DFA (Deterministic Finite Automaton) A Moore Machine is a type of finite state machine where the output depends only

e of finite state machine where the output depends only on Steps to Convert FA to Regular Expression (State Elimination Method)
A DFA is a mathematical model of computation that defines a finite set of states and the current state, not on the input symbol. 1.Add a new start state with an ε-transition to the original start state.
transitions between those states, used to recognize regular languages. Moore Machine Definition 2.Add a new final state with ε-transitions from the original final states.
Formally: A DFA is a 5-tuple: A Moore Machine is a 6-tuple: 3.Eliminate states one by one, replacing transitions with equivalent regular
DFA = (Q, Σ, δ, q₀, F) M = (Q, Σ, Δ, δ, λ, q₀) Where: expressions.
Q: Finite set of states Q = Finite set of states 4.When only the new start and new final state remain, the expression on the
Σ: Input alphabet (finite set of symbols) Σ = Finite set of input symbols transition between them is the regular expression.

q₀: Start state (q₀ ∈ Q)

δ: Transition function δ: Q × Σ → Q Δ = Finite set of output symbols Example:-Let’s say we have a simple FA:

F: Set of accept (final) states (F ⊆ Q)

δ: Q × Σ → Q = Transition function States: {q0, q1} Transitions: q0 --a--> q1 : q1 --a--> q1

q₀ ∈ Q = Initial state
λ: Q → Δ = Output function Step 1: Add new start and final states
NFA (Nondeterministic Finite Automaton) Let’s call the new states S (start) and F (final) Add:
An NFA is similar to a DFA but allows for multiple possible transitions from a state for Let’s build a Moore Machine that outputs 1 if the number of 1s seen so far is even, S --ε--> q0
the same input symbol, and may include ε-transitions. and 0 if it is odd. q1 --ε--> F
Formally: An NFA is a 5-tuple: States: q0: Even number of 1s seen → Output = 1 Now our states are: S, q0, q1, F
NFA = (Q, Σ, δ, q₀, F) q1: Odd number of 1s seen → Output = 0 Step 2: Eliminate state

δ: Transition function δ: Q × (Σ ∪ {ε}) → P(Q)

Q, Σ, q₀, and F are the same as in DFA Current State | Eliminate q0:
Input | Next state Paths from S → q0 → q1:
(Here, P(Q) is the power set of Q, i.e., a set of possible states) q0 | 0 | q0 S --ε--> q0 --a--> q1 → becomes: S --a--> q1
Language (in this context) q0 | 1 | q1 Eliminate q1:
A language is a set of strings formed from an alphabet that are accepted by a DFA or q1 | 0 | q1 q1 has a loop on a (i.e., a*)
NFA. q1 | 1 | q0 From S to q1: S --a--> q1
Formally: State | Output From q1 to F: q1 --ε--> F

L(A) = { w ∈ Σ* | A accepts w }
If A is a finite automaton (DFA or NFA), then the language of A, denoted L(A), is: q0 | 1 So: S --> q1 --a*--> q1 --ε--> F becomes:
q1 | 0 S --a a*--> F or simply: a a*
This is equivalent to: a+ (one or more a's)
Final Regular Expression: a+
Ambiguity in CFG Chomsky Normal Form (CNF) is a specific way of writing Context-Free Grammars NFA minimization
A CFG is said to be ambiguous if at least one string in the language can be generated (CFGs) where all the production rules follow a strict format. Unlike DFAs, there's no standard or guaranteed minimal form for an NFA. That means
in more than one way—that is, it has more than one leftmost derivation, more than rules for CNF:-A CFG is in Chomsky Normal Form if every production rule is of the minimization of an NFA is not straightforward like it is for a DFA.
one rightmost derivation, or more than one parse tree. form: But you can minimize an NFA indirectly by converting it into a DFA first. Here’s how:
A grammar is ambiguous if there’s confusion about how a string is structured or 1.A → BC Steps for NFA Minimization (via DFA)
derived.example:- Two non-terminal symbols on the right 1.Convert NFA to DFA
Consider this grammar: B and C are not start symbols Use the subset construction algorithm.
S → S + S | S * S | (S) | a 2.A → a This turns the NFA into an equivalent DFA.
Let’s take the string: a + a * a A single terminal symbol 2.Minimize the DFA
This string can be derived in two different ways: 3.(Optional): S → ε Apply the DFA minimization algorithm to get the smallest possible DFA.
First parse tree (interpreting + before *): Allowed only if the empty string ε is in the language
Second parse tree (interpreting * before +): Uses:-CNF is useful in parsing algorithms, like CYK
Both derivations result in the same string, but with different interpretations, meaning It makes analysis of grammars more systematic and efficient.
the grammar is ambiguous. Any context-free grammar can be converted into CNF.

obtain dfa to obtain strings of a's and b's having exactly one a What is a DPDA? Steps to Convert NFA to DFA
construct a DFA that accepts strings over {a, b} which contain exactly one ‘a’ (and any A DPDA stands for Deterministic Pushdown Automaton. It is a type of pushdown Step 1: Start with the NFA
number of b's). automaton (PDA) that uses a stack and has only one possible move for each Assume the NFA is defined as:
Language Description: Alphabet: {a, b} combination of input, state, and stack symbol. NFA = (Q, Σ, δ, q₀, F)
Strings must contain: Exactly one a A DPDA is a 7-tuple: Step 2: Create DFA States as Subsets of NFA State
Any number (including 0) of bs M = (Q, Σ, Γ, δ, q₀, Z₀, F) Step 3: Define the Start State of the DFA
Constructing the DFA Example: DPDA for Language L = { aⁿbⁿ | n ≥ 0 } The start state of the DFA is the ε-closure of the NFA start state (q₀).
We’ll define 3 main states: From State Input Stack Top Action (Next State, Stack Action) If there are no ε-transitions, it's just {q₀}.

For each DFA state (which is a set of NFA states) and each input symbol a ∈ Σ:
q0 – Start state: no a has been seen yet q0 a Z (q0, XZ) Step 4: Construct Transitions for Each Input Symbol
q1 – One a has been seen q0 a X (q0, XX)
q2 – More than one a → Trap/reject state q0 b X (q1, ε) The result is the new DFA state for that input symbol.
Transition Table Step 5: Mark Final States
q1 b X (q1, ε)
Current State Input Next State Any DFA state (i.e., subset of NFA states) that includes at least one NFA final state
q1 ε Z (q2, Z)
q0 a q1 becomes a DFA final state.
q0 b q0 Accept when reaching q2
q1 a q2
q1 b q1
q2 a q2
q2 b q2
Final States: q1 is the only accepting state, because it means exactly one a has been
seen.

how do you convert pda to cfg #Turing Machines #Transition Diagram

Steps to Convert PDA to CFG A Turing Machine (TM) is a mathematical model of computation that defines an A graphical representation of a finite automaton.
Step 1: Standardize the PDA abstract machine. States are shown as nodes (circles).
Make sure: The PDA accepts by empty stack It has an infinite tape, a tape head, and a finite set of states. Transitions (based on input symbols) are arrows between states.
It has only one state (you can simulate multiple states using stack symbols) It reads and writes symbols on the tape and moves the head left or right. Start state has an incoming arrow with no source.
Step 2: Create Variables for Grammar:A(p, X, q) TM can simulate any algorithm, making it a model for general computation. Accepting states are marked with double circles.
Step 3: Define Productions :For each transition of PDA Accepts a language if it halts in an accepting state. Helps visualize how an automaton processes input.
(p, a, X) → (r, γ) Where: p, r are states/a is input symbol (or ε)/X is top of stack/γ is #Closure Properties of Regular Sets # Acceptance of String

Union (L1 ∪ L2)

string of new stack Regular sets (or languages) are closed under the following operations: A string is accepted by a finite automaton if:
Then add grammar rules like: Starting from the initial state,
A(p, X, q) → a A(r, Y1, s1) A(s1, Y2, s2) ... A(sn, Yn, q) Intersection (L1 ∩ L2) Following the transitions defined by each symbol in the string,
Depending on what γ is. Concatenation (L1L2) Ends in an accepting (final) state.
Step 4: Define the Start Symbol Use the variable: Kleene Star (L*) If no valid path exists or it ends in a non-final state → rejected.
A(start_state, initial_stack_symbol, accept_state) Complement (~L)
as the start symbol of your CFG. Difference (L1 - L2)
Reversal (L^R) This means applying these operations on regular languages results in
another regular language.

Leftmost derivate and rightmost derivative of 00101 #explain finite autometa with epsilon transition #obtain grammer to generate strings consisting of a's and b's having at least one b.
The grammar is as follows − A finite automaton is a model of computation used to recognize patterns within input To generate strings consisting of as and bs with at least one b, we can define a
S->A1B strings. context-free grammar (CFG). Here's the formal grammar:
A->0A| ε An epsilon transition (ε-transition) is a special type of transition in an NFA, where: Grammar Rules
B->0B| 1B| ε The automaton can move from one state to another without consuming any input - S → bA
Hence, the LMD will be as follows − symbol. - S → Ab
S->A1B This means the automaton can change states for free, just by being in a certain state. -S→b
->0A1B rule2 Formal Definition of NFA with ε-Transitions (ε-NFA) - A → aA
->00A1B rule2 An ε-NFA is defined as a 5-tuple -A→ε
->001B rule2 M=(Q,Σ,δ,q0,F) Explanation
->0010B rule3 Q: Finite set of states,Σ: Input alphabet,F: Set of accepting states,q0: Start state - Rule 1 (S → bA): A string starting with b followed by additional characters.
->00101B rule3 Example - Rule 2 (S → Ab): A string ending with b preceded by other characters.
->00101 rule3 Suppose we have this ε-NFA: - Rule 3 (S → b): A single b.
Derived the string 00101 using LMD States: {q0,q1,q2} - Rule 4 (A → aA): Generates sequences of as.
Now, the RMD will be as follows Alphabet: {a} - Rule 5 (A → ε): Denotes that A can terminate without adding more characters.
S->A1B Start: q0
->A10B rule3 Final: q2
->A101B rule3 Transitions:
->A101 rule3 q0→εq1
->0A101 rule2 q1→aq2
->00A101 rule2
->00101 rule2
Derived the string 00101 using RMD