CHAPTER

6
Data Collection
Methods and Techniques
of Data Collection

INTRODUCTION
(Any research is based upon various types of Information. It is not possible to conduct and
complete a research without obtaining and considering different kinds of information.)
Just as a building requires bricks and mortar for its construction, research too requires
property gathered concerned information. (The more reliable and valid the source of
information is the more reliable are the conclusions. Different types of researches require
different types of information. Holistically thus, a research requires a wide knowledge
of kinds and sources of information. Once the researcher has decided the research and
sampling designs, his next job is of data collection. For data to be useful, our observations
need to be organized so that we can get some patterns and come to logical conclusions.
Daia are of two types.
1. Primary Data
2. Secondary Data

PRIMARY DATA
rrimary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time and are origin l
in character. Itis collected by the investigator himself for the purpose of aspecific inquiry
r study. Such a data is generated by surveys conducted by individuals or research
institutions. 59
 60 RESEARCH ME THOD0L0GY

SECONDARY DATA
collected by some one else ana o a nin

which have already been interes

Serondarr data are those process. This data is primary data
through statistical researcher who
have already been passed secondary data for the
agTncy that collects it and
gorernment
becomes
publications, purposes. These
publication data can be obtained from journals
of professional and research organ1sat«m:
prerepna
senn, odserv
Iselim
uses this data for his own T
types
newspaers, books, magazines
and the like.Then how are these two frr distinct Adva
from Table 6.1.
each other.)Let us learn about it
Primary and Secondary Data
Table 6.1 Distinction Between
Secondary Data
Primary Data
Description
Secondary source
1 Source Original source
Journals, magazines Lin
: Methods of collection Observation, Questionnaire interviews, Books,
schedule, etc.
research publications and so oa
Not done Done
3 Statistical process
Not original/first hand.
4 Originality of data Original
6. Use of data For specific purpose data are compiled. Data are taken from other souro%
and used for decision-making
Not included
6. Terms and definitions of units Incorporated
7. Copy of schedule Included Excluded
8. Method of data collection Given Not given
9. Time consumed More Less
10. Cost and accuracy Expensive &more Cheaper & less

’ `ee page.
COLLECTIONOF THE PRIMARY DATA
and
There are several methods of collecting the primary data particularly in survey
descriptive researches, such as:
Observation
" Interview
Questionnaire
Schedule
Other methods such as warranty cards, distribution audits, pantry audits.
consumer panels, mechanical devices, projective techniques,in depth intervia
and 8o on.

Observation Method
pastand
SObservation method is one of the methods of data collection, It uses bothinvestigators'
the
currentinformation. In this process information is sought by the way of
0wn direct observations without collecting information from the respondent.
 DATA COILECIGN Methods ard Tectr e t a
iar2 61
fObservation
is,a purposetul, systematic and selective way of watching and J1stening
an
interaCtion or phenomenon as it takes place. In short, when aresearcher is mT
interestedinthe behaviour than in the perception of individuals, or when subyects are
interaction that they are unable to provide objective information about it.
inohed i nthe
abservstion.
isthe best approch to collect the required information. Thus.subjective bias
eliminated this method.)
s advantages andlimitations of this method can be listed as follows:
The
Adrantages
Independent of the respondents willingness to respond
" Information obtained relates to the current information
eliminated
Subjective bias is those who are unable to respond (infants, child and the
Provides innformation of
"
like).
Limitatios
Expensive
Limited information is obtained
factors
Interference from unforeseen people
Assessment ofinformation by
Iypesofobservation problem
observation is used when the research is to be
Structured specificallywhat
LSructured observation and the observers have been told the
formulated precisely definition of the units to be observed,
has been
is characterized by the carefulstandardized conditions ofthe observations
dbserved. This observed information,
style of recording the observation. free
selection ofpertinent data of
observation implies that observersare
and the Unstructured
VUnstructured obeervation important.
think is relevant and subjectsdo not know
whatever they observation, the
toobserve
In the case of disguised
observing in such a manner thata
Disguisedobservation observed.
is
When the observer observing, it can be
described as
bat they are being unknown to the people he is
be
s presence may making
a
himselí, more or less,the
disguised obeervation. observes by members of
observation Iftheobserver can experience what the
aricipant so that he
he is obeerving,called participantobservation.
Dember of the group observation is as a detached emissary
observes feel,
0upexperience, the When the observer participation what others
observation through participant observation).
Non-partieipant on his part toexperience (non
without any attempt non-participative observation place in the naturalspontaneous settings,it
obøervation is known as observationtakes observationiss get
the
observation observation.The aim ofthis
If
Uncontrolled
may be termed as uncontrolledsetting observation). observation takes called
place
picture of life (such as natural setting) When procedures,itis
experimental
obeervation (Laboratoryinvolving
Controlletod definitepre-arranged plans
usemechanicaldevices.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
62
of observation, the event or the
Direct observation In this type
person is observed as it occurs.
contrast to direct observation. In
be
this,
haviou
Indirect observation This isin
the behaviour itself is not
Some
past behaviour is observed. In other
its effects are observed.
words,
observed,recor,
Anterview Method
The interview method of collecting data involves presentation of oral-verbal
and reply in terms of oral and verbal responses. As we all know, any person- stimu,
interaction between two or more individuals with a specific purpose in mind
an interview. On the one hand., interviewing can be very flexible, when the is called
-to-persor
has the freedom to formulate questions as they come to mind interviewes
around the issue beine
investigated;while on the other it can be less flexible when the investigator has to keen
strictly to the questions decided before hand.
Benefits of the interview method
More information and that too in greater
depth, can be obtained. For example, this
method can be made toyield an almost perfect
" Interviewer, by his
own skills, can overcome sample of the general population.
respondents. the resistance, if any, of the
Has great fexibility.
" It helps in
collecting personal information.
Observation method can be well applied to
questions. recording verbal answers to various
Samples can be controlled more
low. effectively and non-response generally remains
Language can
the interviewer.appropriately be chosen for the ease of
the respondent as well as
Supplementary information can be obtained and collected.
Weakne8s of the interview method
Expensive.
Possibility of bias of
Time consuming. interviewers and respondents.
" Some
respondents are not easily approachable.
Interview may over-stimulate the respondent,
Training of the interviewer is required.
Situations and time may introduce systematic error.
Major
typeslclassification
Before proceeding to
of interviews
following figure (Figurestudy the
6.1). different types of interview let us
1. Face-to-face interviews; have a look at the
2. Telephonic interviews
 OATA
interviees, In
COECHON Methrt and
lerhnuen Data (otert
certain
sniahre.Are sought for and interview, hoth typea
Miind
65
RuchintervieWA CAn be
s0me of them are datathehilermutine
Themfore called nA mixed quanttfahle and the
Trlephonteinterview. interview ame are n
Collecting infor mation consistA n
itself Let us analyse the
oophone
Advantagee
contacting
ndvantages and disadvantages of auchteaprdetita m
" Morefexible interviea
" Faster
Cheaper
Recalland repetition is easy
High rate of response
. Replies Can easily be recorded
No ffeld staff is required
Disadvantages
Little time
Not suitable for intense survey
. Short questions required
Aims ofinterview
The do we need to interview? It is because of the
Enable direct contact following reasons.
Elicit intimate facts
" Establish hypothesis
"Verify unique ideals
Diferent phases of interview process. In the process of
diferent phbases/steps such as the following: interview, we undergo
Step 1: Introduction of interviewer with interviewee
Step 2: Elucidation of the purpose of interview
Step 3: Beginning of the interview
Step 4: Creating a free-to-talk atmosphere
Siep 5: Helping interviewee in recalls
Step 6: Initiating research value questions
Slep 7: Encouraging the
Step 8: Providing interviewee
Slep 9: Note-takingdirections
Slep 10: Concluding the
Slep 11: Report interview
writing.
estio nnai re
Aquestionnaire consists of anumber of questions printed or typed in adefinite order on
a
form or set of forms. In aquestionnaire respondents read the questions,interpret what
Wexpected and then write down the answers.
66 RI SIARCH MI H0DO 0GY
which ssent to, the
t reapondent.
questions
uCNionnare s a AVatematic list of
answer lhesc guwstonA
questiong sent by mail to the
Aqueatonnare consista
Iist or n a AAMple survey.
of a Achedule of
peri
Qustonnaire canlfurtherclassificed as follows:
Sructured questionnaire
n Non-structured questionnaire
mDisguised questionnaire
(iv Non-disguised questionnaire
Iv Structureddisguised questionnaire
(vi) Structured non-disguised questionnaire
 CHN

7
ereparation of Questionnaire
and Schedule

INERODUCTION
ionnaire is a printed list of questions sent through mail to
them after filling it up. According respondents to be returned
to G.A. Lundberg, Fundamentally,
set of stimuli to which literate people are exposed in the questionnaire
order to observe their verbal
hehaviour under these stimuli. ln aquestionnaire as the name indicates, there is a
of selected guestions whose answers the researcher seeks set
from respondents so as to gain
kowledge about certain specified matter. Since the
only after reading it, it is obvious that a questionnairequestionnaire
has to be answered
can be
people. Since the questionnaire is sent to a restricted number addressed
only to literate
of
rather limited; but within its limited scope it can prove to be the individuals,
its scope is
most effective means of
eiciting information, provided, however, that it is well formulated and the respondents
lntheir genuine response. This method of data collection is quite popular particularBy
ucase of big enquiries. It is being adopted by private individuals, research
private and public organisations and even by governments. The method of collecting dataworkers,
by mailing the
economic and questionnaires to respondents is most extensively employed in various
business surveys.

erts/Advantages
"
The coBt factor involved in this method is loweven when the universe is large in
size and geographically spread widely.
71
72 " RESEARCH
It is freeMETHODOL0GY
fronn the bias offtheinterviewer and the answers arein own anguag-

out answers
the respondents. wellthought
timeto give can also he
Respondents
" Respondents,
have adequate
who are noot
easily
approacheable,
results can be
appr0achen
conveniently. use of and
thus the made to
" Large samples can be made
dependable and reliable.
" Aoffers greater anonymity.

(Démerits/Disadvantages
" It has limited application as it can not be used on a population that is illiterate.
handicapped and the like.
very young, very old, fail to return them.
Response rate is low as many people
be lost once it is sent.
The control over questionnaire may amending the approar
There is an inbuilt inflexibility because of the dificulty of
once questionnaires have been sent.
Opportunity to clarify doubts/issues is lacking.
" Spontaneous responses are not allowed for/obtained.
" The response to a question may be infuenced by the response to the other
questions.
A
response cannot be supplemented with other information from methods like
observations,cross questioning and so on.
There is also the possibility of ambiguous replies or omission of replies altogether
to certain questions. Also, interpretation of omissions is difficult.
It is difficult to know whether willing respondents are true
not. representatives or
" This method is likely to be the slowest to all.

LFORMULATION OF AQUESTIONNAIRE
The succes8 of a questionnaire depends upon
of questions are the skills and insights with whbich the lists
formulated along
must be unequivocal and easily with the type of questions used. The
in mind while intelligible. The following questions useo
formulating a questionnaire. considerations should be kept
Appeal
Attached with every questionnaire is an
questionnaire is set forth appeal in which the aim and
appeal should be short, clearandandsincere c0operation of the purpose ofthe
itsutility for all
concerned. direct respondents is sought for. The
establishing the genuineness of the research and
 73
for Filling up the
Questionnaire
stuclon

adentsmusthot
mount rtutig The
.the rrqwred ahould
blned
ollhe Questionnaire
r outonk.and appearance of the questionnnire should he attractive IL ruyt tr prirte
style on high quality paper. The
shouldbe direct and emphatic. sentoncos hy which tte qiet 4r

Ciarily
ofQuestions
Frthedesiredresponses, it is of utmost
importance
Andprecisely. There should be no ambiguity and noto formulate the about
dubiousnegs question3
them.cleary
They
lendthemselves to a single
t questionnaire does not have anyinterpretation.
should misleading or The best method
confusing is toit ensure
questions, should that.
irat
betriedon a.selected group of individuals and suitable modiications should he made in
questionsin the light of the experience with the selected
group.

serial Order of Questions

The questions should be broken up into classes and each class should have a number of
questions which are mutually interrelated. The order of questions should be such that.
thefirst should naturally lead to the second. The second may depend upon the first, but
A frst should not depend upon the second; otherwise the order of questions will cease
wbe systematic and will become chaotic.

Atractiveness
The attractiveness of the questionnaire depends upon to a large extent the success of
uestionnaire. The attractiveness of a questionnaire is determined by the prestige of the
Rcarcher, of research organization and the form and style of the questionnaire

General Form
far as the general form of a questionnaire is concerned, it can either be structured
"unstructured questionnaire. Structured questionnaire as discussed earlier, are those
pre-determined questions
quesquest
ionnaiiorennais re
in which there are definite, concrete and pre-determined questions
which do not
e erned as unstructured have definite,
questionnaire. In this type,and
concrete the researeherinterviewer is
obtained, but the exact
wided with of information
a general guide on the typeresponsibility
to
andthe
be
replies are to betaken
on thformul
in ation
e respondents' own
his own
is largelywords to the maximum extent
possible.
 74 RISEARCH MI THODO OGY

Question Formulation and Wording must be very clear

and rules
cach queston shouid
The mscarrher should notethat harm to nsurvey. QuestionsQuestions
ofconstructed
misunderstanding cAn do irrepairahlethe true state of affairs.
withRIve
a view to their
a biased forming
picture of a logical part of a well thought oyut tatl,
n onder not to
following standards-)shouid
should meet the
plan In general, all questions that is, should convey only one thought at a itie
understood, (i) should be simple as possible to the respondent.
should conform as much
() should ba concrete and
of thinking

VARIOUS METHODS/TECHNIQUES FOR GETTING THE RESPONSE

There are several methods to get the responses through a questionnaire. Thev can i
listed as:
" Self addressed envelope
Incentives/schemes/prizes
Reminders
Using mediator
Sufficient interval
Retention
" Good and interest creating
questions

CONSTRUCTION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
The researcher has to decide the composition of a
consideration the data which is
required. The process of draftingalready available on thequestionnaire
topic and
while taking inte
i) Information required
a
questionnaire should have the the extent of data nes
following aspects:
(i) Type of
questionnaire be used
(iüi) Pirst draft to
(iv) Revising questions
(v) Editingof
(vi) Explainingquestionnaire
(vii) Pre-testing ofthe procedure for its use
questionnaire.
SCHEDULE
Schedule is the name
inerviewer in a face-to-usually applied with
face uituation to a set of
It is a
who are containing a set of another.
enumerators proforma
questions which are asked and illed by
special y appointed for questions
the purpose.which are being illed in by the
These with
enumerators along
 PREPARATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE ANO SCHEOLULE 75
ahedules,
goto respondents, put to them the questions from the profor ma in the order
questionsare listed
and record the replies in the spaco meant for the
game in the
mirma,In certain situations, as for example An Accident/injury to the enumerators
the
schedulesmay be handed over to respondents and the
enumerators may help them
their answers to various questions in the Said schedules. Enumerators
these
phuntheaims and objects of the investigation and als0 remove the diffculties which
respondentmavfeelin understanding the implications of a particular question or the
n
dehnition.
The method of schedule requires a wise selection of enumerators for filling up of
shedules.or assisting respondents to fill up schedules and as such enumerators should
tecarefullyselected
ofcdata collection is very useful in extensive enquiries and can lead to
This method
results.It is however very expensive andis usually adopted in investigations
tairlyreelliable governmental agencies or by big organisations.
onducted |by
Population census all over the world is conductedthrough this method.

Characteristics of a Schedule
A The schedule is presented by the interviewer. The questions are asked and
answers are noted down by him.
éa The list of questions is a mere formal document; it need not to be attractive.
ii) The schedule can be used in a very narrow sphere of social research.

Objects ofSchedule
) Delimitation of the topic. Schedule delimits and specifies the subject of inquiry.
down
() Aids memory. In a schedule the list of questions is preplanned and noted
formally,which is not there in case of an interview.
of replies
(üi) Aids to classification and analysis. In a schedule, all the varieties
analysis of the
are sifted and classified under various heads. This helps in the
replies.

Characteristics of a Good Schedule

Accurate communication.
" Accurate response.
" Attractive form and style.
"Direct, simple and unambiguous questions.
" Avoidance of intimate questions. the specialised problem being
be directly related to
The questions must
explored. amenable to statistical
are classifiable and
The responses should be such as
treatment. reliabilityshould be done before usingit.
Pretesting for checking
" Questions should be properlyformed.
76 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

" Length of scheduleshould be proper. It should not be too long or too

subject matter. short toc
Agood schedule should involve sorting of various aspects.

Outlines/Parts of a Schedule
In a schedule, the following three aspects seem distinct.

Prefatory
In this opening part, following data with regard to enquiry and the
sought viz. respondents,
(a) Name of the survey and the surveyor with
(b) Reference number address.
(c) Name of the respondent., his address, age,sex, education profession and so on
(d) Place of interview
(e) Time and date of
interview
Main schedule
This includes titles, subtitles,
columns and the questions.
Direction of field worker (enumerator)
In this part,the workers who
the data, they (the have to present the schedule, hold the
enumerators)
and presenting of schedule and are given elaborate interview and collec:
the method of the instructions regarding the reading
instructions there is a
of the research. The probability of arbitariness which interview. In the absence of these
researches are given detailed will surely vitiate the
recording the responses. Every instructions purpose
about the use of words
recording the responses. other detail is explained in order to in
ensure uniformity ot
Types of Schedules
Rating schedules
In the field of
schedules are business guidance, psychological
like elements. used to assess
As it is theattitudes, research and social research, the ra
trend of the above evident opinions,
from the term rating inpreferences, inhibition and other
mentioned qualities is
measured. these schedules, the value and
Documents schedules
The schedules of this
type used to
schedules, those terms are are obtain data
included which
generally found in case
together with the data tohistories. occur regarding written evidence. Inthese
be found For example, frequently in documents and areusedtoo
incidence, the nature of earlier in criminology
crime studies,
crime and the rating schedulescrime, their
the different
are

kinds of like school

personal data of criminals
 PREPARATION OF 0UESTIONNAIRE AND SCHEDJLE 77
the age at the time of employment, the leyei of economic and social status
age,
leaving sundry facts about crime and criminals
j other
Jnstitutionalsurvey forms or evaluational schedules
use of these
schhedules. as is evident from the name, is made to gather data about
specialized
The institutions or agencies. The form and the size of evaluational schedules is
determined by the nature and the complexity of the problems of an institution, the more

romplexthe problem is bigger the size of the schedule.

Observationschedules
the enumerator records the activities and responses of an individual or a
(nderthese,specific conditions. The observation
under schedules may need one or more research
group
workerto be completed. Their purposeis to verify all theinformation gathered.
Iaterview schedules
intterviewer (enumerator) presents the questions of the schedule to the
In this, an
interviewee andI records their responses on blank spaces. Sometimes these schedules are
accompanied with observation schedules.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUESTIONNAIRE AND SCHEDULES

(6) The questionnaire isgenerally sent through mail to informants to be answered
from the sender. The schedule
as specified in a covering letter without assistanceenumerator
isgenerally filled out by the research worker or
who can interpret
and understand questions when necessary. questionnaire and biasness due to non
(ii) Non-response is usually high in case of aWhereas non-response is usually low in
response often remains indetermined. enumerators.
case of a schedule because these are filled by
always clear as to who replies, but in case of a
(iüi) In case of a questionnaire it is not is known.
schedule the identity of respondent
collect data through a questionnaire is relatively cheaper and economical
(iv) To done through mailing system. But a
than the other method, as it is mainly it requires appointing enumerators
schedule is relatively more expensive since
and imparting training toslow them. time-consuming since the respondents
is and more
(e) Questionnaire method
time but in case of a schedule the information
questionnaire in
may not return the time as they are Alled by enumators having specified and
1S collected well in
defined targets. e and are less in case of a questionnaire
(vi) Personal contacts are generallynot possible contact
respondents.
is established with literate and
but in case of schedules direct personalonly when respondents are
(vii) Questionnaire method can be used information can be gathered even when
schedulethe
cooperative but in case of a illiterate.
the respondents happen to be
 RESEARCH ME THODOLOGY
78 possible in case of
vj) Wider
distribution of sample is
enumeratorstherc is
questionnaire
difficulty in covering wider ar
involvement of
schedule. information is more in ca8e of

questiOn ar
and wrong
(x) Risk
ix of incomplete
Observation can be used in a schedule but less in case of a questionnaire
schedule.
compared to a

YPES OFQUESTIONS
The form and wording of questions is extremely important in a research instruUment,
they have an effect on the quality ofinformationobtained. The questions should therdi
be appropriate, relevant and free from any of the problems. While formulating aaquestsa
its content should be such that each respondent grasps the intention offthe question ven
This will minimize the
researcb focus. T'he different
quickly as originally
the researcher. distortion
by of questions are framed by the social scientist in orde
thoughttype
to elicit different types of informations on various aspects of a problem. Open endet
questions and dichotomous questions are the three mostly us
questions, multiple choice instruments.
generally used in the research Below specifedar
common types questions used:
the main types of questions

Open-ended Questions
interviewer/respondent writes the answer of the responda
Inthis type of questions, the of answers to questions. The
verbatim. In this type, there is no precoded classification thinking. These are further
respondents have to make replies on their own after due
classified into:
(a) Numeric open-ended questions
Ques. How much did you spend on groceries this week?
(b) Text Open-ended questions
Ques. How can our organisation improve in working conditions?

Close-ended Questions
e or scheduk
In aclosed-ended questionthe possible answers are set out in the question nairedescribesthe
and the respondent or the investigator tick marks the category that best
respondent's answer. Such questions can be further categorized into:
supportedby
(a) Multiple choice questions: These are the questions, which are
variousalternatives. The respondent has to choose one of these. Cola (c) Orange
Ques. Which cold drink lavour you like most? (a) Lemon (b)
(d) Mango onlytwv
(b) Dichotomous questions: These are the questions which admit of
alternatives, a positive and a negative.
Ques. Areyou salaried.Yes/No.
 PRPARAONOL OONNAIRS ANO M 19
paracieristics,
of Good Questions
qsthonsshould
sinpleandclear
to respondent 's intclligence level
berlevant
" heind1rect
serialorder
", have
have claSSiiability
questions
. have veriiable
. have impersonal
questions
, have ambiguous questions
be answerable in few words

LGiSESTUDYMETHOD
What is a Case?
Acase is a short description, in words and numbers of an actual management situation.
Atypical case consists of number of pages of prose description with some quantitative
nsterials (igures/data), organizational charts, exhibits, organization structure, graphs
rtables. The use of cases for advanced management education started at Harvard
University in 1908.

What is aCase Study?

Case study is a systematic way of helping students to learn from experience. It basically
involves a study of real life case of an industrylorganization. Such studies are intended
to serve as the basis for class discussion and not as an illustration of either good or bad
Danagement practice. They are not intended to be acomprehensive collection of teaching
naterial. They provide a useful backbone to a programme of study. We use this method
ION-2-days in research also.

Sleps in aCase Study

e the case carefully and note down all the materials facts and identify the
(ü) problems.
Mention the area of management to which the main problem relates. It is possible
nat the problem may overlap other area as well, which demand simultaneous
Bolution. Total view of the situation should not be lost.
gü) Place yourself in the position ofa manager and view the case situation and the
case problem.
) The
analysis should be from a managerial angle, unbiased and objective.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY prioritize
80 on the
alternatives and then
List out various possible feasibility.
(' and decision
comparative superiority
alternative and state the same as your
side
(v) Select the best outcome including the poss1ble effects, if any
(v) Indicatean estimate of

Important Guidelines
correct solution even for a specific
Note that there is no single
problem. Logical
(processes) thinking inisline
of management
" Questions which are given at
accepted basic principles
with the
Tandmanapralg'Tiea
what is judged and assessed bythe examiner
the end of each case study suggest the
enquiry. hence study the questions carefully.
Mere restating the facts of a case report without giving any meaning
avoided. should t
Incident Process/lncident Study
Incidents are a short sketch of some thing which has actually happened.
students with greater opportunity to learn by doing things for themselves fromThis prOvIdes
experiences. Often the incidents seem trivial but their situatimd
implications
Thorough investigation of the facts of incident is necessary may be importat
for two part decision:
(i) To settle the immediate issue.
(ii) To suggest long-term
preventive and remedial action.
Characteristics of Case Study
" Study of a unit
Intensive or depth study
Knowledge
" The study of
of behaviour
patterns
the whole unit

1. Explain the
REVIEW QUESTIONS
merits and demerits of
characterisschedule?
2. What is a tics Whatquest
of a good
areionnai re. questionnaires. What are the varnous
Explain the various types of the various
3. What
the various types ofschedules.
4. Explainarecase
5. Differentiate study as a
between questions used
characteristics
in a
of a good
schedue
method of collecting schedule?
la)
(b) Questionnaire and schedule primary data,
(c) Observation schedule and
Open-ended interview