COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus

Assignment # 1
Entrepreneurship

Name Muhammad Ahsan

Section C

Reg.no SP24-BSE-067

Assignment 1st
Steve Job’s Journey
Born in 1955, Jobs was adopted and raised in Silicon Valley, where he developed an early
interest in electronics.
He dropped out of Reed College but continued taking creative courses, including calligraphy,
which later influenced Apple's typography.
In 1976, Jobs co-founded Apple with Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in his parents'
garage.
Their first product, the Apple I, was a DIY computer kit.
The Apple II (1977) became a massive success, making Apple a leader in personal
computing.
Apple went public in 1980, which turned Jobs into a multimillionaire.
In 1984, he led the development of the Macintosh, the first personal computer with a
graphical user interface (GUI).
The Mac’s launch was revolutionary, but internal conflicts led to Jobs being ousted from
Apple in 1985.
After leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT, a company focused on high-end computers for
education and business.
NeXT wasn’t a financial success, but its software became the foundation for Mac OS X.
In 1986, Jobs acquired Pixar from George Lucas for $5 million.
Under his leadership, Pixar created Toy Story (1995), which became a massive success and
changed the animation industry.
Apple struggled in the 90s and acquired NeXT in 1997, bringing Jobs back as CEO.
He revived Apple with products like the iMac (1998), iPod (2001), iTunes (2003), iPhone
(2007), and iPad (2010).
These innovations transformed industries, from music to mobile phones.
Jobs was known for his perfectionism, visionary thinking, and ability to anticipate consumer
needs.
He stepped down as Apple’s CEO in 2011 due to health issues and passed away in October
2011.
His legacy continues to shape technology, design, and entrepreneurship.

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Google’s Journey
Founders: Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two Ph.D. Students at Stanford University began
developing a search engine named Backrub in 1996.
Innovation: They developed PageRank, an algorithm that ranked web pages based on the
number and quality of links pointing to them, making search results more relevant.
Rebranding: In 1997, they renamed Backrub to Google, a play on "Googol" (10¹⁰⁰),
reflecting their mission to organize vast amounts of information.
Official Launch: Google was officially incorporated on September 4, 1998, operating out of
a garage in Menlo Park, California.
Investment: In 1999, Google received $25 million in funding from venture capital firms
Sequoia Capital and Kleiner Perkins.
Search Engine Popularity: By 2000, Google became the leading search engine,
outperforming competitors like Yahoo and AltaVista.
Monetization: In 2000, Google launched AdWords, a pay-per-click advertising service that
became its primary revenue model.
Expansion: By 2003, Google moved to a new headquarters in Mountain View, later known
as the Googleplex.
Acquisitions:
 YouTube (2006) – Acquired for $1.65 billion, making Google a dominant player in
online video.
 Android (2005) – Acquired to enter the mobile industry, later leading to the launch of
the Android OS in 2008.

Alphabet Inc. (2015): Google restructured itself under a parent company, Alphabet Inc., to
manage its diverse ventures like AI, self-driving cars, and cloud computing.

Cloud Computing: Google expanded into enterprise services with Google Cloud to compete
with Amazon and Microsoft.

AI and Machine Learning: Google invested heavily in AI, launching Google Assistant and
acquiring DeepMind in 2014.

Hardware Expansion: Introduced products like Pixel smartphones, Google Nest, and
Chromebooks to compete with Apple and Microsoft.

Regulatory Challenges: Faced antitrust lawsuits and scrutiny over data privacy,
monopolistic practices, and advertising dominance.

Google transformed internet search, digital advertising, AI, and cloud computing.
It became one of the most valuable companies in the world, with a market capitalization
exceeding $1.5 trillion.

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The company’s motto, "Don't be evil", evolved into "Do the right thing", reflecting its
massive influence on society.

Intel Journey
Humble Beginnings (1968)

Intel was founded in 1968 by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, two brilliant engineers
who had already made a mark in the semiconductor industry. They were joined by Andy
Grove, who later became Intel’s driving force. The goal? Make better, faster computer
chips in an era when computers were still huge and expensive.

The Big Break (1971)

Intel’s first major success came in 1971 when it created the world’s first microprocessor,
the Intel 4004. This tiny chip could do the work of a room-sized computer! It revolutionized
computing, making it possible to shrink machines down to personal computers and beyond.

Becoming a Tech Giant (1980s-1990s)

In the 1980s, Intel became the go-to company for PC processors, thanks to a key partnership
with IBM. Their Intel 8086 chip became the foundation of modern computing. The famous
“Intel Inside” campaign in the 1990s made sure everyone knew that Intel powered their
computers.

Challenges & Reinvention (2000s-Present)

Despite dominance, Intel faced challenges from rivals like AMD and ARM-based processors.
It struggled in mobile chips but remained strong in data centers, AI, and cloud computing.
Today, Intel is focusing on AI, autonomous driving (via Mobileye), and advanced
semiconductor manufacturing to stay ahead.

Legacy

Intel’s chips helped build the digital world we live in today. It’s a story of vision,
persistence, and staying ahead of the curve—a true entrepreneurial journey!

Procter and Gamble Journey

Humble Beginnings (1837)
Procter & Gamble (P&G) started in 1837 when William Procter, a candle maker, and James
Gamble, a soap maker, married into the same family. Their father-in-law saw potential in
their businesses and convinced them to work together. They formed Procter & Gamble in
Cincinnati, Ohio, at a time when the U.S. economy was struggling.
Early Growth & Civil War Boost (1800s)
P&G slowly grew, making quality soap and candles. During the American Civil War

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(1860s), the company got a huge government contract to supply soap and candles to
soldiers. This put P&G on the map, helping it expand its factories and reputation.
Innovation & Expansion (1900s-1950s)
 In 1879, P&G created Ivory Soap, a unique bar soap that was pure and floated in
water. It became a household favorite.
 In the 1920s, P&G set up a research lab, making it one of the first companies to use
science to improve products.
 The 1930s saw the birth of Crisco, the first all-vegetable shortening, changing the
way people cooked.
 P&G also invented brand management, ensuring each product had its own unique
identity.
Marketing Genius & TV Ads (1950s-1980s)
 P&G pioneered TV advertising and even helped create soap operas to market their
products to homemakers.
 They launched Tide (laundry detergent), Crest (toothpaste), and Pampers
(disposable diapers)—brands that are still global leaders today.
Becoming a Global Powerhouse (1990s-Present)
 P&G expanded worldwide, buying brands like Gillette, Oral-B, and Pantene.
 The company embraced sustainability, focusing on eco-friendly packaging and
reducing waste.
 Today, P&G sells products in over 180 countries, making life easier for billions of
people every day.
Legacy
P&G’s journey is one of hard work, innovation, and smart marketing. It started with two
men making soap and candles and grew into a company that shapes the way we clean,
groom, and care for our families.

Question no 2:
How artificial intelligence creates Trends and Opportunities?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing the world by shaping new trends and opening up
exciting opportunities in various fields. Here’s how:

1. Predicting Trends Before They Happen

AI analyses massive amounts of data from social media, news, and online behaviour to detect
patterns. This helps businesses and industries know what people will want in the future

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before it becomes popular. For example, AI can predict fashion trends, popular music styles,
or the next big technology.

2. Improving Business Efficiency

AI automates repetitive tasks, making businesses work faster and smarter. It helps companies
reduce costs, improve customer service, and create better products. For example, chatbots
provide instant customer support, and AI-powered tools help doctors diagnose diseases more
accurately.

3. Creating New Job Opportunities

While AI automates sosme jobs, it also creates new ones. Many industries now need AI
specialists, data analysts, and robotics engineers. Even traditional jobs are evolving, requiring
people to learn new digital skills.

4. Helping Small Businesses Grow

AI tools help small businesses compete with big companies. From personalized marketing to
smart inventory management, AI gives small businesses access to technology that was once
only available to large corporations.

5. Driving Innovation in Every Industry

AI is revolutionizing industries like healthcare, finance, and education. For example, AI-
powered tutors help students learn better, and self-driving cars are making transportation
safer. AI also helps scientists solve complex problems, such as discovering new medicines.

Examples:

I. AI in Social Media Trends

Have you ever noticed how certain challenges, memes, or songs suddenly go viral on social
media? That’s AI at work!
 How AI Spots Trends:
Platforms like TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube use AI to analyse millions of posts,
likes, and shares. When AI notices that a specific type of content—like a dance
challenge or a funny meme—is getting more engagement, it starts pushing that
content to more users. This helps the trend grow even faster!
 How AI Creates Opportunities:
Once a trend starts gaining attention, businesses and influencers jump in. For
example, if a certain beauty product goes viral because of an AI-boosted trend,
companies quickly create similar products or collaborate with influencers to promote
them. Small businesses can also use AI-driven marketing tools to target the right
audience and boost sales.

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  Real-Life Example:
The "AI Yearbook" trend became popular when AI-generated 90s-style yearbook
photos started appearing everywhere. AI-powered apps quickly capitalized on this,
allowing people to create their own versions—leading to millions of downloads and
huge profits for the companies behind them.

II. AI in Fashion Industry

Imagine you’re scrolling through Instagram and notice that a certain style of sneakers is
suddenly everywhere. You see influencers wearing them, brands launching similar designs,
and even ads popping up on your feed. How did this happen? AI made it a trend!
Here’s how:
 AI Predicts What’s Next
Fashion brands use AI to analyse millions of online searches, social media posts, and
shopping habits. If AI notices that more people are searching for "chunky sneakers" or
"vintage streetwear," it alerts companies that this could be the next big thing.
 AI Helps Designers Stay Ahead
Instead of waiting for trends to emerge naturally, designers use AI-powered tools to
create new styles based on what’s trending. This allows brands to launch new
collections before the trend even peaks, keeping them ahead of the competition.
 AI Creates Opportunities for Small Businesses
It’s not just big brands. AI helps small businesses too. A startup selling handmade
sneakers can use AI-driven marketing tools to target the right audience, showing their
products to sneaker lovers before the trend explodes.
Real-Life Example:
Nike and Adidas use AI to predict which sneaker styles will be in demand. When chunky
sneakers became a trend, they quickly released new designs, while small businesses selling
similar styles also gained popularity. AI turned a simple pattern into a global fashion
movement!

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