CALCULATION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES IN EARTH DAMS

AND THEIR FOUNDATIONS

A. K. Bugrova and K. K. Grebnev UDC 624.131.5:627.824.33

Experimental investigations of soils under conditions of a general state of stress [1, 2, 3] showed that their
deformation properties are described by" quite complex nonlinear relations of the form

e a v = e a ~ a v , = i , =),

where Oar and eav are the average stress and strain; o i and e i are the intensities of stresses and strains; a and m e
are N a d a i - L o d e parameters of the type of state of stress and strain. Below in solving physical nonlinear problems
we will use as the deformation characteristics of the soil the generalized shear modulus G and the volume strain
K determined with the use of the relations of Eq. (1) for condition c~e and c~.

At present there are several methods of solving physical nonlinear problems: iterative, step (incremental),
mixed s t e p - i t e r a t i v e [ 4 ] , etc. In the iterative method the secant moduli Gs and Ks are used; the calculation is
made for the complete load and is reduced to an iteration process continuing unffl the difference in the values of
certain controlled quantities (e.g., displacements) for successive iterations becomes permissibly small. In the step
method the load isdivided into partsand the calculaffon is carried out stepwise, by load increments, on the assump-
tion that the deformation characteristics of the soil within a given n-th step do not change and correspond to the
state of stress and strain after n - 1 steps. The step method of loading permits using both the secant Gs, Ks and the
tangential (differential) Gt, Kt moduli, in the mixed method i n c r e m e n t a l loading is combined with iteration pro-
cesses at individual steps. The last two methods permit better control of the solution, since with their use the de-
velopment ofthestress-strain state with increase of load is followed.

Nonlinear problems are solved on the basis of the finite-element (FEM) and finite-difference (FDM) ap-
proximations (methods), methods of local variations, and others. The F D M with the iterative method was used,
e.g., in calculating earth foundations and dams [5, 6, 7]. Problems for earth dams were solved by the iterative
method with a finite element approximation [8]. The F E M is used below for solving physically nonlinear prob-
lems. A great virtue of the F E M is its indifference with respect to the character of the boundaries and stabiliza-
tion of the region, laws of variation of the rigidity parameters and external load.

To solve two-dimensional physically linear and nonlinear problems by the FEM, a program ('FLINZ-GP')
was written in A L G O L - 6 0 language for the BESM-6 computer (authors A. K. Bugrov and K. K. Grebnev) at the De-
partrnent of Underground Structures, Bases, and Foundationsof the Leningrad Pol}~echnic Institute. T h e program
provided for the use of triangular (TFE) and rectangular (RFE) finite elements, and also their combined use. For
certain outlines of the boundaries of the region its division into RFE is done in the computer, and in other cases
preliminary division is used. Calculation of the mesh-point (node) forces as a function of the soil's weight is
provided for in the computer. Analytic expressions or table data for each zone with one soil variety are put into
the computer for determining O and K. The number, configuration, and arrangement of the zones of different
soils can be arbitrary. The step and step-iterative method~are realized in the "FLINZ-GP" program. T h e sys-
tem of equations of the FEEl is solved by the iterative method with relaxaffon and with the use of the results of the
preceding step.

A number of nonlinear problems were solved according to the "FLINZ-GP" program; in particular, the state
of stress and strain of the d a m of the Kol~nna hydroelectric station was determined for different initial data for the

Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 6, pp. 19-23, June, 1976.

559
560 A . K . BUGROVA Ab,rD K. K. GREBNEV

- ~ ~ ilt,,.,; .,_,Z
tons,hm~o 5-///'-' + - - - - -

/
+o "x.

-Za~
i
o a, oe o,o, o, og ~,

Fig. 1. Experimental and calculated relations for the

core soil. 1) Experimental curve e i - o i ; 2) same, e a v -
Oar; 3, 4, 5, and 6) calculated curves e i = ei(oav, o i l
ei = ei(oi), eav = eav(Oav), e a r = ear(Oar, oi) accord-
ing to Eqs. (4), (6) (7), (7), and (8).

core soil and rock in the shoulders. Information on the dam and soils used were taken from the literature [9, 10].
The core s o i l - mbbly loam - contains up to 60% fine earth (d <-- 2 re:n). For a soil density 7d = 1.92 t o n s / m s
(~0 = 0.43) presumed after rolling the compression curve is approximated by the equation

e =0.t63--0.I07 In (0.Ioc-t-5.48), (2)

where o c is the vertical stress in compression, t o n s / m z.

T h e parameters of soil strength ~ = 25 ~ and c = 1.8 t o n s / m z were obtained in experiments on a large plane
shear instrument (D = 50 cm). On the GGP-30 instruments o = 23-24 ~ and c = 2 tons,/m 2 were determined for fine
earth containing 50% sand. In addition experiments were carried out with samples of fine earth i n triaxial appa-
ratns (d = a.5 cm, h = 7 cm), which permitted investigating deformability and determining the strength param-
eters and lateral earth-pressure coefficient. According to the data from these experiments o = 26 ~ and c = 2 tons/
m 2, i.e., for angle 0 values higher by 2-3 ~ than in the shear instrument are obtained. T h e l a t e r a l earth-pressure
coefficient, having an average value g = 0.43, decreased from 0.4q to 0.40 with increase of Oc from 10 to 100 tons/'
m 2. In the calculations the values of g for the core soil are taken according to the data for the fine earth of this
soil.

It is impossible to obtain relations of type (1) directly from the results of compression and shear experiments;
for this purpose instruments with three independently adjustable stresses [6] or triaxial instruments (if the effect
of parameter ct on deformability of soil is small) are needed. However, traditional compression and shear instru-
ments, often of large size, are still used widely in industrial laboratories. The newest apparatus for determining
the deformation characteristics of soils is small, which does not permit investigating borrow soils with large i n -
clusions. In consideration of this we will present below a method of approximate construction of nonlinear rela-
~ons e i = ei(o av, ~ and eav = eav (aav, a i) on the basisofcompression and shear testsofsoils in large instruments
and ideas on the form of these relations for different soils on the basis of available data [1-2, 12].

On the basts of the compression results, assuming in the first approximation the lateral earth-pressure coeffi-
cient to be constant ( g = 0.43). by means of formulas
t+2g
Save--- ~ ~C ,

al=(l--D~c,

eav----- 3(1 + +0)'

2 (~o - - ~)
e~ = 3 (1 -t- ~,)
 STRAINS AND STRESSES IN EARTH DAMS 561

d 1 "[ .7 4.

izom

:lf
~
o ~ ~ _.~ q
0 SO ,SO Z,O a'ZO m

<~~ C o r e soil J 2yo

gl
!'J)~ 7:e> ~'t~ ! ....
// \ ms -i~- 11

....
,+ ~.~
_;'; ,r i/~\'- . . . .
I
~:oc

0 30 GO 30 120 ISO 180 210 g+o m

750'i l--i : l I l l, I 7SC

"--/-x Rook fro |

7 oo
50 ~ 50
I
'
/-'\\
k
/-:=,3 tons/-[ z~
3
:e,, L , . //7 ~\' m /
7~ I'/ "\ I

1~o ,eo eoo zzo z,a m

Fig. 2 Fig. 3
Fig. 2. Results of calculating the longitudinal section of the dam. a) Zones of tensile stresses Ox and limiting
state of the soil according to Coulomb: i) Zone of tensile stresses Oy in the linear problem; 3) same, in the
nonlinear problem ; 2) zone of the limiting state in the linear problem ; 4) sa me, in the nonlinear problem, b)
Diagram of stresses Oy in section I-I; I, 2, 3) calculation by Eqs. (4), (7); (8), (7); (9), (I0) (dashed line: lin-
ear solution).
Fig. 3. Lines of equal compressive stresses o x and Oy in the cross section of the dam. Solid curves: stress
from the soil's weight in the nonlinear solution; dashed line: linear solution. Dot-dashed curves: stresses
from the soil's weight and water pressure in the case of their successive application to the d a m (the zone of
the limiting state of the soil according to C o u l o m b in the linear problem is hatched (for rock of the shoulder
= 3~)); a, b) respectively a x, Oy.

we construct the graphs e i - o i and e a v - O a v (curves 1 and 2 in F i g . 1). Curve 1 corresponds to nondestructive
testing; the v a l u e of o av is i n d i c a t e d for its i n d i v i d u a l points. In the experiments with c o m b i n e d stress of r e l a -
tions e i - o i for O a r = const and a = const are d e p i c t e d by curves c o n v e x to the o i axis and by h o r i z o n t a l sections
ending on failure of the soil [ 1 - 3 ] . Following Botldn, for a p p r o x i m a t i o n of the r e l a t i o n e i = ei(Oa v, o i) we use
the r e l a t i o n

a~ - - - B - + ' ei (3)

where a i ~ is the strength of the soil reached as e i - - - ~ ; B is a p a r a m e t e r to be d e t e r m i n e d .

On the basis of the M i s e s - - S c h l e i c h e r - B o t k i n strength condition, for a i~, we h a v e the expression

1
'V'3" ~ i ~ - - =avtg ? + n,
562 A.K. BUGROVA AND K. K. GREBNEV

~ 21 m _,_ 1+ _ II _~ 7 ~_ 17m
- a~ I0 tons ,~2

§ r

.-II ,1i ,,.o

wu=o Ilr I'

II II
II"~

F i g . 4. D i a g r a m o f stresses in fill and foundation ( I - I V :

soft v a r i e t i e s ) . I) S a n d - g r a v e l m i x t u r e , ]`d = 1.9, ]'buoy =
1.2 t o n s / m s, G = 1928 t o n s / m z, K = 12,500 t o n s / m Z ; I I )
sand, ]`d = 1.qg, 7buoy = 1.1 t o n s / m a, G = '/70, K = 5000
t o n s / m s; III) l o a m , t a k e n on solving the problems: linear,
O = 173, K = 1680 t o n s / m S ; nonlinear, relations (11); l o a m
with sand G = 298, K = 2600 t o n s / m s. Solid curves: linear
solution; dashed curves: n o n l i n e a r solutions.

where p and n are strength p a r a m e t e r s associated with ~ and c of the C o u l o m b condition by the known relations

I/ 3 (3 + a=)
tan ? = ' 3 + = s i n ~ sin ?;

V3 (3 + ~)
n- 3+asln~ ccos?.

If ~ and c are d e t e r m i n e d in a t r i a x i a l apparatus where a = - 1 , then we obtain the f o l l o w i n g values:

2 V'~stn ~ 2 V ' ~ c cos

tanp-- 3--sin~ ' n-- 3--sin~

In the absence of t r i a x i a l tests for the c o r e soil ( c o n t a i n i n g besides fine earth large inclusions m e a s u r i n g up
to 100 ram), ~0 = 2q ~ and c = 1.8 t o n s / m z are used, i.e., with consideration o f the results o f e x p e r i m e n t s with fine
earth the angle o is increased by 2 ~ over its v a l u e in the shear instruments, and cohesion is l e f t as before. As a
result, by m e a n s o f the formulas presented we o b t a i n for the core soft tan p = 0.61 and n = 2.18 t o n s / m s. We find
p a r a m e t e r B in Eq. (3) on the basis of the c o n d i t i o n of the i n t e r s e c t i o n of the curves with c u r v e 1 at points with the
s a m e v a l u e s of O a v . For ~ = 0.43 the values of B were from 0.008 to 0.011 for Oav from 10 to 100 t o n s / m s. Pa-
r a m e t e r B turns out to be constant and e q u a l to 0.01 i f a c c o r d i n g to the d a t a in [11] and our e x p e r i m e n t s with fine
earth ~ is assumed to d e c r e a s e with i n c r e a s e of o c . Thus t h e r e l a t i o n for shear strain of t h e c o r e soil has the form

ei---- (1.061 aav [ + 3,78) e~ (0o01 + e 0 - t ,

(4)

where [ Oav [ is the absolute v a l u e o f o a v . Dashed curves 3 in F i g . 1 correspond to Eq. (4).

For c o m p a r a t i v e c a l c u l a t i o n s we will consider also the r e l a t i o n

e, = (I.06 [ gay[ + 3.78) e~ (001 + ed - ' f (a), (5)

in which, u n l i k e Eq. (4), the f u n c t i o n fin), taking into account the e f f e c t of p a r a m e t e r c~ on d e f o r m a t i o n , is i n -

t r o d u c e d . S i n c e f i n ) was not established in our e x p e r i m e n t s , for it we use f ( a ) [12] for sand ~r ]`d = 1.66 t o n s /
m s, w h i c h almost c o i n c i d e s with the control density 7d = 1.68 t o u s / m 3 of f i n e earth after r o i l i n g . T h e graphlc
 STRAINS A N D STRESSES IN EARTH DAMS 563

representation in coordinates a - f p e r m i t t e d approximating f(a) from [12] by the simple expression f(c~) = 0.7 +
0 . 0 7 5 ( a - 1 ) z which we used for core soil containing up to 70% sand, g r a v e l and rubble. Equations (4) and (5)
are characteristic for slightly cohesive softs with pronounced internal friction (for noncohesive soft n = 0). For
comparison of the calculation results the relation

o~ =25ei (0.01 +ei) -1, (6)

corresponding in Fig. I to curve 4 and describing the shear strain of perfectly cohesive soil having cohesion c =
12 tons/m 2, is used in addition to Eqs. (4) and (8).

W e note that variants of the equations of deformation similar to Eqs.(4)-(6)were used for comparative cal-
culations for foundations [5].
a (t --~)
Curve 2 in F i g . 1 characterizes the relation e a r - O n v in compressiorg when o i -= 1 q- 2g I ~avl, = = - - 1;

the values of o i are indicated for its individual points. According to our e x p e r i m e n t a l estimates for fine earth
under hydrostatic pressure (o i = 0) the values of ehav are smaller than eav in compression by 1.25-1.5 t i m e s .
Therefore curve 5, approximated by the equation

e a v = ~oahv = 0.001 [ ( [Uav[ + 100) ~ c~av (7)

where sign Oav is the sign of Oar, is used below in calculations not taking into account d i l a t a n c y for the core
soil.

The relation for ear =ehav + edav, where edv is the additional deformation due to the action of the stress
deviator, was used in the calculations in addition to Eq. (7) for estimating the effect of d i l a t a n c y oft the state of
stress and strain in the d a m . Experimental values of edv were obtained in a triaxial apparatus for fine earth. The
analytic approximation of edav for fine earth accomplished by selecting the type of equation and its coef~cients
was extended to soil with a change of certain coefficients so that eav according to Eq. (7) + Eq. (8) did not differ
from those obtained in the compression instrument. The equation of edv for soil has the following form:

ed =0.01=11 =t 0 0 0 2 ( ] = a v l q - 7 . 1 5 ) 2/3 ]
av ( I =avl + 7.15)~ + ~ t - - (1.06 1 =avl § 3.7'8) " (8)

Curves 6 in Fig. 1 correspond to the values of eav obtained according to Eq. (7) + Eq. (8).

Relations analogous to Eqs. (4) and (7) were obtained for the rock of the shoulders

oi = 1.5[ Oav ] ei (0.015+ e~) -i, (9)

eav = 0 001[( [aav [ + 10) ~ ~av, 0.0)

which were used in the calculations without additional complication. The results of the compression and shear
experiments with rock were m a d e available by the Leningrad Branch of the All-Union Planning, Surveying, and
Scientific-Researchlnstitute (Lengidroproekt); they are given partly in [i0].

Problems of plane strain for longitudinal and transverse sections of the d a m of the K o l y m a hydroelectric
station were solved with the use of Eqs. (4)-(10). In the calculations the d a m is assumed to be constructed in-
stantaneously, the load was applied in steps. The values of oav, oi, ear, e i, and a determined duringcalculations
at the steps m a d e it possible to compare the relations of the type of Eq. (!) obtained at different loading stages
with those introduced when solving the problem. Since in the F E M the differential equations of equilibrium and
compatibility of defounations are fulfilled automatically, the approach of the introduced physical relations of
form of Eq. (i) to those obtained, up to their coincidence, was regarded as convergence of the approximate solu-
tion of the nonlinear problem to the exact solution, not obtained analytically, but existing objectively. In calcu-
lations using the step method it was found that convergence depends considerably on the manner of assigning the
moduli G and K (G s, K s or G t, K t) and form of Eq. (I). For example, in the case of Eq. (6) G t gives considerably
more accurate results than G s for the same number of steps. At the same ~_me Gt in the case of wide bundles of
564 A . K . BUGROVA AND K. K. GREBNEV

curves ei = ei(Oav, oi, o~) gives an unsatisfactory accuracy of the solution even for a large (50-100) number of
load steps. In this case the use of Gs provides a considerable increase in the accuracy of the calculation. The
use of iterations at the steps permits reducing their number, but in this case of aforesaid remains valid. With con-
sideration of the experience of solving numerou- examples it is recommended to use Ks in calculations and to
refine the variants of assigning G(6t or G s) by prelimi,lary solu~on of control examples with a mn a l l number of
elements. This method was used for the problems presented here that were solved by the s t e p - i t e r a t i v e method
~r 50 load steps. The number of iterations at the steps was assumed automatically by the computer from the
condition of providing the given accuracy of the c a l c u l a t i o n .

Calculations using Eqs. (4)-(10) permit determining the effect of various parameters on the results. For
comparison ~r nonlinear problems we also solved linear problems with values of the characteristics of the core
soil E = 1480 t o n s / m z, ti = 0.3 [O = E/2(1 + ~;) = 880 t o n s / m z, K = ( E / 1 - - 2 ~) = 3650 tons/m z] and for rock E =
3540 t o n s / m z, /a = 0.25 (G = 1415 tons/m z, K = 7080 tons/mZ). The moduli of total deformation E were deter-
mined with r e p l a c e m e n t of the compression curves by straight lines in the range of Oc from 40 to 200 t o n s / m z.
The most significant difference between the linear solutions is noted in stresses o x and rxy, especially in the
upper part of the d a m . Zones 1 with tensile stresses o x and (quitelarge) zones 2 of the l i m i t i n g stare of the soil
according to Coulomb's condition are obtained in the linear problem for the longitudinal section of the dam from
the weight of the soil (Fig. 2a). These zones (3 and 4) are considerably smaller in n o n l i n e a r problems with the
use of Eqs. (4) and (7), (9) and (10). For the longitudinal section the determination of the pressure on the roof of
the water conduit was of practical interest (Fig. 2a). Concentration of earth pressure was noted under natural con-
ditions and i n experiments [13, 14]. Figure 2b shows diagrams of Oy in section 1 - 1 for variants of the core soil
(curves 1 and 2) and rock fill (curve 3). The calculations were made, respectively, for Eqs. (4) and (7), (6) and
(7), and (9) and (10), in which case the stress Oy above the keystone of the arched roof was 1.20, 1.08, and
1.247h, and o X = 0.54, 0.94, and 0 . 5 4 7 h . The dashed curves were plotted from the solutions of the linear prob-
lems in which above the roof Oy = 1.197 h and o x = 0.817 h. The results presented show the considerable effect
of the resistance of the soil to deformation on its stress state, especially on stresses Ox, which increase with a de-
crease of strength. In the linear problem this effect is not taken into account, since the stresses in it do not de-
pend on the soil characteristics.

To establish the role of parameter c~ we calculated the longitudinal section of the dam. which showed that
on replacing Eq. (4) by (5), other conditions being equal, the stresses and displacements change by 5-18%. In this
problem c~ had values from - 0 . 9 8 t o - 0 . 8 . The values o f o were obtained with the use of Eqs. (6) and (7) in a
~r range ( f r o m - 0.98 t o - 0 . 1 8 ) .
For the longitudinal section of the dam the role of the dilatant properties of the soil was evaluated using
Eqs. (4) and ('/) + (8) instead of (4) and (7). The results show the considerable significance of soil d i l a t a n c y . In
the variant taking into account dilatancy in comparison ~Ath the variant ~r it the m a x i m u m settlement of
the crest increased by 28% and the values of ei and eav at information points A, B, and C (Fig. 2a) increased 25
and 20%. A redistribution and change of stresses occurred: o x decreased on the average by ~ o Oy hardly
changed, and r x y changed as much as 12% both toward an increase and a decrease. T h e vaIues of oi, Ca v at the
information points increased 5-10~

Some results of calculations for the transverse section of the dam are presented in Fig. 3. Equations (4) and
(7) for the core and (9) and (10) for the shoulders of the dam were used in solving the nonlinear problems. In the
case of loading by the soil's weight the stresses o . of the linear and nonlinear solutions almost coincide in the
shoulder and differ in the core, the stresses Ox di/fer considerably for the indicated solution. The lines of equal
o x and Oy from the soil's weight are shown in Fig. 3 i n the downstream shoulder and core up to its axis of sym-
metry. An unlikely large closed zone of Coulomb l i m i t equilibrium in the shoulder (Fig. 3a) is obtained for the
linear solution and the values of Ox in the upper parts of the dam exceed Oy; e.g., at a depth of 8 m in the core
o x = - 1 8 . 2 , o v = - 5 . 9 t o n s / m z. In the nonlinear problem the entire dam section, just as according to the data
in [7]. proved to be in a prelimiting state and o x / Oy < 1 were obtained; i n particular, at the indicated point of
the core o x =--2.1, Oy = - 7 . 3 t o n s / m 2, Ox / O y = 0.29, which corresponds to fu11-scale measurements [13].

Subsequent loading of the dam by water pressure applied to the upstream face of the core led to equaliza-
tion in the core and downstream shoulder of stresses Oy and to an increase of o x (Fig. 3) in the nonlinear prob-
l e m . In this case the downstream shoulder and the core are in a preLimiting state with f2max = 0.8 in the shoulder
 STRAINS AND STRESSES IN EARTH DAMS 565

for f~ = 0.3-0.5 in the core, where .q is the ratio of the sine of the angle of deviation to sine [7]. The stress
state in the case of simultaneous application of the weight and water pressure to an instantaneously erected dam
is less favorable than in the preceding case: Although there are no limiting zones, ~ m a x in the shoulder reaches
0.95. In the linear problem for this case there are zones in the downstream shoulder with values a m a x >- 1, but
they are smaller than in the variant of loading the dam just by the weight of the soil.
The effect of physical nonlinearity of the foundation soil on the stressed state of the ~11 is illustrated below
by the results of calculating an embankment jointly with the foundation (Fig. 4). The embankment is part of the
structures being planned for protecting a large city from floods. The calculated region is represented by 450 RFE
and 13 TFE with 469 movable nodes. The weight of the instantaneously thrown-upembankment with considera-
tion of its buoyancy in water is taken into account as the load. The linear and nonlinear problems were solved
for a region consisting of four soil varieties (zones I-IV). The characteristics of the soils in solving the linear
problem (see Fig. 4) were taken according to the data of Lengidroproekt. In solving the nonlinear problem the
relation

9av=~i
= (01680eav86
[ ~av I 4- 3 5) el (0 02 4- et) - ~ } (11)

established in triaxial tests was used for soil of zone III.

Figure 4 shows the diagrams of (Ix and o y in vertical sections i- i - 4 - 4 for both problems. T h e introduc-
tion of nonlinearity for soil of zone III led to a redistribution and change of the stressed state in all zones. In the
fill the values of O y increased, the v~lues of o• decreased, and tensile stresses o X even appeared in its base. In
zone 111 owing to the simultaneous decrease of the values of O y and increase of o X the ratio O x / O y increased to
0.6-0.7, characteristic for loams. In zones 1-111 the horizontal displacements in sections 1 - 4 in the nonlinear
problem were 1.2-1.7 times greater than in the linear. The difference in settlements was slightly less. The time
for solving the linear problem on the BESM-6 computer was 8 rnin, and nonlinear with 50 load steps 25 rain.

CONCLUSIONS

i. The method presented in this article permits obtaining in the first approximation relations of the form
ei = ei(Oav, oi) and eav = eav(Oav) on the basis of data from compression and shear tests with the use of addi-
tional information of a reference or analog character. To obtain nonlinear relations of the form of Eq. (i) directly
in experfinents it is unconditionally necessary to use an apparatus with three independently controlled stresses and
to equip industrial laboratories with this apparatus.
2. When solving physically nonlinear problems for soils a number of important characteristics in their
behavior during loading can be reflected in the calculation: nonlinearity of the stress-strain relation, dilatancy,
change of deformability as a function of the degree of approach to limit equilibrium according to O. M. Lomize
et al. As shown in the works of a number of authors [1-7] and by the results presented here, consideration of these
characteristics affects considerably the character of the stress-strain state of soil masses; in this case a detailed
description of the regularities of the deformability and strength of soils becomes necessary. The solution of the
physically nonlinear problems for dams and earth materials permits a more confident determination of their stress-
strain state, and the realization of nonlinear problems on a computer opens new opportunities for design practice.
LITERATURE CITED

1. G . M . Lomize and A. L. Kryzhanovski% "Soil Strength," Gidrotekh. Stroitel'., No. 3 (1967).

2. G . M . Lomize, I. I. Ivashchenko, E. A. Isakhanov, and M. I. Z akharov, "D eformability, strength, and creep
of clayey-soil core walls of high dams," Gidrotekh. Stroitel'., No. 11 (1970)o
3. G. hi. Lomize, "Strength and deformability of soils in the cor~s of high-hea d dams and foundations of hy-
draulic structures," Oidrotekh. Stxoitel'., No. 8 (1973).
4. A . K . Bugrov, "Solution of some nonlinear problems for soils," Trudy LPI, No. 338 (1974).
5. M . V . Malyshev, Yu. K. Zaretskil, V. N. Shirokov, and V. A. Cheremnykh, "Interaction of rigid foundations
and nonlinearly deformable soil supports," in: Transactions of the VIII International Congress on Soil Me-
chanics and Foundation Engineering [in Russian] (1973).
6. A . L . Kryzhanovsldi, A. S. Chevikin, and O. V. Kulikov, "Effectiveness of calculating foundations with con-
sideration of the nonlinear deformation properties of soils," Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhan. Gruntov,
No. 5 (1975).
566 A . K . BUGROVA AND K. K. GREBNEV

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