INTERNSHIP AT NAME WEST INDIA

AN INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted by

Mr. Prajapati Shivam

221173106024

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

Civil Engineering

Neo tech Institute of Technology, Vadodara

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

May, 2025
Team ID- 722382

Neo tech Engineering collage

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report submitted along with the project
entitled Internship at WEST INDIA has been carried out by SHIVAM
HARISHKUMAR PRAJAPATI under my guidance in partial fulfillment
for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering, 8th Semester
of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad during the academic year
2022-25.

Internal Guide Head of Department

Prof. Medha Tambe Prof. Medha Tambe
Sign Sign.

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Company Certificate

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PMMS CERTIFICATE

Gujarat Technological University III Neo tech Engineering collage

Team ID- 722382

Neotech Engineering collage, Vadodara

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the Internship report submitted along with the
Internship entitled Internship at west india submitted in partial fulfillment
for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering to Gujarat
Technological University, Ahmedabad, is a bonafide record of original
project work carried out by me under the supervision of Prof. Medha
Tambe & Piyush prajapati (External Guide) and that no part of this report
has been directly copied from any students’ reports or taken from any other
source, without providing due reference.

Name of the Student Sign of Student

1. PRAJAPATI SHIVAM

Gujarat Technological University IV Neo tech Engineering collage

 Team ID - 722382

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The journey of internship in corporate world as an intern is possible with the

guidance of this mentors,

I am deeply grateful to External guide, Er. jay patel for their invaluable
guidance and support throughout my civil engineering internship. From the
moment I started Jay Patel and two more persons Er. Aashish Patel and
Er. Umang raval who are the builder’s project manager and senior engineer
respectively, they also took the time to get to know me and understand my
goals for the internship. They provided me with clear direction and
expectations and were always available to answer my questions and provide
valuable feedback.

Throughout the internship, they provided me with invaluable insights and advice
that helped me to grow as a professional. Their extensive knowledge of the
field and their mentorship helped me to understand the intricacies of civil
engineering and allowed me to gain valuable hands-on experience. During
my all difficulties such as managing schedule, managing labors, calculation
of quantity they were always there to help me, I am deeply thankful for
there’s time, effort and behavior with me, it’s such unforgettable.

I am deeply thankful to Internal guide, Prof. Medha Tambe and our H.O.D.
Prof. Piyush prajapati for Expert suggestion, supervision, support &
encouragement, which helped me a lot throughout this internship period.

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Abstract

West india is a construction company that makes residential, commercial,

industrial projects and they also construct private bungalows, their current
project is running near SOMA TALAV, a residential building of 14floors
with 4blocks on each floor and provides 3bhk facilities. The owner is
working for more than 5 years in his main company WEST INDIA
construction and this is a second company with a partner, my role as a site
engineer to Check reinforcement work, check shuttering and centering work,
calculate concrete quantity, manage men-power, follow the schedule,
ordered concrete quantity for casting, data entry of bills and give all update
to higher authority.

Gujarat Technological University VI Neo tech Engineering collage

Team ID - 722382

List of Figures

Fig: 3.1 Excavation....................................................................................................................6

Fig: 4.1 Rubble Soiling................................................................................................................7

Fig: 4.2 Rubble Soiling................................................................................................................7

Fig: 4.3 PCC................................................................................................................................8

Fig: 4.4 PCC................................................................................................................................9

Fig: 4.5 Raft..............................................................................................................................10

Fig: 4.6 Raft..............................................................................................................................10

Fig: 4.7 Footing.........................................................................................................................11

Fig: 5.1 Starter..........................................................................................................................17

Fig: 5.2 Starter..........................................................................................................................18

Fig: 5.3 Column........................................................................................................................19

Fig: 6.1 Lift steel.......................................................................................................................21

Fig: 6.3 Lift casting...................................................................................................................25

Fig: 7.1 staircase centering......................................................................................................26

Fig: 7.3 staircase steel & shuttring completed........................................................................27

Fig: 7.4 staircase casted...........................................................................................................27

Fig: 8.1 RCC wall steel..............................................................................................................31

Fig: 8.2 RCC wall steel..............................................................................................................31

Fig: 8.3 RCC wall shuttering.....................................................................................................33

Fig: 8.4 RCC wall casting...........................................................................................................34

Fig: 9.3 Slab centering..............................................................................................................38

Fig: 9.4 Beam reinforcement...................................................................................................39

Fig: 9.4 Slab reinforcement.....................................................................................................39

Fig: 10.1 crane..........................................................................................................................41

Fig: 10.2 crane..........................................................................................................................41

Fig: 10.3 TM.............................................................................................................................43

Fig: 11.1 waterproofing...........................................................................................................45

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List of Table

Table: 1.1 company details........................................................................................................2

Table: 2.1 Site Details................................................................................................................5

Table: 4.1 Raft Details..............................................................................................................12

Table: 4.2 Raft(230mm) Details...............................................................................................12

Table: 4.3 Footing Details........................................................................................................13

Table: 4.4 Footing Details........................................................................................................13

Table: 5.1 Column Details........................................................................................................15

Table: 5.2 Column Details........................................................................................................15

Table: 5.3 Column Details........................................................................................................16

Table: 5.4 Column Details........................................................................................................16

Table: 5.5 Column Details........................................................................................................17

Table: 5.6 Column quantity.....................................................................................................20

Table: 6.1 Beams details..........................................................................................................22

Table: 6.2 Lift dimensions........................................................................................................22

Table: 7.1 Staircase detail........................................................................................................29

Table: 8.1 steel detail..............................................................................................................32

Table: 8.2 steel detail..............................................................................................................32

Table: 8.3 casting detail...........................................................................................................33

Team ID - 722382

ABBREVIATIONS

PCC Plain Cement Concrete

RCC Reinforcement Cement Concrete
TS Total Station
CMT Cubic Meter
TM Transit Mixer.
Team ID - 722382

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENT......................................................................................................V
Abstract...............................................................................................................................VI
List of Figures...................................................................................................................VII
List of Table.......................................................................................................................IX
ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................................X
Table of Contents...............................................................................................................XI
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF COMPANY.....................................................................1
1.1 Company profile......................................................................................................1
1.2 Organization chart...................................................................................................2
1.3 Current status...........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................4
2.1 General Role & Responsiblity.................................................................................4
2.1.1 Roles & Responsibility as site engineer........................................................4
2.2 Site introduction......................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 3. EXCAVATION...........................................................................................6
CHAPTER 4. FOUNDATION...........................................................................................7
4.1 Rubble soiling.........................................................................................................7
4.2 PCC work................................................................................................................8
4.3 Mark points on the PCC..........................................................................................9
4.4 Footing & Raft........................................................................................................9
4.4.1 Reinforcement work....................................................................................11
4.4.2 Shuttering....................................................................................................12
4.4.3 Casting........................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 5. COLUMN...................................................................................................14
5.1 Basic information of column.................................................................................14
5.2 Steel work of column............................................................................................14
5.3 Shuttering of the column.......................................................................................17
5.3.1 Starter of column.........................................................................................17
5.3.2 Shuttering of column...................................................................................18
5.4 Casting of column.................................................................................................18
CHAPTER 6. LIFT...........................................................................................................21

6.1 Reinforcement work..............................................................................................22

6.1.1 Centerline work...........................................................................................23
6.2 Shuttering work.....................................................................................................23
6.3 Casting of lift.........................................................................................................24
CHAPTER 7. STAIRCASE..............................................................................................26
7.1 Centering work of staircase...................................................................................28
7.2 Reinforcement work of staircase...........................................................................28
7.3 Casting of staircase................................................................................................29
CHAPTER 8. RETAINING WALL.................................................................................30
8.1 Reinforcement work of retaining wall...................................................................30
8.2 Shuttering work of retaining wall..........................................................................32
8.3 Casting of retaining wall.......................................................................................33
CHAPTER 9. BEAM & SLAB........................................................................................35
9.1 Beam & Slab.........................................................................................................35
1. One-way slab...........................................................................................................36
2. Two-way slab..........................................................................................................36
9.1.1 Beam Centering work.................................................................................36
9.1.2 Slab Centering work....................................................................................37
9.1.3 Beam & slab Reinforcement work..............................................................38
9.2 Beam and Slab casting..........................................................................................40
CHAPTER 10. EQUIPMENTS..........................................................................................41
10.1 Crane...................................................................................................................41
10.2 Vibrator...............................................................................................................42
10.3 Breaker................................................................................................................42
10.4 Grinder.................................................................................................................42
10.5 Total Station (TS)................................................................................................42
10.6 Dumpy Level.......................................................................................................42
10.7 Transit Mixer™...................................................................................................42
CHAPTER 11. WATER PROOFING................................................................................44
11.1 Method of waterproofing.....................................................................................44
11.2 Site status.............................................................................................................45
CHAPTER 12. ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY..............................................................46
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................49
Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF COMPANY

CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF COMPANY

1.1 Company profile

WEST INDIA is a Limited Liability Partnership firm incorporated on 07 May 2019. It is

registered at Registrar of Companies, VADODARA.

Designated Partners of WEST INDIA are ALPESH BHARIYA and VIJAY PRAJAPATI
WEST INDIA last financial year end date for which Statement of Accounts and Solvency
were filed is N/A and as per records from Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), date of
last financial year end date for which Annual Return were filed is N/A.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF COMPANY

Table 1.1 company details

Company Details

LLP Identification Number AAW-9637

Company Name WEST INDIA
Company Status Active
RoC RoC-VADODARA
Main division of business activity to be carried Construction
out in India
Description of main division Construction
Number Of Partners 2
Number of Designated Partners 2
Date of Incorporation 07 May 2019
Age of Company 5 years, 11 month, 28 days

1.2 Organization chart

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF COMPANY

1.3 Current status

"Shakti Exalt" is the debut project of WEST INDIA under Shakti Infrastructure. The
company has recently started its second project at Adalaj, and several new projects are in
the pipeline. WEST INDIA specializes in constructing residential sites, but it is also
equipped to take on commercial and industrial projects. WEST INDIA Construction is the
core branch of WEST INDIA, responsible for the construction and participation in
numerous commercial and industrial sites.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION

2.1 General Role & Responsiblity

2.1.1 Roles & Responsibility as site engineer

 Organizing materials and ensuring sites are safe and clean.

 Preparing cost estimates and ensuring appropriate materials and tools are available.
 Providing technical advice and suggestions for improvement on particular projects.
 Diagnosing and troubleshooting equipment as required.
 Negotiating with suppliers and vendors to ensure the best contracts.
 Authorizing technical drawings and engineering plans.
 Drawing up work schedules and communicating any adjustments to crew members
and clients.
 Gathering data, compiling reports and delivering presentations to relevant stakeholders.
 Delegating tasks and scheduling meetings and training sessions where required.
 Ompleting quality assurance and providing feedback to the team.

2.2 Site introduction

The construction project for "Shakti Exalt," a residential building with one basement for
four-wheel parking, has been given to WEST INDIA by Shakti Infrastructure. The project
involves two blocks, A and B, each comprising 14 floors with four blocks per floor,
except for the 14th floor which only has two blocks. The building will provide 3BHK
facilities.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION

Table 2.1 Site Details

Floor Built-up area (In Sq. mtr) Total residential unit (In num.)
Ground floor 453.06 0
1st floor 465.00 4
2nd floor 465.00 4
3rd floor 465.00 4
4th floor 465.00 4
5th floor 465.00 4
6th floor 465.00 4
7th floor 465.00 4
8th floor 465.00 4
12th floor 465.00 4
13th floor 465.00 4
14th floor 254.34 2
Stair cabin 61.60 0
Lift room 39.75 0
Total 6853.75 54

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 3. EXCAVATION

CHAPTER 3. EXCAVATION

The site is divided into two blocks, A and B. The total excavation area is 3100 m².
Excavation is being carried out using an excavator and labor. The depth of excavation is
14ft from the road level. Due to the high groundwater level, the groundwater has risen to
the surface.

The excavation work started from the block B raft, retaining wall, and half portion of the
COP area for PCC work. Then the excavation of block A's raft, retaining wall, and
remaining COP area began. The soil excavated from block A is being used for soil filling
in block B. An area is left to excavate, which is being done using manual labor. The
excavated soil is being used for soil filling in the COP area. The work of excavation was
took 4 to 5 days using the excavator.

As an intern, my task is to supervise the excavation work.

Fig: 3.1 Excavation Fig: 3.2 Excavation

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 4. FOUNDATION

CHAPTER 4. FOUNDATION

4.1 Rubble soiling

After excavation, direct casting of PCC was not possible due to the high groundwater
level, which would disrupt the concrete mix design. To address this issue, the team used a
230mm rubble layer to provide adequate bearing capacity. The rubble layer was spread
over the muddy soil and water pond until it was fully covered. Once the rubble layer was
in place, the voids were filled with a cement-sand mix to provide added strength and
stability.

Fig. 4.1 Rubble Soiling

Fig. 4.2 Rubble Soiling

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 4. FOUNDATION

4.2 PCC work

PCC :- It is important component of building which is laid on the soil surface to avoid
direct contact of reinforcement of concrete with soil.

For the PCC work, PCC level is surveyed by dumpy level, Dumpy level is commonly
used leveling instrument to locate the points in same horizontal plane. It is also called as
automatic level or builder’s level. Elevations of different points and distance between the
points of same elevation can be determined by dumpy level. The telescope is fixed to its
supports in dumpy level and hence it cannot be rotated in vertical axis. It is invented by
William Gravatt in 1832.

The PCC work has begun for block A and the COP area. A volume of 100CMT has been
cast only in areas where the rubble soil layer has been completed. The remaining areas
will be cast in the next scheduled casting, as per the project plan. The purpose of the PCC
is to provide a level surface for the structure to be built upon.

PCC Details:-

 Layer 1 – rubble soiling.

 Layer 2 – Cement-sand mix.
 Layer 3 – PCC
 Depth - 150mm
 Grade of concrete – M15 (1:2:4)

Fig. 4.3 PCC

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Fig. 4.4 PCC

4.3 Mark points on the PCC

Total station is an electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and building

construction. It is an electronic transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance
measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal angles and the slope
distance from the instrument to a particular point.

Points are marked using a total station (TS), which is placed on a leveled surface to
enable the operator to set up the TS easily using a bubble tube, marking the first points at
the beginning of the site work, the TS operator takes a fix point in a location that is
visible from anywhere on the site. If, after some time, the fix point becomes obstructed by
an object, the operator takes another fix point and marks it as a reference point that can be
used later.

The points represent the size and dimensions of the structure and are useful to laborers
during steelwork and shuttering work.

4.4 Footing & Raft

The Raft foundation is also called mat footing. It is a combined footing that covers the
entire area under a structure and supports all the columns. A Raft foundation is a large
slab made of concrete which can support a number of columns and walls.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 4. FOUNDATION

In foundation there are 2 raft and 42 footings, Raft – 1 is for ‘block-B’ and Raft -2 is for
‘block-A’, There is one more layer of 230mm RCC bed on PCC, Reinforcement work of
this RCC bed is not connected with any raft or footing structure, it works same as PCC.

Fig. 4.5 Raft

Fig. 4.6 Raft

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 4. FOUNDATION

Fig. 4.7 Footing Fig. 4.8 Footing

4.4.1 Reinforcement work

 Cutting steel for a structure size.

 Place cutted steel bar on PCC.
 Tie a bottom mesh and placed 50mm cover below the bottom mesh, Cause there
are footing or a raft we use 50mm cover.
 Tie a column with bottom mesh of the raft.
 Check a plum-bob test of column.
 Place chair between top and bottom mesh, It is placed to support steel mesh and
a spacing between both mesh should be constant.
 Laborers tie or bind a top mesh.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 4. FOUNDATION

4.4.2 Shuttering

 Bind a side cover of 50mm.

 Make sheets(Wooden/Steel) as per footing and raft size.
 Apply oil on sheets face with brush.
 Use binding wire and bind sheets with footing steel.
 Provide support to sheets through props.
 Use yoke, batten and arm for extra support.

4.4.3 Casting

 For footing M25 grade of concrete is used, for a concrete we have to give order
on batching plant and they provide a concrete through transit mixer(TM).
 Vibrator of 60mm needle is use for good compaction of concrete.
 Concreting is done by piping method.
 Finishing work with wooden float and finishing trowel.

Table.4.1 Raft Details

RAFT RAFT-1(Block-B) RAFT -2(Block-A)

Steel (In mm) Bottom mesh : 16Ø 135C/C Bottom mesh : 16Ø 135C/C
Top mesh : 16Ø 150C/C Top mesh : 16Ø 150C/C
Grade of concrete M25 M25
Concrete quantity 666.21 CMT 679.85 CMT
Column unit 32 35
Depth(In mm) 1050 1050

Table 4.2 Raft(230mm) Details

Raft Raft of (230mm)

Steel Top & bottom mesh : 10Ø 150C/C

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Table 4.3 Footing Details

COLUMN NO. BC1 BC2 BC3 BC4 BC4A BC5

Size 2750 2400 2700 3200 3800 2400
X X X X X X
2950 2600 3000 3500 2900 2100
Depth 650 600 650 850 850 600
Steel/B 12Ø 12Ø 12Ø 12Ø 16Ø 12Ø
150C/C 150C/C 150C/C 150C/C 150C/C 150C/C
Steel/L 12Ø 12Ø 12Ø 12Ø 12Ø 12Ø
150C/C 150C/C 150C/C 150C/C 150C/C 150C/C
Grade of M25 M25 M25 M25 M25 M25
concrete
Units 3 3 1 2 3 10

Table 4.4 Footing Details

COLUMN GC2,GC3 GC4 BC3A GC1A

NO.
Size 3200 x 3500 3150 x 3550 2800 x 2900 2750 x 2950
Depth 850 850 650 650
Steel/B 12Ø 150C/C 12Ø 150C/C 12Ø 150C/C 12Ø 150C/C
Steel/L 12Ø 150C/C 12Ø 150C/C 12Ø 150C/C 12Ø 150C/C
Grade of M25 M25 M25 M25
concrete
Units 5,7 1 6 1

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 5. COLUMN

CHAPTER 5. COLUMN

5.1 Basic information of column

Column is vertical structural members that carry loads mainly in compression. It might
transfer loads from a ceiling, floor slab, roof slab, or from a beam, to a floor or
foundations. Commonly, columns also carry bending moments about one or both of the
cross-section axes.

Column is a main member of structural member and collapse of column create a problem,
therefor process of constructing a column should be more important to follow during
construction.

5.2 Steel work of column

A columns extended from the raft and reinforcement work is started, Steel rings and links
are bonded with steel bars use of binding wires as showed in a plan.

Based on the plan, the spacing of rings is indicated, and according to the design
specification, these rings are to be placed at a distance of H/4 from the bottom of the
column and the bottom of the beam. The rings are intended to be closely spaced and
bonded at a 75mm spaced through H/4 distance to ensure proper reinforcement of the
structure.

In column, rings are placed from the top, master ring are bonded after every 5 to 6 rings,
there links are also bonded with steel bars and rings, ring and link are bonded for column
positioning and it support the column during transferring a load from beam to footing or
foundation, This column is for basement, which is extended for ground floor column.

Only raft column and COP area columns are bonded, the height of basement column is
4020mm from raft top to beam bottom.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 5. COLUMN

 Cutting steel of 8mm for a ring lenth.

 Put ring on column from the top.
 Tie a ring with column and spacing should be maintain as per plan.
 Tie link with rings and steel bar.
 Check a plum-bob test of column.

Table 5.1 Column Details

COLUMN C1 C1A C2 C2A C3

NO.
Size. 300 X 1050 300 X 1050 380 X 900 380 X 900 300 X 900
Steel. 21 - 25Ø 21 - 25Ø 22 - 25Ø 21 - 25Ø 13 - 25Ø+4-
20 Ø
Ring. 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C -
8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C
2-RING + 2-RING + 3-RING + 3-RING + 2-RING +
5-LINK 5-LINK 4-LINK 4-LINK 3-LINK
Grade of M35 M35 M35 M35 M35
concrete.
Refer 1:1 1:1 2:2 2:2 3:3
section
Units 2 2 2 2 2

Table 5.2 Column Details

COLUMN C4 C4A C5 C6 C7
NO.
Size. 300 X 1200 300 X 1200 300 X 1050 380 X 900 300 X 1200
Steel. 23 - 25Ø 23 - 25Ø 21 - 25Ø 9 - 25Ø+12- 24 - 25Ø
20Ø
Ring. 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C -
8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C
3-RING + 3-RING + 2-RING + 2-RING + 2-RING +
4-LINK 4-LINK 5-LINK 5-LINK 6-LINK
Grade of M35 M35 M35 M35 M35
concrete.
Refer 4:4 4:4 5:5 6:6 7:7
section
Units 2 2 2 2 2

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 5. COLUMN

Table 5.3 Column Details

COLUMN C8 C9 C10 C10A BC5

NO.
Size. 300 X 1200 300 X 900 380 X 750 380 X 750 300 X 600
Steel. 9 - 25Ø+14- 18 - 25Ø 16 - 25Ø 16 - 25Ø 12 - 25Ø
20Ø
Ring. 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C -
8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C
3-RING + 2-RING + 2-RING + 2-RING + 2-RING +
4-LINK 4-LINK 3-LINK 3-LINK 1-LINK
Grade of M35 M35 M35 M35 M35
concrete.
Refer 8:8 11:11 10:10 10:10 45:45
section
Units 2 2 2 2 10

Table 5.4 Column Details

COLUMN GC1,GC1A BC1 BC3,BC3A BC2

NO.
Size. 300 X 600 380 X 600 300 X 600 380 X 600
Steel. 12 - 16Ø 12 - 16Ø 12 - 16Ø 10 - 16Ø
Ring. 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C -
8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C
2-RING + 2-RING + 2-RING + 2-RING
1-LINK 1-LINK 1-LINK
Grade of M35 M35 M35 M35
concrete.
Refer section 45:45 45:45 45:45 46:46
Units 3,1 3 1,6 3

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 5. COLUMN

Table 5.5 Column Details

COLUMN BC4,BC4A GC2 GC3 GC4

NO.
Size. 300 X 600 380 X 600 300 X 600 300 X 680
Steel. 12 - 20Ø 12 - 20Ø 12 - 20Ø 12 - 20Ø
Ring. 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C - 8Ø115C/C -
8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C 8Ø75C/C
2-RING+1- 2-RING+1- 2-RING+1- 2-RING+1-
LINK LINK LINK LINK
Grade of M35 M35 M35 M35
concrete.
Refer section 45:45 47:47 45:45 50:50
Units 2,3 5 7 2

5.3 Shuttering of the column

5.3.1 Starter of column

After reinforcement work, starter are casted cause on the basis of starter we shuttering the
column, starter is very important part for column casting.

 Shuttering a column starter.

 Bind a thread for starter alignment.
 Check starter alignment, thread and wooden plate should be in one line.
 Check starter measurement from centerline drawing.
 Casting of starter.

Fig. 5.1 Starter

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 5. COLUMN

Fig. 5.2 Starter

5.3.2 Shuttering of column

 Bind a side cover of 40mm.

 Apply oil on sheets face with brush.
 Place sheet on starter sides.
 Sheet height is standardized 2440mm.
 Use binding wire and bind sheets with opposite side sheet.
 Provide support to sheets through props.
 Use yoke, batten and arm for tie a sheet.

5.4 Casting of column

 For column M35 grade of concrete is used, for a concrete we have to give order
on batching plant and they provide a concrete through transit mixer(TM).
 Vibrator of 40mm needle is use for good compaction of concrete and it is easily enter
in a column.
 For concrete labor make a small base known as “chatto”.
 Concrete pipe put on the base and concrete is falling through pipe on base.
 Column is casted manually.
 Check the plum-bob test, to know a column position is change or not.
 If column not in position correct it with use props, yoke, batten and arm.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 5. COLUMN

Fig. 5.3 Column Fig. 5.4 Column

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 5. COLUMN

Table 5.6 Column quantity

Column C1,C1A C2,C2A C3 C4,C4A C5 C6 TOTAL

Size 300 X 380 X 300 X 300 X 300 X 380 X
1050X 900 X 900 X 1200X 1050X 900 X
3945X2 3945 3945 3945X2 3945X2 3945X2

Quantity 2.4854 2.6982 1.0651 2.8404 2.4854 2.6982 14.2727

Column C7 C8 C9 C10,C10A ST
300 X 300 X 300 X 380 X 230 X
1200 X 1200 X 900 X 750 X 450 X
3945 3945 3945 3945X2 2440
Quantity 1.4202 1.4202 1.0515 2.2487 0.2525 6.40
Total 20.67 CMT

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 6. LIFT

CHAPTER 6. LIFT

A lift is also known as elevator, it is a vertical transportation device use to move people
and goods between different floors of building, lifts are typically situated within a fully
enclosed vertical shaft in buildings, which is usually square or rectangular in shape.

These shafts run from the ground floor to the uppermost level of the building and may
also extend below the ground to accommodate basement levels. Additionally, lift shafts
frequently terminate above the roof level of the building.

In this block, there is a single lift unit installed, and there are a total of two lifts servicing
the building.

Fig. 6.1 Lift steel

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 6. LIFT

6.1 Reinforcement work

The elevator shafts are suspended from the rafters by means of X, Y, Z, and A beams.
The curtain wall is then attached to the primary and secondary steel members. Here are
some additional details regarding the steelwork:

Main steel: this refers to the primary structural steel members that support the building,
including columns, beams, and trusses.

Distribution steel: this term typically refers to the secondary steel members that support
the cladding or facade of the building, such as curtain walls, window frames, and
sunshades.

It is important to ensure that the steelwork is fabricated and installed according to the
appropriate standards and codes to ensure the safety and structural integrity of the
building.

Table 6.1 Beams details

BEAM X Y Z A
Size 1100 X 5430 600 X 5430 600 X 5430 600 X 5960
Ring 8Ø125C/C 8Ø125C/C 8Ø150C/C 8Ø125C/C
ALL4- ALL4- ALL4- ALL4-
LEGGED LEGGED LEGGED LEGGED
Spacer bar 12Ø 4NOS. 12Ø 4NOS 12Ø 4NOS 12Ø 4NOS
Main steel 20Ø 16NOS. 25Ø 6NOS & 20Ø 12NOS 20Ø 16NOS.
20Ø 5NOS

Table 6.2 Lift dimensions

SIZE (IN MM) UNIT STEEL

125 X 2200 2 Main steel : 10Ø150C/C
Distribution steel : 8ØC/C
150 X 4230 1 Main steel : 10Ø150C/C
Distribution steel : 8ØC/C
150 X 2800 1 Main steel : 10Ø150C/C
Distribution steel : 8ØC/C

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 6. LIFT

6.1.1 Centerline work

Based on the centerline drawing provided by the structural engineer, the lift points will
need to be marked on both sides of the boundary line. This process will be repeated
horizontally along the boundary until all lift points have been identified.

Once all the lift points have been established, the starter will need to be applied. The
starter refers to the initial section of the elevator shaft that is installed at the bottom of the
lift pit.

It is important to ensure that the starter is installed correctly and meets the necessary
structural requirements to support the weight and movement of the elevator. Proper
installation and reinforcement of the starter will help to ensure the safety and longevity of
the elevator system.

6.2 Shuttering work

The shuttering work involves the use of manual labor to construct formwork for concrete
pouring. This formwork is made of plywood plates and supported by scaffolding props.

In the superstructure, a frame of the specified size is constructed, and this same frame is
utilized for the shuttering work. The plywood plates are then secured to the frame using
clamps or screws to create a mold for the concrete.

It is important to ensure that the shuttering work is properly constructed to prevent any
leaks or seepage of the concrete, as this can compromise the strength and integrity of the
structure. Proper alignment and bracing of the shuttering plates is also crucial to ensure
that the concrete is poured accurately and evenly.

After the concrete has been poured and cured, the shuttering plates can be removed and
reused for subsequent pours, as long as they remain in good condition and are free from
defects or damage.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 6. LIFT

Before beginning the shuttering work, it is important to ensure that all steelwork is in
place and that appropriate covers have been applied. A thin layer of oil should then be
applied to the plates to facilitate their removal after the shuttering work is completed.

However, the amount of oil applied must be sufficient, as excess oil may remain on the
surface of the curtain wall or column after the deshuttering work, creating issues during
the curing process by reducing the amount of water remaining on the surface.

Once the oil has been applied, the plates are secured by bolts if readymade plates are used,
or by clamps and shuttering clamps if centering plywood frames are utilized. Before
filling, the vertical level must be checked using a plumb bob.

6.3 Casting of lift

For the lift casting, M35 grade of concrete is utilized, which is a high-strength concrete
mix commonly used in construction projects that require a durable and resilient concrete
structure.

The casting process is done manually, and it involves pouring the concrete into the
prepared formwork or mold. To ensure that the concrete is evenly distributed and
compacted, a vibrator is used during the casting process. The vibrator helps to remove
any air pockets or voids that may be present in the concrete, resulting in a denser and
stronger finished product.

Once the concrete has been poured and compacted, it is allowed to cure and harden over
time. This process can take several days or even weeks, depending on the environmental
conditions and the specific properties of the concrete mix used.

During the curing process, it is important to ensure that the concrete is kept moist and
protected from extreme temperature fluctuations, as this can affect the strength and
durability of the final product. Proper curing techniques help to ensure that the concrete
achieves its maximum strength and longevity, making it suitable for use in the lift shafts
and other critical structural components of thebuilding.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 6. LIFT

Fig. 6.3 Lift casting

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 7. STAIRCASE

CHAPTER 7. STAIRCASE

A staircase is a series of steps or flights of steps that connect different levels within a
building. It is an essential component of multi-level structures and provides a safe and
convenient means of vertical transportation for occupants.

Staircases are constructed using various materials, such as concrete, steel, wood, or a
combination of these materials. The design of a staircase depends on the specific
requirements of the building, such as the number of levels, the amount of traffic, the
available space, and the architectural style.

A well-designed staircase should be easy to navigate, with steps of uniform height and
width, appropriate lighting, and sturdy handrails for support. It should also be visually
appealing, blending in with the overall design of the building while also serving as a focal
point. Proper maintenance of staircase are also essential to ensure the continued safety
and longevity of the staircase.

Fig. 7.1 staircase centering Fig. 7.2 staircase centering & steel

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 7. STAIRCASE

Fig. 7.3 staircase steel & shuttring completed

Fig. 7.4 staircase casted

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 7. STAIRCASE

7.1 Centering work of staircase

When it comes to centering work for a staircase, there are several important steps that
need to be followed to ensure that the finished structure is safe and stable.

The first step in centering work for a staircase is to prepare the base of the centering
plates on the support of scaffolding props. This involves ensuring that the base is level
and stable, and that the plates are securely attached to the scaffolding to prevent any
movement or shifting during the construction process.

Once the base is prepared, side supports are added on both sides of the staircase. These
supports need to be perfectly jointed and supported , as they will be responsible for
holding up the risers once they are installed.

After the side supports are in place, riser plates are connected to the supports. These
plates are equal in height to the risers and are kept at a distance above the base that is
equal to the thickness of the slab. This helps to ensure that the risers are properly
supported and aligned during the concrete pouring process.

To prevent any movement of the riser plates due to the high pressure of the concrete
while filling, a wooden shaft may be added at the center of the staircase. This helps to
ensure that the structure remains stable and aligned throughout the construction process.

Finally, the centering plates and riser plates are oiled to make it easier to remove them
once the concrete has cured. With proper centering work, a staircase can be constructed
safely and efficiently, providing a stable and durable structure for years to come.

7.2 Reinforcement work of staircase

 Before starting the reinforcement work for a staircase, it is important to first provide
a strong and stable base. This typically involves preparing the area where the
staircase will be located and ensuring that it is level and free from any debris or
obstructions.
 Once the base is prepared, the reinforcement work can begin. This involves placing
steel bars or mesh in a specific configuration to provide maximum support to the
staircase. The reinforcement is typically placed in a pattern that evenly distributes the

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 Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 7. STAIRCASE

load and provides support to the entire structure.

 Dowels are typically provided earlier from the stair curtain wall to help connect the
reinforcement to the surrounding structure. A lapping length of 50D is often used to
ensure a secure and stable connection.
 In addition to the reinforcement bars or mesh, a cover of 20mm is typically applied
below the stair mesh to provide additional protection and support. This cover helps to
prevent the reinforcement from coming into direct contact with the concrete, which
can lead to corrosion or other damage over time.
 Once the reinforcement work is complete, the concrete can be poured and allowed to
cure. Proper maintenance and upkeep of the reinforcement is important to ensure its
continued effectiveness and longevity, including regular inspections and repairs as
needed.

7.3 Casting of staircase

The centering work has been completed for the staircase, the concrete is filled in and casted
along with the slab. A vibrator is used to ensure proper compaction of the concrete, and
the concrete is filled up to the top of the riser plate. After the concrete has been poured
and leveled, the surface is smoothened with a wooden float to give a smooth finish.

How to find riser height:

Total rise height / Number of riser = Riser height.

Table 7.1 Staircase detail

STRUCTURE STAIRCASE
Thickness stair slab 150mm
Riser 162mm
Grade of concrete M25

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 8. RETAINING WALL

CHAPTER 8. RETAINING WALL

A retaining wall is designed to hold in place a mass of earth or the like, such as the edge
of a terrace or excavation. The structure is constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil
when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the
soil.

8.1 Reinforcement work of retaining wall

To reinforce a retaining wall, a footing mesh is bound to the main steel of the
retaining wall, which is bent at a 90-degree angle to join with the footing mesh.

The distribution steel is then bound to the main steel to provide additional
reinforcement to the wall. This helps to ensure that the retaining wall is strong enough
to withstand the pressure from the soil or other material it is retaining.

Between a both mesh put a spacer-ring for maintain their distance, Bind double wire node
at lapping and every 75mm distance, after this 25mm cover are bounded and steel is
checked then shuttering work is started.

Here there are two type of retaining wall B-type & C-type wall, B- type is regular and C-
type is for eccentric footing.

Eccentric footing - a footing is called eccentric when the centre of gravity (CG) of the
column is NOT in alignment with the centre of gravity (CG) of the footing and the load
from the column is not transferred uniformly to the soil. The foundation provided here is
called eccentric foundation.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 8. RETAINING WALL

Fig. 8.1 RCC wall steel

Fig. 8.2 RCC wall steel

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 8. RETAINING WALL

Table. 8.1 steel detail

STRUCTURE ECCENTRIC BEAM OR FOOTING

Size 1500 X 450
Main steel TOP: 16Ø-4Nos. + 12Ø-2Nos.
BOTTOM: 16Ø-4Nos. + 12Ø-2Nos.
Ring 10Ø 125C/C.
Retaining wall footing L size 600mm

Table. 8.2 steel detail

STRUCTURE RETAINING WALL

Main steel Inner/Outer 8Ø150C/C / 10Ø150C/C
Distribution steel 8Ø200C/C
Height 5690
Footing length from both side of retaining 450mm
wall accept retaining wall
Lapping length 50D

8.2 Shuttering work of retaining wall

First starter for retaining are casted, after centerline checking and after starter settled
shuttering plates are ready for shuttering and the process are same.

 Bind a side cover of 25mm.

 Apply oil on plywood sheets with brush.
 Place sheet on starter sides for shuttering.
 Sheet height is standardized 2440mm.
 Plywood sheet was bonded with another side sheet, use of binding wire.
 Provide support to sheets through props.
 Used yoke, batten, tie-road and arm to tie a sheet.
 Check plum-bob after shuttering is completed for, verticality of structure.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 8. RETAINING WALL

Fig. 8.3 RCC wall shuttering

8.3 Casting of retaining wall

 Here we use M25 grade of concrete for casting

 Casted retaining wall through pumping.
 For compaction use vibrator but it should use in proper manner neither more nor less,
cause it effects the concrete quality.
 Wooden hammer is used to prevent honey-combing effect, hammer striked at bottom
of wooden sheet during casting to setal down the concrete.

Table. 8.3 casting detail

STRUCTURE RETAINING WALL

Size of retaing wall 230mm
Grade of concrete M25

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 8. RETAINING WALL

Fig. 8.4 RCC wall casting

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 9. BEAM & SLAB

CHAPTER 9. BEAM & SLAB

9.1 Beam & Slab

Beam : A beam is a horizontal structural member in a building to resist the lateral loads
applied to the beam’s axis. The structural member which resists the forces laterally or
transversely applied to the (beam) axis is called a beam.

The loads act transversely to the longitudinal axis, which produces the shear
forces and bending moment. The lateral load acting on beams is the main cause of the
bending of the beam. They are responsible for transferring a load from the slab to the
column.

Concrete is strong in compression and very weak in tension. Therefor Steel reinforcement
counter act tensile stresses in reinforced concrete beams, For beam main steel, mild steel
bars or Deformed or High yield strength deformed bars (HYSD) used but HYSD bars
have ribs on the surface and this increases the bond strength at least by 40% for it is used.

Slab : A slab is a flat, horizontal structural element used in construction to provide a solid,
level surface for buildings and other structures. Slabs are typically made of concrete, but
they can also be made of other materials such as wood or steel. Slabs are used in a variety
of construction applications, including floors, roofs, and bridge decks.

In concrete construction, a slab is typically made by pouring concrete into a formwork,

which is a temporary mold that defines the shape and size of the slab. The concrete is then
left to cure and harden, after which the formwork is removed, leaving behind a solid, flat
surface.

Overall, slabs are an important component of many construction projects, providing a

durable and reliable surface that can support a wide range of structures and activities.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 9. BEAM & SLAB

Types of slab:

1. One-way slab:

One way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carrythe
load along one direction. The ratio of longer span (L) to shorter span (B) is equal or
greater than 2.

Due to the large difference in lengths, load is not transferred to the shorter beams, Main
reinforcement is provided in shorter span and distribution reinforcement in longer span.

Example: Chajja and verandasare one way slab

2. Two-way slab:

Two way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the four sides and the loads are carried
by the supports along both directions, it is known as two way slab. In two way slab, the
ratio of longer span (L) to shorter span (B) is less than 2.

In two way slabs, load will be carried in both the directions. So, main reinforcement is
provided in both the direction for two way slabs.

9.1.1 Beam Centering work

Beam bottom placed at one fix height, there always beam bottom are placed and
through centerline drawing measurement and alignment are checked.

Once beam bottom are checked then beam sides shuttering work is started, also the same
process beam sides alignment and measurement are checked through centerline drawing
and threading.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 9. BEAM & SLAB

The centering sheets are used was oiled with brush, Used flat and smooth sheets for
centering work so that after deshuttering structure member shape remains the same.

After this labors start centering work for slab.

9.1.2 Slab Centering work

After beam side shuttering, slab centering work is started for all slab, sheets are placed at
same level then oiled all sheets.

At small place where sheet cannot placed, at that place use small wooden plates for
centering work, tight all sheets or plates with the help of props.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 9. BEAM & SLAB

Fig. 9.1 Beam centering. Fig. 9.2 Beam centering.

Fig. 9.3 Slab centering

9.1.3 Beam & slab Reinforcement work

 Cutting a steel bars for different beam as per there length,

 Place steel bars on beam box not in the box
 Put rings as per structure plane.
 Bound the rings with main steel of the beam.
 Spacing was followed as per structure drawing.
 After rings are bound then bound the junction of the beams.
 The lapping length was 50D.
 Beam L length is depends on beam depth.

 Bind a cover of 25mm at beam bottom, after beam downed bound cover at sides of
the beam.
 After covering, slab reinforcement work is started.
 Maintained slab steel spacing as per drawing
 Check bent-up and top extra length was as per drawing.
 Chair placed between slab bottom mesh and bent-up.
 Cover of 25mm placed below the slab mesh.
 Check the level of slab with the use of threading.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 9. BEAM & SLAB

Fig. 9.4 Beam reinforcement

Fig. 9.4 Slab reinforcement

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 9. BEAM & SLAB

9.2 Beam and Slab casting

For a casting of slab and beam, here we use M25 grade of concrete, concreting is done by
pumping method.

Apply vibrator with pouring of concrete, needle of vibrator was always at 90degree
during use of vibrator, pipe is change after concreting one portion.

Finishing work was completed with use of wooden float, and after that checked a slab
thickness with one steel-road, where thickness is marked on that steel-road.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 10. EQUIPMENTS

CHAPTER 10. EQUIPMENTS

10.1 Crane

A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains,
and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy objects and transporting them to other
places. The device uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and
thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human.
A main crane assembled by mobile crane.

Fig. 10.1 crane

Fig. 10.2 crane

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 10. EQUIPMENTS

10.2 Vibrator

Use for compaction of concrete, there are different type of needle use for different work
there are 3 type of needle 40mm, 50mm and 60mm.

40mm & 50mm – Needle use for retaining wall, lift, column, staircase, beam and slab.

60mm – Needle use for footing, raft, beam and slab.

10.3 Breaker

Use for breaking extra concreting work, chipping to provide rough surface.

10.4 Grinder

Use for cutting all type wooden work, cutting of steel bars and pipes etc.

10.5 Total Station (TS)

For marking points of structure member on PCC, for the reference.

10.6 Dumpy Level

Use for level checking of PCC, ground level and road level etc., it shows the height
difference.

10.7 Transit Mixer™

Use to provide concrete at site, mixer is mixing the concrete and prevent a concrete
setting.

Capacity of TM: 2CMT, 4CMT, 5CMT, 6CMT and 8CMT, but 6CMT is enough for TM,
cause TM can mix material properly at this capacity.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 10. EQUIPMENTS

Fig. 10.3 TM

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 11. WATER PROOFING

CHAPTER 11. WATER PROOFING

Waterproofing buildings is the method of forming a barrier over surfaces of foundations,

roofs, walls and other structural members of buildings to prevent water penetrations
through these surfaces.

Need: To protect the building from damage and give it an extended life, right
waterproofing solution is necessary. Because water leakage and moisture cannot only lead
to building damage and collapse, but also can create threat for human lives too

Types of waterproofing:

 Cementitious Waterproofing
 Bituminous Coating waterproofing
 Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing Method
 Polyurethane Membrane Waterproofing
 Liquid Waterproofing Membrane Method

11.1 Method of waterproofing

Step 1: Surface Preparation

Clean the surface thoroughly free from loose materials, dust, and oil. Surface cleaning
plays a very important role in all membrane based waterproofing coating systems.

Step 2: Application of Primary Coat

Apply a primary coat to prime the surface of the structure, at concrete joint and then at all
surface. Check a surface by applying water, if water fell smoothly the coat is perfect.

Step 3 : Application of secondary coat

After first coating is completed and perfected secondary coating is started. It is only for if
any portions are left in primary coating, it will coated in second coating.

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 11. WATER PROOFING

11.2 Site status

At here we use force rope chemical for waterproofing, where two chemical are mixed and
apply it on the surface, one is base –A and second is hardener –B and first coating is
completed on retaining wall.

Fig. 11.1 waterproofing

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 12. ROLES & RESIBILITY

CHAPTER 12. ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY

My role as intern to, First read all details of the drawing, Analyze all work and progress
of site and according to this check work on site, monitoring and supervision it.

Role and Responsibility

 Check steel work.

 Check shuttering work.
 Check deshuttering work
 Quality check of concrete.
 Manage activity and manpower.
 Data entry of bills.

Steel work: In a steel work of any structural member ex. Column, beam, slab, footing,
raft etc.,

Check its,

 main steel
 spacing of main steel
 Spacing of distribution
 spacing of rings
 ring hook
 link hook
 L – size
 Lapping length
 Node of binding wire
 Bent up length
 Extra top length
 Chair for maintain spacing

Shuttering work:

 Sheet or plat should be flat and smooth

 Oiled work
 Fitted work
 Plum bob

Deshuttering work:

 Concrete quality N
 Any concrete effect (Ex.: honey combing etc.)

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 Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 12. ROLES & RESIBILITY

Quality check of concrete:

 Cleaning
 Slump
 Color
 Setting time
 Cube test

Manage manpower and activity:

 Excavation
 Cleaning
 Curing
 Loading – Unloading of material.
 Casting schedule.

Data entry of bills:

 Rubble
 Soil
 Bricks
 Steel
 Concrete
 Coupler
 Cover
 Equipment

Calculate concrete and steel quantity:

Formula for concrete quantity:

LxBxH = (m3)

L – Length B –

Breadth H

– Height

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Team ID - 722382 CHAPTER 12. ROLES & RESIBILITY

Formula for steel quantity:

Weight -> (D2 x L) / 162 = _w_(Kg.)

Weight -> _w_ x No. of bars (same dia.) = W (Kg.)

D – Diameter of steel bar

L – Length of steel bar

w – Weight of one bar

W – Total weight of steel

And all update about site and office work is given to higher authority.

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 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, my internship experience as a junior civil engineer has been an invaluable

opportunity for me to gain practical knowledge, skills, and hands-on experience in the
field. During the course of the internship, I had the chance to work on several projects,
which allowed me to understand the complexities of civil engineering and apply the
theories learned in the classroom.

Working closely with senior engineers and other professionals has given me the guidance
and mentorship needed to develop my knowledge and understanding of the field. Their
knowledge and expertise have been instrumental in shaping my perspective on civil
engineering.

In addition, my internship experience has taught me the importance of effective

communication, teamwork, and time management skills in the workplace. Collaborating
with colleagues and stakeholders has helped me to understand the importance of effective
communication in achieving project success.

Overall, my internship experience has been both challenging and rewarding. I am

confident that the skills and knowledge I have gained during this period will be valuable
in my future career as a civil engineer. I express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors
and colleagues for their support and guidance throughout my internship period.
APPENDIX-1
Annexure-1( Weekly Dairy )

50
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APPENDIX-2
Annexure-2

53