A

Project Report
on

EFFECT OF CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL WITH GLASS

POWDER ON SCC

Submitted By:

ADARSH GUPTA (19507) PRABHAT YADAV (19541)

HARSHITA SINGH KUSHWAHA (19528) VISHWAJEET KUMAR (19561)

In partial fulfilment

for

The award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Under the guidance of

Er. SAUHARDRA OJHA Er. AMIT SINGH

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
(HOD)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DR. RAMMANOHAR LOHIYA AVADH UNIVERSITY, AYODHYA
2019-2023
 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Dr Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report entitled “Effect of Cementitious Material with Glass
Powder on SCC” is being submitted by Adarsh Gupta (19507), Prabhat Yadav (19541), Harshita
Singh Kushwaha (19528), Vishwajeet Kumar (19561) in partial fulfillment for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of I.E.T. AYODHYA (Affiliated to Dr. R M L Avadh
University Ayodhya), during academic year 2022-2023 is a record of their own work, carried out
under my supervision.

Er. Sauhardra Ojha Er. Amit Singh

(Assistant Professor) (Head of Department)

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project work entitled “EFFECT OF CEMENTITIOS

MATERIAL WITH GLASSS POWDER ON SCC” submitted to the Institute of
Engineering & Technology Ayodhya, is a record of an original work done by us under the
guidance of Er. Sauhardra Ojha (Assistant Professor) Department of Civil Engineering I.E.T.
Ayodhya. We also declare that, we have worked honestly as per the principles of academic
integrity and have not represented any idea/data/fact/source in falsified manner in our
submission. We understood that if we had violated any above rules then Institute can take
disciplinary action against us and can also elicit penal action from the sources which have thus
not been properly cited.

ADARSH GUPTA (19507)

PRABHAT YADAV (19541)

HARSHITA SINGH KUSHWAHA (19528)

VISHWAJEET KUMAR (19561)

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. We are highly indebted to Er.
Sauhardra Ojha for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing
necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in completing the project.
We feel very pleased and honored to write this acknowledgement to pay our sincere respects
to all who helped us either directly or indirectly in helping us throughout the stage.
We express thanks to all our classmates who helped us directly or indirectly
in the successful completion of this work.

ADARSH GUPTA

PRABHAT YADAV

HARSHITA SINGH KUSHWAHA

VISHWAJEET KUMAR

Signature of guide
 ABSTRACT

Self-compacting is nowadays the preferential choice of the construction industry, surpassing

the use of ordinary concrete by reducing cast-in-place equipment and labor, while perfectly
filling formwork under its own weight. However, the mix design and production processes are
more prone to human errors than those for ordinary concrete and are vital for structural
conformity solutions. Also, compactibility is affected by the characteristics of materials and
the mix proportions; it becomes necessary to evolve a procedure for mix design of SCC. The
paper presents an experimental procedure for the design of self compacting concrete mixes.
The test results for acceptance characteristics of self-compacting concrete such as slump flow,
V-funnel and L-Box are presented. Further, compressive strength at the ages of 3, 7, and 28
days was also determined and results are included here.

Keywords: Self compacting concrete, fly ash, workability, mix proportion, Glass powder
 Table of Content

Page No.
Chapter 1 Introduction 1-6

1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 History 1
1.2 Advantage of SCC 2
1.3 Current status of SCC 3
1.4 Applications of SCC in Japan 3
1.5 Recent advances in SCC 4
1.6 Comparison between Nominal Concrete and SCC 5
1.7 Objective 6

Chapter 2 Literature Review 7-10

Chapter 3 Work Methodology 11

Chapter 4 Material Used 12-20

4.0 General 12
4.1 Cement 12
4.2 Fine Aggregate 14
4.3 Coarse Aggregate 14
4.4 Fly Ash 16
4.5 Glass Powder 17
4.5.1 Properties of Glass Powder 17
4.6 Chemical Admixture 18
4.6.1 Advantage of Chemical Admixture 19

Chapter 5 Apparatus Use 20-26

5.1 V Funnel 20
 5.1.1 Scope 20
5.1.2 Principle 20
5.1.3 Apparatus 21
5.1.4 Dimensions of V Funnel 21
5.1.5 Test sample 22
5.2 L Box 22
5.2.1 Scope 22
5.2.2 Principle 22
5.2.3 Apparatus 23
5.2.4 Dimensions of L Box 23
5.2.5 Bar Position in L Box 24
5.3 Slump Cone 24
5.3.1 Scope 24
5.3.2 Principle 25
5.3.3 Procedure 25
5.3.4 Apparatus 25
5.3.5 Dimension of Slump Cone 25

Chapter 6 Mix Design Proportion 27-32

6.1 Mix Proportion 27

6.2 Preparation of Casting of Specimens 27
6.3 Testing of the specimens 28
6.4 Outline of the proposed mix design methodology 29
6.5 Laboratory Trials 32

Chapter 7 Results and Discussion 33-39

7.0 Test performed on Self Compacting Concrete 32

7.1 Slump Flow Test 33
7.2 V Funnel Test 34
7.3 L Box Test 36
Chapter 8 Conclusion 38
Reference 39
 LIST OF FIGURES

Sr. No. Figures name Page no.

Fig 1.1 Advantage of SCC 2
Fig 1.2 Self Compacting Concrete 3
Fig 1.3 Bhurj Khalifa, Dubai 4
Fig 1.4 LNG Tank, Osaka Gas Company, Tokyo 4
Fig 4.1 Cement 13
Fig 4.2 Fine Aggregate 14
Fig 4.3 Coarse Aggregate 15
Fig 4.4 Fly Ash 16
Fig 4.5 Glass Powder 18
Fig 4.6 Chemical Admixture 19
Fig 5.1 V Funnel 21
Fig 5.2 L Box 23
Fig 5.3 Bars of L Box 24
Fig 5.4 Slump Cone 25
Fig 6.1 Mixing of Concrete 28
Fig 6.2 Concrete Mix Design Procedure 29
Fig 7.1 Slump Flow Test 33
Fig 7.2 V Funnel Test 35
Fig 7.3 L- Box Test 36
 LIST OF TABLES

Sr. No Content Page no.

Table 1 Comparison between Nominal Concrete and SCC 5

Table 2 Physical properties of Cement 13
Table 3 Physical properties of Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate 15
Table 4 Chemical properties of Glass Powder 17
Table 5 Physical properties of Glass Powder 18
Table 6 Physical properties of Superplasticizer 19
Table 7 Mix Design for self compaction Concrete 31
Table 8 Result of Slump Flow Test 34
Table 9 Result of V Funnel Test 35
Table 10 Result of L Box Test 37
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a special type of concrete which can be placed and
consolidated under its own weight without any vibration effort due to its excellent
deformability, and which at the same time is cohesive enough to be handled without
segregation or bleeding.
Since 1998, when it was first developed, self-compacting concrete (SCC) has been the subject
of various investigations carried out in order to obtain a durable concrete. Over the last years,
SCC has been successfully used in many projects around the world, creating a new concept in
the concrete production with the major impact in the construction industry. The most important
technological advantages, that recommended the use of SCC instead of the ordinary concrete,
are the reduced labour and equipment due to the concrete‟s ability to flow through
reinforcement bars under its ownweight without blockage.

Obtaining self-compacting concrete requires both adequate high workability and resistance to
segregation. Okamura, the first developer of SCC, proposed the following recommendations
to achieve self compactibility: limited aggregate content, low water-powder ratio and the use
of superplasticizer.
The successful development of SCC must ensure a good balance between deformability and
stability. Researchers have set some guidelines for mixture proportioning of SCC, which
include i) reducing the volume ratio of aggregate to cementitious material (ii) increasing the
paste volume and water-cement ratio (w/c) (iii) carefully controlling the maximum coarse
aggregate particle size and total volume and (iv) using various viscosity enhancing admixtures
(VEA).

1.1 History
The problem of durability of structures was a major topic of interest in Japan. The gradual
reduction in the number of skilled workers in Japan‟s construction industry has led to a similar
reduction in the quality of construction. The solution for achieving this structure is
1
employment of self- compacting concrete, which can be compacted to every corner of the
framework by its own weight .The prototype of self-compacting concrete was completed in
1988 under the name of , “High Performance Concrete” and was defined at three stages:
• Fresh: Self-Compactable
• Early Age: Avoidance of Initial Defects
• After Hardening: Protection against external Factors
•

1.2 Advantages of Self Compacting Concrete –

Vibration (Filling Ability), and to retain homogeneity (Passing ability) without segregation
(Segregation Resistance) .

6 . Less
5 . Less
equipments
1 . Highly Labour
Workable Cost .

Self Compacted
Concrete

2 . No need of
vibration or
4 . Potential
compaction . Cost
3 . Less Effectiveness
Energy
Consumption

Fig 1.1: Advantage of SCC

There are three purposes for self-compactibility tests relating to practical purpose.
• To check whether or not the concrete is self-compactable for the structure: This is done
through L-Box test. In this test, the degree of compactability can be indicated by the height
that the concrete reaches afterflowing through an obstacle.

2
• To adjust the mix proportion when self-compactibility is not sufficient: Slump

Flow tests and Funnel tests have been proposed for testing deformability and viscosity
• To characterize materials: Flow and Funnel tests for mortar have been proposed to
characterize materials used in self-compacting concrete.

1.3 Current status of Self-Compacting Concrete:

Currently, 70% of concrete is produced by the ready-mixed concrete industry in Japan. With
this objective in mind, self-compacting concrete (SCC) has been developed and being used
on-going NPCIL Projects. The highest use of SCC in India was done at Delhi metro project.
About 10000 m3 of SCC has been used at Kaiga nuclear power plant, SCC of Characteristic
strength 30 MPa was used
1.4 Application of Self-Compacting Concrete in Japan:
The main areas for employment of self -compacting concrete are:
• Bridges
• Box Culverts
• Concrete filled steel columns
• Tunnels
• Dams.

Fig 1.2 Self compaction concrete

3
1.5 Recent Advances in SCC
Nano-SiO2, a cement-based material, is used as nano-filler in the cement matrix where the
total porosity is reduced at nano-scale which make it multi-functional nano-technological
material and the concrete with nano-silica performs as a designed self-compacting concrete.
One of the considerations with reference to the elastic performance of SCC is its inferior
stiffness propensity in comparison to conventional concretes (CC) but it is designed in 8a way
to perform much better results as a high performance concrete. Only a few researches carried
out experimental studies for determining the fresh properties, hard properties and micro-
structural properties with nano-silica. Different theories are evolved from their experimental
data. A number of researchers reported dissimilar and inconsistent optimal amounts of nano-
silica with some note worthy effects that need lot of concentration in the further
research/studies. Figure 1.3 and Fig 1.4 depicts the complex architectural structures
constructed using SCC.

Figure 1.3: Bhurj Khalifa, Dubai. Fig 1.4: LNG Tank, Osaka Gas Company, Tokyo

Compressive strength, intensification in tensile strength and bending strength among the all
nanomaterial's, Nano-SiO2 is the most abundantly used nano-material in the cement
replacement and concrete to increase the performance. In this modernized world of advance

4
infrastructure, it is essential to establish a high strength, stable, strong, sustainable and
environment-friendly cementitious composites. Concretes incorporated with nano-silica
results in the formation of denser and compact micro-structure with fewer amount of Ca OH
crystals. It also results in higher and acceleration of hydration as presented by various
researchers in their work.

1.6 Comparison between Nominal Concrete and SCC

The comparison between the SCC and CC with respect to various technical aspects is
presented in Table 1

Previous studies have shown that the use of mineral admixtures such as fly ash and blast
furnace slag could increase the slump of the concrete mixture without increasing its cost, while
reducing the dosage of superplasticizer needed to obtain similar slump flow compared to
concrete made with Portland cement only. Also, the use of fly ash improves rheological
properties and reduces the cracking potential of concrete as it lowers the heat of hydration of
the cement . Kim et al. studied the properties of super flowing concrete containing fly ash and

5
reported that the replacement of cement by 30% (40% for only one mixture) fly ash resulted
in excellent workability and flowability. Other researchers evaluated the influence of
supplementary cementitious materials on workability and concluded that the replacement of
cement by 30% of fly ash can significantly improve rheological properties. The use of fly ash
reduces the demand for cement, fine fillers and which are required in high quantities in SCC.
Moreover, the incorporation of fly ash also reduces the need for viscosity enhancing chemical
admixture.

1.7 Objective of study

The main purpose of this study is to provide practical guidance in the process of designing and
casting self-compacting concrete, specifically to expose common errors and providing viable
solutions. The target composition was a low cost, high performance self-compacting concrete
with high volume fly ash.
The objective of this paper is to measure the fresh properties like workability, passing ability
and flowing ability of self compacting concrete under the varying % of polycarboxlic ether
based superplasticizer and replacement of cement with fly ash at different percentage.
• To achieve better flow of SCC.
• To achieve new mix design proportion.
• To study polycarboxlic Ether base superplasticizer role.
• To Study the Behaviour of Glass Powder on various flow parameters of SCC

6
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Prof. Shriram H. Mahure (2014) had studied about the fresh and hardened properties of
selfcompacting concrete using Fly ash as partial replacement of cement in different
percentages in addition to filler. The fresh properties have been determined by computing the
Slump value, Vfunnel value and L-box value and the hardened properties are determined by
computing the Compressive strength, Flexural strength and Split tensile strength of the
specimens. It is observed that the fresh properties of concrete shows an acceptable value upto
30% replacement of fly ash and also the hardened properties of concrete is significantly
improved when compared to the conventional mix.
Sherif.A.Khafaga (2014) had investigated about the fresh and hardened properties of
selfcompacting concrete using recycled concrete aggregate as both coarse and fine aggregates.
The concrete were prepared by replacing 25%, 50% and 75% of coarse and fine recycled
aggregates. The study consisted of thirteen concrete mixes which reflect the key variables and
their effects on the fresh and hardened properties of the produced SCC. The results indicated
that the properties of the recycled aggregates SCCs have only a slight difference, in their
properties from the natural aggregates SCC. The recycled concrete aggregate as both coarse
and fine aggregates can successfully be used for making of SCC
M.Iyappan (2014) had investigated about the fresh and hardened properties of self
compacting concrete in which the Portland cement is partially replaced with nano silica. In
addition the durability properties of the concrete like acid resistance using HCL were also
examined with three different percentages of nano-silica. He concluded that 2% and 4%
replacement of nano silica results in improved hardened properties where as 6% replacement
of nano silica results in reduction in hardened properties of concrete. He also obtained that 4%
replacement of nano silica results in better acid resistance of the concrete
B.H.V.Pai (2014) had investigated about the self compacting concrete where Ground
Granulated Blast furnace slag (GGBS) and Silica fume (SF) is partiallyreplaced with cement.
He concluded that the flowing ability and passing ability of the concrete were satisfied with

7
the EFNARC guidelines. He observed that the GGBS based self compacting concrete exhibits
improved mechanical properties compared to the SF based self compacting concrete. He also
analyzed that GGBS can be replaced up to 80% to achieve strength of 30Mpa.
Rafat Siddique (2013) investigated about the strength and durability properties of
SelfCompacting concrete which is obtained by partially replacing natural sand with waste
foundry sand (WFS). He replaced the Natural sand with WFS by 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% in
terms of weight. He studied the fresh properties of concrete before computing the strength
parameters. Compressive strength and split tensile strength test were obtained at the age of 7,
28, and 56 days and to determine the durability of the concrete, sulphate resistance was
evaluated at the age of 7, 28 and 56 days and Rapid Chloride Permeability test was conducted
at age of 28 days. Test results have shown that there is increase in compressive strength and
split tensile strength of self-compacting concrete and also the durability properties have been
improved by incorporating waste foundry sand as a replacement of Natural sand.
Prajapati Krishnapal (2013) had studied about the self compacting concrete containing
different percentages of fly-ash such as 10%, 20% and 30% as replacement of cement by its
weight where the quantities of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate are kept constant. The fresh
properties of the concretes such as slump value, V-funnel and L-box value which in turn used
to determine the flow and passing ability of the concrete were obtained from EFNARC
Guidelines. He observed that the addition of fly ash in concrete results in decrease in super-
plasticizer content for better workability. He concluded that with increase in fly-ash content in
concrete results in decrease in strength of concrete at the age of 28 days.
Prof.Shriram.H (2013) had studied about the fresh and hardened properties of self
compacting concrete using kiln dust as partial replacement for cement.He had conducted
slump flow test, V-funnel test and L-box test to determine the fresh properties of concrete and
compressive strength test, split tensile test, flexural strength test to determine the hardened
properties of concrete. He concluded that fresh properties of concrete show an acceptable value
till 20% replacement of kiln dust and above 20% the values gets decreased. He also concluded
that with the replacement of dust kiln the hardened properties of concrete such as compressive
strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength had been increased at the age of 91 days
compared to 28 days strength.

8
Abbas Al-Ameeri (2013) had investigated about the self compacting concrete in which the
steel fiber is partially replaced. He studied the fresh properties that comprise of flow ability,
passing ability and viscosity and computed the hardened properties like compressive strength,
split tensile strength and flexural strength of the specimens. He concluded that with the
increase in fiber content the workability of the concrete is reduced. He also concluded that at
an optimum percentage of 0.75% to 1% replacement of steel fibers, the compressive strength,
split tensile strength and flexural strength characteristics of the self compacting concrete had
been improved.
B.Beerlingegowda (2013) had studied about the properties of self compacting concrete which
is obtained by partially replacing cement with limestone powder. He computed the fresh
properties and hardened properties of the concrete. He also found the durability characteristics
of the concrete. In this study, he concluded that with 30% replacement of limestone powder in
the concrete results in 20% increase in the workability and mechanical properties of the
concrete. He also concluded that with 20% replacement of limestone powder results in increase
in acid resistance and sulphate resistance of the concrete. He also observed that the chloride
content in the specimen is decreased with increase in depth of the specimen.
Dhiyaneshwaran.S (2013) had investigated about the workability and durability
characteristics of self compacting concrete containing Viscosity modifying admixture and
class F fly-ash. The workability of the concrete is determined by conducting slump flow, V
funnel, L-box and Ubox tests and the durability of the concrete is computed using acid
resistance, sulphate attack and saturated water absorption test. He concluded that 30%
replacement of fly-ash is optimum. He observed that fresh properties, mechanical properties
and the durability properties of the concrete have been improved compared to the convention
mix of the concrete.
J. Guru Jawahar (2012) focused on finding the properties of self compacting concrete by
replacing the aggregate with crushed granite stones of size 20mm and 10mm. The concrete is
obtained by replacing the cement with the class F fly ash by 35% and 0.36 water/cement ratio
by weight. The fresh properties of the concrete were obtained by conducting workability test,
V-funnel and L-box test. The test is conducted for different type of mixes. The test reveals that
some mixes are successful in slump flow test they were failed in V-funnel and L-box test. He

9
also concluded about the range of coarse aggregate content suitable for particular coarse
aggregate blending in self compacting concrete.
Benmounah Abdelbaki (2011) had investigated about the effect of marble powder content in
self-compacting concrete at the fresh and hardened state. The fresh properties of the concrete
are identified by conducting the workability test, the V funnel flow test and viscosity test and
the hardened properties are determined by computing the compressive strength of the
specimen at the age of 28 days. The increase in marble powder in concrete shows an
improvement in fresh properties of concrete with decreased v-funnel flow time and increased
slump and viscosity values but with the increase in marble powder content in the concrete
results in decrease in the compressive strength of the specimens.
O. Gencel (2011) had studied about the fresh and hardened properties of SCC with fly ash
reinforced with the type of monofilament polypropylene fibers. The water/cement ratio, fly
ash content and admixtures were kept constant to determine the fresh and hardened properties
of concrete. To evaluate the fluidity, filling ability and segregation risk of the fresh concrete,
tests like Slump flow, J ring, V funnel and air content tests were conducted and to determine
the hardened properties of concrete tests like compressive strength, splitting tensile strength,
flexural strength, pulse velocity and elasticity modulus test were conducted. If there is uniform
distribution of fibres, the problems in mixing and batching of concrete are minimized. He
finally concluded that the usage of Polypropylene fibers in concrete upgraded the fresh and
mechanical properties of SCC significantly.
Anant patel (2011) had studied about the Compressive strength and Modulus of elasticity of
self compacting concrete which contains admixtures and different content of cement and
flyash. From the test results it is obtained that when water-powder ratio is lower, flow obtained
for concrete is also lower. He observed that increase in cement content results in cohesive mix
and high compressive strength of the specimens. He also concluded that modulus of elasticity
of the concrete containing fly-ash is almost same as the modulus of elasticity of the
conventional mix. Finally he observed that the effect of water- powder ratio, cement content
and fly-ash plays a significant role in formation of self compacting concrete and its strength.

10
 CHAPTER 3
WORK METHODOLOGY

Materials were collected locally and the laboratory tests conducted on cement, fine aggregates
and coarse aggregates. Fly Ash was taken from Tanda NTPC Viduyt Nagar Ambdkarnagar
Uttar Pradesh. Here we use type F Fly ash. Chemical admixture was polycarboxlic ether based.
After completion of laboratory test on materials the trial mixes were prepared for M25 grade
concrete. The cube specimen were prepared for 3, 7 and 28 days curing period. The sizes of
cube specimens were 150mm * 150mm * 150mm for determining compressive strength.
Test were also conducted for checking the behavior of fresh concrete. Workability , flow ability
and passing ability was test.
Firstly trial mix proportion was prepared and slump test perform for checking the workability
of concrete. If we get satisfy value then proceed for next test which is V funnel and L Box test.
In case slump value is not obtain in specific range then change mix proportion and again test
performed in similar way as discussed above.
V funnel test is done for Flowing ability as well as it tells about segregation of concrete. If
segregation test is failed means if our concrete segregate in V funnel test then again we have
to modify the trial Mix design with more powder content. After that, L-box test is done for
testing the passing ability of concrete and there is minimum chance of failure of test.
At last after hardened of concrete, Compressive strength test on 3cube of each 20%, 35% and
50% of fly ash replacement with cement at 3, 7 and 28 days of curing period. The average
strength of three cube specimen results was taken in each mix for strength evaluation.
From the final result we had done discussions and finally concluded the present Work

11
 CHAPTER 4
MATERIAL USED

4.0 General
Mix proportions for SCC differ from those of ordinary concrete, in that the former has more
powder content and less coarse aggregate. Moreover, SCC incorporates high range water
reducers (HRWRA, superplasticizers) in larger amounts. However, the constituent materials
for SCC are the same as those used in traditional vibrated concrete conforming to IS 456:2000.
In most cases the requirements for constituents are individually covered by relevant Indian
standards. However, in order to be sure of uniform and consistent performance for SCC,
additional care is needed in initial selection and also in the continual monitoring for uniformity
of incoming batches.
The questions that dominate the selection of materials for SCC are: (i) limits on the amount of
marginally unsuitable aggregates, that is, those deviating from ideal shapes and sizes, (ii)
choice of HRWRA, (iii) choice of Mineral admixture, and (iv) interaction and compatibility
between cement, HRWRA and Mineral Admixture. These are discussed below:
To achieve these requirements the control of the constituent materials needs to be increased
and the tolerable variations restricted, so that daily production of SCC is within the conformity
criteria without the need to test and/or adjust every batch.
4.1 Cement
Cement (shown in Fig 4.1) conforming to the concerned Indian Standard can be used for
the production of SCC. The correct choice of cement type is normally dictated by the specific
requirements of each application or what is currently being used by the producer rather than
the specific requirements of SCC. However, there exists the problem of incompatibility
between cement and HRWRA (high range water reducing admixture) particularly at low water
contents. In concretes having low water content and high super
plasticizer dosage (SNF based),gypsum (present in cement) may precipitate out causing a
premature stiffening of the paste and consequent loss of slump. When lignosulphonates (which
may have sugar in them) are used for retarding action to retain slump in hot weather conditions
and VMAs are used concrete.

12
 Fig. 4.1 Sample of Cement

Ordinary Portland Cement (Grade 43) was used. Its physical properties are as given in Table
below.
Table 2. Physical Properties of Cement
Physical property Result obtained IS:8112-1989 [4]
Specifications

Fineness (retained on 90-micron sieve) 8.0 10mm

Normal Consistency 28% 30%

Vicat initial setting time (minutes) 75 30 min

Vicat final setting time (minutes) 215 600max

Compressive strength 3-days(Mpa) 23 32.0

Compressive strength 7-days(Mpa) 36 37.0

Compressive strength 28-days(Mpa) 45 56.0

Specific gravity 3.15 -

13
4.2 Fine Aggregates

The influence of fine aggregates on the fresh properties of the SCC is significantly greater
than that of coarse aggregate.
Particles size fractions of less than 4.75 mm should be included in the fines content of the
paste and should also be taken in accout in calculating the water powder ratio.

Fig 4.2 Sample of Fine Aggregate

The high volume of paste in SCC mixes helps to reduce the internal friction between
the particles but a good grain size distribution is still very important. Many SCC mix design
methods use blended sands to match an optimised aggregate grading curve and this can also
help to reduce the paste content. Some producers prefer gap-graded sand. The sand shall
conform to IS383. In our project At least 20% of overall fine aggregates there is very fine sand
size is 0.075-1.18mm.

4.3 Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregates are larger size filler materials (as shown in Fig 4.3) in construction works
and coarse aggregates are the particles that retain on 4.75 mm sieve, some of the good example
for coarse aggregate can be given as Brick chips (broken bricks), stone chips (broken stones),
gravels, pebbles, clinkers, cinders etc. Dolomite aggregates, crushed gravel or stone, natural
disintegration of rock are the major sources of coarse aggregate. The surface area of coarse
aggregate is less than fine aggregates and also coarse aggregate acts as inert filler material for
concrete while they are mainly used in concrete, railway etc..

14
 Fig 4.3 Sample of Coarse Aggregate

Max size of Coarse Aggregate is 12-15mm. Total Coarse aggregate should not be more than
3035% of the total volume of concrete. And also Total aggregate (Fine aggregate + Coarse
Aggregate) should not be more than 60% of total volume of concrete. Both fine and coarse
aggregate confirmed to Indian Standard Specification IS:383-1970. Table 3 gives Physical
properties of the coarse and fine aggregates.

Table 3. Physical Properties of Coarse and Fine Aggregate

Physical Tests Coarse Aggregates Fine Aggregates

Specific gravity 2.67 2.66

Fineness modulus 6.86 2.32

Bulk density 1540 1780

(kg/m^3)

15
4.4 Fly ash

Fly ash is a fine powder that is a byproduct of burning pulverized coal in electric generation
power plants. Fly ash is a pozzolona, a substance containing aluminous and siliceousmaterial
that forms cement in the presence of water. When mixed with lime and water, fly ash forms a
compound similar to Portland cement.

Fig 4.4: Sample of Fly-ash

The chemical properties of the fly ash are largely influenced by the chemical content of the
coal burned (i.e., anthracite, bituminous, and lignite).
Fly ash produced from the burning of younger lignite or sub bituminous coal, in addition to
having pozzolanic properties, also has some self- cementing properties. In the presence of
water, Class C fly ash will harden and gain strength over time. Class C fly ash generally
contains more than 20% lime (CaO). Unlike Class F, self-cementing Class C fly ash does not
require an activator. Alkali and sulfate (SO4) contents are generally higher in Class C fly ashes.
Class C fly ash can be identified from its light brownish color. Fly Ash shown in Fig 4.4.
The burning of harder, older anthracite and bituminous coal typically produces Class F fly ash.
This fly ash is pozzolanic in nature, and contains less than 10% lime (CaO). Possessing

16
pozzolanic properties, the glassy silica and alumina of Class F fly ash requires a cementing
agent, such as Portland cement, quicklime, or hydrated lime, with the presence of water in
order to react and produce cementitious compounds. Alternatively, the additions of a chemical
activator such as sodium silicate (water glass) to a Class F ash can lead to the formation of a
geopolymer. Class F fly ash can be identified by its dark brownish color.

4.5 Glass Powder

The chemical compositions of soda-lime glass which is the most commonly used in containers
are compared with fly ash and cement in Table 4. As shown, the chemical compositions of
glass do not vary significantly irrespective of different origins. The SiO2 and (Na2O + K2O)
of glass are much higher than those of fly ash and cement. The total reactive component (SiO2
+ Al2O3 + Fe2O3) contents of glass and fly ash are about the same. Other main constituent
contents are in the similar range to those of fly ash and cement.
Glass powder was obtained from glass factory at Nagpur. The powder product consisted of
angular and flaky particle shapes. Table 5 gives the physical properties of the glass powder.

4.5.1 Properties of Glass Powder

The waste glass used in this project is crushed waste glass which are collected from the scrap.
After collecting, all the unwanted materials, like labels are removed. Then itis washed and
crushed into required sizes.

Table 4. Chemical Properties of Glass Powder

Compound Value (%)
SiO2 71.1
CaO 9.2
Fe2O3 0.16
Al2O3 0.95
MgO 4.4
Na2O 12.6
K2O 1.56

17
 Table 5. Physical Properties of Glass Powder

Properties Result
Specific Gravity 2.85
Normal consistency 33%
Compressive strength at 7th day 24.03
Final setting time 240
Initial setting time 190
Fineness modulas 3.75%

Fig . 4.5 Glass Powder

4.6 Chemical Admixture

Superplasticizers (SPs), also known as high range water reducers, are additives used in making
high strength concrete. Plasticizers are chemical compounds that enable the production of
concrete with approximately 15% less water content. Superplasticizers allow reduction in
water content by 30% or more.
A polycarboxlic ether based superplasticizer complying with ASTM C- 494 type G is used and
compiled with IS 9103- 2009.

18
 Fig .4.6 Chemical Admixture

Table 6. Physical properties of superplasticizer

Appearance Clear to Brown liquid
0
Ph @ 27 C Min. 6.0
Specific Gravity @ 27C 1.10 kg/ltr +- 0.5
Chloride content Nil

4.6.1 Advantage of Chemical Admixture:

• Increased Density
• Improved Bond Strength
• Increase Abrasion resistance
• Decreased Permeability
• Reduce Segregation and Bleeding
• High early and ultimate strength

19
 CHAPTER 5
APPARATUS USE

Self-Compacting Concrete Test is slightly different from the tests that are conduction on
normal
concrete. There are three basic characteristics of self-compacting concrete namely filling
ability
(flowability), passing ability (free from blocking due to the presence of reinforcement), and
resistance to segregation (stability/homogeneity).
Therefore, it is very necessary to carry out field or mock trials to assess these characteristics.
Unfortunately, so far not a single test has been devised to confidently measure anyone of these
properties.

A number of tests have been developed and used by many organizations but all these tests are
elementary in nature and none of the tests have been standardized.

The most commonly used tests are the Slump Flow Test, V Funnel Test, L Box Test, „U‟ Box
Test, and Fill Box Test. In addition to these tests, there are other tests like the „J‟ ring test, etc.

5.1 V Funnel
V-Funnel Test is designed to assess the flowability and also segregation resistance of
Self
Compacting Concrete. The figure indicates the dimensions of the funnel used and another
figure
illustrates the method of execution.
5.1.1 Scope
This European Standard specifies the procedure for determining the V-funnel flow time for
self-
compacting concrete. The test is not suitable when the maximum size of the aggregate exceeds
22,4 mm.
5.1.2 Principle
The V-funnel test is used to assess the viscosity and filling ability of self-compacting concrete.
A V shaped funnel is filled with fresh concrete and the time taken for the concrete to flow out
of the funnel is measured and recorded as the V-funnel flow time.
20
 5.1.3 Apparatus
V-funnel, made to the internal dimensions and tolerances in Figure 1, fitted with a quick
release, watertight hinged or sliding gate at its base and supported by a frame so that the top
of the funnel is horizontal with sufficient clearance beneath the gate to place the container
underneath
The V-funnel shall be made from metal which shall be reference material; the surfaces shall
be smooth, and not readily attacked by cement paste or be liable to rusting.
If the funnel is made from other materials, in-use performance test data shall be available
which demonstrates long-term equivalence with metal.
Container, to hold the test sample and having a volume not less than 12 ltr.
Stop watch, capable of measuring to 0,1 s.
Straight edge ,for striking off concrete level with the top of the funnel.
5.1.4 Dimensions of V Funnel:

Fig.5.1: V Funnel

21
5.1.5 Test sample
A sample of at least 12 L shall be obtained in accordance with EN 12350-1

5.2 L- Box
L-Box test is used mainly to assess the passing and filling ability of Self Compacting Concrete.
apparatus consists of an “L” shaped rectangular box section.

• Concrete is designed to pass through the obstructions of known clearances. The vertical
section is filled with concrete and the gate is lifted to let the concrete flow into the horizontal
section through the vertically placed steel bars.
• When the flow stops the height of the concrete h2 at the end of the flow is measured along
with height h1 in the vertical box next to the obstruction.
• The ration h2/h1 is a measure of the passing ability of SCC. The blocking value for SCC
should be between 0.80 to 1.0. if the blocking value is less than 0.80 it indicates viscosity
is too high. A ratio close to 1, indicates false results.
• Both passing ability and segregation resistance can be detected during the test visually also.
If concrete builds a plateau in front of reinforcement bars, concrete has either got blocked
or has segregated.

5.2.1 Scope
This European Standard specifies the procedure for determining the passing ability ratio for
self compacting concrete using the L box test.

5.2.2 Principle
The L box test is used to assess the passing ability of self-compacting concrete to flow through
tight openings including spaces between reinforcing bars and other obstructions without
segregation or blocking. There are two variations; the two bar test and the three bar test. The
three bar test simulates more congested reinforcement.
A measured volume of fresh concrete is allowed to flow horizontally through the gaps between
vertical, smooth reinforcing bars. The heights of the concrete in the vertical section (H1) and
at the end of the horizontal section (H2), see Figure 1, are measured and the ratio H2/H1
determined.
This ratio is a measure of the passing or blocking behaviour of S C C .
22
5.2.3 . Apparatus
L box, having the general arrangement and internal dimensions as shown in Figure 1.
The L box shall be of rigid construction with surfaces that are smooth, flat and not readily
attacked by cement paste or be liable to rusting. The vertical hopper may be removable for
ease of cleaning.
The bar positioning system shall be such that two smooth steel bars of (12 ± 0,2) mm diameter
will provide a gap of (59 ± 1) mm for the two bar test and three smooth steel bars of (12 ± 0,2)
mm diameter will provide a gap of (41 ± 1) mm for the three bar test. The system shall locate
the bars in the L box so that they are vertical and equidistant across the width of the box, as
shown in Figure 5.2.

5.2.4 Dimensions of L-Box:

Fig 5.2: L Box apparatus

23
 Fig.5.3: Bars of L Box

The surface of any material used in the assemblies shall not be readily attacked by cement
paste or be liable to rusting.
Rule or measuring tape, of minimum length 500 mm and graduated at intervals not exceeding
1 mm, the zero mark being at the extreme end of the rule or measuring tape.
Containers, to hold the sample and having a total volume not less than 14 l.
Spirit level, for checking horizontality of base of L box base prior to commencing the test.
Straight edge, for striking off concrete level with the top of the L box.
Test sample A sample of at least 14 l shall be obtained in accordance with EN 12350-1

5.3 Slump Cone

This is one of the simplest tests initially developed in Japan for the assessment of underwater
concrete. It is the most commonly used test for SCC and gives a good assessment of filling
ability.
However, it gives no indication of the ability of the concrete to pass between the reinforcement
without blocking but may give some indications of resistance to segregation.
5.3.1 Scope:
This Indian standard specifies the procedure for determining the diameter of flow of slump for
self compacting concrete. This test is not suitable for low workable concrete.

24
5.3.2 Principle:
The slump flow test is done to assess horizontal flow of concrete at the absence of obstructions.
It is the most commonly used test and gives a good assessment of filling ability. It may be used
at the site. The test also indicates the resistance to segregation.
5.3.3 Procedure:
Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp, simply strike off the concrete level with the top of
the cone with the trowel. Remove any surplus concrete from around the base of the cone. Raise
the cone vertically and allow the concrete to flow out freely.
5.3.4 Apparatus :
The usual slump cone having a base diameter of 200 mm, top dia. 100mm, and height 300mm
are used.
Base plate for slump flow test, A stiff base plate square in shape is having at least a 700 mm
side. Concentric circles are marked around the center point where the slump cone is to place.
A firm circle is drawn at 500 mm diameter.
5.3.5 Dimension of Slump Cone:

Fig.5.4: Slump Cone

25
• . A Trowel This tool is used to place cement mortar.

• Scoop This use in QC department for the material.

• Measuring tape To measure the length.

• Stopwatch Use for time record.

• Test sample: A sample of atleast 5L shall be obtained in accordance with IS 456:2000

26
 CHAPTER 6
MIX DESIGN PROPORTION

6.1 Mixture proportions

The proportions of the concrete mixtures are summarized in Table . Nine concrete mixtures
were tested, with three mixes for each percentage of replacement by fly ash, which had total
powder content to 550 kg/m3 (cement + fly ash). Coarse aggregate content was maintained at
39% by volume (590 kg/m3)of concrete and fine aggregate content at 37.9% by volume of
mortar in concrete (850 kg/m3), with air-content being assumed to be 2%. The various SCC
mixes with fly ash as 0%, 20%, 35%, and 50% by weight of total powder content , and variation
of superplasticizer is 0%, 2%, 1.5% and 2% respectively. Their mix proportions and fresh
properties are given in Table 7.

6.2 Preparation and casting of specimens:

For these mix proportions, required quantities of material were weighed and mixing of cement
and fly ash in dry state and coarse and fine aggregates were mixed dry separately. Add half of
the mixing water to coarse and fine aggregates and mix for 3 min.
Mixer is stopped and left covered for 15 min, then cement and fly ash added evenly over the
aggregate and mixed for 30 s. Add remaining water over next 30 s and then mixing continued
for 3 min after adding all the materials together in a mixer to obtain homogeneous mix. The
casting immediately followed mixing, after carrying out the tests for fresh properties. The top
surface of the specimens was scraped to remove excess material and achieve smooth finish.
The specimens were removed from moulds after 24 h and cured in water till testing. The cubes
of size 150 mm were cast for determination of compressive strength . All test measurements
were taken as the average of three readings for strength tests. Fig 6.1 shows Mixing of
Concrete.

27
 Fig. 6.1 Mixing of Concrete

6.3 Testing of the specimens

For determining the self-compactibility properties (slump flow, T50cm time, V-funnel flow
times, L-box blocking ratio, U-box difference in height) tests were performed. All fresh test
measurements were duplicated and the average of measurements was given. In order to reduce
the effect of workability loss on variability of test results, fresh state properties of mixes were
determined within a period of 30 min after mixing.

The order of testing was as below, respectively.

1. Slump flow test and measurement of T50cm time

2. V-funnel flow tests at 10 s T10s and 5 min T5min

3. L-box test

The slump flow represents the mean diameter of the mass of concrete after release of a standard
slump cone; the diameter is measured in two perpendicular directions. According to Nagataki
and Fujiwara , a slump flow ranging from 500 to 700 mm is considered as the slump required
for a concrete to be self-compacted. At more than 700 mm the concrete might segregate, and
at less than 500 mm the concrete is considered to have insufficient flow to pass through highly
congested reinforcement. The stability of SCC mixtures was evaluated through the V-shaped
funnel test.

28
 Fig 6.2: Concrete Mix design procedure.

Concrete mix design is the process of finding right proportions of cement, sand and aggregates
for concrete to achieve target strength in structures. So, concrete mix design can be stated as
Concrete Mix = Cement:Sand:Aggregates. The concrete mix design involves various steps,
calculations and laboratory testing to find right mix proportions. This process is usually
adopted for structures which requires higher grades of concrete such as M25 and above and
large construction projects where quantity of concrete consumption is huge.. Benefits of
concrete mix design is that it provides the right proportions of materials, thus making the
concrete construction economical in achieving required strength of structural members. As, the
quantity of concrete required for large constructions are huge, economy in quantity of materials
such as cement makes the project construction economical.

29
 Material Selection

Strength Selection

Fix the total powder or Aggregate of max

cementitious content
. size < 16 mm.
Determination of
watercement ratio of
Fix the fly ash % & Combination of different
calculate the efficiency of conventional sizes of aggregates using
fly ash at 28 days. concrete using the standard grading curves.
standard
Determining of water compressive strength
content of SCC mixture. to w/c ratio curve
. Determining of
sand/total aggregate ratio
content of SCC mixture.

Determination of super
plasticizer dosage.

Determination of final mixture

composition.

Trial mixture and tests on fresh

SCC properties.

Doesn’t satisfy Satisfies

Check Go to the final
Re- design the with
mixture. development
guidelines of SCC.
.

Fig. 6.4 Outline of the proposed mix design methodology

30
 Table 7: Table for Mix Design Proportion:

Description Trial-1 Trial-2 Trail-3

Cement(kg/m3) 450 355 275

Glass powder(%) 10 15 20

Fly ash (%) 10 20 25

C.A.(kg/m3) 590 590 590

F.A(kg/m3) 850 850 850

Superplasticizer(%) 2 1.5 2

w/p 0.45 0.45 0.45

Water (kg) 247.5 247.5 247.5

Mix Design Ratio 1:1.52:1.03

31
6.5 Laboratory Trials:
In order to obtain the final compositions of SCC with fly ash addition, several 0.02 m 3 trial
batches were mixed. The testing specimens were 150*150*150 mm cubes and compressive
strength was determined for the evaluation of the concrete class. .
Mixing process is done in following order: aggregates, cement and the mineral addition first
in 1 minute mixing; 80% of water was added for further 1 minute mixing; the remaining
mixing water and the superplasticizer were added and mixed for 1 minute; all the materials
were mixed for 3 minutes then put to rest for 3.5 minutes, required for the admixture to react;
the composition was supplementary mixed for 30 second before unloading the mixer and
placing the concrete.
The procedure should last 10 minutes, according to one of the SCC Guideline , but the effective
mixing time was up to 20 minutes because of the formation of unmixed constituents “balls”.
After every trial batch, the flowability was tested with slump-flow test, and verified for
segregation or bleeding tendency. If the concrete composition did not satisfy the SCC
requirements, the mix was readjusted. The final batch, which had a good flowability and no
segregation or bleeding tendency, was tested for viscosity with V-funnel test and T500 test and
for passing ability with the L-box test. These test methods are described in “The European
Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete”. When the concrete composition passed all tests,
the concrete mix was named selfcompactable and remained the final SCC mix.

32
 CHAPTER 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.0 Test performed on Self Compacting Concrete:

7.1 Slump Flow test:
Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp, simply strike off the concrete level with the top of
the cone with the trowel. Remove any surplus concrete from around the base of the cone.
Raise the cone vertically and allow the concrete to flow out freely as shown in fig 7.4.

Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record the time taken for the concrete to reach the
500mm spread circle (This i s the T50 time) floatable test, might be appropriate .

Fig .7.1 Slump Flow Test

33
 The T50 time is secondary indication of flow. A lower time indicates greater flow ability. The
Brite EuRam research suggested that a time of 3-7 seconds is acceptable for civil engineering
applications, and 2-5 seconds for housing applications.
In case of severe segregation most coarse aggregate will remain in the center of the pool of
concrete and mortar and cement paste at the concrete periphery.
In case of minor segregation a border of mortar without coarse aggregate can occur at the
edge of the pool of concrete. If none of these phenomena appear it is no assurance that
segregation will not occur since this is a time related aspect that can occur after a longer
period.

Table 8: Result of Slump Flow test

Sample Max Diameter, Perpendicular Average Diameter, T50 (in
Diameter, S
Dmax (in mm) Dper (in mm) (in mm) Sec)
Trial 530 490 510 5.7
Mix 1
Trial 640 520 580 3.8
Mix 2
Trial 690 650 670 4.1
Mix 3

7.2 V funnel test:

To carry out this test, the V-funnel is filled up with about 12 L of concrete without tamping or
vibrating and the time taken for it to flow through the apparatus is measured. This test is used
to evaluate the ability of the SCC to flow through a tapered section of V-shaped funnel.
The described V-funnel test is used to determine the filling ability (flowability) of the
concrete with a maximum aggregate size of 20mm. The funnel is filled with about 12 liter of
concrete and the time taken for it to flow through the apparatus measured. After this the
funnel can be refilled concrete and left for 5 minutes to settle. If the concrete shows
segregation then the flow time will increases significantly.

34
 Fig 7.2 V Funnel Test without segregation and blocking.

Procedure flow time at T5 minutes:

Do not clean or moisten the inside surface of the funnel gain. Close the trapdoor and refill the
V-funnel immediately after measuring the flow time. Place a bucket underneath. Fill the
apparatus completely with concrete without compacting or tapping, simply strike off the
concrete level with the top with the trowel. Open the trapdoor 5 minutes after the second fill of
the funnel and allow the concrete to flow out under gravity as shown in Fig 7.5. Simultaneously
start the stopwatch when the trap door is opened and record the time discharge to complete
flow (the flow time at T5 minutes). This is to be taken when light is seen from above through
the funnel.

Table 9: Result of V Funnel test:

Sample T10 sec T 5min
Trial Mix 1 23.03sec 25sec
Trial Mix 2 10.7sec 12.3sec
Trial Mix 3 7.8sec 10.5sec
Observation: Fresh Concrete does not segregate in T 5min test in all 3 trial mix.

35
7.3 L Box Test

About 14 L of concrete needed to perform the test, sampled normally. Set the apparatus level
on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open freely and then close it. Moisten the inside
surface of the apparatus, remove any surplus water, fill the vertical section of the apparatus
with the concrete sample. Leave it stand for 1 minute as shown in Fig 7.3

Fig . 7.3 L Box Test

Lift the sliding gate and allow the concrete to flow out into the horizontal section.
Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record the time for the concrete to reach the concrete
200 and 400 marks. When the concrete stops flowing, the distances „H1‟ and „H2‟ are
measured. Calculate H2/H1, the blocking ratio. The whole has tom performed within 5 minutes.

36
 Table 10: Result of L Box test:

Sample H2/H1 T200 (in sec) T400 (in sec)

Trial mix 1 0.85 0.3 1.16

Trial mix 2 0.90 0.25 1.5

Trial mix 3 0.95 0.21 1.3

H1=Mean depth of concrete in the vertical section of the box, in mm

H2= Mean depth of concrete at the end of the horizontal section of the box, in mm

37
 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION

In the present experimental study on Self compacting concrete using Fly ash and
superplasticizer , using specimen were tested and the following conclusions are performed from
the experimental investigation:

• Water/powder ratio of 0.45, slump flow test, V-funnel test and L-box test results were found
to be satisfactory, i.e. passing ability, filling ability and segregation resistance are well
within the limits.
• SCC should be developed without using VMA as was done in this study.
• Increase the percentage of Glass Powder (upto 30%) not too much effect on the flow of
concrete.
• Decrease in initial strength of SCC by using Fly ash without affecting workability.

38
 References

• Rafat Siddique, Paratibha Aggarwal, Yogesh Aggarwal (2011). Influence of water/powder

ratio on strength properties of self-compacting concrete containing coal fly Ash and bottom
Ash.
• Cosa Alexandra, Heghes Bogdan, Negrutiu Camelia, Kiss Zoltan (2017). Mix Design of Self
Concrete with Limestone filler versus Fly Ash addition.
• Paratibha Aggarwal, Rafat Siddique, Yogesh Aggarwal, Surinder M Gupta(2008). Self-
Compacting concrete- procedure for mix Design.
• P.Dinkar, S.N. Manu.(2014). Concrete Mix Design for High strength selfcompacing concrete
using metakaolin.
• G. Iyapaan, K.Suganthi, M.Sridhar, R.Saleema Begum, R.Dharmaraj(2017). Experimental
Investigation of SCC using Silica Fume.
• Manual of Armix HP 20 MYK Arment Technical Data Sheet.
• IS 10262:2009 Standard Code for mix design.
• IS 1489:1991 Standard Code for “Portland Puzzolana Cement”.
• IS 456: 2000 Indian Standard “Plain and Reinforced Concrete”- Code for Practice. Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
• IS 516: 1959 Indian Standard “Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete”- Code of
practice.Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
• IS 10262: 1982. Indian Standard “Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design”-
Code of practice. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
• IS 383:1963. Indian Standard “Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natura
Sources for Concrete”- Code of practice. Bureau of Indian Standards, NewDelhi.
• BS EN 12530-10:2010 Testing of Self Compacting Concrete- L Box test.
• BS EN 123530-09:2010 Testing of Self Compacting Concrete- V Funnel test.
• IS 9103:1999. Concrete Admixtures-Specification.

39