, rotating or reflecting

an object or image.

• These transformation provides an ability to users to play with an object or

image as per their consideration.

• These transformations includes 2 types – 2D and 3D transformations.

13-10-2022
 2D
• TRANSFORMATION
2D TRANSFORMATIONS [2 DIMENSIONAL]
• 2D name is given so because it has two axis X and
Y.

Y-axis
The object can
be seen in only
one view
FRONT VIEW

0
X-axis

13-10-2022
 2D
•
TRANSFORMATION
TYPES OF 2D TRANSFORMATION

• It has 3 main types as mentioned

below.

• 1. TRANSLATION

• 2. SCALING

• 3. ROTATION

13-10-2022
 2D
•
TRANSFORMATION
1. TRANSLATION [T]
• It is a process of changing the position of object in a straight-
line path from one coordinate location to another

Y-axis
P’ (x’ , y’) x’ = x + tx
ty y’ = y + ty
The translation distance
P
(x , y) tx pair (tx,ty) is called
as
0 translation vector or
13-10-2022
X-axis shift
vector
 2D
TRANSFORMATION
• The above translation equations can be represented in single
matrix form.

P’ = P + T

𝑥 𝑥′ 𝑡𝑥
𝑃= 𝑃′ = T=
𝑦 𝑦′ 𝑡𝑦

13-10-2022
 2D
•
TRANSFORMATION
Example – Translate a polygon with co-ordinates A(2,5),
B(7,10) and C(10,2) by 3 units in x direction and 4 units in y
direction.

’ ′ 2 3 5
P =P+T 𝐴 =𝐴+𝑇= + =
5 4 9
𝑥
𝑃= 𝐵′ = 𝐵 + 𝑇 =
7
+
3
=
10
𝑦 10 4 14

T = 𝑡𝑥 𝐶′ = 𝐶 + 𝑇 =
10
+
3
=
13
𝑦
13-10-2022
𝑡 2 4 6
 2D
• OUTPUT
TRANSFORMATION
Y-axis Y-axis

15 15 B’

B
10 10
A
’ C’
5 A 5
C

X-axis X-axis
0 0
5 10 15 5 10 15

13-10-2022
 2D
•
TRANSFORMATION
2. SCALING [S]
• This transformation changes the size of an object.

• This transformation can be carried out for polygons by

multiplying the coordinate values (x , y) of each vertex by
scaling factors SX and SY to produce the transformed
coordinates (x’ , y’).

x’ = x * SX y’ = y * SY

13-10-2022
 2D
TRANSFORMATION
• The above scaling equations canbe represented in single
matrix form.

P’ = P x S

𝑥 𝑥′ 𝑆𝑥 0
𝑃= 𝑃′ = 𝑆=
𝑦 𝑦′ 0 𝑆𝑦

13-10-2022
 2D
•
TRANSFORMATION
CONDITIONS FOR SCALING
• Any positive numeric values are valid for scaling factors Sx and
Sy

• Values less than 1 reduce the size of the object.

• Values greater than 1 enlarge the size of the object.

• For both Sx and Sy if the value is 1 then the size of the object
remains same.

• To get uniform scaling the values of Sx and Sy should be equal.

13-10-2022
 2D
TRANSFORMATION
• Example – Scale the polygon with co-ordinates A(2,5), B(7,10)
and C(10,2) by 2 units in x direction and 2 units in y direction.

P’ = P x S

𝑥 𝑥′ 2 5 4 10
𝑃= 2
𝑦 𝑃′ = 𝑦
′ 𝐴′ = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑆 = 7 10 =
14 20
0
10 2 20 4
0
𝑆𝑥 0 2
𝑆=
0 𝑆𝑦
13-10-2022
 2D
•
TRANSFORMATION
3. ROTATION
• A 2D rotation is applied to an object by repositioning it along
a circular path in the xy plane.

• To generate a rotation, we specify a rotation angle ϴ (theta)

and the position of the rotation point about which the object
is to be rotated.

13-10-2022
 2D
• TRANSFORMATION
Trigonometric equation for 2D
rotation
𝑥′ = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 a+ b = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 a 𝑐𝑜𝑠b − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 a 𝑠𝑖𝑛 b
𝑦′ = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 a + b = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 a 𝑠𝑖𝑛 b + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 a 𝑐𝑜𝑠 b

• The original coordinates points in polar coordinates is given as

𝑥′ = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 a
𝑦′ = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 a
• Substituting this in above equations
𝑥′ = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 b − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 b
𝑦′ = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 b + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 b
• This is a equation for rotating a point (x , y)through an angle ϴ
about the origin.
13-10-2022
 2D
TRANSFORMATION
• The above rotation equations canbe represented in
single
matrix form.
P’ = P x R

𝑃= 𝑥 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 b 𝑠𝑖𝑛 b
𝑅= CC
−𝑠𝑖𝑛 b 𝑐𝑜𝑠 b
𝑃′ = 𝑥′ 𝑦′
13-10-2022
 2D
TRANSFORMATION
• Example – A point (4,3) is rotatedcounterclockwise
by an
angle of 450. Find the rotation matrix and the resultant point.
𝑐𝑜𝑠45° 𝑠𝑖𝑛45° 1/√2 1/√2
P’ = P x R 𝑅= =
−𝑠𝑖𝑛45° 𝑐𝑜𝑠45° −1/√2 1/√2

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑅= 1/√2 1/√2
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑃′ = 4
−1/√2 1/√2
3
4 3 4 3
= − +
2 2 2 2

= 1/√2 7/√2
13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
• InCOORDINATES
design and picture formation process, many times we may
require to perform translation, scaling and rotation to fit the
picture components into their proper positions.

• So the general formula is represented in

P’ = P.M1 + M2

13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
•
COORDINATES
FOR TRANSLATION
′1 0 𝑡𝑥
• M1 – Identity Matrix 𝑃=𝑃 +
0 1 𝑡𝑦
• M2 – Translation Matrix

• FOR SCALING
• M1 – Scaling Matrix ′ 𝑆𝑥 0 0
𝑃=𝑃 +
• M2 – 0 0 𝑆𝑦 0

• FOR ROTATION
• M1 – Rotational Matrix 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0
′ +
𝑃=𝑃
• M2 – 0 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0
13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
• COORDINATES
To produce the transformation by using above equation, we
must calculate transformed coordinates one at a time.

• This is not effective, so a more efficient way is to combine

sequence of transformation into one transformation.

• This generates final coordinate positions obtain directly from

initial coordinates.

13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
• COORDINATES
For this transformation we have to eliminate matrix addition
in translation terms in M2.

• And represent matrix M1 as 3x3than 2x2by adding an

DUMMY COORDINATE W (with value 1)

• This coordinate system is called as HOMOGENEOUS

COORDINATE system which allows us to represent all
transformation equations as matrix multiplication.
13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
•
COORDINATES
TRANSLATION
1 0 0
𝑇= 0 1 0
𝑡𝑥 𝑡𝑦 1

• Therefore we have

1 0 0
𝑥′ 𝑦′ 1 = 𝑥 𝑦 1
0 1 0
𝑡𝑥 𝑡𝑦 1

= 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑡𝑦 1

13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
•
COORDINATES
SCALING
𝑆𝑥 0 0
𝑆= 0 𝑆 0
𝑦
0 0 1
• Therefore we have

𝑆𝑥 0 0
𝑥′ 𝑦′ 1 = 𝑥 𝑦 1 0 𝑆𝑦 0
0 0 1

= 𝑥. 𝑆𝑥 𝑦. 𝑆𝑦 1

13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
•
COORDINATES
ROTATION
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0
𝑅 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0
0 0 1

• Therefore we have

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0
𝑥′ 𝑦′ 1 = 𝑥 𝑦 1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0
0 0 1

= 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1

13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
COORDINATES
• Example 1 – Give a 3x3homogeneous co-ordinate
transformation matrix for each of the following translations.

a. Shift the image to the right 3-units.

b. Shift the image up 2 units.

c. Move the image down the ½ unit and right 1 unit.

d. Move the image down 2/3 units and left 4 units.

13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
COORDINATES
• Homogeneous co-ordinates for translation are
1 0 0
0 1 0
𝑇=
𝑡𝑥 𝑡𝑦 1

1 0 0
𝑇= 0 1 0
• A) Here tx = 3 and ty = 0
3 0 1

• B) Here tx = 0 and ty = 2 1 0 0
𝑇= 0 1 0
13-10-2022 0 2 1
 HOMOGENEOUS
COORDINATES
• Homogeneous co-ordinates for translation are
1 0 0
0 1 0
𝑇=
𝑡𝑥 𝑡𝑦 1

1 0 0
𝑇= 0 1 0
• C) Here tx = 1 and ty = -0.5
1 −0.5 1

• D) Here tx = -4 and ty = -0.66 1 0 0

𝑇= 0 1 0
13-10-2022 −4 −0.66 1
 HOMOGENEOUS
•
COORDINATES
Example 2 – Find the transformation matrix that transforms
the given square ABCD to half of its size with the center still
remaining at the same position. The coordinates of the square
are : A(1,1), B(3,1), C(3,3), D(1,3) and the center at (2,2). Also
find the resultant coordinates of the square.

13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
COORDINATES
• This transformation can be carried out in the following steps.
1. Translate the square so that its center coincides with
the origin.

2. Scale the square with its origin.

3. Translate the square back to its original positions.

13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
COORDINATES
1 0 0 0.5 0 0 1 0 0
• T1.S.T = 0 1 0 0 0.5 0 0 1 0
−2 −2 1 0 0 1 2 2 1

0.5 0 0 1 0 0 0.5 0 0
= 0 0.5 0 0 1 0 = 0 0.5 0
−1 −1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1

𝐴′ 1 1 1 1.5 1.5 1
0.5 0 0
𝐵′ = 3 1 1 2.5 1.5 1
0 0.5 0 =
𝐶′ 3 3 1 2.5 2.5 1
0 0 1
𝐷′ 1 3 1 1.5 2.5 1
13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
COORDINATES
• Example 3 – Find the transformation of the triangle A(1,0),
B(0,1), C(1,1) by
a. Rotating angle 45o about the origin and then translating one
unit in x and y direction.

b. Translating one unit in x and y direction and then rotating 45o

about the origin.

13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
COORDINATES
• The Rotation matrix is
𝑐𝑜𝑠45 𝑠𝑖𝑛45 0 1/√2 1/√2 0
𝑅 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛45 𝑐𝑜𝑠45 0 = −1/√2 1/√2
0 0 1 0
0 0 1
• And the Translation matrix is

1 0 0
𝑇= 0 1 0
1 1 1

13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
COORDINATES
• a)
R.T
1/√2 1/√2 0 1 0 0 1/√2 1/√2 0
𝑅. 𝑇 = −1/√2 1/√2 0 1 0 = −1/√2 1/√2
0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 1

𝐴′ 1 0 1 1/√2 0 0 1 1
𝐵′ = 0 1 1 −1/√2 1/√2 2+1 2+1 0
𝐶′ 1 1 1 0 = 1 1
1 1 1 − +21 2+1 0
1 2+1 1
13-10-2022
 HOMOGENEOUS
COORDINATES
• a)
T.R
1 0 1 1/√2 1/√2 0 1/√2 1/√2 0
𝑇. 𝑅 = 0 1 0 −1/√2 1/√2 = −1/√2 1/√2
1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 √2 1

𝐴′ 1 0 1 1/√2 0 0 1 3
1
𝐵′ = 0 1 1 −1/√2 1/√2 0 2 2
𝐶′ 1 1 1 1 √2 1 = − 1 3
1
2 2
0 2/√2 1
13-10-2022
 2D
•
TRANSFORMATION
4. REFLECTION
• It is a transformation that produce a mirror image of an object
relative to an axis of reflection.

• We canchoose an axis of reflection in the xy plane or

y
perpendicular to the xy plane.

Original Object Reflected Object

x
0
13-10-2022
 y

−1 0 0
0 1 0 Original Object Reflected Object
0 0 1
Reflection about Y-axis x
0

−1 0 0
0 1 0
Original Object
0 0 1
Reflection about X-axis x
0
Reflected Object

13-10-2022
 y

−1 0 0
0 −1 0
Original Object
0 0 1
Reflection about origin x
0
Reflected Object

Reflected Object
y

0 1
0
1 0
0 about line x = y
Reflection x
0 Original Object
0 0
1
13-10-2022
 y

0 −1 0 Original Object
−1 0 0
0 0 1
Reflection about line y = -x x
0

Reflected Object

13-10-2022
 2D
• 5. SHEAR
TRANSFORMATION
• It is a transformation that slants the shape of
an object is called as shear transformation.

• There are 2 common shearing transformation

• One shifts x coordinate value (x shear)

• One shifts y coordinate value (y shear)

13-10-2022
 y

x
0
y y

x x
0 Shearing along x axis 0 Shearing along y axis

13-10-2022
 2D
• X-SHEAR
TRANSFORMATION
• Values of x coordinate values are changed but y coordinate
values are preserved.

• The transformation matrix for x-shear is

1 0 0
𝑆ℎ𝑥 1 0
0 0 1

13-10-2022
𝑥′ = 𝑥 + 𝑆ℎ𝑥. 𝑦 and 𝑦′ = 𝑦
 2D
• Y-SHEAR
TRANSFORMATION
• Values of y coordinate values are changed but x coordinate
values are preserved.

• The transformation matrix for y-shear is

1 𝑆ℎ𝑦 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
′
𝑥 =𝑥
and 𝑦′ = 𝑦 + 𝑆ℎ𝑦. 𝑥
13-10-2022
 2D
•
TRANSFORMATION
SHEARING RELATIVE TO OTHER REFERENCE LINE
• We can apply x shear and y shear transformations relative to
other reference lines.

• In x-shear transformation we can use y reference line.

• In y-shear transformation we can use x reference line.

13-10-2022
 2D
•
TRANSFORMATION
SHEARING RELATIVE TO OTHER REFERENCE LINE
• The transformation matrices are

1 0 0
x shear with y reference line
𝑆ℎ𝑥 1 0
−𝑆ℎ𝑥. 𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑓 0 1

1 𝑆ℎ𝑦 0
y shear with x reference line
0 1 0
0 −𝑆ℎ𝑦. 𝑥𝑟𝑒𝑓 1
13-10-2022
 2D
TRANSFORMATION
• Example – Apply shearing transformation to a square with
A(0,0), B(1,0), C(1,1) and D(0,1) as given below.

a) Shear parameter value of 0.5 relative to the line yref = -1

b) Shear parameter value of 0.5 relative to the line xref = -1

13-10-2022
 2D
TRANSFORMATION
a) Here Shx = 0.5 and yref = -1

𝐴′ 𝐴
1 0 0
𝐵′ = 𝐵 𝑆ℎ𝑥 1 0
𝐶′ 𝐶 −𝑆ℎ𝑥. 𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑓 0 1
𝐷′ 𝐷

0 0 1 1 0 0 0.5 0 1
= 1 0 1
0.5 1 0 = 1.5 0 1
1 1 1 2 1 1
0 1 1 0.5 0 1 1 1 1

13-10-2022
 y y

D(0,1) C(1,1) D’(1,1) C’(2,1)

A(0,0) B(1,0) x x
0 0 A’(0.5,0) B’(1.5,0)

13-10-2022
 2D
TRANSFORMATION
b) Here Shy = 0.5 and xref = -1

𝐴′ 𝐴 1 𝑆ℎ 0 𝑦
𝐵′ = 𝐵 0 1 0
𝐶′ 𝐶 0 −𝑆ℎ𝑦. 𝑥𝑟𝑒𝑓 1
𝐷′ 𝐷

0 0 1 0 0.5 1
1 0.5 0
= 1 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 =
1 1 1 1 2 1
0 0.5 1
0 1 1 0 1.5 1

13-10-2022
 y y

C’(1,2)
D’(0,1.5)
D(0,1) C(1,1)
B’(1,1)
A’(0,0.5)
A(0,0) B(1,0) x x
0 0

13-10-2022
 3D
• TRANSFORMATION
3D TRANSFORMATIONS [3 DIMENSIONAL]
• 3D name is given so because it has three axis X, Y & Z.

Y-axis
The object can
be seen in 3
different views

0
Z-axis X-axis

13-10-2022
 3D
•
TRANSFORMATION
TYPES OF 3D TRANSFORMATION

• It has 3 main types as mentioned

below.

• 1. TRANSLATION

• 2. SCALING

• 3. ROTATION

13-10-2022
 3D
• TRANSFORMATION
1. TRANSLATION [T]
• It is a process of changing the position of object in a straight-
line path from one coordinate location to another
1 0 0 0
P’ = P x T
T= 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
𝑡𝑥 𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑧 1
1 0 0 0
𝑥′ 𝑦′ 𝑧′ 1 = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
𝑡𝑥 𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑧 1

= 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑡𝑦 𝑧 + 𝑡𝑧 1
 3D
• TRANSFORMATION
2. SCALING [S]
• This transformation changes the size of an object.

• This transformation can be carried out for polygons by

multiplying the coordinate values (x , y , z) of each vertex by
scaling factors SX , SY and Sz to produce the transformed
coordinates (x’ , y’ , z’).

x’ = x * SX y’ = y * SY z’ = z * Sz

13-10-2022
 3D
TRANSFORMATION
• The above scaling equations canbe represented in single
matrix form.
𝑆𝑥 0 0 0
P’ = P x S
S= 0 𝑆𝑦 0 0
0 0 𝑆𝑧 0
0 0 0 1
𝑆𝑥 0 0 0
𝑥′ 𝑦′ 𝑧′ 1 = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 1 0 𝑆𝑦 1 0
0 0 𝑆𝑧 0
0 0 0 1

13-10-2022 = 𝑥. 𝑆𝑥 𝑦. 𝑆𝑦 𝑧. 𝑆𝑧 1
 3D
• TRANSFORMATION
CONDITIONS FOR SCALING
• Any positive numeric values are valid for scaling factors Sx , Sy
and Sz
• Values less than 1 reduce the size of the object.
• Values greater than 1 enlarge the size of the object.
• For Sx , Sy and Sz if the value is 1 then the size of the object
remains same.
• To get uniform scaling the values of Sx , Sy and Sz should be
equal.

13-10-2022
 3D
•
TRANSFORMATION
3. ROTATION
• Three dimensional transformation matrix for each coordinate
axes rotation with homogeneous coordinate are as given
below.
Y-axis

1 0 0 0
Rx = 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0
0 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0
0 0 0 1 0
Z-axis X-axis
13-10-2022
 3D
TRANSFORMATION
• The positive value of angle 𝜃 indicates
counterclockwise
rotation. For clockwise rotation value of angle 𝜃 is negative.

Y-axis

1 0 0 0
Rx = 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0
0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0
1
0 0 0 0
Z-axis X-axis
13-10-2022
 3D
TRANSFORMATION
• Rotation about y axis.

Y-axis

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0 1
Ry = 0 0 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0 0
1
0 0 0
Z-axis X-axis

13-10-2022
 3D
•
TRANSFORMATION
Coordinate-Axes Rotations
– X-axis rotation - P = Rx(θ) . P
– Y-axis rotation - P = Ry(θ) . P
– Z-axis rotation – P = Rz(θ) . P

• X-Axis Rotation - Y-Axis Rotation - Z-Axis Rotation

0 x 0 x 0 x
x' 1 0 0 ⎤⎡ ⎤ x'
⎡ ⎤ ⎡
cosθ 0 sin θ ⎤⎡ ⎤ x' cosθ − sin θ ⎤⎡ ⎤
⎡⎢ ⎤⎥ ⎢⎥ ⎡ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎡⎢ ⎥⎤ ⎢⎡ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎥
⎢⎢ y'⎥ ⎢0 cosθ − sin 0⎥⎢ ⎥y ⎢ y' ⎥ 10 0⎥⎢ y⎥ ⎢ y' ⎥ sin θ 0 0⎥⎢ y
⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 0 z⎥
⎥⎢
z'
⎢
0 θ 0⎥⎢ ⎥z z'⎢ − sin θ 0 cosθ 0 z z'⎢ cosθ
⎢⎣= ⎥ ⎢⎦ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢= ⎥⎦ ⎢ 0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
1 0 sin θ cosθ 1 1
⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦1 ⎣ 00 0 1⎦⎣1⎦ ⎣ 1 0 1 1⎦⎣1⎦
⎣ 00 ⎣ 0 0

13-10-2022
 3D
y
TRANSFORMATION y

x x

z z

13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• WHAT IS PROJECTION?
• Projection can be defined as a mapping of point P(x,y,z) into
its image P’(x’,y’,z’) in the projection plane which constitute
the display surface.

• In short it is the transformation of a three dimensional (3D)

object into a two dimensional (2D) plane.

13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• CLASSIFICATION OF PROJECTION
 PROJECTION
• 2 TYPES OF PROJECTIONS
• Parallel
• Perspective

• In parallel projection, coordinate positions are transformed to

the view plane along parallel lines.
• In perspective projection, object position are transformed to
the view plane along lines that converge to a point called
projection reference point (center of projection) .

13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• In parallel projection, coordinate positions are transformed to
the view plane along parallel lines.

13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• In perspective projection, object position are transformed to
the view plane along lines that converge to a point called
projection reference point (center of projection) .

13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• TYPES OF PARALLEL PROJECTIONS

• Orthographic Projection: when the projection is

perpendicular to the view plane.(90 degree)
• In short,
– direction of projection = normal to the projection plane.
– the projection is perpendicular to the view plane.

• Oblique Projection: when the projection is not perpendicular

to the view plane.(not 90 degree than any degree)
• In short,
– direction of projection normal to the projection plane.
– Not perpendicular.
13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
• when the projection is perpendicular to the view plane.

13-10-2022
13-10-2022
13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• Orthographic projections are further classified as
• AXONOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
• The projection which can display more than one face of an
object is called as axonometric projection.

13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• Axonometric Projection has 3 types

• ISOMETRIC : All three principle axes are foreshortened equally

• DIMETRIC : Two principle axes are foreshortened equally.

• TRIMETRIC:All three principle axes are foreshortened

unequally.

13-10-2022
13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• MULTIVIEW PROJECTIONS
• Projection plane parallel to principal face. Usually forms front,
side or top view.

13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• Oblique Projections are further classified as

• CAVALIER:-In this projection lines makes angle of 30 degree

with the view plane & there is no change in the length of
projection.

13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• CABINET:-In thisprojection lines makes angle of 45
degree with the view plane & length of projected line will
reduce.

13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• VANISHING POINT IN PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
• The perspective projection of any set of parallel lines that are
not parallel to the projection plane converge to a vanishing
point.

• The vanishing point for any set of lines that are parallel to one
of the three principal axes of the object is referred to as a
principal vanishing point or axis vanishing point.

13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• There are 3 types of perspective projection:

• ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

13-10-2022
 PROJECTION
• THREE-POINT PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

13-10-2022