September 2024 Paper Solution

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C CA NISHANT KUMAR 1
Question 1

 xb 
(b+c−a )
 xc 
( c + a −b )
 xa 
( a +b −c )
A R
What is the value of  c 
x 
+ a 
x 
+ b 
x 
?

U M
(a) x( a +b+c )

T K (b) x abc (c) –1 (d) 1

Solution

A N
(d)
Cyclic Order.

IS H
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C CA NISHANT KUMAR 2
Question 2

A R
The ratio of income of A and B is 5 : 4 and their expenditure is 3 : 2. If at the end of year
each saves ₹1,600, then the income of A is:
(a) ₹3,600 (b) ₹3,400 (c) ₹4,000
U M
(d) ₹4,400

T K
N
Solution
(c)

HA
Let the incomes of A and B be 5x and 4x respectively, and the expenditures of A and B

N
5x − 3 y = 1600 IS
be 3y and 2y respectively. Since both save ₹1,600, we have the following equations:

C A
4 x − 2 y = 1600

CA NISHANT KUMAR 3
Solving both of them simultaneously, we’ll get x = 800; y = 800
Therefore, income of A = 5x = 5 × 800 = ₹4,000
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C CA NISHANT KUMAR 4
Question 3
The mean proportional between 12x 2 and 27 y 2 is:
A R
(a) 81xy (b) 18xy (c) 8xy

U M
(d) 19.5xy

Solution
T K
(b)

A N
12 x 2  27 y 2 = 324 x 2 y 2 = 18xy

IS H
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C CA NISHANT KUMAR 5
Question 4
log 2 log 2 log 4 256 + 2log 2 2 is equal to:
A R
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 5
U M
(d) 7

Solution
T K
(c)

A N
log 2 log 2 log 4 256 + 2log 2 2
8

IS H
 log 2 log 2 log 22 ( 2 ) + 2log 1 2

N
 
2 2 

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 6
 8
 log 2 log 2 log 2 2 +
2
2
1/ 2
log 2 2

A R
 log 2 log 2 4log 2 2 + 4log 2 2

 log 2 log 2 ( 2 ) (1) + 4 (1)

U M
K
2

 log 2 2log 2 2 + 4
 (1)(1) + 4
NT
1+ 4 = 5
HA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 7
Question 5

A R
A number consists of two digits. The digit in the ten's place is 3 times the digit in the

is:
U M
unit's place. If 54 is subtracted from the number, then the digits are reversed. The number

(a) 62 (b) 39

T K (c) 93 (d) 31

Solution

A N
(c)
Try the options.
IS H
N
Clearly, option (c) is the answer.

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 8
Question 6

A R
A person purchased 2 apples and 5 bananas at the cost of ₹90. Later he visited to another

U M
shop where shopkeeper told him that if you give me ₹50 and one banana, I can give you
3 apples. He agreed to the deal. What is the cost of one apple and one banana?
(a) (10, 15)

T K
(b) (15, 10) (c) (10, 20) (d) (20, 10)

Solution

A N
(d)

IS H
Let the cost of one apple be x and the cost of one banana be y.
Then,

A N
2 x + 5 y = 90 …Eq. (1)

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 9
50 + y = 3x …Eq. (2)
Now,
A R
50 + y = 3x

U M
 y = 3x − 50

T K
Putting this value of y in Eq. (1), we’ll get:
2 x + 5 ( 3 x − 50 ) = 90

A N
 2 x + 15x − 250 = 90
 17 x = 250 + 90
IS H
N
 17 x = 340

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 10
x=
340
17
= 20

A R
Putting this value of x in Eq. (2), we’ll get:
50 + y = 3 ( 20 )
U M
 50 + y = 60
T K
 y = 60 − 50 = 10

A N
H
Therefore, the cost of one apple is ₹20, and the cost of one banana is ₹10.

IS
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 11
Question 7
If one of the roots of the equation x 2 − 3 x + k = 0 is 1, then the value of k is:
A R
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) –2

U M
(d) –1

Solution

T K
(b)

A N
Since one of the roots is 1, it would mean that it satisfies the equation. Putting the value

x 2 − 3x + k = 0
IS H
of x = 1, we can find out the value of k.

A N
 (1) − 3(1) + k = 0
2

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 12
1− 3 + k = 0
 −2 + k = 0
A R
k =2

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C CA NISHANT KUMAR 13
Question 8
1
A R
If one of the roots of the cubic equation 3 x3 − 5 x 2 − 11x − 3 = 0 is − , then the other two
roots are:
U M 3

(a) –1 & 3
K
(b) 1 & 3

T
(c) 1 & –3 (d) –1 & 3

Solution

A N
(a)

IS
Simply try the options. H
A N
Option (a) → –1 & 3
Try with –1 first.

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 14
LHS: 3( −1) − 5 ( −1) − 11( −1) − 3
3 2

= 3 ( −1) − 5 (1) − 11( −1) − 3

A R
= −3 − 5 + 11 − 3 = 0
U M
Now, try with 3.
LHS: 3( 3) − 5 ( 3) − 11( 3) − 3
T K
N
3 2

A
= 3 ( 27 ) − 5 ( 9 ) − 11( 3) − 3

H
= 81 − 45 − 33 − 3 = 0

N IS
Therefore, option (a) is the answer.

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 15
Question 9
A dietician recommends mixture of two kinds of foods to a person so that mixture
A R
The above contents of nutrients are available in the foods as below:
U M
contains at least 45 units of carbs, 25 units of protein, 15 units of fat and 15 units of fibre.

K
Carbs Protein Fat Fibre

T
Food 1 20 5 3 2

A N
Food 2 10 2 4 5
If x units of Food 1 are mixed with y units of Food 2, how can the dietician

IS H
recommendation be expressed?
(a) 20 x + 10 y  25; 5 x + 2 y  45; 3 x + 4 y  15; 2 x + 5 y  15; x  0; y  0

A N
(b) 20 x + 10 y  45; 5 x + 2 y  25; 3 x + 4 y  15; 2 x + 5 y  15; x  0; y  0
(c) 20 x + 10 y  45; 5 x + 2 y  25; 3 x + 4 y  15; 2 x + 5 y  15; x  0; y  0

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 16
 (d) 20 x + 10 y  45; 5 x + 2 y  25; 3 x + 4 y  15; 2 x + 5 y  15; x  0; y  0
Solution
A R
(c)

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C CA NISHANT KUMAR 17
Question 10
The shaded area is represented by which of the following options?
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(a) x + y < 6; 2x – y > 0; x < 0
(c) x + y > 6; 2x – y < 0; x > 0
(b) x + y > 6; 2x – y > 0; x > 0
(d) x + y > 6; 2x – y > 0; x < 0

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 18
Solution
(b)
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C CA NISHANT KUMAR 19
Question 11

A R
The value of a machine depreciates every year at the rate of 10% per annum, on its value

machine’s worth 3 years ago was:

U M
at the beginning of that year. If the present value of the machine is ₹72,900, then

(a) ₹80,000

T K
(b) ₹94,710 (c) ₹1,00,000 (d) ₹75,087

Solution

A N
(c)

IS H
P = ?; A = ₹72,900; i = –0.10; NOCPPY = 1; t = 3 years


N
A = P 1 +

A

i 

NOCPPY 
t  NOCPPY

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 20
P=

+
i 
A
t  NOCPPY

A R
 
M
1
 NOCPPY 

P=
72,900
 −0.10 
31

K
= 1,00,000 U
1 +
 1 


NT
HA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 21
Question 12

A R
What is the effective rate of interest when principal amount of ₹50,000 deposited in a

payable half-yearly?
U M
nationalized bank for one year, corresponding to a nominal rate of interest 6% per annum

(a) 6.07%

T K
(b) 6.06% (c) 6.08% (d) 6.09%

Solution

A N
(d)

IS H
i = 0.06; NOCPPY = 2; t = 1 year; E = ?


E = 1 +

A N i 

NOCPPY 
t  NOCPPY

−1

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 22
 E = 1 +

12
 0.06 

2 
− 1 = 6.09%

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C CA NISHANT KUMAR 23
Question 13

A R
Kanta wants to accumulate ₹4,91,300 in her savings account after three years. The rate

should she invest today to achieve her target amount?

U M
of interest offered by bank is 6¼% per annum compounded annually. How much amount

(a) ₹4,37,500

T K
(b) ₹4,09,600 (c) ₹46,900 (d) ₹49,600

Solution

A N
(b)

IS H
A = ₹4,91,300; t = 3 years; i = 0.0625; NOCPPY = 1; P = ?


N
A = P 1 +

A

i 

NOCPPY 
t  NOCPPY

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 24
P=

+
i
A

t  NOCPPY

A R
 
M
1
 NOCPPY 

P=
4,91,300
 0.0625 
31

K
= 4,09,600 U
1 +
 1 


NT
HA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 25
Question 14

A R
The sum required to earn a monthly interest of ₹1,200 at 18% per annum simple interest
is:
(a) ₹60,000 (b) ₹50,000 (c) ₹80,000
U M
(d) ₹66,000

T K
N
Solution
(c)

HA
SI = ₹1,200; i = 0.18; t = 1/12 years; P = ?
SI = Pit

N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 26
P=
SI
=
1, 200
it 0.18  1
= 80,000

A R
12

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C CA NISHANT KUMAR 27
Question 15

A
The compound interest on ₹40,000 at 12% per annum compounded quarterly for 6R
months is:
(a) ₹2,463 (b) ₹2,643 (c) ₹2,364
U M
(d) ₹2,436

T K
N
Solution
(d)

HA
P = ₹40,000; i = 0.12; NOCPPY = 4; t = 6/12 years; CI = ?


N
CI = P 1 +

i
NOCPPY


 IS
t  NOCPPY

− 1


C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 28
 

 CI = 40,000 1 +

0.12
4 


6
12
4 
− 1

A R
 CI = 2,436
 

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C CA NISHANT KUMAR 29
Question 16

A R
At a certain rate of interest per annum, the difference between the compound interest and

M
simple interest on ₹3,00,000 for two years is ₹480, then the rate of interest per annum is:

U
K
(a) 4% (b) 2% (c) 6% (d) 8%

Solution

NT
(a)

HA
P = ₹3,00,000; t = 2 years; CI – SI = ₹480; i = ?

N   t

IS

CI − SI = P  (1 + i ) − 1 − it 


C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 30
   2

480 = 3,00,000  (1 + i ) − 1 − ( i  2 ) 

A R
Now, try the options:
Option (a) → 4%  i = 0.04
U M
  2

T K 
RHS: 3,00,000  (1 + 0.04 ) − 1 − ( 0.04  2 )  = 480 = LHS


A N
Therefore, option (a) is the answer.

IS H
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C CA NISHANT KUMAR 31
Question 17

A R
What is the present value of ₹1,000 to be received after two years compounded annually
at 10% interest rate?
(a) ₹826 (b) ₹800 (c) ₹836
U M
(d) ₹835

T K
N
Solution
(a)

HA
A = ₹1,000; t = 2 years; NOCPPY = 1; i = 0.10; P = ?



N
A = P 1 +
i 

NOCPPY  ISt  NOCPPY

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 32
P=

+
i 
A
t  NOCPPY

A R
 
M
1
 NOCPPY 

P=
1,000
 0.10 
21
= 826.44
K U
1 +


1 

NT
HA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 33
Question 18
Mr. X makes a deposit of ₹12,000 in a bank where the amount doubles at compound
A R
(a) ₹1,20,000 (b) ₹96,000 (c) ₹1,24,000 M
interest in 5 years, then what will be the total amount he will have after twenty years?

U(d) ₹1,92,000

T K
N
Solution
(d)

H
P = ₹12,000; t = 5 yearsA
N
× 2 = ₹24,000. IS
Since the amount doubles at compound interest in 5 years, amount after 5 years = ₹12,000

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 34
 
A = P 1 +

i 

NOCPPY 
t  NOCPPY

A R
 i
 24,000 = 12,000 1 + 
51

U M

24,000
 1

= (1 + i )
5

T K
12,000

 (1 + i ) = 2 …Eq. (1)
A N
H
5

 i  IS
Now, we have to find out amount after 20 years, i.e., t = 20.

N t  NOCPPY

C A
A = P 1 +


NOCPPY 
CA NISHANT KUMAR 35
  i
 A = 12,000  1 + 
 1
201

A R
 A = 12,000  (1 + i )
20

U M
 A = 12,000  (1 + i ) 

5


4

T K
A N
Putting the value of (1 + i ) = 2 from Eq. (1) above, we get:
5

 A = 12,000   2
 A = 1,92,000
4

IS H
A N
Alternatively,

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 36
Given:
• Initial deposit (Principal) = ₹12,000
A R
• The amount doubles every 5 years under compound interest.

U M
Solution:

T K
1. Since the amount doubles every 5 years, we can find out how many times it will
double in 20 years:

A N
Number of 5-year periods in 20 years = 20 ÷ 5 = 4

H
o

IS
2. The initial amount doubles four times:

N
o After 5 years: ₹12,000 × 2 = ₹24,000

A
o After 10 years: ₹24,000 × 2 = ₹48,000

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 37
 o

o
After 15 years: ₹48,000 × 2 = ₹96,000
After 20 years: ₹96,000 × 2 = ₹1,92,000
A R
Answer:

U M
K
The total amount Mr. X will have after twenty years is ₹1,92,000 (Option d).

T
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 38
Question 19
The Earning Per Share (EPS) of a company for five years is given below:
A R
Year 2019 2020 2021 2022

U M 2023

K
EPS 40 25 40 60 90
Calculate Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of EPS.
(a) 23.47%

NT
(b) 24.47% (c) 22.47% (d) 21.47%

Solution
HA
(c)

N IS
P = ₹40; A = ₹90; t = 4 years; NOCPPY = 1; i = ?

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 39
 
A = P 1 +

i 

NOCPPY 
t  NOCPPY

A R
 i
 90 = 40 1 + 
41

U M

90
 1

= (1 + i )
4

T K
40

A N
H
1
 90  4
1+ i =  
 40 

N
 90 
1
4
IS
C A
 i =   − 1 = 22.47%
 40 
CA NISHANT KUMAR 40
Question 20

A R
In an account paying interest @ 9% per year compounded monthly, ₹200 is invested at

 Where (1.0075)10 = 1.0775

U M
the end of each month. What is the future value of this annuity after 10th payment?


(a) ₹2,066
T

K
(b) ₹1,022 (c) ₹2,044 (d) ₹2,155

Solution
A N
(a)

IS H
i = 0.09; NOCPPY = 12; A = ₹200; t = 10/12 years; FVAR = ?

A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 41
 
 1 +
FVAR = A  
i
NOCPPY



t  NOCPPY

− 1

A R



i
NOCPPY



U M


 1 + 0.09 
T
10
12K12 
− 1

 FVAR = 200   
12 

A

0.09N 




IS H
12




A N  (1.0075)10 − 1
 FVAR = 200  
 0.0075



C CA NISHANT KUMAR 42
 1.0775 − 1 
 FVAR = 200  
 0.0075 

= 2066.67

A R
U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 43
Question 21

A R
A Perpetuity has a cash flow of ₹625 and a required rate of return of 8%. If the cash flow

perpetuity (present value of growing perpetuity) is:

U M
is expected to grow at a constant rate of 4% per year, then the intrinsic value of this

(a) ₹13,000

T K
(b) ₹15,625 (c) ₹14,250 (d) ₹16,667

Solution

A N
(b)

IS H
A = ₹625; i = 0.08; g = 0.04; PV = ?

PV =

A N
A
i−g

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 44
 PV =
625
0.08 − 0.04
= 15,625

A R
U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 45
Question 22

A R
What is the annual contribution required by an organization to accumulate ₹20,00,000 in

U M
ten years for the construction of a new manufacturing plant, utilizing a sinking fund with
an annual interest rate of 6% compounded annually?  Where A (10, 0.06 ) = 13.180785

(a) ₹1,67,440.90

T K
(b) ₹1,51,736.03 (c) ₹1,75,433.60 (d) ₹1,83,714.28

Solution
A N
(b)

IS H
A = ?; FVAR = ₹20,00,000; t = 10 years; i = 0.06; NOCPPY = 1

A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 46
 
 1 +
FVAR = A  
i
NOCPPY



t  NOCPPY

− 1

A R



i
NOCPPY



U M
 A=
FVAR
T K

N 
t  NOCPPY
i 
 1 + − 1


 NOCPPY
i



HA 


N


IS
NOCPPY 


C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 47
 A=
20,00,000
  0.06 101 
 1 +  − 1 A R


1 
0.06


U M

 1 


T K
 A=
20,00,000
13.180785
N
= 1,51,736.03

A
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 48
Question 23

A
An investor intends to purchase a three-year ₹1,000 par value bond having nominal R
and the investor requires a rate of return of 14%?
U M
interest rate of 10%. At what price the bond may be purchased now, if it matures at par

(a) ₹907.125

T K
(b) ₹904 (c) ₹905.25 (d) ₹909

Solution

A N
(a)

IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 49
Question 24

A R
A loan of ₹16,550 is to be paid in three equal annual installments at compound interest.

(a) ₹1,243 (b) ₹6,665 (c) ₹6,565 M

The value of annual instalment, if the rate of interest is 10% per annum is:

U (d) ₹1,343

T K
N
Solution
(b)

HA
PVAR = ₹16,550; t = 3; i = 0.10; NOCPPY = 1; A = ?

N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 50
 

PVAR = A 

1 +

i
NOCPPY



t  NOCPPY

−1



A R



i 
 1 +
i
 NOCPPY 


t  NOCPPY



U M
K
NOCPPY

 A=



+
i
PVAR

NT t  NOCPPY

−1



A
1
  NOCPPY  



i
NOCPPY




IS
1
H
+
 NOCPPY
i 


t  NOCPPY




A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 51
 A=
16,550
  0.10 
+
31

−

= 6,655

A R
   

M
1 1
  1  
 0.10  0.10  

 1
 1 +

31

 
1  
K U
NT
HA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 52
Question 25

A R
A selection is to be made for one post of Principal and two posts of Vice-Principal.

U M
Amongst the six candidates called for the interview, only two are eligible for the post of
Principal, while they all six are eligible for the post of Vice-Principal. The number of

(a) 12 (b) 4 K
possible combinations for the selection is:

T (c) 18 (d) 20

A N
H
Solution

IS
(d)

N
Principal Selection: Since only 2 out of 6 candidates are eligible for the Principal
position, the number of ways to choose 1 Principal is: 2 C1 = 2 .

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 53
eligible for the 2 Vice-Principal positions. The number of ways to choose 2 Vice-
A R
Vice-Principal Selection: Once a Principal is selected, all the remaining 5 candidates are

Principals out of 5 candidates is: 5 C2 =

5 4
1 2
= 10 .

U M
K
Therefore, total number of combinations = 2 × 10 = 20.

T
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 54
Question 26

A R
In a class of 4 boys and 3 girls, they are required to sit in a row in such a way that no two

M
girls can sit together. Compute in how many different ways they can sit together:

U
K
(a) 480 (b) 60 (c) 720 (d) 1,440

Solution

NT
(d)

HA
Let’s arrange the four boys together. The four boys can be arranged in 4! = 24 ways.

IS
___ B ___ B ___ B ___ B ___

N
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 55
 A R
The girls can be arranged in the blanks around the boys. There are 5 places for the girls
to be arranged. Out of these 5 places, the girls can be arranged in any 3 places. Therefore,
the number of ways the girls can be arranged = 5 C3  3! = 5 P3 = 60
Therefore, total number of arrangements = 24 × 60 = 1,440.
U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 56
Question 27

A R
How many total combinations can be formed of 8 different counters marked as 1, 2, 3, 4,

numbered counter in each combination?

U M
5, 6, 7 & 8, taking 4 counters at a time and there being at least one odd and one even

(a) 66 (b) 68

T K (c) 64 (d) 62

Solution

A N
(b)

IS H
Step 1: Total ways to choose 4 counters out of 8

N
The total number of combinations of 4 counters from 8 counters is:

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 57
8
C4 =
8 7  6 5
1 2  3  4
= 70

A R
Step 2: Subtract cases with no odd or no even counters

U M
K
We need to exclude the cases where all 4 counters are either odd or even.
•

NT
All odd counters: The odd-numbered counters are 1, 3, 5, 7 (4 odd counters). The
number of ways to select all odd counters is: 4 C4 = 1
•

HA
All even counters: The even-numbered counters are 2, 4, 6, 8 (4 even counters).
The number of ways to select all even counters is: 4 C4 = 1

N IS
So, the total number of invalid cases (all odd or all even) is: 1 + 1 = 2

A
Step 3: Subtract invalid cases from total combinations

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 58
70 – 2 = 68.
A R
The valid combinations, where at least one odd and one even counter are included, are:

U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 59
Question 28

A R
In a party every person shakes hands with every other person. If there are 105 handshakes
in total, find the number of persons in the party:

U M
K
(a) 15 (b) 14 (c) 21 (d) 22

Solution

NT
(a)
n
C2 = 105
HA
N
Now, try the options.
Option (a) → 15
IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 60
15
C2 =
15  14
1 2
= 105

A R
U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 61
Question 29

A R
If for an infinite geometric progression, first term is ‘a’, common ratio is ‘r’, the sum is
7
8 and the second term is , then:
8
U M
(a) a = 4 & r =
7
16
T K
(b) a = 3 & r =
7
24
(c) a = 7 & r =
1
(d) a = 2 & r =
7
32

N
8

Solution

HA
(c)

N IS
Sum of infinite terms of a GP is given by: S =
a

C A 1− r

CA NISHANT KUMAR 62
8=
a
1− r
A R
 8 (1 − r ) = a …Eq. (1)

U M
Therefore, ar =
7
T K
Second term of a GP, where the first term is a and the common ratio is r is: ar.

7
8

A N
a=
8r
…Eq. (2)

IS H
N
Putting the value of a from Eq. (2) in Eq. (1), we get:
7

C A
8 (1 − r ) =
8r
CA NISHANT KUMAR 63
 8 − 8r =
7
8r
A R
 8r ( 8 − 8 r ) = 7

U M
 64r − 64r = 7
K
2

 64r 2 − 64r + 7 = 0

NT
Equating this with ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , we get:
a = 64 ; b = −64 ; c = 7
HA
=
N2a
=
IS
−b + b 2 − 4ac − ( −64 ) + ( −64 ) − ( 4 )( 64 )( 7 )
2

2  64
=
64 + 48 112 7
128
= =
128 8

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 64
=
−b − b 2 − 4ac − ( −64 ) −
=
( −64 ) − ( 4 )( 64 )( 7 )
2

2  64
=
64 − 48 16 1
= =
A R
M
2a 128 128 8

Therefore, r is either
7
8
1
, or .
8
K U
Putting the value of r =
7
8 T
in Eq. (1), we get:

N
 7
8  1 −  = a
HA
IS
 8

N
1
 8 = a
8

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 65
 a =1
1
A R
Putting the value of r =
8
in Eq. (1), we get:

U M
 1
8  1 −  = a
 8

T K
 8
7
8
=a

A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 66
a=7
7 1
A R
Therefore, either a = 1 & r =
8
, or a = 7 & r = .
8

U M
K
7
Since a = 1 & r = is not given in the options, option (c) is the answer.

T
8

A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 67
Question 30

A R
The numbers x, 8, y are in G.P. and the numbers x, y, – 8 are in A.P. The values of x and
y respectively shall be:

U M
K
(a) 4, 16 (b) 16, 4 (c) 4, 8 (d) 8, 4

Solution

NT
(b)
Try the options.
HA
Option (a) → 4, 16

N IS
The numbers x, 8, y will become 4, 8, 16. Clearly these are in GP with common ratio 2.

C A
The numbers x, y, –8 will become 4, 16, –8. Clearly these are not in AP.
CA NISHANT KUMAR 68
Option (b) → 16, 4

A R
The numbers x, 8, y will become 16, 8, 4. Clearly these are in GP with common ratio 1/2.

M
The numbers x, y, –8 will become 16, 4, –8. Clearly these are in AP with common

U
K
difference -12.

NT
HA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 69
Question 31

A R
If fourth term of A.P. series is zero, then what is the ratio of twenty-fifth term to eleventh
term?

U M
K
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 2

Solution

NT
(c)
t4 = a + 3d
HA
Given that t4 = a + 3d

N IS
Therefore, a + 3d = 0  a = −3d …Eq. (1)

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 70
t25 = a + 24d
t11 = a + 10d
A R
t25 a + 24d
=
U M
t11 a + 10d

T K
Putting the value of a = −3d from Eq. (1) above:
t25 −3d + 24d
=
t11 −3d + 10d
A N

t25 21d
= =3
IS H
N
t11 7d

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 71
Question 32 – Ambiguous

A R
Let A = 1, 2, 3 . Consider the relation R = (1, 1) , ( 2, 2 ) , ( 3, 3) , (1, 2 ) , ( 2, 3 ) , (1, 3 ) . R
is:

U M
(a) Reflexive but not Symmetric
(c) Symmetric and Transitive

T K (b) Reflexive but not Transitive

(d) Neither Symmetric nor Transitive

Solution
A N
IS H
For a relation to be reflexive, the pairs (1, 1), (2, 2), and (3, 3) should be present. Since
all these pairs are present, this is a reflexive relation.

N
For a relation to be symmetric, for every ( a, b ) , there should be a ( b, a ) in the relation.

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 72
relation.
A R
Since, for the pair (1, 3), there doesn’t exist the pair (3, 1), this relation is not a symmetric

( a, c ) should also exist in the relation.

U M
For a relation to be a transitive relation, if there exists a pair ( a, b ) , and ( b, c ) , the pair

T K
• Let’s start with the pair (1, 1). Now, we need all the pairs starting with 1. We have

A N
the pair (1, 3). Now, since (1, 1) belongs to R, and (1, 3) belongs to R, (1, 3) must
also belong to R for the relation to be transitive. Since (1, 3) does belong to R, this

IS H
relation is a transitive relation so far.
• Now, let’s try with pair (2, 2). Now, we need all the pairs starting with 2. We have

N
the pair (2, 3). Now, since (2, 2) belongs to R, and (2, 3) belongs to R, (2, 3) must
also belong to R for the relation to be transitive. Since (2, 3) does belong to R, this

C A
relation is a transitive relation so far.

CA NISHANT KUMAR 73
 A R
• Now, let’s try with pair (3, 3). Now, we need all the pairs starting with 3. We cannot
find any pair other than (3, 3), which starts with 3. So, we’re still not able to prove

U M
that this is not a transitive relation. Hence, this is still a transitive relation so far.
• Now, let’s try with pair (1, 2). Now, we need all the pairs starting with 2. We have

T K
the pairs (2, 2), and (2, 3). First, let’s consider the pairs (1, 2), and (2, 2). For the
relation to be transitive, there must exist the pair (1, 2) in the relation. Since (1, 2)

N
does belong to R, this is a transitive relation so far. Now, let’s consider the pairs (1,

HA
2), and (2, 3). For the relation to be transitive, there must exist the pair (1, 3) in the
relation. Since (1, 3) does belong to R, this is a transitive relation so far.

IS
• Now, let’s try with pair (2, 3). Now, we need all the pairs starting with 3. We have
the pair (3, 3). Now, since (2, 3) belongs to R, and (3, 3) belongs to R, (2, 3) must

A N
also belong to R for the relation to be transitive. Since (2, 3) does belong to R, this
relation is a transitive relation so far.

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 74
 A R
• Now, let’s try with pair (1, 3). Now, we need all the pairs starting with 3. We have
the pair (3, 3). Now, since (1, 3) belongs to R, and (3, 3) belongs to R, (1, 3) must

relation is a transitive relation so far.

U M
also belong to R for the relation to be transitive. Since (1, 3) does belong to R, this

T K
Therefore, we’re unable to prove that this is NOT a transitive relation. Since we are
unable to prove that this is NOT a transitive relation, it implies that this IS a transitive

A N
relation. Therefore, this is a Reflexive as well as a Transitive Relation.
However, since none of the options contain that, we’ll skip this question.

IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 75
Question 33
If f ( x ) = x 2 + x − 1 and 4 f ( x ) = f ( 2 x ) , then find the value of x.
A R
(a) 2/3 (b) 3/2 (c) 3/4
U M (d) 4/3

Solution
T K
(b)
f ( 2x ) = ( 2x ) + 2x −1
A N
H
2

 f ( 2x ) = 4x2 + 2x − 1

N IS
Given: 4 f ( x ) = f ( 2 x )

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 76
 4  ( x 2 + x − 1) = 4 x 2 + 2 x − 1

A R
 4 x2 + 4 x − 4 = 4 x2 + 2 x − 1
 4x − 4 = 2x −1
U M
 4x − 2x = 4 −1
 2x = 3
T K
 x = 3/ 2
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 77
Question 34
If a set contain n elements, then the total number of proper subsets of set is:
A R
(a) 2n − 1 (b) 2n (c) 2n−1

U M
(d) 2n − 2

Solution

T K
(a)

A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 78
Question 35
A town has a total population of 50,000. Out of it 28,000 read the newspaper ‘X’ and
A R
persons not reading any of the two newspapers are:
U M
23,000 read newspaper ‘Y’, while 4,000 read both the newspapers. The number of

(a) 3,000

T K
(b) 2,000 (c) 2,500 (d) 5,000

Solution

A N
(a)

IS H
Given: n (U ) = 50,000 ; n ( X ) = 28,000 ; n (Y ) = 23,000 ; n ( X  Y ) = 4,000

N
We know n ( X  Y ) = n ( X ) + n (Y ) − n ( X  Y )

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 79
 n ( X  Y ) = 28,000 + 23,000 − 4,000 = 47,000

Therefore, 47,000 people read either Newspaper ‘X’ or Newspaper ‘Y’.

A R
U M
Therefore, the number of persons not reading any of the two newspapers are:

K
n (U ) − n ( X  Y ) = 50,000 − 47,000 = 3,000

T
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 80
Question 36
d2y
A R
If x = t , and y = t , then 2 is equal to:
M
2 3

dx

(a)
3
(b)
3t

K (c)
3
U (d)
3

T
4t 2 2t 2

A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 81
Question 37

 log xdx is equal to:

A R
M
e

 x
(a) x log e   + c
e
(b) x log e ( ex ) + c

K
e
(c) x log e   + c
 x U  x
(d) log e   + c
e

NT
HA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 82
Question 38

If x y  y x = 16 , then the value of

dy
at ( 2, 2 ) is:
A R
dx

U M
K
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) –2

NT
HA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 83
Question 39
1
 x ( x5 + 1) dx : A R
Evaluate the following integral

U M
1  x  5
(a) log  5  + c
5  x +1 K  x  5
1  x 
5
(b) log  5+1  + c (c) log  5  + c

T x  3  x +1
1  x5 + 1 
(d) log  5  + c
3  x 

A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 84
Question 40
Find the odd man out from the following series: 7, 23, 47, 119, 171, 287.
A R
(a) 171 (b) 119 (c) 287

U M (d) 7

Solution

T K
(a)

A N
Each number is arrived at by subtracting 2 from the square of a prime number.
32 − 2 = 9 − 2 = 7
52 − 2 = 25 − 2 = 23
IS H
A N
7 2 − 2 = 49 − 2 = 47

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 85
112 − 2 = 121 − 2 = 119
132 − 2 = 169 − 2 = 167
A R
17 2 − 2 = 289 − 2 = 287

U M
K
Therefore, clearly, 171 is the odd man out.

T
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 86
Question 41

A R
In a certain code, RIPPLE is written as 613382 and LIFE is written as 8192. How is
PILLER written in that code?

U M
K
(a) 318286 (b) 318826 (c) 618826 (d) 338816

Solution

NT
(b)
R I P
HA P L E L I F E
6

N
1 3
IS 3 8 2 8 1 9 2

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 87
 P
3
I
1
L
8
L
8
E
2
R

A
6 R
U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 88
Question 42
AZ, GT, MN, ..., YB, EV. The value at blank space (...) will be:
A R
(a) SH (b) JH (c) SK

U M
(d) TS

Solution

T K
(a)

A N
Let’s look at the first letters from each pair.
A, G, M, etc.

IS H
N
G = A + 6; M = G + 6.

A
Therefore, it seems that the first letter of every pair is 6 more than the first letter of the

C
previous pair. Therefore, the first letter of the blank space should be M + 6 = S.
CA NISHANT KUMAR 89
Now, let’s look at the second letters from each pair.
Z, T, N, etc.
A R
Z–6=T

U M
T–6=N

T K
Therefore, it seems that the second letter of every pair is 6 less than the second letter of

A N
the previous pair. Therefore, the second letter of the blank space should be N – 6 = H.
Therefore, the blank space should be SH.

IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 90
Question 43
Find the next number in the series 2, 5, 11, 23, 47, ...:
A R
(a) 95 (b) 84 (c) 98

U M
(d) 105

Solution

T K
(a)
2, 5, 11, 23, 47, x.
A N
5–2=3

IS
11 – 5 = 6 (i.e., 3 × 2)
H
N
23 – 11 = 12 (i.e., 6 × 2)

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 91
47 – 23 = 24 (i.e., 12 × 2)
Therefore, x – 47 = 48 (i.e., 24 × 2)
A R
Hence, x = 48 + 47 = 95

U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 92
Question 44

A R
If TAP is coded as SZO in a language, then how is FRIEND coded in same language?
(a) QEDHCM (b) CMDHQE (c) EQIENE

U M
(d) EQHDMC

Solution

T K
(d)
T A P
A N F R I E N D
↓–1
S
↓–1
Z
↓–1
O
IS H ↓–1
E
↓–1
Q
↓–1
H
↓–1
D
↓–1
M
↓–1
C

A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 93
Question 45

A R
One morning after sunrise, A and B were talking to each other face to face very closely

facing?
U M
at a crossing point. If B’s shadow was exactly to the right of A, in which direction B was

(a) West (b) East

T K (c) North (d) South

Solution

A N
(c)

IS H
Given that it is morning after sunrise, the sun rises in the east, meaning shadows will be

N
cast towards the west.

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 94
 •

A
B to have his shadow to the right when facing north, the shadow would be castR
If B’s shadow is exactly to the right of A, then B must be facing north, because for

towards the west.

Conclusion:
U M
B was facing north.

T K
N
Answer: (c) North

HA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 95
Question 46
Balkrishna is Ritik’s neighbour and his house is 200 meters away in the north-west
A R
U M
direction from Ritik’s house. Jayendra is Ritik’s neighbour and his house is located 200
meters away in the south-west direction from Ritik’s house. Girdhari is Jayendra’s

T K
neighbour and he stays 200 meters away in the south-east direction from Jayendra’s
house. Ritik is Girdhari’s neighbour and his house is located 200 meters away in north-

A
relation to Balkrishna’s?
N
east direction from Girdhari’s house. Then where is the position of Ritik’s house in

(a) South-West

IS H (b) South-East (c) North (d) North-East

Solution
(b)
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 96
Question 47

A R
If Ajay stands on his head with his face towards North, in which direction will his left
hand point?

U M
K
(a) North (b) North-East (c) East (d) North-West

Solution

NT
(c)

HA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 97
Question 48

A R
If Kiran put her time-piece on the table in such a way that at 6:00 PM, hour hand points
to East, in which direction the minute hand will be at 9:30 PM?

U M
K
(a) North-West (b) South-East (c) East (d) West

Solution

NT
(c)

HA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 98
 A R
U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 99
Question 49

A R
In a multi-storey building on one floor there are six flats in two rows facing East and

U M
West and they are allotted to A, B, C, D, E and F. B gets an East facing flat, which is not
next to D. F and D gets diagonally opposite flat. A gets a West facing flat and E gets an

(a) C (b) B K
East facing flat. Whose flat is between A and F?

T (c) D (d) F

A N
H
Solution

IS
(a)

A
A N C F West 

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 100

D E B East 
A R
U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 101
Question 50

A R
Six persons A, B, C, D, E and F are sitting in a row in a straight line. B is between F &

between which of the following persons?

U M
D. E is between A & C. A does not sit next to F or D; C does not sit next to D. F is

(a) B & C

T K
(b) B & E (c) B & D (d) B & A

Solution

A N
(a)
D B F C E A
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 102
Question 51

A R
In a school cultural committee meeting, four girls Dipti, Aruna, Chandra, Bindu and four

each other as under:

U M
boys Gautam, Faneesh, Harendra, Eshaan are sitting in a circle around a table, facing

T K
1. No two girls or boys are sitting side by side.
2. Chandra, who is sitting between Gautam and Eshaan, is facing Dipti.

A N
3. Faneesh is between Dipti and Aruna and facing Gautam.
4. Harendra is to the right of Bindu.

IS H
Identify the person whom Eshaan is facing.

N
(a) Bindu (b) Faneesh (c) Gautam (d) Harendra

C A
Solution
CA NISHANT KUMAR 103
(d)

A R
U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 104
Question 52

A R
Six persons B, D, C, M, J and K are split into groups of three each and are made to stand

U M
in two rows in such a way that a person in one row is exactly facing a person in the other
row. M is not at the end of any row and is to the right of J, who is facing C. K is to the

(a) BMJ (b) BDC K

left of D, who is facing M. Which of the following persons are in the same row?

T (c) MJK (d) MJD

A N
H
Solution

IS
(a)
C

A
J
N M
D K

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 105

Question 53

A R
Six persons B, D, C, M, J and K are split into groups of three each and are made to stand

U M
in two rows in such a way that a person in one row is exactly facing a person in the other
row. M is not at the end of any row and is to the right of J, who is facing C. K is to the

(a) J (b) M K
left of D, who is facing M. Who is to the immediate left of B?

T (c) D (d) K

A N
H
Solution

IS
(b)
C

A
J
N M
D K

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 106

Question 54

A R
During an interview, seven applicants sitting in a row are awaiting their turn. Chandresh

U M
is sitting left to Kuldeep but on the right to Diksha, Reshma is sitting right to Kuldeep,
Priyanka is sitting right to Gayatri but left to Diksha. Himani is sitting left to Gayatri.

(a) Diksha K
The person sitting in the middle must be:

T
(b) Chandresh (c) Gayatri (d) Priyanka

A N
H
Solution

IS
(a)

N
Himani Gayatri Priyanka Diksha Chandresh Kuldeep Reshma

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 107
Question 55

A R
A is B’s Father. C is B’s Mother. D is C’s Son. E is A’s Mother. Then how is A related
to D?

U M
K
(a) Grandson (b) Uncle (c) Granddaughter (d) Father

Solution

NT
(d)

HA
Let me be D. I’m C’s son, that means, C is either my mother or my father. Since C is B’s

N IS
mother, it means C is female, and hence C is my mother. Since C is B’s mother, B is
either by brother or my sister. Since A is B’s father, and B is either my brother or sister,
it means that A is my father as well. Since I’m D, A is D’s father.

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 108

Question 56

A R
Pointing to a man in photograph, a woman said, “The father of his brother is only son of

M
my grandfather”. How is that woman related to the man in photograph?

U
K
(a) Sister (b) Daughter (c) Mother (d) Aunty

Solution

NT
(a)
Statement:
HA
N IS
Pointing to a man in the photograph, a woman says: “The father of his brother is the only
son of my grandfather.”

C A
We need to find how the woman is related to the man in the photograph.

CA NISHANT KUMAR 109

Step-by-Step Analysis:
1. "His brother"
A R
→ Refers to the man's brother.

U M
T K
2. "The father of his brother"
→ The father of the man's brother is also the man's father.

N
3. "The only son of my grandfather"

A
IS H
→ The only son of the woman’s grandfather is her father.
Thus, the woman’s father is also the father of the man in the photograph.

A N
4. This means the woman and the man in the photograph are siblings.
Conclusion:

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 110

The woman is the sister of the man in the photograph.
Correct Answer: (a) Sister
A R
Alternatively:

U M
T K
Let me be the woman. I’m pointing to a man and saying that his brother’s father is the
only son of my grandfather. My grandfather could be my Dadaji, or my Nanaji. If my

N
grandfather is my Dadaji, and he has only one son, it means that that son is my father.

A
Since my father is the father of the brother of the person in the photograph, it means that

H
the man in the photograph is my brother as well. Since that man in the photograph is my

IS
brother, I’m bound to be his sister.

N
However, if my grandfather is my Nanaji, and he has only one son, it means that that son
is my Uncle (Mama). Since my mama is the father of the brother of the person in the

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 111

his cousin.
A R
photograph, it means that the boy in the photograph is my cousin. This means that I’m

I’m the sister, and option (a) is the answer.

U M
Therefore, I’m either the sister, or the cousin. Since cousin is not given in the options,

T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 112
Question 57

A
A family consists of six members P, Q, R, S, T & U. There are two married couples. QR
U M
is a doctor and father of T; U is grandfather of R and is a contractor; S is grandmother of
T and is a housewife. There is one doctor, one contractor, one Professor, one house-wife

(a) S (b) T K
and two students in the family. Find who is the husband of P.

T (c) R (d) Q

A N
H
Solution

IS
(d)

A N
S (Female; Housewife); U (Male; Contractor)

Q (Male; Doctor); P (Female; Professor)

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 113


T; R
A R
Alternatively:
U M
Information Provided:

T K
N
1. The family consists of six members: P, Q, R, S, T, and U.

HA
2. Q is a doctor and father of T.
Q is male and the father of T.

N
o
IS
3. U is the grandfather of R and is a contractor.
U is male and the father of either Q or P.

C A
4. S is the grandmother of T and is a housewife.
CA NISHANT KUMAR 114
 o S is female and married to U.
5. There are two married couples.
A R
U M
6. There is one doctor (Q), one contractor (U), one professor, one housewife (S),

K
and two students (T and R).

T
Relationship Analysis:

A N
1. U and S are the grandparents (grandfather and grandmother).
This makes them one married couple.

H
o

IS
2. Q is the father of T, so Q must be married to P.

N
o This makes Q and P the second married couple.

A
3. Since T and R are students, they must be the children of Q and P.

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 115

Who is the husband of P?
From the above relationships:
A R
• P is married to Q.

U M
•

Final Answer: (d) Q

T K
Therefore, Q is the husband of P.

A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 116
Question 58

A R
P is the son of Q while Q & R are sisters to one another. T is the mother of R. If S is son
of T, how S is related to P?

U M
K
(a) Cousin (b) Brother (c) Maternal Uncle (d) Nephew

Solution

NT
(c)

HA
Let me be P. I’m the son of Q, that means Q is either my father or my mother. Since Q

N IS
and R are sisters to one another, it means that Q is female, and hence my mother. Since
R is the sister of Q, and Q is my sister, it means that R is my Mausi (Aunt). Since T is

A
the mother of R (my Mausi), it means that T is my grandmother (Nani). Since S is the

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 117

Mama (Maternal Uncle).
A R
son of T (my grandmother), it means that S is the brother of my mom, and hence S is my

Alternatively:

U M
K
Information provided:

T
1. P is the son of Q.

A N
→ P is male, and Q is P's mother.
2. Q and R are sisters to one another.

IS H
→ Q and R are siblings, and both are female.

N
3. T is the mother of R.

A
→ T is the mother of both Q and R, making her the grandmother of P.

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 118

 4. S is the son of T.
→ S is male and is the brother of Q and R.
A R
Question: How is S related to P?

U M
•

T K
S is the brother of Q, who is the mother of P.
Thus, S is P's maternal uncle.

N
Correct Answer: (c) Maternal Uncle

A
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 119
Question 59

A R
Sandhya is the daughter-in-law of Shailesh and sister-in-law of Rajan. Manak is son of

M
Shailesh and only brother of Rajan. Then, how Sandhya is related to Manak?

U
K
(a) Aunty (b) Sister-in-Law (c) Cousin (d) Wife

Solution

NT
(d)

HA
Let me be Manak. I’m the son of Shailesh, it means that Shailesh is my father. I’m the

N IS
only brother of Rajan, that means that Rajan is my brother. Sandhya is the daughter-in-
law of Shailesh (my father); therefore, Sandhya is either my wife, or my brother Rajan’s

A
wife. However, it is also given that Sandhya is the sister-in-law of Rajan. This means that
Sandhya is my wife.

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 120

Alternatively:
Information Provided:
A R
1. Sandhya is the daughter-in-law of Shailesh.

U M
o

T K
Sandhya is married to one of Shailesh's sons.
2. Sandhya is the sister-in-law of Rajan.
o

A N
Rajan is also a son of Shailesh.
o

IS H
This means Sandhya is married to Rajan's brother.
3. Manak is the son of Shailesh and the only brother of Rajan.

A N
o Since Shailesh has only two sons (Manak and Rajan), and Sandhya is married
to one of them, Sandhya must be Manak's wife.

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 121

Question: How is Sandhya related to Manak?
• Sandhya is Manak's wife.
A R
Correct Answer: (d) Wife

U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 122
Question 60
The Secondary data is collected by:
A R
(a) Observation method

U M
(b) International source like World Bank

K
(c) Interview method (d) Mailed questionnaire method

Solution

NT
(b)

HA
Secondary data refers to data that has already been collected, compiled, and published

N IS
by others for purposes other than the specific research at hand. It is often sourced from
established records, reports, or publications.

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 123

•

by observing subjects or phenomena directly.

A R
(a) Observation method: Incorrect. Observation involves collecting primary data

U M
(b) International source like World Bank: Correct. Secondary data can be
obtained from international organizations like the World Bank, which provide

T K
publicly available data and reports.
(c) Interview method: Incorrect. Interviews are a method of collecting primary data

N
directly from individuals.

A
H
• (d) Mailed questionnaire method: Incorrect. Mailed questionnaires are used to

IS
collect primary data from respondents.

A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 124
Question 61
Exit polls are an example of which method of collecting data?
A R
(a) Investigation (b) Random sampling

U M
K
(c) Census (d) Quota sampling

Solution

NT
(b)

HA
Exit polls collect data by selecting a random sample of voters after they have cast their

N IS
votes, aiming to represent the larger voting population. This method relies on random
sampling to ensure the data reflects the overall voting trends without bias.

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 125

Question 62
The Ogive can be used for making:
A R
(a) Medium Term Projection (b) Short Term Projection

U M
K
(c) Long Term Projection (d) Group Frequency Distribution

Solution

NT
(d)

HA
An Ogive is a cumulative frequency graph used in statistics to represent data visually. It

N IS
helps in understanding cumulative data trends, finding medians, quartiles, percentiles,
and summarizing grouped frequency distributions.

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 126

•

forecasting.
A R
(a) Medium Term Projection: Incorrect. Ogives are not used for projections or

summarize existing data.

U M
(b) Short Term Projection: Incorrect. Ogives do not predict future trends but

projection.
T K
(c) Long Term Projection: Incorrect. Ogives are not tools for any form of

A N
(d) Group Frequency Distribution: Correct. Ogives represent cumulative

H
frequency distributions, which are directly derived from grouped frequency

IS
distributions.

A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 127
Question 63
Numerical data presented in descriptive form are called:
A R
(a) Tabular Presentation

U M
(b) Classified Presentation

K
(c) Textual Presentation (d) Graphical Presentation

Solution

NT
(c)

HA
Numerical data can be presented in various formats:

N IS
1. Tabular Presentation: Data is organized in rows and columns.
2. Classified Presentation: Data is categorized or grouped based on certain criteria.

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 128

 where numerical data is described in a narrative or descriptive form.
A R
3. Textual Presentation: Data is explained or described using text. This is the format

M
4. Graphical Presentation: Data is represented visually through charts or graphs.

U
K
For numerical data in descriptive form, it is classified as textual presentation.

NT
HA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 129
Question 64

A R
The distribution of commuters coming to a Metro station from early morning hours to
peak morning hours follows which type of frequency curve?

U M
K
(a) J-Shaped Curve (b) Bell Shaped Curve
(c) U-Shaped Curve (d) Mixed Curve

NT
A
Solution
(a)

IS H
The focus is on commuters coming to a metro station from early morning hours to

N
peak morning hours. This means we are looking at a trend from the start of the day
until it reaches its peak and not beyond the peak.

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 130
Explanation:

A
1. J-Shaped Curve: This curve starts with a low value and increases progressively,R
U M
resembling the flow of commuters starting in the early hours and steadily rising until
the peak hours. Since the question only focuses on the rise (early morning to peak),
this fits perfectly.

T K
2. Bell-Shaped Curve: This would be applicable if the distribution described the

A N
entire day, including the decline after the peak. However, the question explicitly
limits the observation to the period before the peak.

IS H
3. U-Shaped Curve: Incorrect because it implies a decline before another rise, which
isn't relevant here.

A N
4. Mixed Curve: Incorrect because it implies a combination of different patterns,
which is not the case here.

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 131

Question 65

A R
Series in which frequencies are continuously added corresponding to each class interval
in the series:

U M
K
(a) Cumulative Frequency Series (b) Frequency
(c) Deviation (d) Mid Value

NT
A
Solution
(a)

IS H
1. Cumulative Frequency Series: In this type of series, the frequencies are added

N
progressively for each class interval. For example, if the frequencies are 10, 15, 20,
the cumulative frequencies would be 10, 25, 45, representing a running total. This

A
fits the description perfectly.

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 132

 not a cumulative total.
A R
2. Frequency: Refers to the individual count of occurrences for each class interval,

mean), not related to cumulative addition.

U M
3. Deviation: Refers to the difference between a value and a reference point (e.g.,

addition.
T K
4. Mid Value: Refers to the midpoint of a class interval, not related to frequency

A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 133
Question 66
What type of data is most appropriate for representing using a Pie chart?
A R
(a) Categorical Data (b) Continuous Data

U M
K
(c) Ordinal Data (d) Interval Data

Solution

NT
(a)

HA
Pie Charts: These are used to represent proportions or percentages of different categories

a whole.
N IS
of data. It is most effective for categorical data where the categories represent parts of

C A
Option-wise Analysis:

CA NISHANT KUMAR 134

•

A R
(a) Categorical Data: Correct. Categorical data (e.g., types of fruits, favourite
colours) is best represented in a pie chart to show the proportion each category

•
contributes to the whole.

U M
(b) Continuous Data: Incorrect. Continuous data (e.g., height, weight) is best

T K
represented using histograms or line graphs, not pie charts.
(c) Ordinal Data: Partially correct but not ideal. Ordinal data has an order (e.g.,

N
rankings), which is better represented using bar charts or line graphs.

A
H
• (d) Interval Data: Incorrect. Interval data (e.g., temperature) is numerical and not

IS
suitable for pie charts.

A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 135
Question 67

A R
If the class intervals of certain data are 10 – 14, 15 – 19, 20 – 24, then what are the
boundaries of the first class?
(a) 10 – 14 (b) 9.5 – 14.5
U M
(c) 10 – 15

T K (d) 10.5 – 15.5

Solution

A N
(b)

IS H
Class boundaries are used to remove gaps between class intervals by extending the lower

N
and upper limits slightly. The boundary is calculated by taking the average of the upper
limit of one class and the lower limit of the next class.

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 136
1. Given intervals: 10 – 14, 15 – 19, 20 – 24.
o

A R
The gap between 14 (upper limit of the first class) and 15 (lower limit of the
next class) is 0.50.

U M
K
o To calculate boundaries:

T
▪ Subtract 0.50 from the lower limit of the first class: 10 − 0.5 = 9.5.
▪

A N
Add 0.50 to the upper limit of the first class: 14 + 0.5 = 14.5
2. Boundaries of the First Class: 9.5 – 14.5.

IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 137
Question 68
What is the purpose of stratified random sampling?
A R
U M
(a) To divide the population into subgroups and then randomly sample from each

K
subgroup.
(b) To ensure that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being
selected.

NT
(c) To select individuals based on their availability and convenience.

A
(d) To select a fixed percentage of the population without any specific criteria.

H
IS
Solution

N
(a)

A
Stratified Random Sampling is a method of sampling where the population is divided

C
into subgroups (called strata) based on shared characteristics, and random samples are
CA NISHANT KUMAR 138
 A R
then taken from each subgroup. The purpose is to ensure that each subgroup is adequately
represented in the sample, improving the accuracy and representativeness of the results.
Option Analysis:

U M
K
1. (a) To divide the population into subgroups and then randomly sample from
each subgroup.
o

NT
Correct. This is the primary purpose of stratified random sampling.

being selected.
HA
2. (b) To ensure that every individual in the population has an equal chance of

N sampling. IS
Incorrect. This describes simple random sampling, not stratified random

C A
3. (c) To select individuals based on their availability and convenience.

CA NISHANT KUMAR 139

 o Incorrect. This describes convenience sampling, not stratified random
sampling.
A R
M
4. (d) To select a fixed percentage of the population without any specific criteria.

U
K
o Incorrect. Stratified random sampling uses specific criteria to create strata, so
this does not apply.

NT
HA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 140
Question 69
In which of the following there is no impact of presence of extreme observations?
A R
(a) Range (b) Quartile Deviation (c) Standard Deviation

U M (d) Variance

Solution

T K
(b)

A N
1. Range: The range is calculated as the difference between the largest and smallest

IS H
values in a data set. Since it depends solely on the extreme values, the presence of
extreme observations significantly impacts the range.

A N
2. Quartile Deviation (or Interquartile Range - IQR): This measure focuses on the
middle 50% of the data, as it is the difference between the first quartile (Q1) and the

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 141

 not consider values outside the first and third quartiles.
A R
third quartile (Q3). By definition, it is not affected by extreme values since it does

U M
3. Standard Deviation: Standard deviation is a measure of the spread of data around
the mean. It considers every data point, including extreme observations, so it is

T K
sensitive to the presence of extreme observations.
4. Variance: Variance is the square of the standard deviation and similarly takes all

A
extreme observations.N
data points into account, including extreme observations. This makes it sensitive to

IS H
Hence, among the options, Quartile Deviation is the measure that is not impacted by the
presence of extreme observations.

A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 142
Question 70

A R
If each observation of a set is divided by 10, then the Standard Deviation of the new
observation is:
1/100th of Standard Deviation of original observation
U M
K
(a)
(b) 1/10th of Standard Deviation of original observation
(c)
(d)
NT
100 times of Standard Deviation of original observation
10 times of Standard Deviation of original observation

HA
IS
Solution
(b)

A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 143
 A R
Standard Deviation (SD) measures the dispersion of data values relative to the mean. It
has the property of being proportional to changes in scale of the data. Specifically, if

of the new data set is also divided by k.

U M
all the observations in a data set are divided by a constant factor k, the standard deviation

T K
In this case, if each observation is divided by 10, the new standard deviation will be
1/10th of the original standard deviation.

observation.
A N
Thus, the correct choice is (b) 1/10th of the Standard Deviation of original

IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 144
Question 71

A R
If the mean and median of a moderately asymmetrical series are 70.8 and 68.6
respectively, then the most probable mode is:

U M
K
(a) 75.2 (b) 64.2 (c) 63.4 (d) 72.5

Solution

NT
(b)
Mode = 3Median – 2Mean
HA
IS
Mode = (3 × 68.6) – (2 × 70.8) = 64.2

N
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 145
Question 72

A
For a moderately-skewed distribution, which of the following relationship holds?R
(a) Median – Mode = 3 (Mean – Median)
Mean – Mode = 3 (Mean – Median)
U M
K
(b)
(c) Mean – Median = 3 (Mean – Mode)
(d)

NT
Mean – Median = 3 (Median – Mode)

A
Solution
(b)

IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 146
Question 73
What is the coefficient of range for the observations 20, 28, 32, 41, 48, 60?
A R
(a) 20 (b) 50 (c) 40

U M
(d) 200

Solution

T K
(b)
Largest Observation = 60
A N
IS H
Smallest Observation = 20
Largest Observation − Smallest Observation

A N
Coefficient of Range =
Largest Observation + Smallest Observation
100

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 147

Coefficient of Range =
60 − 20
60 + 20
100 = 50

A R
U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 148
Question 74
The Standard Deviation of the series 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 is:
A R
(a) 6.36 (b) 4.24 (c) 4.12

U M
(d) 3.28

Solution

T K
(b)
3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15
A N
x=

(x − x)
5
2

IS H
=9

SD =

A N
n

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 149

 SD =
( 3 − 9 ) + ( 6 − 9 ) + ( 9 − 9 ) + (12 − 9 ) + (15 − 9 )
2 2

5
2 2 2

A R
 SD =
90
= 4.24
U M
5

T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 150
Question 75
The quartile deviation of the distribution of the following data is:
A R
x
f ( x)
2 3 4

U M 5 6

T K 2 4 8 4 1

(a) 1 (b) 0

A N (c) 1/4 (d) 1/2

Solution
(a)
IS H
N
Step 1: Organize the data and cumulative frequency:

A X f(x) Cumulative Frequency

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 151

 2
3
2
4
2
6
A R
4
5
8
4

U M 14
18
6

T K 1 19

Rank ( Q1 ) = =
A N
Step 2: Calculate Rank of Q1 and Q1
N + 1 19 + 1 20
= =5
4

IS
4
H 4
The cumulative frequency just greater than 5 is 6, corresponding to x = 3.

N
Therefore, Q1 = 3 .

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 152
Step 3: Calculate Rank of Q3 and Q3

Rank ( Q3 ) =
3 ( N + 1) 3  (19 + 1) 3  20
A R
4
=
4
=
4
= 15

U M
Therefore, Q3 = 5 .
T K
The cumulative frequency just greater than 15 is 18, corresponding to x = 5.

A N
QD =
Q3 − Q1

IS H
Step 4: Calculation of Quartile Deviation

A N 2

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 153

 QD =
5−3
2
=1

A R
U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 154
Question 76
What is the range of a data set?
A R
(a)

U
The difference between the mean and median of the data set
M
K
(b) The difference between the highest and lowest values in the data set
(c) The number of data points in the data set
(d)
T
The standard deviation of the data set

N
Solution
HA
(b)

N IS
Range of a data set is the difference between the highest and lowest values in the data
set.

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 155

Question 77

A R
The mean of a group x is 70 and the mean of group y is 85. If the number of observations

M
in group y is five times that of group x, then the combined mean of both the groups is:

U
K
(a) 80 (b) 75 (c) 77.5 (d) 82.5

Solution

NT
(d)
We have x = 70; y = 85
HA
IS
Since the number of in group y is five times that of group x, ny = 5nx

N
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 156
Combined Mean =
( nx  x ) + ( n y  y )
nx + n y
A R
 Combined Mean =
( nx  70 ) + ( 5nx  85)
U M
T K
70nx + 425nx
nx + 5nx

 Combined Mean =

A
6nx
N
 Combined Mean =

IS H
495nx
6nx

N
 Combined Mean = 82.5

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 157
Question 78
The Median of the following frequency distribution is:
A R
Class Interval 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30
M
30 – 40

U
40 – 50

K
f(x) 8 30 40 12 10

(a) 22.5

NT
(b) 33 (c) 23 (d) 24

Solution
HA
(c)

N IS
Step 1: Organize the data and cumulative frequency:

C AClass Interval f(x) Cumulative Frequency

CA NISHANT KUMAR 158

 0 – 10
10 – 20
8
30
8
38
A R
20 – 30
30 – 40
40
12

U M 78
90
40 – 50

T K 10 100

Rank =
N 100
= = 50 N
Step 2: Calculate Rank of Median

A
2 2

IS H
Step 3: Find the Median Class Interval

A N
The cumulative frequency just greater than 50 is 78, corresponding to the class interval
20 – 30. Therefore, class interval 20 – 30 is the median class interval.

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 159

Therefore,
Lower Boundary ( l ) = 20
A R
Rank = 50
U M
T K
Cumulative Frequency of the Preceding Class Interval ( c ) = 38

Frequency of the Median Class Interval ( f ) = 40

A N
Class Length of the Median Class Interval ( i ) = 30 – 20 = 10
Step 4: Find Median

IS H
A N
Median = l +
Rank − c
f
i

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 160

 Median = 20 +
50 − 38
40
 10 = 23

A R
U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 161
Question 79
Which one holds correct for any two events A and B?
A R
(a) P ( A − B ) = P ( A ) − P ( A  B )
(c) P ( A − B ) = P ( B ) − P ( A  B )
U M
(b) P ( A − B ) = P ( A ) − P ( B )
(d) P ( A − B ) = P ( A ) + P ( A  B )

T K
Solution
(a)
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 162
Question 80
Which of the following pairs of events are mutually exclusive?
A R
(a) A: Archna was born in India

U M
K
B: She is a fine lawyer
(b) A: The student studies in a school.

NT
B: He studies Geography.
(c) A: Sita is 16 years old.

HA
B: She is a good folk dancer.
(d) A: Imran is under 15 years of age.

Solution
N IS
B: He is a voter of Delhi.

(d)

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 163

(a) A: Archna was born in India; B: She is a fine lawyer.
•

A R
These two events are unrelated and can occur simultaneously. Archna being born in
India does not prevent her from being a fine lawyer.

U M
K
• Not mutually exclusive.

T
(b) A: The student studies in a school; B: He studies Geography.
•

A N
A student can study in a school and study Geography at the same time.
Not mutually exclusive.

IS H
(c) A: Sita is 16 years old; B: She is a good folk dancer.

N
• These events are unrelated and can occur simultaneously. Sita being 16 years old
does not prevent her from being a good folk dancer.

C
•
A
Not mutually exclusive.
CA NISHANT KUMAR 164
(d) A: Imran is under 15 years of age; B: He is a voter of Delhi.
•

A R
In most countries, including India, the minimum voting age is 18. If Imran is under
15, he cannot be a voter of Delhi.

U M
K
• These events cannot occur simultaneously.

T
• Mutually exclusive.

A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 165
Question 81

A R
The probability of success of three students in CA Foundation examination are 1/5, 1/4

M
and 1/3 respectively. Find the probability that at least two students will get success.

U
K
(a) 3/4 (b) 2/5 (c) 1/6 (d) 1/5

Solution

NT
(c)

HA
Let the three students be A, B, and C respectively

N IS
Probability of Success
A
1/5
B
1/4
C
1/3

C A
Probability of Failure 4/5 3/4

CA NISHANT KUMAR 166

2/3
 A R
Probability that at least two students will get success is Probability (A and B succeed and
C fails) + Probability (A and C succeed and B fails) + Probability (B and C succeed and

1/3 × 4/5) + (1/5 × 1/4 × 1/3) = 0.1667

U M
A fails) + Probability (All three succeed) = (1/5 × 1/4 × 2/3) + (1/5 × 1/3 × 3/4) + (1/4 ×

T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 167
Question 82
If P ( A ) = 0.65 and P ( B ) = 0.15 , then P ( A ) + P ( B ) is:
A R
(a) 1.2 (b) 1.5 (c) 0.8
U M
(d) 0.35

Solution
T K
(a)

A N
P ( A ) = 0.65  P ( A ) = 1 − 0.65 = 0.35

IS H
P ( B ) = 0.15  P ( B ) = 1 − 0.15 = 0.85

N
P ( A ) + P ( B ) = 0.35 + 0.85 = 1.2

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 168
Question 83

A R
Eight labourers are working at a construction site with the following wages for each day

U M
of working (in ₹): 500, 620, 400, 700, 450, 560, 320, 450. If one of the workers is selected
at random, what is the probability that his wage would be less than the average wage?
(a) 0.375

T K
(b) 0.625 (c) 0.500 (d) 0.450

Solution

A N
(c)

Average Wage =
IS H
500 + 620 + 400 + 700 + 450 + 560 + 320 + 450
= 500

A N
Wages less than 500 = 400, 450, 320, 450
8

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 169

No. of labourers who have wages less than the average = 4
Total No. of labourers = 8
A R
Probability = 4/8 = 0.500

U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 170
Question 84

A R
A box contains shoe pairs of the same pattern but of different sizes numbered from 1 to

shoe pair is a multiple of 5 or 6?

U M
12. If a shoe pair is selected at random, what is the probability that the number on the

(a) 0.25 (b) 0.33

T K (c) 0.20 (d) 0.375

Solution

A N
(b)

IS H
No. of pairs which are multiple of 5 = 2 (5, 10)

N
No. of pairs which are multiple of 6 = 2 (6, 12)

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 171
no number divisible by 30 from 1 to 12)
A R
No. of pairs which are multiple of both 5 and 6 = 0 (As LCM of 5 and 6 is 30, and there’s

Total No. of Outcomes = 12

U M
K
No. of Favourable Outcomes = 2 + 2 = 4

T
Probability = 4/12 = 1/3 = 0.33.

A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 172
Question 85

A R
Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. The probability of getting either
both the red cards or both Kings cards is:

U M
K
(a) 0.4288 (b) 0.2488 (c) 0.8248 (d) 0.8428

Solution

NT
(b)

HA
Total Number of Outcomes (Number of ways of selecting two cards out of 52 cards):

N IS
 n ( S )  = 52C2 =
52  51
1 2
= 1,326

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 173

No. of ways of selecting both red cards:  n ( R )  = 26C2 =
26  25
1 2
= 325

A R
No. of ways of selecting both king cards:  n ( K )  = 4C2 =
43
1 2
=6
U M
K
No. of ways of selecting both red as well as king cards:  n ( R  K )  = 2C2 = 1

T
A N
Therefore, number of ways of selecting either both red cards or both king cards
 n ( R  K )  = n ( R ) + n ( K ) − n ( R  K )

IS H
 n ( R  K ) = 325 + 6 − 1 = 330

A N
P(R  K ) =
n ( R  K ) 330
n(S )
=
1326
= 0.2488

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 174

Question 86

A R
In a class of 100 students, the mean marks were 50 with standard deviation 14.9.

obtained more than 70% marks [at Z = 1.34, area = 0.4099].

U M
Assuming the distribution of marks to be normal, find the number of students who

(a) 9 (b) 10

T K (c) 8 (d) 7

Solution

A N
(a)

IS H
Probability that a Student Scored More Than 70% Marks = (Number of Students who

N
Scored More Than 70% Marks) ÷ (Total Number of Students)

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 175
Scored More Than 70% Marks × Total Number of Students.
A R
Number of Students who Scored More Than 70% Marks = Probability that a Student

Total Number of Students ( n ) = 100

Mean (  ) = 50
U M
Standard Deviation ( ) = 14.9
T K
P ( x  70 ) = ?
A N
z=
x−

IS H
z=

A N
70 − 50
14.9
= 1.34

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 176

 P ( z  1.34 ) = ?

A R
M
Now, the question states that at Z = 1.34, area is 0.4099. This means that this is the area
from 0 till 1.34. We have to find out the area from 1.34 till ∞. We know that the area

till ∞ = 0.50 – 0.4099 = 0.0901.

K U
from 0 till ∞ is 0.50. Since the area from 0 to 1.34 is given as 0.4099, the area from 1.34

T
Therefore, P ( z  1.34 ) = 0.0901

N
A
Therefore, No. of Students = 0.0901 × 100 = 9.01.

H
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 177
Question 87

A R
If a random variable x follows Poisson distribution such that P ( x = 1) = P ( x = 2 ) , then
the mean of the distribution is:

U M
(a) 1 (b) 2

T K (c) 0 (d) 1/2

Solution
(b)
A N
H
Given: P ( x = 1) = P ( x = 2 )

IS


A
1! N
e− m .m1 e− m .m2
=
2!

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 178

1=
m
2
A R
m=2

U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 179
Question 88

A R
The quartile deviation of a normal distribution with Mean of 10 and Standard Deviation
of 4 is:

U M
K
(a) 3.20 (b) 2.70 (c) 0.675 (d) 6.75

Solution

NT
(b)
Given:  = 10 ;  = 4
HA
QD = 0.675SD

N IS
 QD = 0.675  4 = 2.7

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 180

Question 89

A R
If x and y are 2 independent normal variables with mean as 10 and 12 and Standard

M
Deviation (S.D.) as 3 and 4 respectively, then ( x + y ) is normally distributed with:

U
(a) Mean = 22 and S.D. = 25
(c) Mean = 22 and S.D. = 5

T K (b) Mean = 22 and S.D. = 7

(d) Mean = 22 and S.D. = 49

Solution
A N
(c)

IS H
Combined Mean = 10 + 12 = 22

N
Combined Standard Deviation = 32 + 42 = 5

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 181
Question 90

A R
The number of accidents in a year attributed to taxi drivers in a locality follows Poisson

drivers with at least 3 accidents in a year? (Given that e = 2.718)

U M
distribution with average 2. Out of 500 taxi drivers of that area, what is the number of

(a) 180 (b) 162

T K (c) 201 (d) 190

Solution

A N
(b)

IS H
Given: m = 2 ; x  3 ; Total No. of Taxi Drivers (n) = 500

N
P ( x  3) =

A
No. of Drivers with at least 3 accidents in a year
Total No. of Taxi Drivers

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 182

P ( x  3) = 1 − P ( x  3)
A R
 No. of Drivers with at least 3 accidents in a year = P ( x  3)  Total No. of Taxi Drivers

 P ( x  3) = 1 −  P ( x = 0 ) + P ( x = 1) + P ( x = 2 ) 
U M
We know that P ( x ) =
e− m  m x

T K
x!

A N
 e −2 .20 e −2 .21 e −2 .22 
Therefore, P ( x  3) = 1 −  + +

IS

H
 1 2 4 
0! 1! 2! 

A N
 P ( x  3) = 1 − e −2  + + 
 1 1 2 

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 183

 1 
 P ( x  3) = 1 −  2  5
e 
A R
 1
 P ( x  3) = 1 −   5


U M
 2.718

K
2

 P ( x  3) = 1 − 0.6768

NT
 P ( x  3) = 1 − 0.6768 = 0.3232

HA
No. of Drivers with at least 3 accidents in a year = P ( x  3)  Total No. of Taxi Drivers

IS
 No. of Drivers with at least 3 accidents in a year = 0.3232  500 = 161.6  162

N
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 184
Question 91 – Ambiguous
Which of the following statement is correct?
A R
(a)

U M
Regression coefficients are independent of origin and scale.

K
(b) Both regression coefficients must be less than unity.
(c) The regression lines of two independent variables are parallel to each other.
(d)
T
If two regression lines coincide with each other, there is no correlation between
the variates
N
Solution

HA
IS
Let us analyze each option to determine the correct statement:

N
(a) Regression coefficients are independent of origin and scale.

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 185
 • Origin: Regression coefficients are independent of origin, meaning adding a

A R
constant to variables ( e.g ., X → X + c ) does not change the regression coefficients.
•

U M
Scale: Regression coefficients are not independent of scale, meaning multiplying
the variables by a constant ( e.g ., X → kX ) changes the regression coefficients.
•

T K
This statement is incorrect because regression coefficients depend on the scale.

N
(b) Both regression coefficients must be less than unity.

A
H
• This is incorrect. Regression coefficients can take any value, positive or negative,

IS
and are not restricted to being less than 1. However, the correlation coefficient (r)
must satisfy −1  r  1.

N
(c) The regression lines of two independent variables are parallel to each other.

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 186
 •

parallel.
A R
If two variables are independent, their regression lines will be perpendicular, not

• This statement is incorrect.

U M
K
(d) If two regression lines coincide with each other, there is no correlation between
the variates.
•

NT
If the two regression lines coincide, it means the slope is undefined, and the
variables are perfectly correlated ( r = 1) .
•

HA
This statement is incorrect because it states there is no correlation, which is the

N
Correct Answer: IS
opposite of the truth.

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 187

it would have been the right choice.
A R
None of the statements are correct. If there was an option that says "None of the above,"

U M
T K
A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 188
Question 92

A R
Which one of the following statements is correct regarding limit of the two regression
coefficients?

U M
K
(a) Must be positive.
(b) No limit.
(c)
(d)
NT
One positive and the other negative.
Product of the regression coefficients must be numerically less than unity.
Solution

HA
IS
(d)

A N
Let us analyze each option to determine the correct statement regarding the limit of two
regression coefficients:

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 189

(a) Must be positive.
•

A R
This is incorrect because regression coefficients can be either positive or negative
depending on the relationship between the variables.

U M
K
(b) No limit.

T
• This is incorrect. While the regression coefficients themselves can take various

N
values, there is a condition that relates them: the product of the two regression

A
coefficients must be less than or equal to 1 (numerically).

IS H
(c) One positive and the other negative.
This is incorrect. The two regression coefficients can either both be positive, both

A N
be negative, or one positive and one negative. There is no restriction on their signs.
(d) Product of the regression coefficients must be numerically less than unity.

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 190

 •

A R
This is correct. The product of the two regression coefficients ( bxy and byx ) is equal
to the square of the correlation coefficient ( r 2 ) , and since −1  r  1, it follows that:

U M
bxy  byx = r 2  1. This is the fundamental limit for the two regression coefficients.
Final Answer:

T K
(d) Product of the regression coefficients must be numerically less than unity.

A N
IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 191
Question 93

A R
In case of “Insurance companies’ profits” and “The number of claims they have to pay”,
there exists a:

U M
K
(a) Negative correlation (b) Positive correlation
(c) No correlation (d) It cannot be predicted

NT
A
Solution
(a)
• Variables:
IS H
A N
1. Insurance companies' profits: The higher the profit, the better the company's
financial performance.

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 192

 more expenses it incurs, reducing profits.
A R
2. Number of claims they have to pay: The more claims the company pays, the

Correlation between the two:

U M
K
1. When the number of claims increases, the profits decrease because the company
must pay more to policyholders.

NT
2. This indicates a negative correlation between the "number of claims" and "profits."
Correct Answer:

H
(a) Negative correlationA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 193
Question 94
The variance of two variables x and y are 16 and 25 and covariance between x and y is
A R
M
18.5. Another two variables u and v are defined as u = ( x − 3) / 2 and v = ( y − 2 ) / 3 , then

U
K
coefficient of correlation between u and v is:

T
(a) 0.875 (b) 0.85 (c) 0.90 (d) 0.925

Solution
A N
(b)
 x 2 = 16
IS H
N
 y 2 = 25

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 194
Cov ( x, y ) = 18.5

Cov ( x, y )
A R
rxy =
 x  y
U M
 rxy =
18.5
16  25
=
18.5
20 K
= 0.925

T
u=
x−3

A N
2
 2u = x − 3

IS H
N
 x − 2u − 3 = 0

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 195
b=
−Coefficient of u − ( −2 )
Coefficient of x
=
1
=2

A R
v=
y−2

U M
3
 3v = y − 2

T K
 y − 3v − 2 = 0

A N
−Coefficient of v − ( −3)
d=
Coefficient of y
=

IS H 1
=3

N
Since b and d have the same sign, ruv = rxy = 0.925

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 196
Question 95

A R
The consumer price index for the year 2023 is 273 with 2010 as base year. The average

(a) ₹3,000 (b) ₹2,800 (c) ₹3,200 M

monthly wages of industrial worker in year 2023 is ₹8,190. What is the real wage?

U (d) ₹3,400

T K
N
Solution
(a)

HA
Real wage means the wage corresponding to the index 100.

N IS
When the index is 273, average wage is ₹8,190
100  8,190
= 3,000 .

C A
Therefore, when the index is 100, average wage is
273
CA NISHANT KUMAR 197
Question 96
Time Reversal test is satisfied by:
A R
(a) Paasche’s method but not Laspeyre's method
Laspeyre’s method but not Fisher's method
U M
K
(b)
(c) Fisher’s method
(d)

NT
Laspeyre’s method and Fisher's method

A
Solution
(c)

IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 198
Question 97
The value index is equal to:
A R
U M
(a) The total sum of the values of a given year plus the sum of the values of the base

K
year.
(b) The total sum of the values of a given year multiplied by the sum of the values of
the base year.

NT
(c) The total sum of the values of a given year divided by the sum of the values of
the base year.

HA
(d) The total sum of the values of a given year minus the sum of the values of the
base year.
Solution
N IS
(c)

C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 199

Question 98

A R
During a certain period the cost of living index goes up from 110 to 200 and the salary

effectively:
U M
of a worker is also raised from ₹330 to ₹500, then in the real terms, the raise in salary is

(a) Gain by ₹75

T K
(b) Gain by ₹50 (c) Loss by ₹90 (d) Loss by ₹50

Solution

A N
(d)

IS H
When the index number is 110, wages are ₹330

N
When the index number is 100, wages are

A
100  330
110
= 300 (Real Wages)

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 200

When the index number is 200, wages are ₹500
100  500
= 250 (Real Wages)
A R
When the index number is 100, wages are
200

U M
K
Therefore, in real terms, there’s a loss of ₹300 – ₹250 = ₹50.

NT
HA
N IS
C A CA NISHANT KUMAR 201
Question 99

A R
Which one of the following tests of adequacy is concerned with the measurement of price

M
changes over a period of years, when it is desirable to shift the base?

U
K
(a) Time Reversal Test (b) Unit Test (c) Circular Test (d) Factor Reversal Test

Solution

NT
(c)

HA
The Circular Test is used to measure the adequacy of an index number in situations

N IS
where it is desirable to shift the base year. This test ensures that the index numbers remain
consistent over time, even when the base year changes. It checks whether chaining index

A
numbers over different periods results in consistent and meaningful measurements.

C CA NISHANT KUMAR 202

Question 100

A R
A roadside tea stall merchant borrows ₹9,000 at 2.76% simple interest per annum. The

U M
principal and the interest are to be paid in 10 monthly instalments. If each instalment is
double than the preceding one, find the value of the last instalment.
(a) 4,608

T K
(b) 1,024 (c) 9,207 (d) 4,096

Solution

A N
(a)

IS H
P = ₹9,000; i = 0.0276; t = 10/12

N
Simple Interest ( SI ) = P  i  t

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 203
 SI = 9,000  0.0276 
10
12
= 207

A R
Therefore, the total amount to be paid = 9,000 + 207 = 9,207.

U M
This has to be paid in 10 instalments. Therefore, S10 = 9,000 + 207 = 9,207

T K
Also, since each instalment is double the preceding one, the instalments are clearly in a

A N
GP, with common ratio (r) = 2.
Therefore, for this Geometric Progression, r = 2 ; S10 = 9,207 .
 r n − 1
Sn = a 
 r −1 

IS H
A N
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 204
  r10 − 1 
 S10 = a 
 r −1 

A R
 210 − 1 
 9, 207 = a  
U M
a=
 2 −1 
9, 207
=9
T K
 2 − 1
10

 2 −1 
 
A N
IS H
Now, since a = 9, and r = 2, we can find out the last instalment, i.e., t10 .

N
t10 = ar 9 = 9  29 = 4,608

A
C CA NISHANT KUMAR 205