R R DIODE APPLICATIONS

+ + + +
+
vi > 20.7 V VZ 20 V vo = 20 V vi < 20.7 V vo = 0 V
– vd = vi
– – – – + –
– +
0.7 V ID = 0 mA

(a) (b)

vi
60 V
vo

20 V

(c)

FIG. 111
Response of the network of Fig. 110 to the application of a 60-V sinusoidal signal.

The use of the Zener diode as a regulator is so common that three conditions surrounding
the analysis of the basic Zener regulator are considered. The analysis provides an excellent
opportunity to become better acquainted with the response of the Zener diode to different R
operating conditions. The basic configuration appears in Fig. 112. The analysis is first for
IZ
fixed quantities, followed by a fixed supply voltage and a variable load, and finally a fixed
load and a variable supply. + +
Vi VZ RL
– – PZM

Vi and R Fixed
The simplest of Zener diode regulator networks appears in Fig. 112. The applied dc volt-
age is fixed, as is the load resistor. The analysis can fundamentally be broken down into FIG. 112
two steps. Basic Zener regulator.
1. Determine the state of the Zener diode by removing it from the network and
calculating the voltage across the resulting open circuit.
R
Applying step 1 to the network of Fig. 112 results in the network of Fig. 113, where an
application of the voltage divider rule results in
+ + +
RLVi Vi V VL RL
V = VL = (16) – – –
R + RL

If V Ú VZ, the Zener diode is on, and the appropriate equivalent model can be substituted.
If V 6 VZ, the diode is off, and the open-circuit equivalence is substituted.
FIG. 113
2. Substitute the appropriate equivalent circuit and solve for the desired unknowns. Determining the state of the
For the network of Fig. 112, the “on” state will result in the equivalent network of Fig. Zener diode.
114. Since voltages across parallel elements must be the same, we find that

VL = VZ (17)

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DIODE APPLICATIONS

FIG. 114
Substituting the Zener equivalent for the
“on” situation.

The Zener diode current must be determined by an application of Kirchhoff’s current law.
That is,
IR = IZ + IL

and IZ = I R - IL (18)
where
VL VR Vi - VL
IL = and IR = =
RL R R
The power dissipated by the Zener diode is determined by

PZ = VZ IZ (19)
that must be less than the PZM specified for the device.
Before continuing, it is particularly important to realize that the first step was employed
only to determine the state of the Zener diode. If the Zener diode is in the “on” state, the
voltage across the diode is not V volts. When the system is turned on, the Zener diode will
turn on as soon as the voltage across the Zener diode is VZ volts. It will then “lock in” at
this level and never reach the higher level of V volts.

EXAMPLE 26
a. For the Zener diode network of Fig. 115, determine VL, VR, IZ, and PZ.
b. Repeat part (a) with RL = 3 k .

Vi

FIG. 115
Zener diode regulator for Example 26.

Solution:
a. Following the suggested procedure, we redraw the network as shown in Fig. 116.
Applying Eq. (16) gives
RLVi 1.2 k (16 V)
V = = = 8.73 V
R + RL 1 k + 1.2 k

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 DIODE APPLICATIONS

FIG. 116
Determining V for the regulator of Fig. 115.

Since V 8.73 V is less than VZ 10 V, the diode is in the “off” state, as shown on
the characteristics of Fig. 117. Substituting the open-circuit equivalent results in the
same network as in Fig. 116, where we find that
VL = V = 8.73 V
VR = Vi - VL = 16 V - 8.73 V = 7.27 V
IZ = 0 A
and PZ = VZ IZ = VZ (0 A) = 0 W
b. Applying Eq. (16) results in
RLVi 3 k (16 V) FIG. 117
V = = = 12 V Resulting operating point for the
R + RL 1k + 3k network of Fig. 115.
Since V 12 V is greater than VZ 10 V, the diode is in the “on” state and the net-
work of Fig. 118 results. Applying Eq. (17) yields
VL = VZ = 10 V
and VR = Vi - VL = 16 V - 10 V = 6 V
VL 10 V
with IL = = = 3.33 mA
RL 3k
VR 6V
and IR = = = 6 mA
R 1k
so that IZ = IR - IL 3 Eq. (18) 4
= 6 mA - 3.33 mA
= 2.67 mA

FIG. 118
Network of Fig. 115 in the “on” state.

The power dissipated is

PZ = VZ IZ = (10 V)(2.67 mA) = 26.7 mW
which is less than the specified PZM 30 mW.

Fixed Vi, Variable RL

Due to the offset voltage VZ, there is a specific range of resistor values (and therefore load cur-
rent) that will ensure that the Zener is in the “on” state. Too small a load resistance RL will result
in a voltage VL across the load resistor less than VZ, and the Zener device will be in the “off” state.

97
DIODE APPLICATIONS To determine the minimum load resistance of Fig. 112 that will turn the Zener diode on,
simply calculate the value of RL that will result in a load voltage VL VZ. That is,
RLVi
VL = VZ =
RL + R
Solving for RL, we have

RVZ
RL min = (20)
Vi - VZ

Any load resistance value greater than the RL obtained from Eq. (20) will ensure that the
Zener diode is in the “on” state and the diode can be replaced by its VZ source equivalent.
The condition defined by Eq. (20) establishes the minimum RL, but in turn specifies the
maximum IL as

VL VZ
IL max = = (21)
RL RL min

Once the diode is in the “on” state, the voltage across R remains fixed at

VR = Vi - VZ (22)

and IR remains fixed at

VR
IR = (23)
R

The Zener current

IZ = I R - IL (24)
resulting in a minimum IZ when IL is a maximum and a maximum IZ when IL is a minimum
value, since IR is constant.
Since IZ is limited to IZM as provided on the data sheet, it does affect the range of RL and
therefore IL. Substituting IZM for IZ establishes the minimum IL as

IL min = IR - IZ M (25)

and the maximum load resistance as

VZ
RL max = (26)
IL min

EXAMPLE 27
a. For the network of Fig. 119, determine the range of RL and IL that will result in VRL
being maintained at 10 V.
b. Determine the maximum wattage rating of the diode.

FIG. 119
Voltage regulator for Example 27.
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Solution: DIODE APPLICATIONS
a. To determine the value of RL that will turn the Zener diode on, apply Eq. (20):
RVZ (1 k )(10 V) 10 k
RLmin = = = = 250
Vi - VZ 50 V - 10 V 40
The voltage across the resistor R is then determined by Eq. (22):
VR = Vi - VZ = 50 V - 10 V = 40 V
and Eq. (23) provides the magnitude of IR:
VR 40 V
IR = = = 40 mA
R 1k
The minimum level of IL is then determined by Eq. (25):
ILmin = IR - IZM = 40 mA - 32 mA = 8 mA
with Eq. (26) determining the maximum value of RL:
VZ 10 V
RLmax = = = 1.25 k
ILmin 8 mA
A plot of VL versus RL appears in Fig. 120a and for VL versus IL in Fig. 120b.

(a) (b)

FIG. 120
VL versus RL and IL for the regulator of Fig. 119.

b. Pmax = VZ IZM
= (10 V)(32 mA) = 320 mW

Fixed RL, Variable Vi

For fixed values of RL in Fig. 112, the voltage Vi must be sufficiently large to turn the
Zener diode on. The minimum turn-on voltage Vi = Vimin is determined by
RLVi
VL = VZ =
RL + R

(RL + R)VZ
and Vimin = (27)
RL

The maximum value of Vi is limited by the maximum Zener current IZM. Since IZM
IR IL,

IRmax = IZM + IL (28)

Since IL is fixed at VZ RL and IZM is the maximum value of IZ, the maximum Vi is
defined by
Vimax = VRmax + VZ

Vimax = IRmaxR + VZ (29)

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 DIODE APPLICATIONS
EXAMPLE 28 Determine the range of values of Vi that will maintain the Zener diode of
Fig. 121 in the “on” state.

FIG. 121
Regulator for Example 28.

Solution:
(RL + R)VZ (1200 + 220 )(20 V)
Eq. (27): Vimin = = = 23.67 V
RL 1200
VL VZ 20 V
IL = = = = 16.67 mA
RL RL 1.2 k
Eq. (28): IRmax = IZM + IL = 60 mA + 16.67 mA
= 76.67 mA
Eq. (29): Vimax = IRmaxR + VZ
= (76.67 mA)(0.22 k ) + 20 V
= 16.87 V + 20 V
= 36.87 V
A plot of VL versus Vi is provided in Fig. 122.

FIG. 122
VL versus Vi for the regulator of Fig. 121.

The results of Example 28 reveal that for the network of Fig. 121 with a fixed RL, the
output voltage will remain fixed at 20 V for a range of input voltage that extends from
23.67 V to 36.87 V.

12 VOLTAGE-MULTIPLIER CIRCUITS
●
Voltage-multiplier circuits are employed to maintain a relatively low transformer peak
voltage while stepping up the peak output voltage to two, three, four, or more times the
peak rectified voltage.

100