No.

Lake Victoria North Water Services Board

The Republic of Kenya

BASIC DESIGN STUDY REPORT

ON
THE PROJECT FOR AUGMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM IN KAPSABET TOWN
IN
THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA

September 2008

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

NJS CONSULTANTS CO., LTD.

GE
JR
08-077
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Preface

In response to a request from the Government of the Republic of Kenya, the Government of Japan
decided to conduct a basic design study on “The Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in
Kapsabet Town” and entrusted the study to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
JICA sent to Kenya a study team from 25th August 2007 till 4th October 2007.
The team held discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of Kenya, and conducted
field study at the study area. After the team returned to Japan, further studies were made. Then, a
mission was sent to Kenya in order to discuss a draft basic design, and as this result, the present report
was finalized.
I hope that this report will continue to the promotion of the project and to the enhancement to the
friendly relations between our two countries.
I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of the Republic
of Kenya for their close cooperation extended to the team.

September 2008

Ariyuki MATSUMOTO
Vice-President
Japan International Cooperation Agency
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

September 2008

Letter of Transmittal

We are pleased to submit to you the basic design study report on “The Project for Augmentation of
Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town” in the Republic of Kenya.
This study was conducted by NJS Consultants Co., Ltd., under a contract to JICA, during the period
from August 2007 to September 2008. In conducting the study, we have examined the feasibility and
rationale of the project, with due consideration to the present situation of Kenya and formulated the
most appropriate basic design for the project under Japan’s Grant Aid scheme.
Finally, we hope that this report will contribute to further promotion of the project.

Very truly yours,

Nobuki ABE
Chief Consultant
Basic Design Study Team on The Project for
Augmentation of Water Supply System in
Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya
NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Summary
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

SUMMARY
Outline of Kenya
The Republic of Kenya (hereinafter; Kenya) is situated on the equator in east Africa and bounded on
Ethiopia and Sudan in the north, Uganda and Lake Victoria in the west and Tanzania in the south.
Land area is 580,000 km2 and the population is 34.3 million in 2005. With regard to the economy, a
negative growth occurred in 2006 due to the serious damages on agricultural crops and infrastructures
caused by draught and/or heavy rain by El Nino phenomenon in the latter half of the 1990s, however,
upswing appears in the recent years. The Gross National Income (GNI) and the GNI per capita in 2006
were 191 hundred-millions USD and 540 USD, respectively and the inflation rate was 4.3% in 2005.
The proportion of each industry on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is respectively 27.9%, 17.4%
and 54.8% of primary industry, secondary industry and tertiary industry including tourism.

Background of the Project

The Government of Kenya established a policy to drum up industrialization and/or privately operated
business in parallel with the stabilization of agricultural production in “the 9th National Development
Policy (2002-2008)”. To attain this, the appropriate development and improvement of water supply
services is raised as one of the goals. Under this policy, “National Water Policy” was issued in 1999
and the administrative reform on water sector has being progressed based upon the “Water Act”
enforced in 2002 to concretise the said policy.

Kapsabet Town is located at the northwest with approximately 350km from the capital city Nairobi,
and evolved at a rapid pace as an administrative and business centre of Nandi District. Water supply
facilities using surface water source was constructed in 1948 and expanded in 1960 and 1980,
respectively, however, its service area covers only 33% of the administrative district. In addition,
current status of water service is significantly unstable due to the proceeding deterioration of facilities.

In particular, water treatment plat (WTP) had a design capacity of 820m3/day, however, operation of
the oldest unit out of total three (3) has been terminated owing to the deterioration. Therefore, only
two units have been operated with a design capacity of 620m3/day. In 2006, water supply decreased to
around 550m3/day due to the further progress of deterioration and the rationed water supply has been
routinely carried out. The numbers of people who are accessible to water services are estimated as
about 5,000 persons (approximately 15%) only among the urban population of 33,000. This means
that water supply is extremely insufficient against the water demand. The people without water supply
services rely on the springs for domestic use, and thus the improvement of the living environment
became the prime task because the risks by waterborne disease and the burden of water fetching has
become tangible.

i
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

The government of Kenya requested the Grant Aid by the Government of Japan to improve such
circumstances and increase the population served up to 47,500 persons. JICA conducted the basic
design study in 1993 to that end, however, the project was not realized after all, since the conditions
(construction of sewerage system, improvement on organization and budget arrangement) to be bone
by the Kenyan side were not fulfilled.

Among those three (3) issues, the construction of sewerage system was already completed in 2002.
With regard to the other issues, Kapsabet Town came under the jurisdiction of Lake Victoria North
Water Services Board (LVNWSB) base upon “Water Act” effected in 2002 and Kapsabet Nandi
Water and Sanitation Company (KNWSC), operating actual water services on the basis of service
provision agreement with LVNWSB, was established in December 2006.
Under the above situation, the Government of Kenya again requested the grant aid by the Government
of Japan in accordance with well-regulated implementation system. The requested scope was to
augment the supply capacity to 10 times of the existing one. Through the discussion between both
countries, it was agreed that the scope was focused to the rehabilitation and expansion of the existing
facilities utilizing the water source from the Kabutie River.

Outline of the Study Result and Contents of the Project

In response to a request from the Government of Kenya, the Government of Japan decided to conduct
the basic design study on “The Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town”
and entrusted the study to JICA. JICA sent to Kenya the study team from 25th August 2007 until 4th
October 2007. Likewise, the mission was sent to Kenya in July 2008 to discuss the draft basic design.

In the basic design study, the target service areas were identified as Kapsabet township and its
surrounding areas (Kapngetuny, Kamobo, Kamurguiywa, Kimaam and Kipture) and planning frame
was set up as 3,600m3/day of water demand for the design population served of 32,500 for the target
year of 2015 taking the population growth and water consumption by use into account. Consequently,
3,800m3/day of water source (incl. the water for miscellaneous use at WTP) is absolutely required for
the Project. Based on the analysis of the past discharge of the Kabutie River, it was anticipated that
there might be a difficult period to secure the required water flow in 10-year return period, however,
concluded that design intake flow would be secured in 5-year return period.

With regard to the intake/conveyance facilities, based on the topographic survey and hydraulic
analysis, it was confirmed that flow capacity with 3,800m3/day can be secured by increasing the
diameter of raw water pipeline compared to that of the existing one without raising the existing intake
weir which is requested by Kenyan side.

ii
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

As for water treatment facility, it was concluded that the rehabilitation of the existing WTP which is
also a requested component, is not necessary considering the required cost for re-construction of the
severely deteriorated and damaged facility with a small design capacity. In addition, it was anticipated
that the ineffectiveness of operation and maintenance, since new WTP is to be constructed on the
opposite bank of the Kabutie River where the existing WTP is located. Thus, it was decided that the
design capacity (originally 820 m3/day) of the existing WTP will be merged to that of new WTP.

With regard to the transmission and distribution system, construction of new service reservoir at the
elevation of 2,040m in Kiminda district was planned in order to distribute water to service areas by
gravity, and single-stage pumping system is planned to deliver water from new WTP to the said
reservoir.
As for pump equipment, 4 units (incl. 2 units of standby) of pumps is planned in order to avoid any
impact on operation of WTP considering the local situation against the accident. Flywheel will also be
provided as a countermeasure against the water hammer in case of sudden stop of pump run. As for
transmission pipeline, steel pipe is to be employed considering the elevation difference between WTP
and new service reservoir as well as water hammer. As to distribution pipe, in addition to the requested
primary pipes, installation of the secondary pipes and a part of service connections are to be included
in the plan, because it was considered that Kenyan side cannot afford to install such necessary
pipelines in order to ensure stable water supply when the construction works complete.

With regard to the equipment procurement, provision of water meters (incl. materials for service
connection), water meter testing equipment, tools for &M, water quality examination equipment and
computer equipment (incl. relevant software) for billing/accounting system is to be procured in the
Project.

In order to enhance the performance of business operation of water services and maintain the
sustainability, it was judged that a strong engineering and management support would be effective. In
line with this, the soft component program for engineering and management fields was planned.

The scope of works of the Project is summarized as below. Water supply capacity will be augmented
from the current 620m3/day to 3,600 m3/day by the Project.

iii
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Scope of the Works of the Project

（1）Facility
Facility Brief Description Remarks
Intake weir Rehabilitation of the existing weir (Height 1.0m, Length 28.0m) Rehabilitation
Raw water pipeline Ductile iron pipe/uPVC, Dia. 250mm, Length 0.7km Construction
3
Design capacity: 3,600m /day
Receiving well/pre-sedimentation tank, Mixing/flocculation basin,
Water treatment plant Sedimentation basin, Rapid sand filter, Wash water tank, Clear Construction
water reservoir, Sludge drying bed, Chemical house,
Administration building, etc.
Transmission pump φ150 x 1.25m3/min x 160m x 75kW, 4 units (incl. 2 stand-by) Construction
Transmission pipeline Steel pipe, Dia. 250mm, Length 2.9km Construction
3 3
Reservoir Ground reservoir 1,050m x 1 unit, 600m x 1 unit Construction
Primary pipe: uPVC, Dia. 300-200mm, Length 4.0 km
Secondary pipe: uPVC /Steel pipe, Dia. 200-50mm,
Distribution pipelines Construction
Length 22.2 km
Total 26.2 km
400 nos. (Installation of water meters shall be carried out by
Service connection Construction
Kenyan side.)

（2）Equipment Procurement
Item Brief Description
Water meters (1,700 units), Service pipe materials incl. saddle clamps, etc.
Water meters (for 1,300 connections), Tapping tool (2 units), Installation works shall be done
by Kenyan side.
Water meter testing
Measuring tank (300 L), Rotor meter, accessories
equipment
Tools Tools for O&M of plumbing works and Mechanical & Electrical equipment
Water quality examination
Turbidity meter, pH meter, Residual chlorine checker, Jar tester, etc.
equipment
Computer equipment for Server (2 units), Desk top PC (6 units) and related equipment, Software
billing/accounting system (Windows, Billing software)

（3）Soft Component
Item Brief Description
Engineering training Training for O&M of water supply facilities
Training for leakage prevention and water meter management
Management training Training for strengthening business operation
Training for billing and accounting system operation
Training for public education

Project Implementation Period and Cost Estimation

With regard to implementation period, it is anticipated that 4.5 months for the detailed design, 3
months for tendering and 22.5 months will be required for the equipment procurement and
construction works and. Total 33.5 months will be required for the project implementation including a
conduct of soft component program. The project cost to be born by Government of Kenya is estimated
to be approximately 0.161 billion Yen .

iv
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Verification of Project Adequacy

This Project aims to improve water supply services of Kapsabet Town through realizing stable supply
of safe potable water and it also corresponds to the upgrading in water supply system which the
Government of Kenya declared in “9th National Development Plan (2002 - 2008)” as one of the
national targets. Major components of the project are construction of new water supply facilities to
replace the existing deteriorated facilities and equipment procurement for O&M of water supply
system and computer equipment for billing/accounting system under the Project. Further, human
resource development needed for operation and management of water supply business is to be
conducted both in technical and managerial aspects through Soft Component. In addition, managerial
support is also provided by public education to involve the residents of Kapsabet Town as stable
customers and to maintain the water supply business properly.

O&M cost for the facilities to be constructed by the Project cannot be covered by the current water
tariff system, if large scale of price escalation in electricity, for instance, is accounted. To cope with
this, at least 20% of tariff raise is needed and such increase range is still affordable for end users based
on the social condition survey. In addition, considering that debt of KNWSC has been compensated by
LVNWSB until now, O&M cost will be dully covered by collecting the water tariff with acceleration
of water meter installation.

The following items can be expected as direct project effect:

・ Total water treatment capacity is strengthened from current 620 m3/day to 3,600m3/day.
・ Current 5,000 population accessible to water supply services is expected to increase to
32,500（Ratio to total population of the service area: 15%→78.5%）.
・ Current 340 numbers of service connections is expected to increase to 6,500.
・ Water tariff revenue will increase according to increase of service connections and water
supply business becomes stable by appropriate billing brought by installation of water meter
s.
・ 24 hours water supply will be realized and safe drinking water will be secured as well.
・ Establishment of billing and accounting system will make business operation effective.
・ Capability for O&M of water supply facilities and business operation will be strengthened by
management support through soft component program.

Furthermore, the following items can be expected as indirect project benefit:

・ Morbidity of water-borne disease such as Diarrhea and Cholera decreases by realizing stable
supply of safe drinking water

v
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

・ Water fetching burden for women and children is mitigated by using individual water taps.

As aforementioned, significant project effects are anticipated and this project also contributes to the
improvement in broad BHN of residents. Though current status of relevant organizations in recipient
country is insufficient in terms of technical level and number of staff, such issues can be covered by
endeavor in staff increase and budget allocation by the Government of Kenya and by soft component
to be implemented in the course of the Project. Therefore, adequacy of the project execution by
Japanese Grant Aid is verified.

For further effective and efficient project implementation, the Government of Kenya shall take the
initiative upon the following items:
1) To secure the budget for the project cost to be born by the Government of Kenya.
2) To coordinate with the relevant agencies regarding necessary transactions in the
project .implementation
3) To encourage the staff to participate in the training program and enforce capacity development.
4) To install the water meters (including service pipe materials) to be provided by the Project
timely and promote new service connection.
5) To collect water tariff properly.

As the Government of Kenya recently requested the technical assistant project for NRW reduction to
the Government of Japan, it is desirable that LVNWSB, the implementing agency of the project, be
involved in the said project to further ensure the project effects.

vi
Contents
 THE BASIC DESIGN STUDY ON THE PROJECT
FOR AUGMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
IN KAPSABET TOWN
IN THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA

FINAL REPORT

Contents
Preface
Letter of Transmittal
Summary
Contents
Location Map / Perspective
List of Figures
List of Tables
Abbreviations

Chapter 1 Background of the Project ............................................................................. 1-1

1-1 Present Condition of Water Sector .......................................................................................1-1
1-1-1 Present Condition and Need for the Project .........................................................................1-1
1-1-2 National and Sector Development Plans ..............................................................................1-1
1-1-3 Socio-Economic Conditions ................................................................................................1-2
1-2 Recipient Country ................................................................................................................1-4
1-3 Japanese Assistance .............................................................................................................1-5
1-4 Activities of Other Donors ...................................................................................................1-7
1-5 Natural Conditions ...............................................................................................................1-8
1-6 Social and Environmental Considerations .........................................................................1-10
Chapter 2 Contents of the Project .................................................................................. 2-1
2-1 Basic Concept of the Project ................................................................................................2-1
2-2 Basic Design of the Requested Japanese Assistance ............................................................2-2
2-2-1 Design Policy .......................................................................................................................2-2
2-2-2 Basic Plan ............................................................................................................................2-3
2-2-2-1 Basic Data .....................................................................................................................2-3
2-2-2-2 Water Intake/Water Conveyance Facility Plan .............................................................2-9
2-2-2-3 Water Treatment Facility Plan ....................................................................................2-14
2-2-2-4 Water Transmission Facility Plan ...............................................................................2-19
2-2-2-5 Distribution Facility Plan ...........................................................................................2-22
 2-2-2-6 Equipment Procurement Plan .....................................................................................2-27
2-2-3 Basic Design Drawings ......................................................................................................2-30
2-2-4 Implementation Plan ..........................................................................................................2-67
2-2-4-1 Implementation Policy ................................................................................................2-67
2-2-4-2 Implementation Conditions ........................................................................................2-68
2-2-4-3 Scope of Works ...........................................................................................................2-72
2-2-4-4 Consultant Supervision ...............................................................................................2-74
2-2-4-5 Quality Control Plan ...................................................................................................2-74
2-2-4-6 Procurement Plan ........................................................................................................2-75
2-2-4-7 Operational Guidance Plan .........................................................................................2-77
2-2-4-8 Soft Component Plan ..................................................................................................2-77
2-2-4-9 Implementation Schedule ...........................................................................................2-78
2-3 Obligations of Recipient Country ..........................................................................................2-79
2-4 Project Operation Plan ...........................................................................................................2-80
2-5 Project Cost Estimation ......................................................................................................2-83
2-5-1 Initial cost Estimation ........................................................................................................2-83
2-5-2 Operation and Maintenance Cost .......................................................................................2-83
2-6 Other Relevant Issues ........................................................................................................2-88
2-6-1 Existing Transmission Pipeline ..........................................................................................2-88
2-6-2 Disinfection ........................................................................................................................2-88
Chapter 3 Project Evaluation and Recommendations .................................................. 3-1
3-1 Project Effect .......................................................................................................................3-1
3-2 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................3-2

Appendices
Appendix 1 Member List of the Study Team
Appendix 2 Study Schedule
Appendix 3 List pf Parties Concerned in the Recipient Country
Appendix 4 Minutes of Discussions
Appendix 5 Technical Note
Appendix 6 Soft Component Plan
Appendix 7 Other Relevant Data
Location Map / Perspective
Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Figure-1 Location Map

Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya
Figure-2 Perspectgive
List of Figures/List of Tables/Abbreviations
 List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Average Monthly Rainfall (2004-2007)................................................................. 1-9
Figure 2-1 Schematic Diagram of the Proposed Water Supply System................................... 2-5
Figure 2-2 Water Level and Discharge of the Kimondi River............................................... 2-10
Figure 2-3 Water Level of Intake Weir and Existing/New Water Treatment Plant................ 2-13
Figure 2-4 River Transverse Section ..................................................................................... 2-13
Figure 2-5 Water Treatment Flow.......................................................................................... 2-15
Figure 2-6 Hydraulic with Countermeasure ........................................................................ 2-20
Figure 2-7 Hydraulic without Countermeasure ................................................................... 2-20
Figure 2-8 Flowchart of Instrumentation............................................................................... 2-21
Figure 2-9 Flow Diagram of Water Distribution System....................................................... 2-23
Figure 2-10 Demarcation on Service Pipe Installation by Japanese and Kenyan Side............ 2-25
Figure 2-11 Basic Design Drawings ...................................................................................... 2-310
Figure 2-12 Project Implementation System ........................................................................... 2-67
Figure 2-13 Implementation Schedule..................................................................................... 2-79
Figure 2-14 Proposed Organization of KNWSC for Target Year (Draft) ................................ 2-81
Figure 2-15 Comparison of O&M Costs and Tariff Revenue (1) ............................................ 2-86
Figure 2-16 Comparison of O&M Costs and Tariff Revenue (2) ............................................ 2-87

List of Tables
Table 1-1 Technical Assistance and Loan Project Assisted by Japanese Government ............ 1-5
Table 1-2 List of Grant Aid Project by Japanese Government ................................................ 1-6
Table 1-3 Recent Project Assisted by Other Donors (Water Supply Sector) ........................... 1-7
Table 1-4 Average Monthly Rainfall (2004 – 2007)................................................................ 1-9
Table 1-5 Result of Water Quality Examination.................................................................... 1-10
Table 2-1 Scope of the Works of the Project ........................................................................... 2-1
Table 2-2 Population in Service Area ...................................................................................... 2-6
Table 2-3 Future Population in Service Area........................................................................... 2-6
Table 2-4 Water Consumption per Household ....................................................................... 2-7
Table 2-5 Domestic Water Demand Forecast .......................................................................... 2-7
Table 2-6 Water Demand Forecast on Other Purposes ............................................................ 2-8
Table 2-7 Future Water Demand (Accounted-for Water)......................................................... 2-9
Table 2-8 Design Distribution Water Volume.......................................................................... 2-9
Table 2-9 Measured Discharge of the Kabutie River............................................................... 2-9
Table 2-10 Annual Minimum Discharge by Return Period (By Thomas Method).................. 2-10
Table 2-11 Annual Minimum Discharge by Return Period ..................................................... 2-11
Table 2-12 Annual Minimum Discharge for Kimondi River by Applying Actual Discharges
 Measured ............................................................................................................. 2-11
Table 2-13 Outline of Intake and Water Conveyance Facilities ............................................... 2-14
Table 2-14 Design Contents of the Facilities........................................................................... 2-15
Table 2-15 Results of Simple Coagulation Test....................................................................... 2-16
Table 2-16 Alum Feeding rate at Kosaku WTP in Tokyo........................................................ 2-16
Table 2-17 Chemicals Feeding Rate ........................................................................................ 2-16
Table 2-18 Chlorine (Bleaching Powder) Feeding Rate .......................................................... 2-17
Table 2-19 Outline of Water Treatment Facilities.................................................................... 2-17
Table 2-20 Outline of the Water Transmission Facilities......................................................... 2-22
Table 2-21 Contribution by Japanese and Kenyan Side on Service Pipe Installation Works .. 2-26
Table 2-22 Outline of Distribution Facilities........................................................................... 2-26
Table 2-23 Basic Design Drawings ......................................................................................... 2-30
Table 2-24 Project Scope for Kenyan and Japanese Governments.......................................... 2-72
Table 2-25 Major Undertakings to be taken by Each Government (General) ......................... 2-73
Table 2-26 Test Methods on Quality Control .......................................................................... 2-75
Table 2-27 Procurement Plan................................................................................................... 2-77
Table 2-28 Initial Operational Guidance ................................................................................. 2-77
Table 2-29 Proposed Numbers of Personnel until Target Year ................................................ 2-82
Table 2-30 O&M Cost by the Project ...................................................................................... 2-84
Table 2-31 O&M Cost and Tariff Revenue Based on the Proposed Plan ................................ 2-85
Table 2-32 O&M Cost and Tariff Revenue Based on LVNWSB Plan .................................... 2-87
Table 2-33 Result of Social Condition Survey ........................................................................ 2-88
Table 3-1 Project Effect ........................................................................................................... 3-1
 Abbreviations

AfDB: African Development Bank

AFD: Agence Française de Developpement
A/P: Authorization to Pay
B/A: Banking Arrangement
BHN: Basic Human Needs
CAAC: Area Advisory Committees
DANIDA: Denmark International Development Assistance
EAC: East African Community
EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment
EL: Elevation
E/N: Exchange of Notes
F/S: Feasibility Study
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
GTZ: Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit
GNI: Gross National Income
HWL: High Water Level
JETRO: Japanese External Trade Organization
JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency
KfW: Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau
Kshs: Kenyan Shilling
LWL: Low Water Level
LVNWSB: Lake Victoria North Water Services Board
M/D: Minutes of Discussion
MoWI: Ministry of Water and irrigation
NEMA: National Environment Management Authority
NWRMS: National Water Resources Management Strategy
NWCPC: National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation
KNWSC: Kapsabet Nandi Water and Sanitation Company
M/M: Man Month
m3/hr: Cubic meter per hour
m3/d: Cubic meter per day
NGO: Nongovernmental Organization
NRW: Non-Revenue Water
ODA: Official Development Assistance
OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
SIDA: Swedish International Development Agency
UNDP: United Nations Development Program
UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund
USD: US Dollar
VAT: Value-Added Tax
WAB: Water Appeal Board
WHO: World Health Organization
WRMA: Water Resources Management Authority
WRUA: Water Resources Users Association
WSRB: Water Services Regulatory Board
WSTF: Water Services Trust Fund
WSB: Water Services Board
WSP: Water Services Provider
WTP: Water Treatment Plant
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

1 Background of the Project

1-1 Present Condition of Water Sector

1-1-1 Present Condition and Need for the Project

The Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MoWI) and the National Water Conservation and Pipeline
Corporation (NWCPC) have historically shouldered the water services in Kenya. Presently, MoWI
undertakes the national level policymaking/monitoring and coordinating, and the Water Services Boards
(WSBs) under the jurisdiction of MoWI are responsible for the development of water supply facilities in
accordance with the “Water Act” established in 2002. There are a total of seven (7) WSBs in the whole
country. The actual water services are carried out by the Water Services Providers (WSPs) under
respective WSBs on the basis of service provision agreement (SPA).

In Kapsabet Town, the object area of the Project, the water services are being managed by Kapsabet Nandi
Water and Sanitation Company (KNWSC) based on SPA with Lake Victoria North Water Services Board
(LVNWSB). The current condition of water services is extremely poor to tap new service connections
because of chronic water supply shortage and/ or rationing due to deterioration of the facilities. Thus, there
is urgent necessity of construction and rehabilitation of the water supply facilities. In addition, the
appropriate operation and maintenance of water supply facilities and improvement of billing and
accounting system, financial management and others are issues on pushing through sound business
operation. KNWSC has not sufficient capability to deal with, since it was established only 2 years ago.

1-1-2 National and Sector Development Plans

The Government of Kenya established a policy to drum up industrialization and/or privately operated
business in parallel with the stabilization of agricultural production in “the 9th National Development
Policy (2002-2008)”. To attain this, the appropriate development and/ or improvement of water supply
services is raised as one of the goals, since the stable water supply is absolutely essential. Under this
policy, “National Water Policy” was issued in 1999 and the administrative reform on water sector has
being progressed based upon the “Water Act” enforced in 2002 to concretise the said policy.

In line with this, the National Water Resources Management Strategy (NWRMS) has been developed by
the MoWI in January 2007. The overall goal of NWRMS is to eradicate poverty through the provision of
water for domestic and water productive use. The fundamental objectives for managing Kenya’s water
resources are to achieve equitable access to water resources and their sustainable and efficient use through

1-1
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

the following measures.

- To improve water resources assessment so as to obtain more accurate figures of the annual freshwater
safe yield of surface water and groundwater resources
- To put in place mechanisms that promote equal access to water for all Kenyans
- To enhance and strengthen roles of gender in Water Resources Management
- To create mechanisms for an integrated approach to land and water resources planning and
management on a catchment basis
- Create mechanisms for catchment conservation and management
- To put in place measures that enhance the availability of water resources of suitable quality and
quantity where and when it is needed
- To put in place strategies that will promote the production of accurate data on water use and demand
for both surface water and groundwater
- To provide guidelines for private sector financing in the water sector as well as to improve
opportunities for self financing and amelioration of public sector financing
- To develop water pricing policies and mechanisms which recognize water as an economic good
- Provide guidelines and incentives ( e.g. Tax rebate, penalties) for adoption and implementation of
rainwater harvesting through artificial ground water recharge and direct use
- To develop policies and mechanisms on disaster management
- To promote integration of sector and regional water policies
- To promote harmonization and integration of trans-boundary water resource use

1-1-3 Socio-Economic Conditions

Kenya broke away from the United Kingdom in 1963, changed as the Republic of Kenya in 1964 and
became a member of the Commonwealth. Mr. Jomo Kenyatta, the first president, promoted the
government policy cooperated with the United Kingdom and positively recruited the local African as
public officer or managerial-level staff, and promoted the industrialization by embracing the capital from
aboard. Presently, President Mwai Kibaki governs Kenya successor to Mr. Kenyatta and Mr. Moi (Daniel
Toroitich Arap Moi).

The House belongs to unicameral system and the tenure for the Member of the House is set as five (5)
years. The local province consists of seven states and Nairobi Special Region. State Government and State
House responsible for local autonomy exist in each state respectively.

With regard to the diplomatic agenda, Kenya adopts nonaligned diplomacy as her slogan. However, Kenya

1-2
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

always sustains and deepens the relationship with the United Kingdom together with the various countries
of Europe and America. Kenya belongs to the important stabilizing force in East Africa, and also absorbs
numerous refugees from the surrounding countries. Recently, Kenya is also positively involved in peace
settlement such as the dispute between Ethiopia and Eritrea, civil/national conflict between Somali and
Sudan etc. Kenya also promotes the East African Community (EAC) together with Tanzania and Uganda;
therefore, Kenya is responsible for a significant role in East Africa.

With regard to the economy in Kenya, the Gross National Income (GNI) and the GNI per capita in 2006
were 191 hundred-millions USD and 540 USD respectively and the inflation rate was 4.3% in 2005.
Agriculture is the staple industry in Kenya with the leading exports such as black tea, horticultural crops,
and coffee beans in addition to the prosperous outputs such as sugarcane, corn, cotton, and insect flower
etc. However, the manufacturing and service industries show higher ratio on Gross National Product
(GNP) against the relatively lower ratio in agriculture. In addition, oil refining, flour milling, textiles,
sugar manufacture, battery, and automobile assembly etc. are the most ongoing industrials in East Africa.
On the other hand, foreign currency earnings by those tourists from abroad have a lot to do with the
comfortable climate and abundant variety of wild animals in service industries. With regard to the
economy, a negative growth occurred in 2006 due to the serious damages on agricultural crops and
infrastructures caused by draught and/or heavy rain by El Nino phenomenon in the latter half of the 1990s,
however, upswing appears in the recent years (growth rate with 1.1%, 1.8%, and 4.3% in 2002, 2003 and
2004 respectively). Then, growth rate in 2006 became 6.1%. The proportion of each industry in the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) is 27.9% for primary industry, 17.4% for secondary industry and 54.8% for
tertiary industry including tourism. Furthermore, the National Statistics Office estimated the actual growth
rate as 7.0% (provisional figure) for Year 2007.

Kenya unveiled the “Economic Revival Strategy for the Wealth and Employment Creation” in June 2003,
and positively tackled the promotion of trade and investment through twice holdings of investment
meeting so far. In March 2004, the common external tariff was signed among the three countries of Kenya,
Uganda and Tanzania.

Kapsabet Town fixed up an urban figuration during the colonial period of United Kingdom as same as
other cities in Kenya, and was thus specified as the metropolis of Nandi District in1985. In addition as a
district capital, Kapsabet Town possess local offices of the central government and is crowded with the
people of approximately 65,000 at present. Kapsabet Town has also been developed as a distributing
centre of materials, and processing of agricultural products such as black tea and milk etc. produced in the

1-3
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

peripheral areas. Moreover, the educational institution can also be given as a feature of Kapsabet Town,
such as the Kapsabet Girls’ High School, the Kapsabet Boys’ High School, the AIC College, the Bible
College, the school for the handicapped and nursing school exist in addition to the common elementary
and high schools.

1-2 Request from Recipient Country

Kapsabet Town is located at the northwest with approximately 350km from the capital city Nairobi, and
evolved at a rapid pace as an administrative and business centre of Nandi District. Water supply facilities
using surface water source was constructed in 1948 and expanded in 1960 and 1980, respectively, however,
its service area covers only 33% of the administrative district. In addition, current status of water service is
significantly unstable due to deterioration of the facilities. Although three units of water treatment facility
have been constructed with total design capacity of 820m3/day, operation of the oldest unit has been
terminated owing to the deterioration. Therefore, only two units have been operated since then.
Consequently, the overloaded operation by 1,040m3/day has been practiced for a certain period in spite of
the design capacity of 620m3/day. As a result, in 2006 water supply decreased to around 550m3/day due to
the further progress of deterioration and the rationed water supply has been routinely carried out. The
numbers of people who can access to water service are estimated as about 5,000 persons (approximately
15%) only among the urban population of 33,000. This means that water supply volume is extremely
insufficient against the water demand. On the other hand, residents without water service rely on the springs
for domestic use, and thus the improvement in living environment becomes the prime task because the
issues of the risk by waterborne disease and/or the imposition by water fetching labor has become tangible.

The government of Kenya requested the Grant Aid by the Government of Japan to improve such
circumstances and to upgrade the service population up to 47,500 persons. JICA conducted a basic design
study in 1993 however, the project was not implemented because the agreement for three (3) items
(construction of sewerage system, improvement on organization and budget provision) stated in the Article
on the “Costs to be Borne by the Government of Kenya” was not achieved.

Among these three (3) issues mentioned above, construction of sewerage system had been completed by
Kenya in 2002. With regard to the two (2) remained issues, Kapsabet Town came under the jurisdiction of
LVNWSB based upon the effective “Water Act” enacted on 2002 involves the project execution
organizations. In addition, KNWSC conducts the actual water service business under the consignment
contract from LVNWSB was established on December 2006. In such circumstances the Government of
Kenya again requested the grant aid by the Government of Japan. The requested scope was to augment the

1-4
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

supply capacity to 10 times of the existing one. Through the discussion between both countries, it was
agreed that the scope was focused to the rehabilitation and expansion of the existing facilities utilizing the
water source from the Kabutie River.
The requested contents are summarized as below:
1) Facility
- Rehabilitation of the existing intake weir and water treatment plant (820m3/day)
- Construction of new water treatment plant (3,000m3/day) and service reservoirs (ground reservoir and
elevated tank), Installation of transmission pump (2 units), raw water pipeline, transmission pipeline
and distribution pipelines.
2) Equipment Procurement
- Water meters, Water meter testing equipment, Spare parts, Water quality examination equipment (pH
meter, Turbidity meter, Residual chlorine checker, Jar tester), tools and Computers
3) Technical assistance
- Organization strengthening and Customer services (Improvement of billing and accounting system,
Promotion of water meter installation, Trainings, Public education)

1-3 Japanese Assistance

The assistance on the water supply sector in Kenya is summarized in Table 1-1 and Table 1-2 which indicate
the implementation on Development Study, Loan Assistance, and Grant Aid respectively. The experts have
been dispatched all these years since 1977. Recently, the project not only providing the equipment and
facilities but also emphasizing the soft component field has being positively progressed. For instance, “The
Meru City Water Supply Project” taking particular note of the community-based management and the
dispatch of the expert to the pilot water supply projects with sustainable operation was successfully
implemented.

Table 1-1 Technical Assistance and Loan Project Assisted by Japanese Government
Type Year Project/others Remarks
Water supply experts (11)
-1990 Water resources development
Dispatch of expert (1)
Experts Water supply experts (4)
1991- Water resources development (7)
Water supply business experts(2)
Development The Study on Augmentation of F/S for augmentation of
Study Water Supply System for water supply system for
1981 Mombasa Mombasa City including
neighboring towns for
target year 2000

1-5
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Type Year Project/others Remarks

The Study on Construction of F/S for dam construction to
Marewa Dam secure water source for
1988-1990
Nakuru and other cities in
Rift Valley Province
The Study on Water Supply for Master plan and F/S on
1995-1997 Meru Development of Meru Water
Supply System
The Study on Kisumu Water Master plan and F/S for
Supply and Sewerage System expansion and rehabilitation
1995-1997
of Water supply and
sewerage system in Kisumu
Aftercare Study on Water
1995-1998
Resources Development in Kenya
The Study on improvement of Development study carried
2000 water supply business for rural out by JICA Kenya office
cities
Construction of intake
Greater Nakuru Water Supply
1986-1994 facility, treatment plant
Project
(18,000m3/day)
Nairobi Water Supply Project Construction of water supply
Loan
facility including dam to
1988-1994 augment supply capacity
(194,000m3/day), Co-finance
with WB, AfDB, etc.

Table 1-2 List of Grant Aid Project by Japanese Government

(Unit: Billion Yen)
Limit of Grant
Aid
Fiscal Year Project Name Remarks
Amount
(E/N)
Water Supply Development for
1977 0.4
Itanga
1981 Groundwater Development 1.2
Expansion of Water Supply
1982 0.04
System for Itanga
1988 Groundwater Development Project 1.2
Water Supply Development for
1988 0.99
Tabeta and Lumi
Groundwater Development for 1.03 Construction of deep wells (total 90
Raikibia Province (Phase1, Phase units), technical assistance for 90 nos.
1999-2000
2) water utility associations and public
education
Meru Water Supply Project 1.37 Improvement of water supply system
2001-2003 (Phase1, Phase 2) in Meru, technical assistance for
NRW reduction
Rural Water Supply Project 0.81 Construction of deep wells (total 53
2004-2007
(Phase1, Phase 2) units) for 4provinces (Machakos,

1-6
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Limit of Grant
Aid
Fiscal Year Project Name Remarks
Amount
(E/N)
Kitui, Mwingi, Makueni), soft
component program for O&M of water
supply facility

1-4 Activities of Other Donors

Table 1-3 shows the recent projects for water sector assisted by the other donors such as WB, AfDB,
UNICEF, GTZ, KfW, DANIDA etc. In particular, KfW, among them has been extending assistance to
LVNWSB through providing loan for construction of the water supply facilities as well as grant aid for
institutional enhancement including billing system improvement.

Table 1-3 Recent Project Assisted by Other Donors (Water Supply Sector)
Unit thousand US$

Year Donor Project Amount Type Remarks

WB Institutional 18,781 Grant Institutional support
Strengthening of for Nairobi Water
2004-2007 Nairobi Water and Sanitation
Supply and company
Sewerage
UNICEF Water Supply and 4,695 Grant Improvement of
Sanitation Program access to water,
2004-2008 hygiene and
sanitation in ASAL
districts
GTZ Program for Legal 6,829 Grant Support for
and Institutional establishment and
2004-2008
Reform in the operation of new
Water Sector institutions
DANIDA, Kenya Water 60,952 Grant Improve access to
2004-Present SIDA Supply and water and sanitation
Sanitation Program in rural community
AFD Urgent 51,221 Soft loan Rehabilitation of
Rehabilitation Sasumwa Dam and
2006-2007 Project for Nairobi water and
Water Supply and sewerage
Sewerage infrastructure
AfDB Kisumu Water 29,025 Loan Rehabilitation and
Supply and expansion of water
2007-2008
Sanitation Project and sewerage
(Phase 1) system
AFD Nakuru Water 18,781 Loan/Grant Rehabilitation and
2007-2008 Supply and expansion of water
Sanitation Project system

1-7
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

KfW Nzoia Cluster Water 44,391 Loan/Grant Institutional

Sector capacity building,
On-going
Development expansion of water
Project supply system

1-5 Natural Conditions

(1) Topology
Kapsabet Town is located in the equator. The lowest elevation is 1,894 m above sea level at Kabutie River
rising steeply to 2,030 m at the existing water storage area in town of co-ordinates; N=0.2066o;
E=35.11768o. The terrain is mostly rolling hilly ground creating valleys with steep slopes. The township
sub-location is formed in a long and slender ridgeline of 1.9 km in the north – south and 3.2 km in the east
and west.

(2) Geology
The geological history of Kapsabet Town can be divided into three geological ages. The oldest rocks are
early Precambrian in age and are represented by gneisses of the basement system, which are highly
metamorphosed by vast, mainly basaltic lava intrusions of the Nyanzian system. During the tertiary age,
volcanic movements resulted in uplifts and formation of sub-miocene lake-beds. Volcanic rock extrusions
formed in the late tertiary age resulted in the formation such cones as the Tindret Highlands. In recent age,
erosion of these formations has resulted in the present land surface with well drained, red, loamy and
friable clays being the pre-dominant soil types. Where drainage is poor, e.g. in the Kingwal swamps, black
cotton soils are prevalent. In the field study period, the plate loading test was conducted to confirm the
bearing capacity of the proposed sites of WTP and service reservoirs for selection of appropriate
construction method. As a result, it was observed that the nature of soil in the proposed sites for service
reservoirs were quite similar at a depth of 2.0 m, being red silty clay. The bearing capacities at the said
depth are also quite close; 194 and 182 kPa respectively. Site for WTP has a higher bearing capacity of
220 kPa, presumably due to the prospects of underlying weathered rock and alluvial deposits of silty clay
soil.

(3) Climate
The climate is determined by the equatorial low-pressure belt known as the Inter Tropical Convergence
Zone (ITCZ) and its situation between two pressure belts produced in the north and south hemispheres.
According to the exaltations of the pressure system following the earth position in relation to the sun, the
weather associated with the ITCZ will produce one rainy season in the tropics, and two rainy season under
the equator.
The average temperature is 20oC, the highest is 23oC which occurs in the month of December and January

1-8
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

and lowest is 12oC which occurs in the month of July/August. This corresponds with occurrence of the dry
and wet seasons. The relative humidity ranges from 87% to 96% at sunrise and 35% to 61% in the
afternoon, with maximum in July and minimum in February. The average daily evaporation is estimated at
4.80mm with the monthly at 145mm. The prevailing winds are northerly and southerly. The northerlies are
stable throughout the year and recede completely in May and August. The northeasterly and southerly
winds are fairly stable all year round. The former being most intense during November while the latter
during August. The highest wind velocities occur with north easterlies. Predominating speed intensity is
0.5-5.6 meters per second. On average, Kapsabet receives an average annual rainfall of 2,179 mm, which
occurs in 136 wet days per year and in two rainy seasons: Long rains, which occur from March to June,
and short rains, which occur from September to November. Table 1-4 and Figure 1-1 show the average
monthly rainfall in Kapsabet and Eldoret for recent 3 years.

Table 1-4 Average Monthly Rainfall (2004 – 2007)

(Unit: mm)
Place/Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Kapsabet 97 88 166 280 257 191 276 276 153 134 209 96
Eldoret 44 57 106 176 153 100 194 256 103 50 136 66

Rainfall Figures 2004 - 2007 Kap Eld

300

250

200
Rainfall (mm)

150

100

50

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Month
Figure 1-1 Average Monthly Rainfall (2004-2007)

(4) River Water Quality

The Kabutie River, a water source for Kapsabet Town, flows into the Kimondi River. During rainfall the
river water contains a lot of clay and silt and looks red brown. In the field study period, water quality
examination was conducted. There was no sign of the hazardous matters (cyanide, mercury) contained in

1-9
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

the river water. Considering the result (pH, turbidity, Alkalinity), it was confirmed that conventional water
treatment process is applicable for raw water of the Kabutie River. The concentration of iron and
manganese exceed the WHO Guidelines, however, there were no experiences of water quality problem
such as red water arising from iron and black water due to manganese. Therefore, the constitution of iron
is regarded as dissolved type which can be removed by sedimentation and filtration process. On the other
hand, it is considered the analysis of manganese might have error in comparison of the past records.
Therefore, it is necessary to verify in the detailed design stage.

Table 1-5 Result of Water Quality Examination

Sampling Date
Item Unit WHO Guidelines
Sep. 20 ‘07 Dec. 21 ‘007
pH 7.4 7.4 -
Turbidity FTU 17 85 5
Electric µS/ cm 80 79
-
Conductivity
Iron mg/L 2.02 1.55 0.3
Manganese mg/L 2.52 2.27 0.1
Total Hardness mgCaCO3/1 10.4 10.8 -
Total Alkalinity mgCaCO3/1 49 53 -
COD mg/L 26 28 -
Cyanide mg/L ND ND 0.07
Mercury mg/L ND ND 0.001
Copper mg/L ND ND 1.0
Suspended Solid mg/L 12.3 18.8 1000
Calcium mg/L 8.49 - -
Phosphorous mg/L 0.13 -
(PO4)
Magnesium mg/L 2.52 - -
Sulfide mg/L 5.59 - -
Nitrogen Nitrate mg/L 0.01 - 50
Nitrogen Nitrite mg/L 0.15 - (Nitrate + Nitrite
Chloride mg/L 1.40 - 250

1-6 Social and Environmental Considerations

(1) Water Right

Water right was issued from Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) to LVNWSB on 13th
November 2007. There are no particular conditions specified in the license which may restrict
construction works and abstraction of river water. See Appendix 7-2

(2) EIA
Regarding EIA for the Project, the license was issued by National Environment Management Authority
(NEMA) to MoWI on 11th October 2006. There are no particular conditions pointed out for the
implementation of the Project. See Appendix 7-1

1-10
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

During the field survey, however, the followings were confirmed.

1) Hydrometry of the Kabutie River, forecast of flow fluctuation and its impact by intake weir’s
rehabilitation
The required intake water volume by the Project will increase up to 3,800m3/day. The measured
discharge of the Kabutie River, the tributary of the Kimondi River was 2.64m3/s (280,000m3/day)
during rainy season. The same of the Kimondi River was 5.21m3/s (450,000m3/day) during dry season.
On the other hand, it was analyzed that the discharge of the Kimondi River is 8 - 9 times in
comparison with the same of the Kabutie River. Moreover, The kabutie River has a lot of springs and
tributaries between the intake weir and the confluence with the Kimondi River. Therefore, it can be
considered that there will be no significant impact to the downstream reach of the intake works except
for the drought year with 10-year return period. (Refer to the details in Sub-Section 2-2-2-2.)

2) Land acquisition and resettlement

The proposed sites for the new WTP and service reservoir belong to municipal and private property
respectively. Presently there are no residents within both sites and the procedure for the land
acquisition was already finished. Similarly, there are no inhabitants along the proposed pipeline routes.
Therefore, there is no necessity of resettlement by the Project.

3) Disposal of wastewater and sludge

The sludge yielded from the sedimentation basin will be dried at he drying beds of WTP and finally
disposed to the dumping site of the Kapsabet Town. Accordingly, there is no unfavorable impact to the
environment. Furthermore, discharging of the back washing water into the Kabutie River was
reconfirmed by NEMA through LVNWSB that there is no problem as described in EIA.

4) Impact on commercial activities and others

Road’s excavation by piping works within the commercial areas may temporarily cause inconvenience
such as no availability of car parking, etc. However, such inconvenience with time limit can be
considered within an acceptable level for the inhabitants.

5) Cultural heritage
There is no existence of cultural heritage in the Project area.

1-11
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

2 Contents of the Project

2-1 Basic Concept of the Project

The Government of Kenya, through its 9th National Development Policy (2002-2008), established a policy
to facilitate industrialization and/or privately operated business in parallel with the stabilization of
agricultural production. In this connection, ensuring the stability and reliability of water supply is
necessary to support the national objective, where having appropriate development and improvement of
water supply is now a goal. The National Water Resources Management Strategy (NWRMS), which was
formulated in January 2007, also identified sustainable water supply for domestic and industrial users as
one means to eradicate poverty. The basic purpose is ensuring equitable access to water resources as
well as sustainable and efficient water utilization.

This Project aims to provide safe, reliable and stable drinking water supply to Kapsabet Town, targeting a
population of 32,500 (out of 41,400 people living in the target area) utilizing the Kabutie River as a water
source. The target year for the project is 2015.

Towards this end, the important project components are the construction of a new water treatment plant,
service reservoirs, raw water/transmission/distribution pipelines as well as the rehabilitation of intake
facility. Personnel will also be given training on operation and maintenance (O&M) of the water supply
facilities and business operation while the equipment procurement and materials is being carried out. The
scope of works of the Project is summarized as below.
Table 2-1 Scope of the Works of the Project
Items Brief Description of the Project
1. Rehabilitation Rehabilitation of intake weir
2. Construction 1) Raw water pipe: dia.300 mm x 0.7 km length
2) Water treatment plant: design intake flow 3,800 m3/day 1 set
3) Water transmission pump: 1.25 m3/sec 160 m 75 kW 4 units
4) Water transmission pipe: dia. 250 mm 2.9 km length
5) Service reservoir: ground type, 1,050 m3 1 unit, 600 m3 1 unit
6) Water distribution pipe: primary distribution pipe, dia. 300 – 200 mm 4.0 km length
Secondary distribution pipe, dia. 200 – 50mm 22.2 km length
Total Pipe Length 26.2 km
3.Equipment 1) Water meter (1,700 units), service connection materials (for 1,300 connections)
Procurement 2) Water meter testing equipment 1 set
3) Water quality examination equipment 1 set
4) Tools 1 set
5) Computer equipment (incl. relevant software) for billing/accounting system 1 set
4. Soft Component 1) Trainings for O&M of water supply facilities
2) Trainings for strengthening business operation

2-1
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

2-2 Basic Design of the Requested Japanese Assistance

2-2-1 Design Policy

(1) Basic Policy

The target year for the Project is set for 2015 and the facilities shall be planned to cope with the predicted
increased water demand.

(2) Policy of Natural Condition

For several years now, the annual rainfall in Kapsabet has exceeded 2,100mm on an average. Its climate
can be divided into i) long-term rainy season (March - September); ii.) short-term rainy season (October -
December); and iii) dry season (January - February). Rain mainly falls from the early evening till night;
and there are thunderstorms sometimes during the long-term rainy season. On the other hand, rain
generally falls in the daytime during the short-term rainy season, and drizzles are always relatively mild.
Construction efficiency may be low during rainy days considering a volume of rain of 10mm/day within
the entire rainy season. Furthermore, complete countermeasure on the indispensable mechanical and
electrical equipment for the water supply system shall be implemented taking the report by thunderstorm
damage into account.

(3) Policy of Social Economy Condition

With regard to the working conditions in Kenya, this is a 45-hour workweek (8-hour on weekday and
5-hour on Saturday) is managed by labor regulations. There is a five-day week system (day off on
Saturday & Sunday) is firmly fixed by the public institutions in Kenya. There are more than 10 national
holidays, where Mondays are substituted as holidays if the actual holiday falls on a Sunday. In addition,
Muslims are granted a leave of absence for several days during the period of id ul-fitr. These work
conditions shall be taken into consideration in preparing the construction plan.

(4) Policy of Law, Institution and Standard

Pipe laying and installation works within urban area should be basically done along with vacant land
space outside of rainwater street gutter because the underground pipe laying on a paved road is not
authorized. Moreover, concrete pipes protection which crosses the national highway and/or major roads
inside of urban area shall be executed in accordance with the regulations by the Road Department. The
LVNWSB and KNWSC should also provide requisite compensation in case private land will be utilized or
occupied for some sites. The EIA will spell out procedures and required environmental considerations
during project implementation until its completion. All the responses on environmental conditions such as

2-2
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

the restoration of material procurement site, countermeasures on dusts/noise/turbid water treatment, and
disposal of surplus soils, shall be in accordance with the regulations of the National Environment
Management Authority (NEMA).

(5) Policy of Utilization of the Local Construction Company and Material

Local construction companies have had past and current experience on similar-scale water supply projects
implemented by the Government of Kenya. In addition, there is no problem for the supply on physical
labor. With regard to the major materials on civil/building works, domestic procurement is possible for the
commonly used materials such as cement, crushed stone, sand, brick, timber (square timber/ plate
material), petrol, and oil etc. However, there is concern over a shortage of reinforcing steel bar produced
in Kenya which is now being used for the rush construction for the FIFA World Cup site in South Africa
which will be opened by 2010. Steel may have to be procured from a third country or from Japan. The
expansion of staff is going to plan up to 2015 which is targent year (39 person in total).

(6) Policy of Operation/Maintenance Administrative Ability for Enforcement Organization

There are a total of 12 staff members working in KNWSC under the engineering and administrative
divisions. In terms of operation and maintenance, expertise is inadequate impairing the successful
implementation of the Project. There is a need, therefore, to strengthen organizational capability in O&M.

(7) Policy of Grade Setting of the Equipment, Machinery and Materials

The water treatment method to be employed in the water treatment facilities must satisfy the drinking
water guidelines of the World Health Organization. The O&M standard will be manual with minimum
automatic control and limited use of electric power.

(8) Policy of Construction Method, Procurement Method and the Construction Period
During the construction period, quality control and safety control will be paramount. The construction
schedule will take into consideration the composition and adequacy of staff and labor, as well as the
natural conditions and other socio-economic requirements.

2-2-2 Basic Plan

Figure 2-1 shows the conceptual diagram of the proposed water supply system.
2-2-2-1 Basic Data
(1) Design Service Area
Design service areas are Kapsabet township, Kapngetuny and its adjacent areas to include Kamobo,

2-3
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Kamurguiywa, Kimaam, and Kipture.

(2) Water Demand Projection

1) Population projection
i) Past trend of population
Population statistics is prepared by the National Census every ten years, where the latest count was done
in 1999. The 1989 and 1999 annual population growth rate for Kapsabet Town was 4.0% (from 45,050 to
66,700 people). Correspondingly, the annual population growth rate for Nandi District, including
Kapsabet Town is 3.9% (from 398,000 to 582,000 people), and annual population growth rate on Lift
Valley Province including Nandi District is 1.7% (3,116,000 to 3,705,000 people).

The higher rate of population growth in Kapsabet Town can be attributed to the establishment of
university in 1994, which came with approximately 3,000 students and related people. On the other hand,
the population was estimated by the District Statistical Office, Central Bureau of Statistics under Ministry
of Planning and National Development, and the population growth rate of Kapsabet Town is anticipated at
2.4% per year. Table 2-2 shows the population in design service area based on the census and estimates by
the District Statistical Office.

2-4
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Proposed

Existing
New reservoir

Kapsabet town Kamobo

Kipture Kimaam hi
Office reservoir

Bible college reservoir Kapsabet boys Kamurguiywa

(No use)

Kabutie River

Existing intake weir

(Improvement)
Kapngetuny

Junction chamber
Existing water treatment plant
(No use)

New water treatment plant

Basic Data
1. Target year: 2015 5. Major facility
2. Service area: Kapsabet town ship and its neigboring 5-1 Intake facility: Improvement of existing weir
areas 5-2 Water treatment plant: Rapid sand filtration system, capacity 3,800m3/day
3. Service population: 32,500 5-3 Service reservoir: 2 units
4. Design distribution amount:3,600m3/day 5-4 Pipelines: Water conveyance/transmission/distribution mains

Figure 2-1 Schematic Diagram of the Proposed Water Supply System

2-5
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Table 2-2 Population in Service Area

1999 2006
Administrative District
Population Household Family size Population
Kapsabet township 11,234 3,039 3.7 13,271
Kapngetuny 4,932 1,139 4.3 5,828
Kamobo 5,898 1,237 4.8 6,070
Kamurguiywa 3,045 686 4.4 3,598
Kimaam 1,037 198 5.2 1,226
Kipture 2,215 352 6.3 2,618
Total 28,361 6,651 Average 4.3 33,511
Source: Population and household number for Year 1999: Census 1999, Population for Year 2006: projected by Ministry of
Planning and National Development

ii) Future population

Kapsabet Town demonstrates an increase trend on population, however, the future population shall be
estimated by applying the annual population growth rate of 2.4% utilized by above-mentioned District
Statistical Office, that will take into consideration the existing land-use plan that will prevent uncontrolled
land development.
Table 2-3 Future Population in Service Area
Administrative
2007 2010 2013 2015
District
Kapsabet township 13,600 14,600 15,700 16,600
Kapngetuny 6,000 6,400 6,900 7,200
Kamobo 7,100 7,700 8,200 8,600
Kamurguiywa 3,700 4,000 4,200 4,500
Kimaam 1,300 1,300 1,400 1,500
Kipture 2,700 2,900 3,100 3,200
Total 34,400 36,900 39,500 41,400

iii) Design service population

Based on the current water supply conditions and the design manual of Kenya (Practical Manual for Water
Supply Services in Kenya, October 2005), the water service ratio in the target year (2015) shall be set up
at 100 % for Kapsabet township and Kapngetuny and 50% for the other areas as shown in Table 2-3.

2) Water demand projection

i) Domestic water
Until now, sufficient water services could not be provided due to the extreme shortage of water supply
against the water demand. During the field study period, the data on water consumption of the households
having relatively good water services was obtained as below.

2-6
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Table 2-4 Water Consumption per Household

(m3/month)
Average
Household June July August
(L/capita day)
A 19 12 23 133
B 19 18 No data 137
C 20 6 No data 96
D 23 7 6 89
E 10 5 6 52
Note: Calculated by residents with 4.5 persons / household

In the design manual of Kenya, unit water consumption for urban areas is specified as below.
- High class housing: 250 L/capita/day
- Medium class housing: 150 L/capita/day
- Low class housing: 75 L/capita/day

As for Kapsabet Town, however, it is considered that the above figures are not applicable in comparison of
the living standards of the people in large cities such as Nairobi. Therefore, the unit water consumption in
Kapsabet township and Kapngetuny shall be designed as 150L/capita/day, 100L/capita/day, and
55L/capita/day for high, medium and low class housing, respectively referring to Table 2-5 and the design
manual of Kenya. The ratio of high, medium and low class housing in the urban area (Kapsabet township
and Kapngetuny) in 2006 is estimated as 10%, 35% and 55% respectively.

While, 48L/capita/day (as accounted-for water) shall be set up for the other areas, which is the mean of 40
L/capita/day in the design manual and the above 55 L/capita/day for the low class housing in the center of
Kapsabet Town.
Table 2-5 Domestic Water Demand Forecast
Unit
2007 2010 2013 2015
consumption
Administrative
Water Water Water Water
District Population Population Population Population
L/Capita/day demand demand demand demand
served served served served
m3/day m3/day m3/day m3/day
Kapsabet township
High Class 150 1,360 200 1,460 220 1,570 240 1,640 250
Medium Class 100 4,760 480 51110 510 5,495 550 5,740 570
Low Class 55 7,480 410 8,030 440 8,635 470 9,020 500
Sub-total 13,600 1,090 14,600 1,170 15,700 1,260 16,400 1,320
Kapngetuny
High Class 150 600 90 640 100 690 100 720 110
Medium Class 100 2,100 210 2,240 220 2,415 240 2,520 250
Low Class 55 3,300 180 3,520 190 3,795 210 3,960 220
Sub-total 6,000 480 6,400 510 6,900 550 7,200 580
Kamobo 48 3,550 170 3,850 185 4,100 197 4,300 206

2-7
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Unit
2007 2010 2013 2015
consumption
Administrative
Water Water Water Water
District Population Population Population Population
L/Capita/day demand demand demand demand
served served served served
m3/day m3/day m3/day m3/day
Kamurguiywa 48 1,850 89 2,000 96 2,100 101 2,250 108
Kimaam 48 650 31 650 31 700 34 750 36
Kipture 48 1,350 65 1,450 70 1,550 74 1,600 77
Sub-total 7,400 355 7,950 382 8,450 406 8,900 427
Total 27,000 1,925 28,950 2,062 31,050 2,216 32,500 2,327

ii) Water consumption by other purpose

- Future water consumption by other purpose will be estimated as shown below, based on the survey made
in 2005.
- As to schools, government offices, public offices and businesses, future water consumption will be
estimated by adopting the same growth rate as the annual population growth rate of 2.4%.
- As to hospital and industry, the same figures in 2005 will be adopted in calculating future water
consumption.

Table 2-6 shows the estimated results. (Details are referred to Appendix 7-3)

Table 2-6 Water Demand Forecast on Other Purposes

(m3/day)
Year
Administrative District
2005 2007 2010 2013 2015
Kapsabet township 265 276 291 309 321
Kapngetuny 87 91 96 102 106
Kamobo 111 112 116 119 122
Kamurguiywa 13 14 15 16 16
Kimaam 0 0 0 0 0
Kipture 0 0 0 0 0
Total 476 493 518 546 565

iii) Ineffective water volume

Water losses generated from leakage and O&M activities is assumed at 20% of the total distribution
amount.

iv) Design water distribution volume

Water demand projection for the design service area is summarized in Table 2-7. Table 2-8 shows the
design water distribution volume including the ineffective water volume.
Thus, the design water distribution volume is estimated to be 3,600 m3/day in the target year.

2-8
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Table 2-7 Future Water Demand (Accounted-for Water)

Administrative District 2007 2010 2013 2015
Kapsabet township 1,366 1,461 1,569 1,641
Kapngetuny 571 606 651 686
Kamobo 282 301 316 328
Kamurguiywa 103 111 117 12
Kimaam 31 31 34 36
Kipture 65 70 74 77
Total 2,418 2,580 2,762 2,892
Note: Water volume in 2007 and 2010 before the beginning of water supply by new facilities shows the
potential demand.

Table 2-8 Design Distribution Water Volume

(m3/day)
Administrative District 2013 2015
Kapsabet township 1,961 2,051
Kapngetuny 815 858
Kamobo 395 410
Kamurguiywa 146 155
Kimaam 43 45
Kipture 93 96
Total 3,453 3,615 3,600

2-2-2-2 Water Intake/Water Conveyance Facility Plan

(1) Possible Intake Volume
1) Measured discharge on the Kabutie and Kimondli River
Number of available discharge data on the Kabutie River is very few. Hydrometry has been carried out
occasionally as shown as Table 2-9. (Details are referred to Appendix 7-4)
Table 2-9 Measured Discharge of the Kabutie River
Date Discharge (m3/s) Depth (m)
22/03/2007 0.445 0.28
01/02/2007 0.780 0.33
06/10/2005 0.928 0.41
13/10/2005 1.095 0.40
21/10/2005 1.307 0.44
08/11/2005 0.771 0.35

On the other hand, continual water level measurement has been carried out for the Kimondi River, a main
river of the Kabutie River. However, conversion on water level into discharge has been conducted only up
to 1992. “The Kapsabet Water Supply Rehabilitation and Augmentation” which was prepared by MoWI
had estimated the discharges up to October 2005 by analyzing the relationship between the water level and
discharge up to 1992 as shown in Figure 2-2. Applying the same method, JICA Study Team estimated the
respective monthly minimum discharge from 1965 until 2007.

2-9
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Flows (m3/s)
30.0

25.0

20.0
4.3654
y = 5.146x
15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Flow depth (m)

Figure 2-2 Water Level and Discharge of the Kimondi River

2) Minimum discharge of the Kimondi River

Excess probability was computed by using the following Thomas equation, based upon the annual
discharge of the Kimondi River from 1965 until 2007, and thus the annual minimum discharge by return
period is estimated as Table 2-10.

Thomas equation: Y = -0.9489 Ln(X) + 4.6463

Y: Discharge (m3/sec), X: Non-excess probability (%)

Table 2-10 Annual Minimum Discharge by Return Period (By Thomas Method)
Discharge
Return period (Years)
m3/sec m3/day
5 0.49 42,200
7 0.42 36,500
10 0.38 32,500
15 0.34 29,500
20 0.33 28,100
25 0.32 27,200
30 0.31 26,700
40 0.30 25,900
45 0.30 25,700
50 0.30 25,600

3) The minimum Discharge of the Kabutie River

The minimum discharge of the Kabutie River is estimated by applying the following methods to the
discharge of the Kimondi River.
i) Catchment area correlation method

2-10
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Catchment area of Kabutie River = 105km2

Catchment area of Kimondi River = 835km2
Thus, catchment area of the Kabutie River is 12.6% (105/835) of that of the Kimondi River.

ii) Discharge comparison method

By hydrometry, the discharge of the Kabutie River was found to be 11.4% of the average of the discharge
of the Kimondi River. Table 2-11 shows the estimated minimum discharge of the Kabutie River by
applying this ratio.
Table 2-11 Annual Minimum Discharge by Return Period
Catcment area correlation method Discharge comparison method
Return period
(12.6% of Kimondi River) (11.4% of Kimondi River)
(Years)
m3/sec m3/day m3/sec m3/day
5 0.061 5,300 0.056 4,800
7 0.053 4,600 0.048 4,200
10 0.047 4,100 0.043 3,700
15 0.043 3,700 0.039 3,400
20 0.041 3,500 0.037 3,200
25 0.040 3,400 0.036 3,100
30 0.039 3,400 0.035 3,000
40 0.038 3,300 0.034 3,000
45 0.038 3,200 0.034 2,900
50 0.037 3,200 0.034 2,900

While, the estimated minimum discharges by return period with applying the actual discharge, is
summarized as Table 2-12.
Table 2-12 Annual Minimum Discharge for Kimondi River by Applying Actual Discharges
Measured
Return period Discharge
(years) m3/sec m3/day
5 0.671 58,000
7 0.476 41,100
10 0.427 36,900
15 0.373 32,200

As a result, the minimum discharges of the Kabutie River with a 10-year return period, are calculated as
4,649m3/day (36,900 m3/day x 12.6%) by catchment area correlation method and 4,207m3/day (36,900
m3/day x 11.4%) by discharge comparison method respectively.

The design intake flow from Kabutie River is 3,800m3/day. However, it can be predicted that there will be
some difficult periods to secure such design intake flow with 10-year return period, taking into account the
overflow and leakage from the intake weir. On the contrary, the design intake flow can be secured from
the viewpoint of a five-year return period.

2-11
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

In addition, the minimum discharge was recorded on 4th - 5th March 1987 and 5th - 6th March 1991,
respectively.

With regard to discharges before and/or after the above-mentioned date, the duration, in case of discharges
below 4,000m3/day, were 12 days and 28 days respectively during low discharge period in 1987 by
catchment area correlation method and discharge comparison method. On the other hand, the duration in
case of discharges less than 5,000m3/day was 33 days and 38 days respectively by the same condition.
Similarly, the duration in case of discharges less than 4,000m3/day were 9 days and 19 days during low
discharge period in 1991, respectively, by catchment area correlation method and discharge comparison
method. While, the duration in case of discharges below 5,000m3/day was 20 days and 25 days
respectively, by the same condition. As a result, the design intake flow may not be secured for more or less
one month, in case a large-scale drought occurs, judging from the above mentioned.

(2) Rehabilitation of the Existing Intake Weir

Water leakage from the bottom of weir shall be reduced by strengthening the weir structure in order to
secure the required water volume. In addition, a drain pipe and screen shall be installed at intake box of
the existing weir.

(3) Construction of Junction Chamber

The junction chamber with screen and blow-off shall be constructed at the downstream of intake weir to
enable the removal of floating materials like chunks of wood and deposits like silt etc.

(4) Raw Water Pipeline

1) Route of raw water pipeline
The pipe-laying route of the new raw water pipeline shall be planned along the existing one. The pipeline
will be installed on the river bed right after the intake weir, and then laid in a privately-owned upland field
having an elevation difference. This pipeline will cross over the Kabutie River from the left to the right
bank through a pipe bridge planned at the upstream of the existing WTP, and finally reach the proposed
WTP.

2) Determination of Pipe Diameter

The relation of water levels of the intake weir, receiving well of the existing and new WTPs is illustrated
in Figure 2-3. From the hydraulic point of view, the raw water pipe with a diameter of 250mm can deliver
the design intake water volume to the new WTP, however, the pipe with a diameter of 300mm shall be

2-12
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

adopted taking account of further minimizing the pipe friction losses, diminishing the clogs caused by
extraneous substances together with the installation of the junction chamber mentioned above.
Weir Exsiting WTP New WTP
Proposed pipe 300mm Q=4,000m3/day, V=0.62m/s
1912.4
Proposed pipe 250mm, Q=4,000m3/day, V=0.9m/s
V=0.9m/s

1911.1
1911.0 1909.6
1909.3
1910.0 1909.3
1907.9
1909.0 Existing pipe 150mm
Q=1,000m3/day, V=0.68m/s 1907.5
1908.0

1907.0
Road
≒550m
1906.0
≒650m
1905.0

Figure 2-3 Water Level of Intake Weir and Existing/New Water Treatment Plant

3) Selection of Pipe Material

The uPVC pipe shall be utilized for the majority of laying route (within the upland field) in order to retain
proper pipe pressure considering small elevation difference between the intake weir and the proposed
WTP. While, the ductile iron pipe shall be adopted at the downstream of the intake weir considering its
strength and durability, since it is inevitable to install the pipeline within the river bed. In addition, a
pipe bridge with single span steel pipe (Approximately 13m in length) will be planned for the river
transverse section taking maintenance work into account.
Saddle support
1,300

1,000
2,000

1,000

1,500
uPVC SP 300mm
300 6,000
2,000
1,500 13,000 4,000
SP uPVC
300mm 300mm

Figure 2-4 River Transverse Section

2-13
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

(5) Outline of Intake and Water Conveyance Facilities

Table 2-13 Outline of Intake and Water Conveyance Facilities
Facility/Equipment Dimensions/Specifications Remarks
1. Intake Weir
(Civil works)
Intake Weir Rehabilitation of the existing intake weir for prevention of water leak from
weir
Installation of blow-off valve, Dia. 150mm x 2 units for blow-off
Realignment of the existing pipe
(Mechanical )
Screen Bar screen 0.5m x 0.5m, Mesh 50mm for removal of debris
Installation of coarse screen
2. Junction Chamber
(Civil works)
Junction chamber RC structure for removal of debris, sand
W 1.5m x L 3.3m x D 1.5m x 1 unit
(Mechanical )
Screen Bar screen 0.5m x 0.5m, Mesh 30mm
Installation of fine screen
3. Raw Water Pipeline
(Civil works)
Pipe Junction Chamber - new WTP
Dia. 300mm x Approx. 0.7km Length
Ductile Iron Pipe: L=60m (river bed)
Steel Pipe:L=20m (pipe bridge)
uPVC: L=620m upland field

2-2-2-3 Water Treatment Facility Plan

(1) Design Flow of the Water Treatment Plant
The design flow of the new WTP is set up at 3,800m3/day.

(2) Water Treatment Process

A conventional type of rapid sand filtration system, same as the existing one, will be adopted for new
WTP. As a pretreatment facility, the pre-sedimentation tank is planned. After feeding coagulant
(Aluminum sulfate) and coagulation aid (Soda ash) into the rapid mixing tank, water is treated through the
flocculation tank, sedimentation tank and rapid sand filter. Disinfection is done by feeding the solution of
Powder chlorine (bleaching powder) into the inlet channel of the clear water reservoir. Filter washing is
carried out by two processes, i.e. surface washing by pumping and backwashing by the water supplied
from the washing water tank. Backwashed effluent is then discharged to the Kabutie River. The
sediment/sludge generated in pre-sedimentation tank and sedimentation tank is transferred to a drying bed
for final disposal.
In designing the facilities for each treatment process, the layout of the facilities and minimizing a use of

2-14
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

electric power are fully considered aiming at practical use of the existing site conditions and easy
operation and maintenance of the WTP. The design contents are shown in Table 2-14.

New Water Treatment Plant Wash Water Tank

Soda Ash Tank Bleaching Powder Tank
Alum Tank

Kabutie River

Intake Facilities

Alum Feeder Soda Ash Feeder Bleaching Powder

Feeder For Building

For In-Plant Use

Junction Chamber

Back wash pipe

Rapid Mixing Tank
Receiving well & Surface wash pipe
pre-sedimentation
tank
Flocculation Tank Clear Water Reservoir For Reservoir

P P P

Sedimentation Tank
P

P
Rapid Sand Filter
P
Over-flow & Drainage

P
Over-flow & Drainage

Over-flow & Drainage

Back wash water

Drainage
Over-flow

Sludge Drying Bed

For Kabutie River Drainage

Figure 2-5 Water Treatment Flow

Table 2-14 Design Contents of the Facilities

Facility Design contents
Rapid mixing tank Rapid mixing by hydraulic jump, Detention time 5min.
Flocculation tank Mixing by baffle plate, Detention time 20min.
Sedimentation tank Horizontal basin, Detention time 3hrs, Sludge removal and transfer
to drying bed by manual valve operation
Rapid sand filter Filtration by gravity flow, Filtration rate 120m/day, Backwashing by
water from washing water tank and surface washing by pump
Chemical feeding Chemicals (Aluminum sulfate, Soda ash, Bleaching powder),
equipment Feeding by gravity flow, Mechanical hand mixer for preparing
solution
Sludge drying bed Drying sludge generated from sedimentation tank

(3) Chemicals Feeding Rate

Presently, the existing WTP is operated with a constant feeding rate of 60 mg/L of Aluminum sulfate
regardless of the fluctuation in raw water turbidity. In addition, Soda ash was not being used during field
study period (September 2007). This resulted in inadequate coagulation and flocculation. In this
connection, the Study team carried out a simple coagulation test to verify the appropriate chemicals

2-15
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

feeding rates, of which result implied that a Soda ash feeding rate of almost 1/6 to that of Aluminum
sulfate would be recommended to achieve appropriate coagulation/ flocculation performance.
Table 2-15 Results of Simple Coagulation Test
Chemical feeding
Date Sample Raw water quality Flocculation performance
rate (mg/L)
Time of
Temperature Turbidity Soda Coagulati
pH Alum floc Floc size Settling
( ) (FTU) ash on pH
forming
40 4 Fastest 1 Small 4 6.7
40 6.5 Faster 2 Medium Faster 2 6.8
Kabutie 40 10 Faster 2 Medium Fastest 1 6.9
9/16
River 40 20 4 Medium 3 7.1
23 7.5 34
30 3 Fastest 1 Small 4 6.9
30 5 Faster 2 Medium Fastest 1 7.0
30 7.5 3 Medium Faster 2 7.1
30 15 3 Medium 3 7.3

According to the past records, the turbidity of raw water shows almost 80-90 FTU during the rainy season
and 10-30 FTU during dry season. The feeding rates of aluminum sulfate and soda ash are proposed as
shown in Table 2-17, referring to the results of beaker test and the practices at the Kosaku WTP in Tokyo.
In addition, the feeding rate of chlorine (bleaching powder) will be proposed as shown in Table 2-18
according to water quality to be treated.

Table 2-16 Alum Feeding rate at Kosaku WTP in Tokyo

Liquid aluminum
as Al2O3
Turbidity sulfate*feeding rate
(mg/L) (mg/L)
20 30 2.4
50 40 3.2
80 50 4
200 70 5.6
*Liquid Aluminum Sulfate: Content of 8% of Aluminum Oxide
Source: Design Criteria for Waterworks Facilities in Japan

Table 2-17 Chemicals Feeding Rate

Aluminum sulfate feeding rate Production Amount to be used
Turbidity Soda ash feeding
(mg/L) volume (Kg/day)
(FTU) rate (Alum 1/6)
Solid Alum* as Al2O3 (m3/day) Solid Alum Soda ash
< 20 20 2.8 3.3 3,800 76 13
20 - 50 30 4.2 5.0 3,800 114 19
50 - 80 40 5.6 6.7 3,800 152 25
100< 50 7.0 8.3 3,800 190 32
Note: * Solid Aluminum Sulfate: Aluminum Oxide 14%

2-16
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Table 2-18 Chlorine (Bleaching Powder) Feeding Rate

as effective Production Amount to be
Feeding rate
chlorine volume used
(mg/L)
(mg/L) (m3/day) (Kg/day)
1.7 1.0 3,800 6.3
3.3 2.0 3,800 12.7
5.0 3.0 3,800 19.0
Note: * Bleaching powder with effective chlorine concentration of 60%

(4) Outline of Water Treatment Facilities

Table 2-19 Outline of Water Treatment Facilities
Facility Type/Dimensions/Specifications Remarks
[Civil and Architectural]
1.Receiving well/ RC structure
pre-sedimentation tank W 2.5m× L5.4m×D3.0m×2units
2. Rapid mixing RC structure
chamber/Flocculation Rapid mixing chamber W 2.5m×L 3.0m×D1.4 Mixing by hydraulic jump
tank 1.0m ×1unit, Weir (W 0.8 m)
(Flocculation tank) W 5.0m×L 5.5m×D 0.8m ×2 Baffled wall
units
3. Sedimentation tank RC structure Horizontal flow
W 5.0m×L 15.6m×D 3.0m×2units
4. Rapid sand filter RC structure Gravity flow, Filtration
W 2.0m×L 4.0m× 4units rate:120m/day
Thickness of gravel layer: 0.55m
Thickness of sand layer: 0.7m
Drain system: perforated pipe
Surface washing equipment
5. Back washing tank RC structure for backwashing, maintenance
W 4.5m×L 4.5m× D 3.5m×1unit water
6. Clear water tank RC structure Including Pump House and
W 4.3m×L 7.0m×D 3.0m×2units Electrical Room
Pump room: W 14.0m×L 9.0m
Electricity room: W 14.0m×L 9.0m
7. Drying bed RC structure
W 6.0m×L 14.0m×D 1.0m×5 units
8. Chemical house RC structure
W 7.2m×L 12.85m
Solution tank: 2.5m3 ×6 units for Alum. Soda ash, Powder
chlorine
9. Administration RC structure
building W 10.0m×L10.0m
Office: 25m2
Workshop: 25m2
Laboratory, utility, toilet, etc: 50m2
10. Piping work Piping
11. Landscaping Wall/Leveling/Road
12. Miscellaneous
[Mechanical Equipment]

2-17
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Facility Type/Dimensions/Specifications Remarks

1. Inlet gate □500mm x 1.0mH × 2 units
2. Chemicals feeding Drip type feeder, hand mixer, 2 sets (incl. 1
equipment (Alum) standby)
3. Chemicals feeding Drip type feeder, hand mixer, 2 sets (incl. 1
equipment (Soda ash) standby)
4. Chemicals feeding Drip type feeder, hand mixer, 2 sets (incl. 1
equipment (Powder standby)
chlorine)
Butterfly valve (Manual operated), Dia. 200mm, 4
5. Inlet valve units
6. Clear water reservoir Butterfly valve (Manual operated), Dia. 300mm, 2
inlet valve units
7. Transmission pump Horizontal Bidirectional Centrifugal Pump (incl. 2standby)
equipped with flywheel
φ150 × 1.25m3/min × 160m × 75kW× 4 units
8. Delivery valve Motored butterfly valve, Dia. 300mm
φ150 × 0.2kW ×4 units
Horizontal single suction multi-stage volute pump for surface washing
9. Service pump
φ125mm ×1.0m3/min ×20m× 7.5kW ×3units (incl. 1standby)
Drain pump
10. Drain pump
φ80mm×0.15m3/min ×10m× 0.75kW ×2 units
12. Drain pump Portable type, engine-driven, 1 unit

13. Hoist Chain block, 1t ×1unit

14. Piping Piping work for pump room

[Electric Equipment]
1. Transformers 11kV 415V, 300kVA×1unit
2. Power receiving Steel/Indoor/Wall-mounted
Panel 600W 600H 300D×1 unit
3. Power Steel/Indoor/Self-standing
distribution/Control
1000W 2300H 1000D×1 unit
panel
Steel/Indoor/Self-standing No1 4 transmission pump
4. Pump control panel
1000W 2300H 1000D ×4 units
Steel/Indoor/Self-standing
5. Low voltage panel
1200W 2300H 1000D ×1unit
Steel/Indoor/Self-standing
6. Instrumentation Panel
1000W 2300H 1000D×1unit
Indoor/Wall-mounted No1 4 transmission pump
500W 700H 300D × 3 units
7. Switch box
600W 800H 300D × 2 units
600W 700H 300D × 1 unit
Outdoor/Self-standing No.1,2 service pump
8. Switch box
600W 700H 300D ×1unit
Electromagnetic type: 150mm×1 unit
9. Flow meter
Turbine type: 300×1unit, 150×1unit

2-18
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Facility Type/Dimensions/Specifications Remarks

10. Pressure gauge 1 unit

11. Level gauge Float type: 1 unit

12. Communication 1 set
device
13. Piping/wiring Piping, wiring for Pump room

2-2-2-4 Water Transmission Facility Plan

The water transmission system is planned applying a single-step pumping system to deliver water from the
new WTP (EL. Approx. 1,900 m) up to the new service reservoir (EL. Approx. 2,040 m).

(1) Water Transmission Pump

1) Design Transmission Flow
The design flow for water transmission facility is set up at 3,600m3/day.

2) Capacity and Number of Pump Unit

Pump capacity per unit is set up as below.
3,600m3/day 1/2 1/24 1/60 = 1.25m3/min

At present, immediate measures cannot be taken for pump failure, since it is difficult to obtain spare parts
and to call the competent technicians for repair work. During the field study period, KNWSC was
managing with a use of secondhand pump, instead of repairing malfunctioned pump unit. Therefore, it is
recommended two standby pumps are to be provided in order to secure continuous operation of the WTP
and service reservoirs, if ever it requires a considerable time for repair work when the pump failure
occurs.
Capacity of 1,25 m3/min × 4 units including 2units of standby pumps

3) Total Pump Head

H = Actual Head + pipe Head Loss
= (Maximum hydraulic grade of Transmission Pipe - LWL of Receiving Tank)
+Friction Loss of Transmission Pipe + Head Loss by Pump Revolving
= (2,044m – 1,900m) + 12m + 2m = 158m

4) Specification of Pump

2-19
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Based on the above, the pump unit is specified as below.

Type: Horizontal Double Suction Centrifugal Pump
Specification: 150mm Capacity 1.25m3/min Pump head 160m Motor power 75kW

5) Proposed Countermeasure against Water Hammer

Since a negative pressure is anticipated in the transmission pipeline due to large pumping head, an
examination on water hammer was made with conceivable three countermeasures applying i)Surge vessel,
ii)Flywheel and iii)Combination of Surge vessel and Flywheel. As a result, it concluded that the
countermeasure adopting flywheel would be appropriate, since it does not require auxiliary equipment
(pressure tank and compressor) using electric power.
Pressure Slope Di agram P ress ure S lope Diagram
2, 150 2,150

2, 100 2,100
Water Level （EL.m）
Water Lev el （EL.m）

2, 050 2,050

2, 000 2,000

1, 950 1,950
Pipeline Profile Pipeline Profile
1, 900 Min. Pressure Line 1,900 Min. Pressure Line
P P
Max. Pressure Line Max. Pressure L ine
1, 850 1,850
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
D istance (m) Distance （m）

Figure 2-6 Hydraulics with Countermeasure Figure 2-7 Hydraulics without Countermeasure

6) Pump Operation Method

The existing pumps are being operated manually with continuous 24-hours running. However, water
storage of the service reservoirs cannot be monitored, since the level gauges are not installed. In the
Project, therefore, an automatic operating system will be established as below.
Digital float gauges are installed for the existing service reservoirs.
Pressure type level gauge is installed for new service reservoir to control pump operation.
Three water levels shall be set for pump operation: for 1 pump operation (MWL2), for two pumps
operation (MWL1) and for stop pump operation (HWL).
Telephone line is adopted for transmitting the signal to the WTP for on-off of the pump.
2 pumps operation at MWL1 → Stop pump operation at HWL → 1 pump operation at
MWL2 → Two pumps operation at MWL1
Basically, the difference between HWL and MWL1, MWL1 and MWL2 will be set at
0.5 m, respectively. However, such water levels are to be set at will according to the
operating status.

2-20
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Figure 2-8 Flowchart of Instrumentation

2-21
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

(2) Transmission Pipeline

1) Route of Transmission Pipeline
The water transmission pipeline shall be installed along the same route of the existing one from the new
WTP to the main road and further extended to reach the new reservoir along the national highway towards
Nandi Hill.

2) Selection of Pipe Material and Diameter

Based on examining the elevation difference between proposed WTP (EL. 1,905m) and new service
reservoir (EL. 2,040m) and analyzing pump surge, it was concluded that the steel pipe will be appropriate
for transmission pipe. The adopted pipe diameter is 250mm based on the design water distribution flow of
3,600m3/day and other hydraulic conditions such as friction loss and velocity of the pipe.

3) Outline of the Water Transmission Facilities

Table 2-20 Outline of the Water Transmission Facilities
Facility Type/Dimensions/Specifications Remarks
Water Transmission Pipeline
[Civil works]
Transmission pipe New WTP – New service reservoir
Steel pipe, Dia. 250mm x Approx. 2.9k Length

Steel pipe: L=2,910m

Steel pipe: L=20m (Pipe bridge)
*
Transmission pump equipment: included in Table 2-18

2-2-2-5 Distribution Facility Plan

(1) Distribution Method
Water is distributed by gravity from the proposed new reservoir. This also optimizes the water supply with
fully utilizing the existing service reservoir/elevated tank located at Kapsabet high school compound and
the Office reservoirs (including expansion) at KNWSC office compound.

2-22
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Newly Service Reservoir

Kimaam
Kapsabet
Extension Office
Kipture Compound Kamobo
Service
Reservoir
Existing Offic
Existing Compound Service Kamurguiywa
Kapsabet Reservoir
High School
Compound
Elevated Tank Legend
New Constrcution
Existing
Kapsabet Existing Ones
High School
Compound
Service
Reservoir Kapungetuny

Figure 2-9 Flow Diagram of Water Distribution System

(2) Service Reservoir

In planning the service reservoir, its capacity has to be 12-hours storage volume as set by the design
manual of Kenya. This storage volume is also criteria for small-scaled water supply system in Japan.

<Capacity of Service Reservoir for Small-scaled Water Supply System in Japan>

Capacity of the service reservoir shall be calculated as shown below, considering that the duration of
hourly maximum water distribution continues until the whole daily distribution amount is delivered.

Peak factor α
Maximum daily supply per hour qo (m3/hr)
Maximum hourly supply α×qo (m3/hr)
Maximum daily supply Q0 = 24qo (m3/day)
Duration of Maximum hourly supply t = Q0/(α×qo) = 24qo/(α×qo) = 24/α (hr)

Vmax = α×qo×t - qo×t (Outflow - Inflow during t hours.)

= (α-1)×qo×24/α = 24×(1-1/α)×qo

Vmax is equivalent to 12 hours duration because the peak factor is set up at 2.0 in the Project.
Thus, the required capacity of the service reservoir arrives at 1,800m3, since the design distribution
amount is 3,600m3/day. While, the capacity of the existing Kapsabet High School reservoir and the Office
reservoir is 220m3 and 150m3 respectively, or 370m3 in total (equivalent to 2.5 hours water supply).

2-23
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Therefore, additional capacity for new service reservoir is designed to meet 10 hours duration ( 12 hours
- 2.5 hours). Aside from this, additional capacity for one hour will be considered as a countermeasure for
the emergency of power failure. (Details are referred to Appendix 7-5)

- New Reservoir : 1,050m3 (including 150m3 for countermeasure against power failure)
- Extension of the existing Office Reservoir: 600m3

(3) Distribution Pipelines

1) Design Principle
In planning pipe network layout, the followings are considered as design principle.
- Primary distribution pipelines will be planned for the route from the new service reservoir to the Office
reservoir. Service pipes are not allowed to connect to the primary pipelines in principle.
- Secondary distribution pipes are those other than the above primary pipelines.
- The existing uPVC distribution pipe (diameter of 100 mm) installed along main road are to be connected
with the new distribution pipelines at appropriate locations.

2) Pipe Material and Diameter

In principle, the uPVC Pipe is adopted for new distribution pipelines, however, the steel pipe is also
adopted for the pipes to be installed in unpaved roads with steep slopes considering the erosion during
rainy season. In determining pipe diameters, some capacity allowance will be considered to meet the
increasing water supply in the future.

Selection of the Diameter for Primary Distribution Pipelines

The schematic diagram of the distribution pipelines and distribution amount are shown in Appendix 7-6.
As a primary distribution pipelines, the pipeline between the New Reservoir and the Office Reservoir will
be planned. Other distribution pipelines are planned within the design service areas.
To deliver the design distribution flow in 2015, the pipe with a 250 mm diameter pipe between the
proposed New Reservoir and Office Reservoir will be applicable. However, considering the abolition of
the existing Kapsabet High School Reservoir and/ or increased distribution flow in the future, the
3
distribution pipe with a diameter of 300 mm will be recommended to supply approximately 8,000 /day,
which can increase hourly maximum distribution amount by 40% in 2015. (Details are reffered to
Appendix 7-7)

2-24
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

3) Other Related Facilities

- Gate valves shall be provided for branch of distribution pipelines and the other appropriate locations.
- Air release valves and wash-out valves shall be provided for the appropriate locations necessary for
O&M.
- Pressure reducing chamber shall be provided at the pipelines having elevation difference of more than
50 m from the service reservoir.
- Fire hydrants shall be installed at the appropriate locations within the urban area (There is a fire
station and fire hydrants in Kapsabet Town at present).

4) Installation of Service Pipes

In order to promote full benefits of the Project, it is desirable to install some service pipes up to the
boundary of the private property in the highly populated areas, in parallel with the distribution pipes
construction works as shown in Figure 2-10. In the service pipes installation, the subsequent works
(Installation of water meters) shall be undertaken by the Kenyan side using the materials to be procured by
the Japanese side. Approximately 400 of service connections are to be tapped to the new distribution pipes
within the center of Kapsabet township and Kapngetuny.

As described in Subsection 2-2-2-6, provision of a total of 1,700 water meters is planned in the Project.
Around 1,300 nos. of water meters excluding the above-mentioned 400 nos. shall be installed together
with service pipes installation works by Kenyan side after the completion of construction works of the
Project. The required materials for 1,300 nos. of service connections are to be provided by Japanese side.
Table 2-21 shows the contribution of both sides on service pipes installation works.

1/2 inch Gate valve

Nipple 1/2" water

1/2 inch Gate valve
M
Saddle clamp 1/2inch steel pipe

Elbow Nipple
1/2inch Elbow

Nipple

Distribution pipe
Ave. 6m

Boundary of private land

Jananese side Kenya side

Figure 2-10 Demarcation on Service Pipes Installation by Japanese and Kenyan Side

2-25
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Table 2-21 Contribution by Japanese and Kenyan Side on Service Pipes Installation Works
Contribution on
Item Nos.
Material and Installation Works
Service pipes Fitting of saddle type 400 nos. Japanese side contributes the permanent works
ferrule and pipe laying including pipe materials.
plus stop valves up to 1,300 nos. Japanese side provides pipe materials (saddle type
border of private land ferrule, service pipes and valves, etc.). Kenyan side
undertakes installation works.
Water meters Meters and meter boxes 1,700 nos. Japanese side provides water meters with meter
procurement boxes, and Kenyan side undertakes installation works.

(4) Outline of the Distribution Facilities

Table 2-22 Outline of Distribution Facilities
Facility Type/Dimensions/Specifications Remarks
1. New Reservoir
[Civil works]
Reservoir RC structure
W 8.0m×L 20.0m×D 3.5m×2 units
Capacity: 1,050m3
[Mech. / Elect. Equipment]
Water level regulation Decentering structure float type
valve φ250mm ×2 unit
Power receiving panel Steel/Indoor/Self-standing
1000W×2300H×1000D ×1 unit
Level gauge 1 unit
Flow meter Turbine type:φ300mm ×1 unit
Level switch 1 set
2. Office Reservoir
[Civil works]
Reservoir RC structure for expansion
W 7.3m×L 12.5m×D 3.5m×2 units
Capacity: 600m3
Piping work Connection to existing reservoirs
[Mech. / Elect. Equipment]
Water level regulation Decentering structure float type
valve φ200mm ×2 units
φ 75mm ×2 units
Level gauge Float type, 4 units
Flow meter Turbine type: φ250mm ×1unit
Distribution panel for Outdoor type, LS
lighting
3. Kapsabet High School Reservoir
[Civil works]
Rehabilitation of ground Piping
reservoir/elevated tank
[Mech. / Elect. Equipment]
Water level regulation Decentering structure float type
valve φ100mm ×1 unit
φ 75mm ×1 unit
Level gauge Float type, 2 sets

2-26
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

Facility Type/Dimensions/Specifications Remarks

Flow meter Turbine type, φ150mm ×1 unit
Distribution panel for Outdoor type, LS
lighting
4. Distribution Pipelines
[Civil works]
uPVC pipe, Dia. 300 - 200 mm × approx. 4.0km
Primary pipe
Length
Secondary pipe uPVC/Steel pipe, Dia. 200 - 50 mm × approx.
22.2k m Length
Total approx. 26.2k
5. Service Pipes
Installation of service Distribution pipe boundary of private land,
pipe approx. 400 sites

2-2-2-6 Equipment Procurement Plan

As for the requested items of equipment procurement, the Study team evaluated the needs as below.
(1) Water Meter
Since the number of metered connections is very few at present, KNWSC imposes flat rate billing to most
of customers with underestimating water consumption compared to actual use. Such a billing system has
made KNWSC’s business operation worse because appropriate billing by meter readings cannot be carried
out. In addition, the customers actually receiving the water services are only about 30% of the registered
customers due to the shortage of water supply.
This water supply shortage will be solved by implementing the Project; however, the flat-rate billing by
underestimating water consumption may increase, unless the installation of water meter is progressed.
Therefore, the installation of water meters is indispensable from the viewpoint of the risks on business
management due to the pile up deficits instead.
Consequently, it is satisfactory to consider the procurement of water meters by Japanese side in order to
ensure the project effects. A total of 1,700 units of 1/2” water meters will be procured by taking the
following factors into account because the water service ratio by the Project was targeted as 100%
especially in the existing service areas such as Kapsabet Township and Kapngetuny. Moreover, the some
materials such as saddle clamps and drilling tool necessary for tapping new service connections will be
included in parallel with the procurement of water meters.

Targeted households of high-class and middle-class within Kapsabet Township and Kapngetuny area (the
population served: 10,620 persons) were as assumed approximately 2,100 assuming 5 persons per
household in average.
The present registered customers are around 1,160, however, the numbers of actual service connections
are about 340 including about 50 of metered connections. Presently KNWSC has a plan of installation of

2-27
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

about 400 units mainly for users of commercial activities.

Finally, the numerical quantity of water meters to be provided arrives at 1,700 units (2,100 - 50 - 400
1,700).

(2) Water Meter Testing Equipment

Perpetuating the predetermined accuracy and precision on water meter is the requirement for appropriate
tariff collection. In addition to the visual inspection, water meter testing equipment is considered as
necessary to possibly screen out the undesirable meters and judge the necessity on the point
repairs/calibration, and thus verify the function after repairs/calibration. One unit of water meter testing
equipment including rating tank, rotor meter and other accessories officially used in Japan will be
provided because there is no availability in Kenya. As for the manner of use of the equipment, training
will be procured through soft component program.

(3) Water Quality Examination Equipment

Due to lack of water quality examination equipment at KNWSC, so far water quality control to verify
safety of drinking water and proper operation of WTP has not been practiced. Considering the importance
of water quality control, water quality examination equipment such as residual chlorine checker, pH meter,
turbidity meter and relevant tools including scale, jar tester and glass wares are minimum requirements for
water supply in Kapsabet. It is reasonable to consider that these equipment be procured timely to meet
commissioning stage of newly-built WTP.

(4) Tools
Due to insufficient tools available at present, one set of tools required for O&M of piping, mechanical and
electrical works will be procured by the Project.

(5) Computers and Relevant Software on Billing /Accounting System

In the Project, it is planned that the number of service connections increases from current 340 to 6,500 and
the installation of water meters also increase from current 50 to 2,100. Considering the magnitude of
expansion of water services, the current billing/tariff collection and accounting system being done by
paper based hand-writing is considered to be difficult to deal with. Therefore, introduction of the
computerized billing /accounting system will be absolutely required for the efficient business management.
It is reasonable to consider that required equipment and materials be procured by Japanese side.
In procurement of the equipment and materials, it is desirable to select the hardware and software
equivalent to those currently used by the other service providers as much as possible. Particularly, the

2-28
 Project for Augmentation of Water Supply System in Kapsabet Town in the Republic of Kenya

billing/accounting software, “Dataflex” being used by “Western Water & Sanitation Company” which
operates the water services in Kakamega City under jurisdiction of LVNWSB is considered most
appropriate, since the cooperation/advices by the said provider can be expected for smooth launch and
daily operation of the billing /accounting system.

2-29