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12 Bode Plot Numericals

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18 views50 pages

12 Bode Plot Numericals

zdfghjk

Uploaded by

apoorvarakesh11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Bode Plot

1. Draw the asymptotic Bode plot. Find gain margin and phase margin.
𝟖𝟎
Comment on stability of the system. G(S)H(S)=
𝑺(𝐒+𝟐)(𝐒+𝟐𝟎)

Solution:
Write the given OLTF in time constant form
𝟐
G(S)H(S)=
𝑺(𝟏+𝟎.𝟓𝐒)(𝟏+𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝑺)

Replace s by jꙍ
𝟐
G(jꙍ)H(jꙍ)=
jꙍ(𝟏+𝟎.𝟓jꙍ)(𝟏+𝟎.𝟎𝟓jꙍ)

Magnitude plot:
Factor Corner Nature of magnitude graph
Frequency

System Gain K=2 Nil * Straight line of 0 dB/dec at 6.02 dB


* Gives an upshift of 6.02 dB to the magnitude plot

𝟏 Nil * Contributes -20 dB/dec.


Pole at origin 𝑺
* St line of -20 dB/dec starting from 26.02 dB at ꙍ=0.1 rad/s to
6.02 dB at ꙍ=1 rad/s.
* Continue this slope till corner frequency 2 rad/s

𝟏 ꙍC1= 2 rad/sec * Contributes -20 dB/dec


Simple pole 𝟏+𝟎.𝟓 𝑺
* Overall slope of -40 dB/dec
* Starting from 0 dB at corner frequency ꙍC1= 2 rad/sec to
-40dB at next corner frequency ꙍC2= 20 rad/sec

𝟏 ꙍC2= 20 rad/sec *Contributes -20 dB/dec


Simple pole 𝟏+𝟎.𝟎𝟓 𝑺
* Overall slope of -60 dB/dec from corner frequency ꙍC2= 20
rad/sec onwards
Phase plot:
Phase angle in degrees:
Ø= 0 - 900 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (0.5 ∗ ꙍ) −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (0.05 ∗ ꙍ)
ꙍ 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Phase -93.14 -96.28 -99.39 -102.45 -105.46 -108.4 -111.29 -114.09 ?
angle

ꙍ 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.3 6.35 6.4


Phase -119.42 -140.71 -154.84 -164.74 -172.23 -178.26 -179.87 -180.13 -180.39
angle

ꙍ 7 8
Phase -183.34 -187.76
angle
• From the Bode plot,
• Gain cross over frequency ꙍgc= 2rad/sec
• Phase cross over frequency ꙍpc= 6.35 rad/sec

• Gain margin(at phase cross over freq)= +20dB


• Phase margin(at gain cross over freq) = +39 degrees

• Both GM and PM are positive. Hence system is stable


2. Draw the asymptotic Bode plot. Find gain margin and phase margin.
𝟏𝟎
Comment on stability of the system. G(S)H(S)=
𝑺(𝟏+𝐒)(𝟏+𝟎.𝟎𝟐 𝐒)

Solution:
OLTF already in time constant form

Replace s by jꙍ
𝟏𝟎
G(jꙍ)H(jꙍ)=
jꙍ(𝟏+jꙍ)(𝟏+𝟎.𝟎2 jꙍ)

Magnitude plot:
Factor Corner Frequency Nature of magnitude graph

System Gain K=10 Nil * Straight line of 0 dB/dec at 20 dB


* Gives an upshift of 20 dB to the magnitude plot

𝟏 Nil * Contributes -20 dB/dec.


Pole at origin 𝑺
* St line of -20 dB/dec starting from 40 dB at ꙍ=0.1 rad/s to 20dB at ꙍ=1
rad/s.
* Stop this slope here!!!!! Since first corner frequency ꙍC1=1 rad/s

𝟏 ꙍC1= 1 rad/sec * Contributes -20 dB/dec


Simple pole 𝟏+ 𝑺

* Overall slope of -40 dB/dec starting from corner frequency ꙍC1= 1 rad/sec
to next corner frequency ꙍC2= 50 rad/sec

𝟏 ꙍC2= 50 rad/sec * Contributes -20 dB/dec


Simple pole 𝟏+𝟎.𝟎𝟐 𝑺

* Overall slope of -60 dB/dec from corner frequency ꙍC2= 50 rad/sec onwards
Phase plot:
Phase angle in degrees:
Ø= 0 - 900 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 ∗ ꙍ) −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (0.02 ∗ ꙍ)
ꙍ 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Phase -95.82 -101.53 -107.04 -112.25 -117.13 -121.65 -125.79 -129.57 -133.01
angle

ꙍ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7.1 7.2
Phase -136.14 -155.72 -164.99 -170.54 -174.40 -177.38 -179.83 -180.06 -180.28
angle

ꙍ 8 9 10
Phase -181.96 -183.86 -185.59
angle
• From the Bode plot,
• Gain cross over frequency ꙍgc= 3.3rad/sec
• Phase cross over frequency ꙍpc= 7.1 rad/sec

• Gain margin(at phase cross over freq)= +16dB


• Phase margin(at gain cross over freq) = +16degrees

• Both GM and PM are positive. Hence system is stable


𝐊
3. OLTF of a system is given by G(S)H(S)= . Find the value of K such
𝑺(𝟏+𝐒)(𝟏+𝟎.𝟏𝐒)
that
a) GM is 10 dB
b) PM is 50 degrees

Solution:
OLTF already in the time constant form
𝐊
G(S)H(S)=
𝑺(𝟏+𝐒)(𝟏+𝟎.𝟏𝐒)

Replace s by jꙍ
𝐊
G(jꙍ)H(jꙍ)=
jꙍ(𝟏+jꙍ)(𝟏+𝟎.1jꙍ)
Magnitude plot: Draw the Bode plot without considering K ( ie. K=1 )
Factor Corner Frequency Nature of magnitude graph

System Gain K Nil * Straight line of 0 dB/dec at 0 dB

𝟏 Nil * Contributes -20 dB/dec.


Pole at origin 𝑺

* St line of -20 dB/dec starting from 20 dB at ꙍ=0.1 rad/s to 0 dB at ꙍ=1 rad/s.

𝟏 ꙍC1= 1 rad/sec * Contributes -20 dB/dec


Simple pole 𝟏+ 𝐒

* Overall slope of -40 dB/dec

* Starting from 0 dB at corner frequency ꙍC1= 1 rad/sec to - 40dB at next corner


frequency ꙍC2= 10 rad/sec

𝟏 ꙍC2= 10 rad/sec *Contributes -20 dB/dec


Simple pole 𝟏+𝟎.𝟏 𝐒

* Overall slope of -60 dB/dec from corner frequency ꙍC2= 10 rad/sec onwards
Phase plot:
Phase angle in degrees:
Ø= 0 - 900 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (ꙍ) −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (0.1 ∗ ꙍ)
ꙍ 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Phase -96.28 -102.45 -108.41 -114.09 -119.42 -124.39 -128.99 -133.23 -137.12
angle

ꙍ 1 2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4


Phase -140.71 -164.74 -178.26 -179.34 -180.39 -181.40 -182.38 -183.34 -187.76
angle

ꙍ
Phase
angle
From the Bode plot,
• Gain cross over frequency ꙍgc= 1 rad/sec
• Phase cross over frequency ꙍpc= 3.2 rad/sec

• Gain margin(at phase cross over freq)= +20dB


• Phase margin(at gain cross over freq) = +39 degrees
a) Value of K for GM of 10 dB

We need a GM of 10 dB
This corresponds to a horizontal line at -10 dB.

At ꙍpc = 3.2 rad/sec, draw a vertical line that cuts magnitude plot at
point A (where gain is +20dB) and cuts -10dB line at point B
To achieve required GM of +10dB, the magnitude plot should be lifted
up by 10 dB
Or Point A should be on point B
20 log K= 10
K = 3.16
b) Value of K for PM of 50 degrees

We need a PM of 50 degrees
This corresponds to a horizontal line at -130 degrees that cuts phase
plot at point C

From C draw a vertical projection that cuts 0 dB line at D and cuts


magnitude plot at E
Since phase margin is measured at ꙍgc , 50degree PM corresponds to
ꙍgc = 0.7 rad/sec.
This happens when Magnitude plot crosses 0dB at ꙍgc = 0.7 r/sec
Or Point E should be on point D
20 log K= -3 => K = 0.708
Exercise
1.Draw the asymptotic Bode plot. Find gain margin and phase margin.
𝟖(𝑺+𝟓)
Comment on stability of the system. G(S)H(S)=
𝑺(𝐒+𝟐)(𝑺+𝟏𝟎)

2.Draw the asymptotic Bode plot. Find gain margin and phase margin.
𝟒𝟐
Comment on stability of the system. G(S)H(S)=
(𝐒+𝟒)(𝐒+𝟖)
PM 40deg PM 30deg

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