Class 12 Computer Science (FBISE) - Complete Notes

MCQs with Answers

1. Which of the following is equal to operator?

b. ==

2. The number of bytes reserved for a variable of data type 'float' is

b. 4

3. Which operator is used for compound condition?

d. Logical

4. Which of the following is an arithmetic operator?

b. %

5. Which one of the following is ignored during program execution?

b. Comment

6. What is the range of unsigned short integer?

c. 0 to 65535

7. In C++ the expression sum = sum + n can also be written as

a. sum += n

8. How cursor is moved to the next tabular position for printing data?

b. By using manipulator

9. Which sign is used for logical AND?

d. &&

10. Which one is called modulus operator?

Short Questions with Answers

Q1. What is the purpose of using header files in a program?

Answer:

Header files contain prewritten code like function declarations, making it easier to use features like

input/output.

Example: #include<iostream> allows using cin and cout.

Q2. Why escape sequences are used? Give three examples with explanation.

Answer:

Escape sequences control the formatting of output.

Examples:

- \n -> Move to new line

- \t -> Insert tab space

- \\ -> Print backslash

Q3. Define variable and write the rules for specifying variable names.

Answer:

A variable is a named location in memory used to store data.

Rules:

- Must start with a letter or underscore.

- Cannot have spaces or special characters.

- Cannot use reserved keywords.

Q4. Differentiate between Relational and Logical operators.

Answer:

- Relational Operators: Compare two values (e.g., <, >, ==).

- Logical Operators: Combine multiple conditions (e.g., &&, ||, !).

Q5. Explain the use of Assignment and Arithmetic operators.

Answer:
- Assignment Operator (=): Assigns a value to a variable.

- Arithmetic Operators (+, -, *, /, %): Perform mathematical operations.

Q6. Define reserved words with three examples.

Answer:

Reserved words are special keywords in C++ that have a fixed meaning and cannot be used as variable

names.

Examples: int, while, return

Q7. What is the function of endl and setw in C++?

Answer:

- endl: Moves the cursor to the next line.

- setw(n): Sets the width of the output to n characters.

Q8. Define RAM and ROM.

Answer:

- RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary, volatile memory that loses data when power is off.

- ROM (Read Only Memory): Permanent, non-volatile memory.

Q9. Explain the working of Hard disk drive.

Answer:

A hard disk stores data magnetically on spinning platters. A read/write head moves to access data.

Q10. Explain Secondary storage devices.

Answer:

Devices that store data permanently and externally, like Hard Disks, SSDs, and USB drives.

Q11. Define CU and ALU.

Answer:

- CU (Control Unit): Manages the execution of instructions.

- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

Q12. What is a register? Write down different types of registers.

Registers are small, fast memory locations inside the CPU.

Types:

- Accumulator

- Program Counter (PC)

- Instruction Register (IR)

Q13. Define Bit, Byte, and Nibble.

Answer:

- Bit: Smallest unit of data (0 or 1).

- Nibble: 4 bits.

- Byte: 8 bits.

Q14. Explain sequential access and direct access.

Answer:

- Sequential Access: Data is accessed in sequence (e.g., tape drives).

- Direct Access: Data can be accessed directly (e.g., hard disks).

Q15. Define bus. Explain the types of buses.

Answer:

A bus is a communication pathway that transfers data inside a computer.

Types:

- Data Bus

- Address Bus

- Control Bus

Q16. Define ports. Explain the functions of different ports used in computer.

Answer:

Ports are physical interfaces to connect external devices.

Examples:

- USB Port -> Connects pen drives, etc.

- HDMI Port -> Connects display devices.

- Serial Port -> Connects old devices like mouse.

Answer:

Optical disks use laser technology to read and write data on the disk surface.

Q18. Explain FOR LOOP with a program.

Answer:

A loop that runs a specific number of times.

Example:

for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

cout << i;

Q19. Differentiate between While and Do-While loop.

Answer:

- While loop: Checks condition before executing.

- Do-While loop: Executes once before checking condition.

Q20. Explain Nested loop with a suitable example.

Answer:

A loop inside another loop.

Example:

for(int i = 1; i <= 2; i++) {

for(int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {

cout << j;

Q21. What is switch statement? Explain it.

Answer:

Switch statement selects one of many blocks of code based on a variable value.

Example:

switch(x) {
case 1: cout << "One"; break;

Q22. Define operating system.

Answer:

An operating system manages computer hardware, software, and resources.

Q23. Define graphical user interface (GUI).

Answer:

GUI allows users to interact with a system using graphical elements like icons and windows.

Q24. Differentiate between multiprogramming and time-sharing operating system.

Answer:

- Multiprogramming: Runs multiple programs simultaneously.

- Time-sharing: Allows multiple users to use CPU time slices.

Q25. Differentiate between single-user and multiuser operating system.

Answer:

- Single-user OS: Only one user at a time (e.g., DOS).

- Multiuser OS: Multiple users simultaneously (e.g., UNIX).

Long Questions with Answers

Q1. Write a program that reads temperature in Fahrenheit and prints its equivalent in Celsius.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

float f, c;

cout << "Enter Fahrenheit: ";

cin >> f;

c = 5.0/9 * (f - 32);

cout << "Celsius = " << c;

return 0;
}

Q2. Write a program that reads length and breadth of a rectangle and prints its area.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

float length, breadth, area;

cout << "Enter length and breadth: ";

cin >> length >> breadth;

area = length * breadth;

cout << "Area = " << area;

return 0;

Q3. Write a program that reads four integers and prints their sum, product, and average.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

int a, b, c, d;

cout << "Enter four integers: ";

cin >> a >> b >> c >> d;

cout << "Sum = " << (a+b+c+d) << endl;

cout << "Product = " << (a*b*c*d) << endl;

cout << "Average = " << (a+b+c+d)/4.0;

return 0;

Q4. Write a program that reads the base and height of a triangle and prints its area.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

float base, height, area;

cout << "Enter base and height: ";

area = 0.5 * base * height;

cout << "Area = " << area;

return 0;

Q5. Explain the types of network: LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN.

Answer:

- LAN (Local Area Network): Connects computers in a small area (e.g., school).

- WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers large areas (e.g., internet).

- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Connects across a city.

- PAN (Personal Area Network): Connects personal devices like smartphones.

Q6. Explain the network topologies in detail.

Answer:

- Star Topology: All devices connect to a central hub.

- Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular path.

- Bus Topology: All devices share a single cable.

- Mesh Topology: Every device is connected to every other device.

Q7. Explain the 7 layers of OSI model.

Answer:

1. Physical Layer: Deals with transmission media (cables).

2. Data Link Layer: Error detection and MAC addressing.

3. Network Layer: Routing and IP addressing.

4. Transport Layer: Ensures complete data transfer (TCP/UDP).

5. Session Layer: Controls connections/sessions.

6. Presentation Layer: Data formatting and encryption.

7. Application Layer: Provides network services to applications (email, web).

Done!