COMMUNITY VIEWS ON POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE

IN BARANGAY BUHISAN
CEBU CITY

A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Criminal Justice
University of Cebu
Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

by

Nathaniel W. Ando
John Dave L. Manlisic
Dominique C. Repa

May 2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers sincerely express their gratitude to the great help of the

following persons in making this research truly possible, for giving their time

and effort to organize, collaborate, and exchange information and with the aid

of their expertise to establish this study.

The Almighty God, first and foremost, for guiding us, for giving us

strength, and for providing everything that the researchers need to accomplish

this study.

To the Dean, Attorney Dodelon F. Sabijon, the researchers want to

extend their heartfelt gratitude for his support, for his insightful suggestion

and encouragement during the process of this research study.

To Dr. Anthony Albofera, Ph.D CJ, research adviser, the person behind

the perseverance and resiliency of the researchers. Greatly expressed their

great gratitude for her invaluable guidance, expertise, and continuous support

throughout this research study. Your time and effort to help refine the study

and ideas to overcome challenges are appreciated.

To the informants of this research study, for their cooperation,

efforts, and insights without their thoughtful mind this accomplishment would

not have been feasible and attainable.

THE RESEARCHERS
 ABSTRACT

Title: COMMUNITY VIEWS ON POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE IN

BARANGAY BUHISAN, CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES

Researcher: Nathaniel W. Ando

John Dave L. Manlisic

Dominique C. Repal

Course: College of Criminal Justice

School: University of Cebu-Main

Campus Adviser: Dr. Anthony Albofera, PhD CRIM

This study aimed to explore the views of the community towards the

police public image in Barangay Buhisan, Cebu City. This study utilized a

qualitative method of research upon determining the positive experience,

negative experience of the community, and the impact of the police public

image on the PNP relation to the community. The researcher came up with ten

(10) informants from the Barangay Buhisan for this study. These ten (10)

individuals namely three (3) Ordinary Residents, three (3) Professionals, and

four (4) Business owners that come from the Barangay Buhisan, Cebu City.

Each one (1) informant who resides in the Barangay of Buhisan for at least

five (5) years. The informants are interviewed as In-Depth Interview.

Thematic content analysis was utilized to analyze and cluster interview

answers in common themes for interpretation. Analysis was formulated based

on the gathered data wherein significant statements were extracted,

formulation of core meaning, and cluster themes. Six (6) emergent themes

comprehensively describe the informant's responses to provide answers to the

questions that this research intended to be delved into. The following are the

emergent themes arranged according to each sub-problem.

For the experience of the informants, we created themes, namely. For

the positive experiences of Police Public Image, there are two (2) positive

emergent themes; Patience and trust are essential for every police officer's

success, and Self-discipline give a good communication to police. Two (2)

Patience and trust are essential for every police officer's success, Self-

discipline gives good communication to police. (2) emergent themes for

impact of the police public image on the PNP relation to the community,

Guidance are one factor to build trust, Point of view one factors knowing the

reality.

Keywords: Community Views on Police Public Image in Buhisan,

Cebu City, Philippines, Phenomenological study, Criminal Justice

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page I

Table of Contents II

Chapter

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study 1

Theoretical Background 2

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem 8

Significance of the Study 8

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 11

Research Environment 12
 Research Informants 13

Research Instruments 14

Research Procedures

Data Gathering 15

Data Analysis 15

Ethical Considerations 17

Trustworthiness 19

Credibility 19

Transferability 20

Conformability 20

Reflexivity 21

DEFINITION OF TERMS 22

2 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

Presentation of Data 23

Analysis of Data 23
3 SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS

Summary 52

Findings 54

Implications

Implications for practice 55

Implications for future studies 57

REFERENCES 59

APPENDICES

A- Transmittal Letter 61

B- Interview Guide 62

C- Informed Consent Form 64

D- Location Map 76

E- Transcript of Interview 77

F- Significant Statements 94

G- Formulated Meanings 94
 H- Cluster Themes 107

CURRICULUM VITAE 113

 CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale
Police public image is a major factor that impacts how a certain

country's people or residents treat or respect their police force. In some

societies, the police are highly respected and trusted by the public. This is

often seen in countries with low crime rates, effective law enforcement, and

strong community policing initiatives. Citizens in these places may view the

police as protectors and helpers. In other communities, there's a significant

level of distrust and criticism towards the police. This can stem from instances

of police brutality, corruption, racial profiling, and abuse of power.

Minority communities, in particular, may feel marginalized or unfairly

targeted by law enforcement. There's a growing demand for transparency and

accountability within police forces globally. With the advent of social media

and increased awareness of human rights issues, incidents of police

misconduct are more likely to be scrutinized and challenged by the public. It's

important to recognize that views on police public image can vary greatly

from one country to another, influenced by factors such as political systems,

historical context, cultural norms, and levels of socioeconomic inequality.

 1

What works well in one place may not be applicable or effective in another.

Overall, the public image of police on a global scale is complex and

multifaceted, reflecting a diverse range of experiences, perspectives, and

societal challenges.

In the Philippines, the public's impression of the police can be

extremely complex and varied based on a range of factors, including

individual experiences, media portrayals, and sociopolitical environments.

There are undoubtedly certain sections of the public that have a favorable

opinion of the police and value what they do to uphold law and order, fight

crime, and protect the public. However, several sectors have also voiced

serious objections and worries about matters like extrajudicial murders,

human rights violations, corruption, and the claimed involvement of certain

police officers in illegal activity.

The community wants police service to be predictable, client-centered

or responsive, and effective at getting the job done especially in apprehending

criminals so that people will become comfortable without having fear. People

want the police to treat them with respect and use fair procedures equally

(Mastrofski, 1981).

Two competing forces work on police officers’ efforts to build

relationships with community residents. The first force is one of the natural
 2

attributes of police work culture, that is, to be suspicious of residents with

whom they interact. The second is the organizational pressure to partner with

and incorporate residents as part of community policing.

Theoretical Background

This study is anchored on the Procedural Justice Theory by Tom Tyler

and supported by the Functional Attitude Theory by Daniel Katz and the

Structural Functionalism Theory by Talcott Parsons.

Theory Procedural justice is based on four central principles first,

treating people with dignity and respect, giving citizens a voice during

encounters, being neutral in decision making, and conveying trustworthy

motives. Research demonstrates that these principles contribute to

relationships between authorities and the community in which the community

has trust and confidence in the police as honest, unbiased, benevolent, and

lawful the community feels obligated to follow the law and the dictates of legal

authorities; and the community feels that it shares a common set of interests

and values with the police. (John Thibaut and Laurens Walker, 1990).

In addition, their concern was with the perceived fairness of procedures.

They found that assessments of how fairly decisions are made are an important

determinant of reactions to the outcomes of those processes. In other words,

 3

they found that people accept outcomes that may be less than what they wanted

because they regard the process that led to those outcomes as fair. Subsequent

research has confirmed the importance of these procedural assessments,

independent of any relation they may have with outcomes (Thibaut and Walker

1975).

Furthermore, the theory of procedural justice directs attention to the

effects of the fairness of procedures used by legal authorities and seeks to

answer such important questions as why people obey the law, why people

cooperate with legal authorities, and why people have trust and confidence in

legal authorities (Thibaut, Walker, Tyler, and Huo, 2002).

According to Tyler & Thibaut (2003), compliance and procedural justice

involve the fairness of legal authorities and how their legal processes shape

public behavior. If experiences and community perceptions of the law and

enforcers are fair and transparent, then compliance of the law is more likely.

Compliance of the public towards the law and authorities make the methods of

the police and courts more effective. If offenders feel that they are being treated

fairly by the RJ process, they are more likely to respect the law in future.

Procedurally just policing is essential to the development of good will

between police and communities and is closely linked to improving

 4

community perceptions of police legitimacy, the belief that authorities have

the right to dictate proper behavior. It shows that when communities view

police authority as legitimate, they are more likely to cooperate with police and

obey the law. Establishing and maintaining police legitimacy promotes the

acceptance of police decisions, correlates with high levels of law abidingness,

and makes it more likely that police and communities will collaborate to

combat crime (Tyler & Jackson, 2014).

Functional Attitude Theory constructed a typology of the functions that

an attitude might serve by surveying different motivational theories. The work

of Katz (1960) and the parallel work of (Smith, Bruner, and White) (1956) laid

out a research agenda for persuasion researchers to substantially improve the

ability of persuaders to target their audience using functional attitude theory.

Katz’s article discussed each function and made suggestions for how to change

attitudes by matching the persuasive message to the function. If the right

function could be targeted, the message would be substantially more

persuasive. This hypothesis is referred to as the functional matching effect.

Attitudes that serve a utilitarian function are those that help an individual

remember which objects bring pleasure and which bring pain. Utilitarian

attitudes help people know which objects to approach and which to avoid.

These attitudes help people reach their individual goals and desires.
 5

For example, if Erin was out shopping for clothes and her attitude towards

shoes served a primarily utilitarian function, messages from a salesperson

concerning the durability of a pair of shoes, the comfort they provided, or

perhaps the ability of the shoes to repel water during a rainstorm would be

persuasive to her Katz (1960) and Smith (1956).

Katz (1960) Functional Attitude Theory argued that some attitudes serve

an ego defensive function such that they protect one’s self-esteem from threats.

Threats to one’s self esteem can come from insults from others, one’s own

personal moral failings, having lower social status than one thinks one

deserves, etc. These attitudes may often serve as a rationalization for some

undesirable behavior or belief. He argued that people who held negative

attitudes towards minority groups did so in order to maintain an inflated sense

of superiority. He attempted to change such attitudes by providing such people

with information that attempted to instill a sense of self-insight into their

bigotry.

Structural Functionalism Theory by Talcott Parsons (1930) holds that

the best possible and most desirable type of order for modern societies is

cooperative order and order based on which individuals cooperate with each

other irrespective of enforced laws and regulations. By such an order, trust is

a means to realize human freedom and solidarity, and its most important.
 6

The function is to facilitate and accelerate social participation. If there

is no trust between individuals and authorities in the historical environment,

citizens are very reluctant to interact socially. As a result, many favorable

social opportunities, including the formation of social capital, will be lost.

Moreover, even if they interact, due to the sense of high risk, individuals waste

much energy controlling others leaving no opportunity for innovation and

creation. Similarly, participation prevents the historic environment from lack

of coordination, or in a sense, from disintegration of the system. To put it more

simply, participation draws the components of the system together.

According to Robert Putnam (1960) one of the trust-based outcomes of

social capital is that it motivates citizens and residents to participate more

effectively in the issues related to the historic environment. Also, participation,

stemming from social interactions, is one of the indexes of social capital.

Furthermore, Hebert Spencer who saw similarities between society and

the human body he argued that just as the various organs of the body work

together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society work

together to keep society functioning outline of a man with a briefcase inside of

a gear, surrounded by other gears. The parts of society that he referred to were

the social institutions, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting

social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and

 7

the economy Herbert Spencer (1898).

Durkheim (1893) believed that society is a complex system of

interrelated and interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability

and that society is held together by shared values, languages, and symbols. He

believed that to study society, a sociologist must look beyond individuals to

social facts such as laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashion,

and rituals, which all serve to govern social life. In a healthy society, all parts

work together to maintain.

 8

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to delve into the views of the community on police

public image in Barangay Buhisan, Cebu City, Philippines.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the positive views of the informants on the police

public image?

2. What are the negative views of the informants on the police public

image?

3. How do the informants describe the impact of the police public image

on the PNP relation to the community?

Significance of the Study

The researcher was convinced that the results would help the following

persons or agencies, both national and local government agencies in terms of

the Community’s views on police public image in a barangay setting. This

study was beneficial to the following entities:

Philippine National Police (PNP). This study benefited the PNP

concerning improving community relations.

Community. This study provided an understanding of how

 9

community members viewed the police public image and, image efforts can

be made to create a more inclusive, responsive, and community-oriented

approach to policing that benefits everyone.

Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). The

research provided valuable information for local government officials, aiding

in making informed decisions concerning policing tactics and community

involvement.

National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM). This study offered a

better understanding of how the public views certain issues to adjust policies

and practices to meet community expectations.

Local Government Unit (LGU). This study aided the local government

sector in rendering assistance for the improvement of police community

relations.

Non-Government Organization (NGO). This study supported efforts

to promote policy changes and reforms that enhanced relations between the

police and the community.

Researchers. This study widened the knowledge of the researchers in

understanding community views on the police's public image.

Future researchers. The output of this study may have been used as a
 10

reference for future researchers in search of literature regarding community

views on the police's public image.

 11

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study utilized the qualitative research method, employing

the phenomenological approach. This phenomenological inquiry

focuses on the community views on police public image, the impacts to

the informants in the sanctions implemented by the Philippine National

Police (PNP) on enforcing the laws of the Philippines in Buhisan, Cebu,

and the positive and negative impression of our dear law enforcers

around the city.

This research sought to understand the experiences and views of

the members of the community on how they perceived the police

department, their reactions and their personal experiences on the

sanctions implemented by the police officers in maintaining peace and

order, with that method, researchers were able to describe their lived

phenomenal circumstances that may be used in gathering information

for phenomenological inquiry.

The participants of this study were selected members of the

community specifically, in Buhisan. The Informants included citizens

who resided in Buhisan at least 3 years, business vendors, professionals

 12

and ordinary citizens. These selected participants have the experience

and information as to what it is to be a citizen or a member of a

community.

Research Environment

Our study will be conducted in Buhisan, a barangay in Cebu City. Its

population as determined by the 2020 Census was 19,088. This represented

1.98% of the total population of Cebu City. Buhisan is situated at

approximately 10.3151, 123.8485, on the island of Cebu. Elevation at these

coordinates is estimated at 115.8 meters or 379.9 feet above mean sea level.

The household population of Buhisan in the 2015 Census was 14,959 broken

down into 3,394 households or an average of 4.41 members per household.

Combining age groups together, those aged 14 and below, consisting of the

young dependent population which include infants/babies, children and young

adolescents/teenagers, make up an aggregate of 37.52% (5,619). Those aged

15 up to 64, roughly, the economically active population and actual or

potential members of the workforce, constitute a total of 59.41% (8,898).

Finally, the old dependent population consisting of the senior citizens, those

aged 65 and over, total 3.07% (460) in all.

The computed Age Dependency Ratios mean that among the

 13

population of Buhisan, there are 63 youth dependents to every 100 of the

working age population; there are 5 aged/senior citizens to every 100 of the

working population; and overall, there are 68 dependents (young and old- age)

to every 100 of the working population.

The median age of 22 indicates that half of the entire population of

Buhisan are aged less than 22 and the other half are over the age of 22.

In the population of Buhisan grew from 4,636 in 1990 to 19,088 in

2020, an increase of 14,452 people over 30 years. The latest census figures in

2020 denote a positive growth rate of 5.24%, or an increase of 4,111 people,

from the previous population of 14,977 in 2015.Adjacent Barangay.

Buhisan shares a common border with the Kinasang-an Pardo Cebu

City, Sapangdaku Cebu City, Pamutan Cebu City, To-ong Pardo Cebu City,

Quiot Pardo Cebu City, Punta Princesa Cebu City, and Guadalupe Cebu City.

Research Informants

The informants of this study are 10 selected residents of barangay

Buhisan, Cebu City for at least 3 years. Our informants will represent a diverse

range of backgrounds, including individuals from the business sector,

professionals, ordinary residents, and barangay officials. All of the informants

are to be individually interviewed.

 14

Research Instrument

In data gathering, the researcher will used a self-created panel for

interviews. The panel will include three parts: the first part will focus on the

positive opinions of the informants regarding the Police public image, the

second part will delve into the negative opinions, and the third part will

explore the influence of the Police public image on the relationship between

the PNP and the community.

The researchers organize the result of the interviews, locate the

informants, make the arrangement of the interview, explain the matters of

confidentiality, prepare consent forms, and make the informants comfortable.

Research Procedure

According to Miles and Huberman (2013), purposive convenience

sampling was employed to select the informants. Before the interview, the

researchers will explain to the informants the purpose of the study and the

manner by which the interview was done. This study is oriented in qualitative

research where before the interview; the informants signed the informed

consent form. Qualitative research has been described as a naturalistic study

conducted through prolonged contact with field situations which typically

reflect everyday life and the explicit and implicit rules that govern that life.

Qualitative research has been described as a naturalistic study conducted

 15

through prolonged contact with field situations, which typically reflect the

everyday life and the explicit and implicit rules that govern that life (Miles,

Huberman, and Saldana, 2013).

Data Collection. Before the interview, the researcher will conduct a

transmission letter, properly signed by the graduate's dean and advisor school.

Interviews will be used to collect the data, and an assistant of the audio

recorder. The questions will be posed to the informants. They fill out the

informed consent form and receive the communication in an honest and full

manner. declaring that the individual was aware of the study. The principal

technique for semi-structured interviews is employed in this research to

acquire data. hone and expand your knowledge of how people see their

circumstances following checkpoint handling experience. Data gathering is

the information-gathering survey method that is created and applied.

Structured interviews will be one of the approaches used in this investigation.

utilizing both closed- and open-ended inquiries. Notes will be made and

carried out by the researcher during visits and interviews in the regions. To

accurately document the observation, a timetable comprising the following:

The time (days, weeks, and months), location, type of event, and subjects.

Analysis of Data. Thematic content analysis is used to examine and

organize interview responses into common themes for interpretation. In this

 16

study, recorded interview answers are deductively analyzed to identify

important themes relevant to specific categories. This scrutiny of the interview

content aims to uncover messages embedded within it. Thematic code analysis

is employed to examine emerging themes during analysis to understand their

frequency and similarities between participants in using these themes. The

analysis process followed the outlined steps.

The analysis process will involve the following steps: first, transcribing

the data from tape onto paper to clean and edit the manuscripts by removing

errors and inconsistencies; next, checking and editing the transcripts to

prepare the data for further analysis; then developing categories for analysis

and interpretation, completing coding and data reduction, and identifying

trends within the data.

In this phase, researchers review all gathered data, such as field notes

and interview transcripts, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the

information. They code the data, analyzing content to identify themes based

on specific words. Findings from individual interviews are generalized,

highlighting differences and similarities to create typologies. To ensure the

validity of interpretations, researchers verify or adjust hypotheses by

revisiting transcripts during the verification process.

 17

Ethical Consideration. The identities of the participants are treated

with confidentiality, and prior permission is obtained from the participants

before the interviews are conducted. The researchers also comply with the

policy on research, namely the informed consent form, before conducting the

research on community views on police public image.

Ethical standard prevents the fabrication or falsification of data and,

therefore, promote the pursuit of knowledge and truth which is the primary

goal of research. Ethical behavior is also critical for collaborative work

because it encourages an environment of trust, accountability, and mutual

respect among researchers. This is especially important when considering

issues related to data sharing, co-authorship, copyright guidelines,

confidentiality, and many other issues. Researchers must also adhere to ethical

standards in order for the public to support and believe in the research. The

public wants to be assured that researcher followed the appropriate guidelines

for issues such as human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law,

conflict of interest, safety, health standard and so on. The handling of the

ethical issues greatly impacts the integrity of the research project and can

affect whether or not the project receives funding. Because ethical

considerations are so important in research, many professional associations

and agencies have adopted codes and policies that outline ethical behavior and
 18

guide researchers.

Beneficence. The primary objective of the study was to contribute

positively to the well-being of our community. The research sought to bring

attention to the distinctive challenges and needs of these individuals by

providing a platform for their voices, with the potential to influence favorable

policy and systemic changes. Furthermore, participants were offered post-

interview resources and support services.

Non-maleficence. A central concern is the minimization of potential

harm. Participation will be entirely voluntary, involving a comprehensive

informed consent process that elucidates the study's purpose, potential risks,

and participants' rights, including the ability to withdraw at any point without

consequences. Anonymous data collection and storage procedures are to be

implemented to ensure confidentiality. Sensitive topics will be approached

with empathy and respect, and participants will receive debriefing and

emotional support as needed.

Justice. The study will ensure in maintaining a fair and equitable

research process. The selection will be based on informed consent and

willingness to participate, avoiding predetermined criteria that could

introduce bias. Data analysis will remain attuned to potential power

 19

imbalances, striving to authentically represent participants' experiences.

Autonomy. Respecting participants' autonomy will be upheld

throughout the research process. Informed consent forms will utilize clear and

accessible language, emphasizing participants' right to make informed

decisions about their involvement. Strict avoidance of coercion or undue

influence will be observed. Participants are empowered to control the pace

and content of the interviews and their feedback on the research findings are

actively sought to ensure accuracy and authenticity.

Trustworthiness of Research. Trustworthiness as Sandelowski (1993)

mentioned is a matter of persuasion whereby the scientist is viewed as having

made those practices visible and therefore auditable. Trustworthiness has been

further divided into credibility, which corresponds roughly with the positivist

concept of internal validity; dependability, which relates more to reliability;

transferability, which is a form of external validity; and confirmability, which

is largely an issue of presentation.

Credibility. It is the first aspect or criterion that must be established. It

is seen as the most important aspect or measure in establishing trustworthiness

because credibility essentially asks the researcher to link the research study’s

findings with reality to demonstrate the truth of the research findings.

 20

Transferability. The researcher will also establish transferability by

providing a robust and detailed account of his experiences during data

collection. The researcher will make explicit connections to the cultural and

social contexts that surround data collection. This means talking about where

the interviews transpired, the general setup of the environment, and other

aspects of data collection that help provide a richer and fuller understanding

of the research setting. Thus, constitutes the idea that the research study’s

findings could apply to other contexts, situations, times, and population

(Guba, 1981).

Dependability. Dependability, on the other hand, is also important to

trustworthiness because it establishes the research study’ s findings as

consistent and repeatable. The researcher will aim to verify that the findings

are consistent with the raw data they collected, making sure that if some other

researchers were to look over the data, they would arrive at similar findings,

interpretations, and conclusions about the data. This is important to make sure

that anything will not be missed in the research study, or that the researcher

will not be sloppy or misguided in his or her final report (Guba, 1981).

Confirmability. Guba (1981) posited that confirmability is the last

criterion of trustworthiness the researcher needs to establish in this study.

 21

This criterion has to do with the level of confidence that the research study’s

findings will be based on the participants’ narratives and words rather than

potential researcher biases.

Reflexivity. Embarking on qualitative research as a novice, my limited

experience in this domain raises the possibility that the quality of analysis may

be affected by my background. The study, focusing on the views on police

public image of the community, demands a keen recognition of potential

personal biases, especially given that I am a woman myself. This connection

introduces a layer of complexity that necessitates a vigilant reflexivity

throughout the research process.

 22

DEFINITION OF TERMS

For the better understanding of the study the following terms will be

operationally defined.

Impact of the Police Public Image on the PNP relation to the

community. This indicates the effects, consequences, and repercussions that

the public image of the police has on both the police organization itself and

the broader community it serves. This impact can manifest in various ways,

including trust, cooperation, public safety, and community-police relations.

Negative views of the informants on the Police public image. This

pertains to the act of the pessimistic point of view of the informants to the

articulate of the characteristics, attributes, behaviors, and reputation

associated with the police within the community.

Positive views of the informants on the Police public image. This

refers to the optimistic perspectives, opinions, and beliefs held by individuals

(informants) within the community regarding how the police are perceived by

the public.
 23

CHAPTER 2

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter consists of the presentation of the data and their analysis.

Presentation of Data

The information was meticulously examined to understand the

informants' perspectives regarding the police's public image. Significant

statements were extracted, highlighting both favorable and unfavorable

opinions, as well as the impact of the police's public image on the relationship

between the Philippine National Police (PNP) and the community. These

statements were analyzed and transformed into valuable insights that

represent their viewpoints.

The interpretations drawn from these statements were grouped into

clusters for better organization. Using a phenomenological approach, the data

were revisited to gain a deeper insight into the informants' experiences and

perspectives. The central themes that emerged were systematically

categorized into cluster themes and further refined into main themes, directly

aligning with the research questions.

 24

The themes reflect the informants' varied opinions about the police,

showcasing both the positive and negative facets of the police's public image.

They also demonstrate how these perceptions affect the dynamic between the

PNP and the community, offering valuable insights into existing strengths and

potential areas for growth.

The following section provides a comprehensive discussion of the

themes, highlighting the informants' positive and negative perceptions of the

police's public image. It also explores how these perspectives influence the

relationship between the PNP and the community.

I. Positive Views of the Informants on the Police Public Image

in Buhisan Cebu City.

1. Community Safety through Police Visibility

2. Strengthening Public Confidence through Prompt

Assistance

II. Negative Views of the Informants on the Police Public Image

in Buhisan Cebu City.

1. Concerns Over Arrogant Enforcement

2. Malpractices Marks Negative Impression

 25

III. Impact of the Police Public Image on the Philippine National

Police’s Relationship with the Community

1. Promoting Collaboration Through Proactive Community

Engagement

2. Police Presence Mirrors Safety

I. Positive Views of the Informants on the Police Public Image in

Buhisan Cebu City.

These research questions draw out the responses of the informants

about their positive views on police public image.

1. Community Safety through Police Visibility. This theme emphasizes

how the consistent presence of law enforcement in Buhisan, Cebu fosters a

secure environment. Through regular patrols and proactive engagement with

the community, the police ensure safety and build trust among residents.

Informant 1: With confidence, the informant expressed gratitude for the

substantial police presence in their neighborhood, emphasizing how their

visibility serves as a deterrence to crime. The informant stated that frequent

police patrols in the barangay not only deter criminals from committing

crimes but also comfort people that their safety.

 26

Akong nakita sa mga police ari sa amoa sir samot na

anhi sa buhisan kay taga eskinita naay mag bantay
og dli mi hadlok mo gawas inig gabie ako ni gi isip
na positive na pananaw kay usa ka manunupyo dinihi
sa buhisan kay dli na jud mi mahadlok samot na
labaw na usa ko ka ebike driver diri sa amo lugar dli
nako hadlok mamasahero samot na inig ka gabie.
.(IDI1). What I have observed in our area is that there
are police officers stationed at every corner of the
street, ensuring the safety of our neighborhood,
especially at night. This makes me feel secure,
particularly since I work as an e-bike driver. This is
one of the positive aspects I’ve noticed.

Informant 3: Speaking forcefully, the informant emphasized the

positive impact of police patrols on neighborhood order, stating that their

presence helps prevent theft, vandalism, and gang-related disturbances.

According to the informant, having police officers regularly patrol the area

fosters a sense of discipline and accountability among people.

Kuan naay nindot kong nakita dinhi sa among lugar

sa mga police kay kanang roving-roving nila nya
nindot sad kay na siya kay para ang mga taw dinhi
kay mahapsay dayun kuan positive siya kay hapsay
naman ang lugar. (IDI3), What I’ve observed as a
positive action by the police in our area is their
constant patrolling and checking, which makes me
feel secure.

Informant 9: The informant strongly stressed the reassurance provided

by constant police visibility at night. The informant stated that many

neighbors feel safer knowing that officials are actively patrolling dark and

remote places where criminal activity is more likely to occur. This presence
 27

also discourages people from engaging in illicit acts, so promoting peace and

order.

so base sa akong experience diri sa akong pag puyo

kanang daghan kog nakita positibo especially police
visibility like in every eskina namo naa na syay mag
kuan bitaw mag barog so, inig ka gabie sad naa puy
mag bantay so ma feel nimo ang safety so kana
palang kana palang makita na nako ang nindot
nilang binuhatan safety ra ang taw mo gawas sa
gabie og komportable ra sad mi mo gawas. (IDI9),
ne of the positive things here in Buhisan is the strong
police visibility, especially at key intersections where
officers stand guard. At night, they also patrol,
making us feel safe and comfortable going out even
after dark. Their presence ensures safety and reflects
their good work.

2. Strengthening Public Confidence through Prompt Assistance. This

theme underscores how the timely response of law enforcement in Buhisan,

Cebu, enhances public trust. By addressing emergencies and community

concerns with urgency, the police demonstrate their commitment to serving

and protecting the residents.

Informant 4 proudly commended the police's involvement in keeping

the town peaceful and orderly. They described a personal incident in which

police enforcement responded quickly to a disturbance in their neighborhood,

ensuring that the situation was de-escalated before becoming violent. The

source emphasized that such measures increase trust in the police.

 28

Ang akong nakita as positive sa atong mga kapulisan

kay hapsay ug wala nay gubot sa atung barangay ari
sa buhisan. (IDI4),What I see or observe in our
neighborhood is peace, with no more troubles in the
street.

Informant 5: The informant strongly praised the police for their

proactive efforts to safeguard public safety. They noted that police regularly

patrol, interact with people, and execute crime prevention programs, all of

which contribute to their barangay's overall sense of security.

Okay as a buhisan na resedenti im maayo jud sa

tanan nga ang mga taga kapulisan kay makita jud
nako na nag stambay gani silan sa kuan every iskena
diri like maayo jud na positive jud na sya na
binuhatan sa pulis isip sad sa protekta sa mga
katawhan diri sa buhisan and yhaaa that why i think
its a positive. (IDI5), I can see that the police officers
are guarding every corner of the streets to ensure
safety and peace.

Informant 8: The informant expressed pleasure for the police's prompt

reaction to emergencies and participation in community programs. They

praised law enforcement's active participation in outreach initiatives,

emergency relief, and youth engagement activities, strengthening the bond

between officers and their communities.

ang psitive way diri sa buhisan kay abtik kay sila if

ever naa may accedent na mahitabo diri kanang maka
pahalipay diri kanang maka palalipay pajud sila diri
sa unsa gani naoy katawhan diri sa barangay buhisan
which is naa silay project. (IDI8), The positive aspect
here in Buhisan is that the police are very quick to
respond if an accident happens. They bring happiness
to the people in Barangay Buhisan, especially with
their projects.
 29

II. Negative Views of the Informants on the Police Public Image in

Buhisan Cebu City.

These research questions draw out the responses of the informants

about their negative views on police public image.

1. Concerns Over Arrogant Enforcement. This theme highlights the

community's apprehensions regarding the perceived arrogance of some law

enforcers in Buhisan, Cebu. Such behavior can strain the relationship between

the police and residents, emphasizing the need for improved communication

and respectful engagement.

Informant 4: Reflecting on a personal experience, the informant voiced

disappointment with an unpleasant officer. They described an event in which

an officer acted aggressively toward them while handling a minor issue,

causing annoyance and discomfort. The source emphasized the importance of

improving police officers' public relations and communication skills.

And negatibo nga akong nakita or bati na gi buhat sa

mga pulis naka encounter ko na maningka ra bisan
wala kay gi buhat naa kay gamay na sayup na nga
buhat na dili unsa buhaton isip usa ka pulis..(IDI4),
What I observe as negative from the policemen is that
when I encountered a rude police officer with an
attitude issue, this type of behavior should not be
displayed by a public officer.
 30

Informant 7: Without hesitation, the informant stated that police

personnel must improve their demeanor and communication skills. They stated

that some members of the community are hesitant to approach the police

because of their perceived arrogance and lack of empathy, making it difficult

to build trust between law enforcement and locals.

lisuda bitaw ana pero ang ako jud na bantayan nga

first hand experience ba kanang naa jud mga pulis na
dili nato malikayan nga grabi raman kahambuggiro
isip usa ka authoridad isip usa ka propresunal naa sa
uniformi dapat mag hatag jud kag ug kanang pag
tagad sa katawhan specially diri jud sa buhisan nga
bukid naman ni kasagaran mga taw diri medyo
conservative kaayo unta dapat mga kapulisan sad diri
kay mag hatag gamay sa ilang kanang training kung
baga mgab beheavioral aspect.(IDI7), It is really
difficult, but from my first-hand experience, I have
observed that there are police officers who are overly
arrogant as individuals of authority and professionals
in uniform. They should show proper respect to the
people, especially here in Buhisan, which is
predominantly a rural and conservative area. The
police assigned here should receive additional training,
particularly on behavioral aspects.

Informant 10: The informant was eager to critique several cops'

dismissive and unapproachable demeanor. They mentioned experiences in

which people seeking police aid were received with indifference or hostility,

discouraging them from reporting crimes or collaborating with law

enforcement in the future.

Kuan negatibo jud para nako, kay ang mga pulis jud
na murag angas angas gani og style na wala sa lugar
 31

og kana pung naa silay mga storyaan na sila sila ray

kasabot niya ila estorya sa mga taw na dli pud pulis
murag bogoon paminawn, mao na nag negatibo para
nako.(IDI10), For me, the negative aspect is when
some police officers act arrogantly or speak in a way
that feels dismissive. Sometimes, their conversations
are hard to understand, making it seem like they are
not considerate of others.

2. Malpractices Marks Negative Impression. This theme sheds light on

how certain unethical actions by law enforcers in Buhisan, Cebu contribute to

a negative perception among residents. These incidents highlight the

importance of accountability and professional conduct in maintaining public

trust.

Informant 2: The informant confidently discussed unethical police

actions and its impact on public trust. They voiced worry over claims of

bribery and favoritism in law enforcement, stressing that such actions

undermine community trust in the police and foster an environment of

impunity for wrongdoers.

Ahh daghan man sir, ako lang ipunto sa duha kabook

una kay kanang og kuan kanang mag malpractice sila
sa uban, og ang uban grabe na sad ka hambogiro sir
og mao nang ang uban maglisod og approach ang
katawhan sa kapulisan. .(IDI2), There are several
negative aspects I've observed regarding the police, but
I'll focus on two key issues. First, there's the problem
of malpractice, where some officers engage in
unethical or improper conduct. Second, their attitudes
can be problematic; some police officers appear overly
intimidating, while others come across as rude or
disrespectful, which creates an environment where
people are afraid to approach them.
 32

Informant 3: The informant openly expressed concerns about police

invading residences without sufficient authorization. They stated that some

officers conduct unlawful searches, instilling anxiety and worry in people.

The source underlined the need to follow legal procedures to ensure that police

actions are justified and protect residents' rights.

Ang ako nakit an na bati na kalihokan sa mga police

diri sa amoang lugar kay kara laging ahm naa silay gi
pangita na taw dayun manulod lang sila og balay na
dli na bisag kinsang balay na walay tagtungod or
wala man silay gi dalang warrant og kinsa man jud
ilang gipangita kanang siya para nako kay hadlok dli
siya saftey og kay unsa nalang juy mahitabo so kana
negatibo para nako. (IDI3),On the negative side,
however, when they are investigating a case and
searching for a suspect, they sometimes enter people’s
homes without explanation or a warrant, which can
have a negative impact on the community.

Informant 9: Reflecting on their findings, the informant stressed the

necessity of procedural precision in police operations. They cited instances

where law enforcement failed to follow due process, resulting in false arrests

or mismanagement of evidence, further eroding public trust in the system.

So base sad sa akong experience sir sa akong pag puyo

dinhi naa jud ko mga bati sad na nakita nila but
majority man jud naglabi man jud ang maayo, so ang
mga negative side lang sir ah, akong lang ma… base
lang sa akong makita.. Observe, espicially bitaw
kakang mag conduct sila og operation sila dinhi sa
among brgy., naa silay.. Especially kanang sa drugs
kana common jud na sa magtag brgy. Ma storya jud
na ko sir kanang mag conduct bitaw sila og buy bust
operation na mo sulod sila og balay… kakang naay
times ang balay na masud bitaw nila kay dili mao sa
target so.. Ing ana bati bitaw kay paminawon kay
dapat magconduct sila kanang ing ana mga operation
 33

kay dapat klarohon nila ang kanang ilang mga target

mga balay dapat nila sudlon kay ing ana, kay usahay
sad wala silay mga warrant nya usahay sad mag libog
mi nganong or unsay madalay nila sa balay na makita
dalhon mao na akong ma sulti na negative side dinhi
sa buhisan sir.(IDI9), Based on my experience living
here, while most of their actions are good, there are
some negative aspects. For example, during operations
like buy-busts, there have been instances where they
entered the wrong house, which is concerning. These
operations should be carefully planned to target the
correct locations. Sometimes they conduct operations
without warrants, and we get confused when they take
items from houses they enter. This highlights the need
for better execution and adherence to legal procedures.

III. Impact of the Police Public Image on the Philippine National Police’s

Relationship with the Community

These research questions explore the perspectives of the respondents

on how the public image of the police influences the relationship between the

Philippine National Police and the community.

1. Promoting Collaboration Through Proactive Community

Engagement. This theme focuses on how law enforcement in Buhisan, Cebu

fosters strong community partnerships by actively engaging with residents.

Through regular dialogue, community meetings, and collaborative efforts, the

police work alongside the public to address safety concerns and promote a

sense of shared responsibility.

 34

Informant 3: The informant expressed hope about the positive

relationship between police and community. They emphasized collaborative

efforts in crime prevention activities such as neighborhood watch groups and

awareness campaigns, which promote a sense of shared responsibility for

keeping peace and order.

Sa akong mga na obserbahan ang relasyon sa pnp

anhi sa amoa kay okay ra man naa ray respetar og
respeto ang akong mga silingan nagdto sa mga pnp
labi na robing sila naay ray pagtahud og karang
magtibanang sad jud sa among komunidad or sa
among mga silingan ang pnp kung aduna sila
gipangita na taw or kundi kanang kalihokan bahin
anang feeding program og kanang mga pangpamlipyo
sa dalan so ang epekto ana para nako kay nindot ra
jud siya. (IDI3),the impact of the police on me has
been positive. They help our community feel secure
and actively participate in outreach programs like
feeding initiatives and clean-up drives. This fosters a
sense of cooperation, where the community also
supports the police when needed.

Informant 5: The informant expressed gratitude for the police's

contributions to their community's welfare. They stated that law enforcement's

participation in social activities such as feeding drives and disaster relief

efforts displays their dedication to serving beyond their crime-fighting duties,

which builds public trust.\

Okay having a PNP personel in here buhisan is such a

greet honor for us nang mga taga buhisan ahmm
epekto nila sa amoa sa taga diri ahmm very nice na
pagka pulis ahmm maayo kaayo sila kay towards sa
mga taga buhisan and as above all of all is ahmm
secured sila diri ang mga taga buhisan naa silan diri
.(IDI5),Having the policemen here in our barangay is
an honor for us. The impact I have observed is that the
 35

police are very nice towards the people, their

interactions are positive, and they especially ensure
the safety of the community.

Informant 9 acknowledged both sides and stressed the trust and

collaboration established between the police and the community. They

provided examples of community members actively assisting law

enforcement by providing information on illegal activity, demonstrating the

mutual respect and partnership that has grown over time.

So ang uhmm… base sa akong naexperience sir, sa

ilang binuhatan dinhi so, nakabuild gihapon mi og
kanang nindot na relasyon nila sir kay… dli man jud
na malikayan sir na part man jud na sa ilang trabaho
ang mga ing ana so mas majority man jud na ang ilang
nindot na binuhatan dinhi sir so mas ni salig jud mi
nila sir og mas ni respetar kay mi gihapon nila sir og
naa gihapon mi communication sir kanang dli man sad
permi na dli man sad tanan na bati og kanang kuan so
part ra jud na sa ilang trabaho so ni salig ra jud mi
nila sir og nirespeto ra sad sila namo sir og mao pud
to… approachable pud sila og mo cooperate ra sad
sila og naay kinahanglonon dinhi sa brgy. So naa
gihapon mi communication sir. So mao rana ako ma
ingon sa impact (IDI9),Despite these issues, we’ve
built a good relationship with the police because we
understand these challenges are part of their job. Their
good deeds outweigh the negatives, so we still trust
and respect them. They remain approachable and
cooperative whenever the barangay needs their
assistance, which has fostered ongoing
communication and a positive connection with the
community

2. Police Presence Mirrors Safety. This theme emphasizes how the

visible and consistent presence of law enforcement in Buhisan, Cebu directly

correlates with a heightened sense of security among residents. The police's

 36

active engagement in the community reassures the public, reinforcing the idea

that safety is prioritized and protected.

Informant 2: The informant expressed gratitude for the sense of security

offered by the police. They described how the presence of cops in their

neighborhood lessened anxiety and dread among residents, particularly at

night and during important community events, making them feel safe and

protected.

Ug usa nalang nay masulti nako gihatag sa kapulisan

sir sa akong nalang sad nuong nakita diri sa among
brgy. Usa nana ang paghatag og seguridad sa
kapulisan didto sa katawhan unya kanang masinati
bisag usa ka residente diri kanang malipayo jud ko na
mafeel nako ang seguridad diri sa gihatag sa
kapulisan nako.(IDI2), What I feel about the impact of
the police in our community is the sense of security
they provide, both to me personally

Informant 6: The informant emphasized progress and praised the

police's contributions to community development. They emphasized that law

enforcement is critical not only in keeping peace, but also in assisting local

efforts that promote livelihood, education, and youth development.

Ang maayong epekto or impact sa mga kapulisan diri

sa buhisan sama nalang niining dako ilang pag tabang
para sa pag unlad or dakong tabang kiini para sa
atung lugar ilang mga maayung binuhatan ug usa pag
kini ilang akong nasinati or reaction nako niini
nalipay nalang pud kay naa mantay samang niining
mga kapulisan nga sama niini ka nila mga maayon
puro ilang gi pang buhat (IDI6),The impact I see is
that the policemen give a good image to our area, and
I feel positive about this because they ensure our safety
 37

Informant 10: While sharing information with neighbors, the informant

highlighted the locals' trust in the police's approachability and duty to protect.

They stated that, while some officers may engage in unprofessional behavior,

many others go above and beyond their duties to assist individuals in need,

demonstrating that positive police-community connections can still be built

via trust, transparency, and ethical conduct.

Sa ako lang na dungan sa akong mga silingan, akong

madungog gikan nila jud kay kanang naka piling sila
og seguridad sa ilahang panimalay kay naa nay mga
pulis na dali ma duolan kay para nako sakto raman
kay angya mana nilang binuhatan kay mao mana ilang
responsibildad ngadto sa amoa kay mao mana ilang
trabaho. (IDI10), Based on what I hear from
neighbors, they feel a sense of security in their homes
because the police are easy to approach. For me, their
actions are appropriate since ensuring safety is their
responsibility and part of their job.

Analysis of Data

This research utilizes a phenomenological approach to investigate the

phenomenon and context within the community, with an emphasis on

understanding both the favorable and unfavorable views of the police's public

image. The insights provided by the participants are central to the analysis of

each theme, which is explored through the application of relevant theories and

existing literature that guided the study.

 38

This study is grounded in the Procedural Justice Theory by Tom Tyler

(1990), which emphasizes the importance of fair processes in shaping

individuals' perceptions of authority. According to this theory, when people

perceive that they are treated with fairness, respect, and transparency by law

enforcement, they are more likely to have positive views of the police,

regardless of the outcomes of their interactions. In the context of this study,

the data indicates that community members’ perceptions of the police are

significantly influenced by how they experience procedural fairness. Positive

perceptions are reinforced when officers are perceived to make decisions in

an unbiased and respectful manner, while negative perceptions arise from

feelings of unfair treatment or biased actions. Tyler’s Procedural Justice

Theory helps explain how the fairness of police actions directly affects the

public’s trust and cooperation with law enforcement.

The Functional Attitude Theory by Daniel Katz (1960) further supports

the study by exploring how attitudes are formed and serve specific functions

in individuals' lives. According to this theory, people's attitudes toward

objects or groups, such as the police, are shaped by their needs for

information, social adaptation, and self-expression. The study suggests that

community members develop their perceptions of the police based on how

these attitudes fulfill their psychological and social needs. For example,
 39

individuals may adopt positive attitudes toward the police if they see them as

protectors of social order or as allies in maintaining safety. Conversely,

negative attitudes may form if the police are perceived as a threat to personal

freedom or community values. Katz’s Functional Attitude Theory helps

explain how people’s attitudes toward law enforcement are not only shaped

by direct experiences but also by the social roles that these attitudes play in

their lives.

Additionally, the Structural Functionalism Theory by Talcott Parsons

(1930) provides a broader understanding of how societal structures, including

law enforcement, contribute to social stability and functioning. According to

this theory, each part of society plays a role in maintaining equilibrium and

ensuring that societal norms are upheld. In the context of this study, the data

suggests that the police are seen as an integral part of maintaining social order

in Buhisan, Cebu. When the police are viewed as fulfilling their societal role

effectively, they contribute to a stable community environment. However,

when their actions contradict societal expectations, such as through

misconduct or abuse of power, it can disrupt social equilibrium and lead to

negative perceptions. Parsons’ Structural Functionalism Theory helps explain

how the role of the police is understood in relation to the broader social system

and how their actions can either strengthen or weaken community cohesion.
 40

I. Positive Views of the Informants on the Police Public Image in

Buhisan Cebu City.

1. Community Safety through Police Visibility. This theme

emphasizes the vital role of visible law enforcement in ensuring community

safety. It highlights how the consistent presence of police officers, their

engagement with residents, and their visible efforts to address public

concerns create an atmosphere of security within the community. Through

regular patrols, proactive responses to incidents, and active communication

with residents, the police not only maintain public order but also foster a

sense of safety. Community members perceive the police as more than just

enforcers of the law; they are seen as dedicated protectors who ensure peace

and stability. The visibility of police officers reassures residents, letting them

know that law enforcement is present and ready to act in times of need. This

presence reinforces the community’s confidence in their safety, creating an

environment where individuals can feel secure knowing that the police are

accessible and responsive to their concerns.

This theme is supported by Procedural Justice Theory by Tom Tyler

(1990), which posits that people’s perceptions of fairness in the processes by

which they are treated by authorities influence their overall views of those
 41

authorities. According to this theory, the way police officers engage with the

community, whether fair or respectful, plays a critical role in shaping public

perceptions of safety. When residents see that police officers engage in fair

and unbiased interactions, especially in visible settings, they are more likely

to view the police as legitimate and trustworthy, contributing to a heightened

sense of security. Tyler’s theory emphasizes that it’s not just the outcome of

police actions that matters, but the fairness of the procedures and interactions.

In the context of this study, the data suggests that the police's visible

and fair engagement with residents is a key factor in promoting a sense of

safety. The visible presence of police officers who act with fairness and

transparency reinforces the belief that law enforcement is working in the best

interest of the community. By engaging respectfully with residents, listening

to their concerns, and responding equitably, police officers build trust, which

is essential in fostering a safe environment. When individuals feel they are

treated fairly, they are more likely to cooperate with law enforcement,

enhancing community safety.

Ultimately, the theme of community safety through police visibility,

when viewed through the lens of Procedural Justice Theory, demonstrates

that fairness in police interactions significantly contributes to the public's

 42

sense of security. By being visible and treating the community with respect,

the police not only enhance their legitimacy but also foster a lasting sense of

safety and trust that strengthens the relationship between law enforcement

and the community.

2. Strengthening Public Confidence through Prompt Assistance. This

theme underscores the importance of timely and efficient responses by law

enforcement in boosting public trust and confidence. It highlights how the

police’s quick and effective action in addressing community concerns

contributes to a positive perception of their role in society. When police

officers respond promptly to emergencies, inquiries, or public needs, they

demonstrate their commitment to serving and protecting the community. This

responsiveness fosters a sense of reliability and dependability, assuring

residents that the police are prepared to address issues as they arise. As a

result, the community views the police as an essential and trusted institution

in ensuring public safety and well-being.

This theme is supported by Functional Attitude Theory by Daniel Katz

(1960), which suggests that people develop attitudes toward objects or groups

based on the functions those attitudes serve in their lives. According to this

theory, attitudes are formed to meet psychological needs such as information,

 43

self-expression, and social adaptation. In the context of this study, the police's

ability to offer prompt assistance serves a functional role in fulfilling the

community’s need for security, reassurance, and stability. When police

officers provide timely and helpful responses, they fulfill a crucial social

function, reinforcing positive attitudes toward law enforcement.

The study shows that community members form favorable attitudes

toward the police because their prompt assistance meets their psychological

need for safety and protection. When residents experience quick, effective

support from law enforcement, they are more likely to view the police as

trustworthy and reliable, which strengthens their overall confidence in the

force. Conversely, delays or inadequate responses may lead to negative

perceptions, as the lack of promptness undermines the police’s role in

maintaining social order. Katz’s Functional Attitude Theory helps explain

how the police’s actions, particularly their responsiveness, contribute to the

formation of attitudes that reinforce public confidence and trust.

Ultimately, the theme of strengthening public confidence through

prompt assistance, viewed through the lens of Functional Attitude Theory,

demonstrates how the police’s ability to meet the community’s need for quick

and effective support influences public attitudes. By fulfilling this need, the
 44

police enhance their role in the community and foster stronger, more positive

perceptions that contribute to a sense of safety and trust.

II. Negative Views of the Informants on the Police Public Image in

Buhisan Cebu City.

1. Concerns Over Arrogant Enforcement. This theme highlights the

negative impact that perceived arrogance and authoritarian behavior by law

enforcement officers can have on public trust and the relationship between

the police and the community. It underscores how certain behaviors, such as

a lack of respect for community members or a dismissive attitude during

interactions, can foster a sense of alienation and resentment among residents.

When police officers exhibit arrogance, it creates a divide between law

enforcement and the public, undermining the legitimacy of their authority.

This perception of arrogance can lead to diminished cooperation from the

community, which in turn affects the overall effectiveness of the police in

maintaining order and addressing issues.

This theme is examined through Max Weber's Theory of Police

Service (1922), which emphasizes the professionalization of police forces

and the need for officers to balance authority with respect for the community

they serve. According to Weber, police officers should maintain a balance

 45

between the legitimate use of force and the need for professional conduct,

which includes showing respect for individuals’ rights and dignity. Weber’s

theory suggests that the legitimacy of police authority is rooted in the

community’s belief that the police act in a fair and rational manner. When

officers engage in arrogant or overly authoritative behavior, it erodes this

belief, leading to negative perceptions of the police as oppressive and

disconnected from the needs of the community.

In the context of this study, the data suggests that when police officers

display arrogance, they disrupt the social contract between law enforcement

and the public. Weber’s theory helps explain that police authority is only

legitimate when it is exercised in a manner that is perceived as fair and

respectful. Arrogant enforcement not only damages the relationship between

the police and the community but also hinders the police's ability to

effectively carry out their duties. Residents may become distrustful and less

willing to cooperate, which ultimately compromises public safety

Ultimately, the theme of concerns over arrogant enforcement,

analyzed through the lens of Max Weber's Theory of Police Service,

demonstrates how the police’s professional conduct, or lack thereof,

significantly affects public perception. Arrogant behavior undermines the

 46

legitimacy of the police, erodes trust, and creates barriers to effective

policing, which can harm the overall safety and well-being of the community.

2. Malpractices Marks Negative Impression. This theme highlights how

incidents of misconduct and unethical behavior by law enforcement officers

negatively affect public perception and trust. It underscores that when police

officers engage in malpractices, such as corruption, abuse of power, or

unethical actions, it creates a lasting negative impression on the community.

These actions undermine the legitimacy of the police and disrupt the social

order, leading to widespread distrust among residents. The community may

begin to view law enforcement as corrupt or untrustworthy, which can

diminish cooperation and hinder the police's ability to maintain peace and

order. Malpractices create a rift between the police and the public, ultimately

weakening the relationship that is crucial for effective policing.

This theme is analyzed through Structural Functionalism Theory by

Talcott Parsons (1930), which posits that every part of society, including law

enforcement, plays a role in maintaining social order and stability. According

to Parsons, institutions like the police serve to ensure that social norms are

upheld and that society functions harmoniously. However, when law

enforcement officers engage in unethical behavior, they disrupt this balance,

 47

creating dysfunction within the social system. Misconduct by the police can

lead to a breakdown in the trust and cooperation between the public and the

police, which are essential for maintaining social stability. In this sense,

malpractices not only reflect a failure of individual officers but also signal a

larger systemic issue that threatens the equilibrium of the community.

In the context of this study, the data suggests that malpractices by law

enforcement officers lead to a breakdown in the social structure, as residents

lose faith in the ability of the police to uphold societal norms fairly. According

to Structural Functionalism, the role of law enforcement is to act as a

stabilizing force within society. When malpractices occur, they undermine

this role, leading to a destabilization of social order and a loss of trust in the

institution of the police. This dysfunction can result in a community that is

less cooperative with law enforcement, making it harder for the police to

effectively address crime and maintain peace.

Ultimately, the theme of malpractices marking a negative impression,

analyzed through the lens of Structural Functionalism, demonstrates how

unethical actions by law enforcement disrupt the balance and stability of the

social system. When police officers fail to act in accordance with societal

norms and values, it creates dysfunction that undermines public trust and
 48

hinders the police's ability to maintain social order and cohesion within the

community.

III. Impact of the Police Public Image on the Philippine National

Police’s Relationship with the Community

1. Promoting Collaboration Through Proactive Community

Engagement. This theme emphasizes the importance of proactive

engagement by law enforcement in fostering collaboration with the

community. It highlights how efforts by the police to actively involve

residents in discussions, listen to their concerns, and work together to address

community issues contribute to building trust and cooperation. By engaging

with the community in a fair and transparent manner, police officers create an

environment where residents feel respected and valued. This proactive

approach not only helps prevent crime but also encourages a sense of shared

responsibility for public safety, ultimately strengthening the relationship

between law enforcement and the public.

This theme is supported by Procedural Justice Theory by Tom Tyler

(1990), which argues that individuals are more likely to cooperate with

authorities when they perceive that the process by which decisions are made

is fair, transparent, and respectful. According to this theory, when law

 49

enforcement officers engage with the community in a way that emphasizes

fairness and inclusivity, they foster a sense of legitimacy and trust. Residents

are more likely to view the police as a legitimate authority when they feel that

their voices are heard and that decisions are made based on fair processes. In

turn, this leads to greater collaboration and cooperation between the police

and the community, as residents are more willing to support law enforcement

efforts.

In the context of this study, the data suggests that proactive community

engagement, grounded in fairness and respect, is key to promoting

collaboration. When police officers take the time to engage with residents,

explain their actions, and listen to community concerns, they demonstrate that

they value the input of the public. This transparency and fair treatment, as

emphasized by Procedural Justice Theory, enhances the legitimacy of the

police and encourages a collaborative partnership between law enforcement

and the community. As a result, residents are more likely to cooperate with

the police, share information, and contribute to efforts to address crime and

maintain public safety.

Ultimately, the theme of promoting collaboration through proactive

community engagement, viewed through the lens of Procedural Justice

 50

Theory, demonstrates how fair and transparent interactions with the

community foster trust, legitimacy, and cooperation. By treating residents

with respect and involving them in decision-making, the police create a sense

of partnership that enhances the effectiveness of law enforcement and

strengthens community ties.

2. Police Presence Mirrors Safety. This theme highlights how the

visible presence of law enforcement in the community directly influences

public perceptions of safety. It emphasizes that when police officers are

regularly seen patrolling neighborhoods and responding to community

concerns, they act as a symbol of security, reassuring residents that their safety

is a top priority. The consistent presence of police officers fosters a sense of

stability, reducing feelings of fear or vulnerability among community

members. Residents begin to associate the police with protection and order,

which strengthens the perception that the community is a safe place to live,

work, and raise families.

This theme is supported by Functional Attitude Theory by Daniel Katz

(1960), which suggests that attitudes are developed based on the functions

they serve in individuals' lives. According to this theory, people form attitudes

toward institutions or figures like law enforcement because these entities

 51

fulfill certain psychological needs, such as security, reassurance, and social

order. In the case of police presence, their visibility in the community serves

the function of providing a sense of safety and protection, which in turn

influences the positive attitudes residents form toward the police.

The study suggests that the more visible the police presence, the

stronger the community's sense of safety and well-being. When residents

consistently see police officers in their neighborhoods, they perceive that the

police are actively working to maintain order and protect them from harm.

This leads to a positive attitude toward law enforcement, as the police fulfill

an important role in the community’s safety. Conversely, a lack of police

presence may result in negative feelings of insecurity, which can lead to

diminished trust in law enforcement.

Ultimately, the theme of police presence mirroring safety, viewed

through the lens of Functional Attitude Theory, demonstrates how the police's

visibility fulfills a psychological need for security and stability in the

community. The consistent presence of law enforcement fosters positive

attitudes toward the police, reinforcing the perception that the community is

safe and well-protected, which strengthens the relationship between the police

and the public.

 52

CHAPTER 3

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, AND IMPLICATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, findings, and implications. The

summary is composed of the main problem and sub-problem and

methodology, and implication for practice and future studies.

Summary

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to delve into the views of the community on police

public image in Barangay Buhisan, Cebu City, Philippines.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the positive views of the informants on the police

public image?

2. What are the negative views of the informants on the police

public image?

3. How do the informants describe the impact of the police public

image on the PNP relation to the community?

 53

This study explores the experiences of ten key informants from Buhisan,

Cebu City, using a qualitative phenomenological approach. The focus is on

understanding their views of the police and how law enforcement impacts

community safety and trust. Detailed interviews with the informants will be

conducted to gather insights into their personal interactions with the police,

highlighting both positive and negative experiences.

The goal of these interviews is to understand how these interactions

affect their communication with the police, their willingness to collaborate for

community safety, and their overall trust in law enforcement.

The informants discussed how their experiences with police officers and

the broader community are shaped by the actions of law enforcement. By

examining these lived experiences, the study aims to uncover the root causes

of mistrust and communication issues, and their effects on public safety.

The results of this research will provide valuable information to improve

the relationship between the police and the community, fostering a

cooperative environment for safer neighborhoods.

 54

Findings

The response of the informants led to the development of six (6)

emergent themes. The emerging themes are listed below, organized by

problem.

For the Positive Views of the Informants on the Police Public Image in

Buhisan Cebu City, two themes were created, namely: Community Safety

through Police Visibility and Strengthening Public Confidence through

Prompt Assistance.

For the Negative Views of the Informants on the Police Public Image

in Buhisan Cebu City, two themes were created, namely: Concerns Over

Arrogant Enforcement and Malpractices Marks Negative Impression.

For the Impact of the Police Public Image on the Philippine National

Police’s Relationship with the Community, two themes were created, namely:

Promoting Collaboration Through Proactive Community Engagement and

Police Presence Mirrors Safety

 55

Implications

Implications for Practice

This research gathered perspectives from the community in Buhisan,

Cebu City, regarding the public image of the police and its influence on law

enforcement and public safety. Understanding these perceptions is vital for

improving the relationship between the police and local residents, addressing

community concerns, and fostering greater trust in law enforcement. The

study emphasizes the need to focus on aspects such as police professionalism,

misconduct, and communication in order to create a safer and more

cooperative environment by examining both positive and negative feedback

from the informants.

First, the Buhisan Police should focus on earning and preserving public

confidence by consistently demonstrating professionalism, accountability,

and transparency in their actions. Efforts should be made to strengthen

community outreach programs that showcase the positive contributions of the

police to public safety, while also addressing issues like corruption and

misconduct. Engaging the public through open forums such as town hall

meetings can help close communication gaps and cultivate mutual respect

between law enforcement and residents.

 56

Second, the Philippine National Police (PNP) should use the insights

from this study to refine internal policies aimed at strengthening trust and

accountability within the police force. Revisions to protocols concerning

transparency in investigating misconduct and enhanced focus on ethical

training can help improve how the public perceives the police. Additionally,

PNP leadership should encourage officers to become more involved with the

community beyond their enforcement duties, demonstrating their

commitment to safety and fostering positive relationships.

Third, the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Buhisan, Cebu City,

should support initiatives that promote better police-community relations,

including efforts to increase police accountability and advance community

policing strategies. The LGU should also establish channels for public

feedback to address concerns regarding police conduct. By partnering with

local groups and increasing police visibility, the community can share

responsibility for ensuring peace and safety in the area.

Fourth, Local residents should also acknowledge the difficulties faced

by law enforcement and actively work towards fostering positive relationships

with the police. By participating in open discussions with officers and joining

in community safety programs, residents can help reduce misunderstandings

and contribute to maintaining order. Building empathy and support is essential

 57

for improving trust and easing tensions between the police and the

community.

Fifth, future research should explore other aspects of police-community

dynamics, such as the long-term effects of police misconduct on public trust.

Further studies could assess the effectiveness of community policing efforts

and initiatives designed to restore trust and strengthen cooperation between

the police and the public. Such research will provide valuable insights for

shaping policy and developing more effective strategies to improve police-

community relations.

Implications for Future Studies

The researchers recommend the following research topics for future

investigation:

First, we recommend investigating the long-term effects of community

policing approaches on building public trust and cooperation with law

enforcement. Future research could explore how various community outreach

efforts impact residents' views of the police and their willingness to engage in

initiatives that enhance public safety.

Second, assessing the impact of police training programs, particularly

those focused on ethics, accountability, and communication, would be

beneficial for strengthening relationships between the police and the

 58

community. Studies could examine how these training initiatives influence

officers' behavior and attitudes and their lasting impact on fostering trust

within the community.

Third, it is essential to examine the role of local government support in

improving police-community relations. Future studies could explore how

local policies, funding allocations, and community-driven initiatives

contribute to better communication, conflict resolution, and collaboration

between law enforcement and local citizens.

Fourth, understanding the long-term effects of police misconduct on

public perception is crucial, along with evaluating the success of strategies to

restore trust. Research could focus on how past incidents of misconduct shape

community attitudes and whether trust can be rebuilt through transparency

and accountable practices.

Fifth, comparative research across different communities could provide

valuable insights into how socio-economic factors, cultural differences, and

local histories influence police-public relations. This understanding could

help develop more tailored and effective policing strategies for diverse

communities.
 59

REFERENCES

Book

Bennett, S., Denning, R., Mazerolle, L., & Stocks, B. (2009). Procedural
justice: A systematic literature search and technical report to the
National Policing Improvement Agency. Brisbane: ARC Centre of
Excellence in Policing and Security.

Bryant, L. C., Vincent, R., Shaqlaih, A., & Moss, G. (2013). Behaviorism
and behavioral learning theory. In B. J. Irby, G. Brown,

L.A. Bouffard et al. Defiance theory and life course explanations of

persistent offending. Crime & Delinquency (2010)

L.A. Bouffard et al. Defiance Theory and life course explanations of

persistent offending Crime & Delinquency (2010)

Manual for the Establishment and Operation of a Foot Patrol Program—

Books in Brief. Rockville, Md.: National Criminal Justice Reference
Service. 1985.

R. Lara-Alecio, & S. Jackson (Eds.), The handbook of educational

theories (pp. 91–103). IAP Information Age Publishing

Tyler, Tom R, Yuen J. Huo, John Thibaut and Laurens Walker 2002. Trust
in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and
Courts. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Periodicals/Journal

Albrecht, S. and M. Green. 1 977. “Attitudes toward the Police and the
Larger Attitude Complex: Implications for Police-Community
Relationships.” Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal 15:67-
86.

Bradford, Ben. (2014). Policing and Social Identity: Procedural Justice,

Inclusion and Cooperation between Police and Public. Policing and
Society, 24:1, 22-43, DOI: 10.1080/10439463.2012.724068

Dai, Mengyan, James Frank, and Ivan Sun. 2011. “Procedural Justice
During Police-Citizen Encounters: The Effects of Process- Based
Policing on Citizen Compliance and Demeanor.” Journal of
 60

Criminal Justice 39: 159–168.

Dowling, J., & Pfeffer, J. (1975). Organizational legitimacy: Social values

and organizational behavior. Pacific Sociological Review, 18, 122–
136.

Owen, D. (2008). Chronicles of wasted time? A personal reflection on the

current state of, and future prospects for social and environmental
accounting research. Accounting Auditing and Accountability
Journal, 21(2), 240–267.

Papachristos, Andrew V., Tracey L. Meares, and Jeffrey Fagan. 2012.

“Why Do Criminals Obey the Law? The Influence of Legitimacy
and Social Networks on Active Gun Offenders.” Journal of Criminal
Law and Criminology 102: 397–440.

Tyler TR. (2003). ‘Procedural justice, legitimacy, and the effective rule of
law’. Crime and Justice 30, pp 283–357.

Tyler, T.R. & Jackson, J. (2014). Popular Legitimacy and the Exercise of
Legal Authority: Motivating Compliance, Cooperation and
Engagement. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 20, 78-95.

Paoline, E.A.III, Myers, S.M., and Worden, R.E., 2000. Police culture,
individualism, and community policing: evidence from

two police departments. Justice quarterly, 17 (3), 575–605.

Internet Source

La Vigne, N., Fontaine, J., & Dwivedi, A. 2017. How Do People in High-
Crime, Low-Income Communities View the Police. Urban Institute.
 61

APPENDIX A
TRANSMITTAL LETTER
 62

APPENDIX B
INTERVIEW
GUIDE
University of Cebu Research Office
(032) 255 - 7777 local 183

Instruction:
The purpose of this study is to explore community views on police
public image including the informants’ positive and negative views
and the impact of police on Police Public Image. This will be
accomplished through Individual In-Depth Interview (IDI) within 10-
40 minutes. Rest assured that the information that you give will be
regarded with utmost confidentiality.
Preliminary Questions
Name (Optional):

Address (Optional):

1. How long have you been a resident of this barangay?

2. What is your job?

3. What is your civil status?

Part I. The positive views of the informants on the police public

image.

1. Will you tell us about the good things that have you observed to
the police.

a. What kind of positive experience with the police that left

you with a favorable impression?
b. What qualities or actions by the police do you believe
contribute to a positive public image?
c. What do you think a strong relationship between the
 63

police and the community benefits public safety?

Part II. The negative views of the informants on the police public
image.
1. Will you tell us about the bad things that have you observed to
the police?

a. What negative encounter with the police that influenced your

perception?

b. What police behavior or practices do you think contribute

to a negative public image?
c. How do you think negative experience with the police
impact community members’ trust and perceptions of law
enforcement?
Part III. Impact of the Police Public Image on the PNP Relation to
the Community.

1. In what ways can a positive or negative police image impact

law enforcement effectiveness
2. How does the public’s view of the police affect the
relationship wi
th the Philippine National Police (PNP)?
3. What actions do you believe the do you believe the police
can take to improve their public image and community relations
Parting Statement:

Thank you for your participation in this interview for the

accomplishment of this research. All the answers that have been
given will be transcribed. If you wish to have a copy of the results,
please don’t hesitate to ask the researcher. Thank you and God Bless.
 64

APPENDIX
C INFORMED
CONSENT
University of Cebu Research Office
(032) 255 - 7777 local 183

[Informed Consent for the study on Community Views on Police

Public Image in Brgy. Buhisan, Cebu City.]

[Name of Principal Investigator:

Nathaniel W. Ando] [Name of
Organization: University of Cebu]
[Name of Proposal: Community Views on Police Public Image]

This Informed Consent Form has two parts:

● Information Sheet (to share information about the research with
you)
● Certificate of Consent (for signatures if you agree to take
part) you will be given a copy of the full Informed Consent
Form
You will be given a copy of the full Informed
Consent Form PART I: Information Sheet
Introduction
The researcher is from the University of Cebu – Main Campus
presently enrolled in Degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology
and conducting qualitative research entitled COMMUNITY VIEWS
ON POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE. The researcher is asking for your
permission and invites you to be part of this research. You do not have
to decide today whether or not you will participate in this research.
Before you decide, you can talk to anyone you feel comfortable with
about the research.
This consent form may contain words that you do not understand.
 65

Please ask me to stop as we go through the information, and I will take

the time to explain. If you have questions later, you can ask contact
and ask me.

Purpose of the research

To provide an in-depth study about the community views on
police public image including the informants’ experiences, positive
and negative views and the impact of police public image in police
community relations.

Type of Research Intervention

This research involves individual in-depth interview of (10)

informants, mainly done through face to face but depending upon the
circumstances, the researcher has the option to use online platform
such as but not limited to Zoom, Google Meet, or Video Call which
will last for about forty (40) minutes to one (1) hour. To keep the ident
ities of the informant confidential, the researcher will only use voice
recording, and if we are using online platform, they may turn off their
video before the interview starts.
Participant selection
The researcher is selecting ten (10) persons from Barangay
Buhisan, Cebu City as the primary informants in this study, all ten
(10) informants will be subject for an individual in-depth interview.
Voluntary Participation
Your participation in this research is entirely voluntary. You also
have the right and the freedom to change your decision later and to
stop participating even if you agreed earlier and this will not be taken
against you. And if you agree to participate that will be my gratitude.
Procedures and Protocol
In this investigation, you will be asked to answer the questions
during the individual in-depth interview to be conducted by the field
interviewers during your free and convenient time. The questions in
the interview guide will be read aloud by the interviewer and you can
answer those items that you like to answer. Furthermore, there will be
follow-up questions to be asked if necessary. If you wish not to answer
some of the questions, you can tell the interviewer to skip them and
move on to the next question. The information recorded is confidential
and no one else except the field interviewers and researchers will have
access to a copy of the transcript and audio recording, which will be
 66

destroyed after 6 months.

To ensure that you will be able to have a full understanding of the
purpose of the study, the proponent will first explain the objectives of
the study and the intended benefits of participating in this
investigation.
Duration
The duration of the research is three (3) months. During the data
collection phase, the field interviewers will request ten (10) informants
for an appointment for an individual in-depth interview at your
convenient time and place. The interview will last 46 for forty (40)
minutes to one (1) hour. Your engagement as a participant will only
take place once.
Risks
During the individual in-depth interview, the field interviewers will ask
you about your positive and negative views and the impact of police in
police public image. You will not be forced nor required to answer all
questions that will be asked. If you do not want to answer some of the
items because you are not comfortable with them your decision will be
respected and you do not have to give reasons for not responding, or
for responses that you will provide will not be shared.
Benefits
There will be no immediate and direct benefits to you. However,
your response to this research will greatly help the researcher.
Reimbursements
You will not be provided with any payment or monetary
remuneration if you take part in this research.
Confidentiality
All the data and responses that you will provide in this
investigation will not be shared with other people and will be kept
confidential. Your information and other information collected from
this research will be put away and no one, except the field interviewers
and the researchers will be able to have access to it. Any information
about you will have a number/code on it instead of your name. Only
the field interviewers/researchers will know your number/code. All the
documents related to this investigation will be placed in the cabinet
with a lock and key and will not be shared with or given to anyone
except the research proponents. All related documents regarding the
research will be kept in UC main research office and only the research
director has the key or access to all of the files. After the research is
completed/published, it will be destroyed after six (6) months.
 67

Sharing the Results

At the end of the study, I will be sharing the results with the
academic community. Be assured that your answers during the
individual in-depth interview will be shared with anybody. The results
will also be presented in a research conference/colloquium and will be
published so that other interested people may learn from this research.
All records will be kept confidential. All the names of the informants
will not be divulged. Furthermore, as an informant, you may also share
the results and a copy of the report will be provided by the researcher.
If you have a plan to do so, please include the timeline and reason for
sharing the information, including the details.
Right to Refuse orWithdraw
You may choose not to participate in this study. It is also of
primordial importance that you must know that you may stop
participating in the individual in-depth interview at any time.
Who to Contact
If you have any questions, you can ask them now. You can also
ask questions even after the study has started. If you wish to ask
questions later, you may contact any of the following:
Nathaniel Ando – 09159851559
Dr. Anthony F. Albofera. - email add:
Dr. Renato Sagayno – 09212297427 – UC Main
Research Director Dr. Juanito N. Zuasula Jr., MD.
– 233-5503 (UC CARE)

This research project has been reviewed and scrutinized by the

technical panel of the University of Cebu College of Criminal
Justice and the UC research office. If you have any questions, please
contact the University of Cebu at 032-255-7777.
 68

PART II: Certificate of Consent

I have read the foregoing information, or it has been read to me.
I've had the opportunity to ask questions about it, and any inquiries
I've asked have been addressed satisfactorily. I consent voluntarily to
participate in this research.
Print Name of Participant Signature of
Participant Date
Day/Month/Year
If Illiterate
A lite rate witness must sign (if possible, this person should be
selected by the participant and should have no connection to the
research team). Illiterate participants should include their thumbprints
as well.
I have witnessed the accurate reading of the consent form to the
potential participant, and the individual has had the opportunity to ask
questions. I confirm that the individual has given consent freely.
Print Name of Witness AND Thumb Print of the
Participant Signature of Witness
Date
Day/Month/Year
Statement by the researcher/person taking consent.
I have accurately read out the information sheet to the potential
participant, and to the best of my ability made sure that the participant
understands that the following will be done:
1. individual in-depth interview
2. record the proceeding of the interview
3. manually record other responses/ answers during the interview
I confirm that the participant was allowed to ask questions about the
study, and all the questions asked by the participant have been ans
wered correctly and to the best of my ability. I confirm that the
individual has not been coerced into giving consent, and the consent
has been given freely and voluntarily.
A copy of this ICF has been provided
to the participant. Print Name of
Researcher/Person Taking the
 69

Consent: Signature of
Researcher/Person Taking the
Consent: Date
Day/Month/Year
 70

APPENDIX C
INFORMED
CONSENT
University of Cebu Research Office
(032) 255 - 7777 local 183

[Informed Consent for the study on Community Views on Police

Public Image in Brgy. Buhisan, Cebu City.]
[Nameof Principal Investigator:
Nathaniel W. Ando] [Name of
Organization: University of Cebu]
[Name of Proposal: Community Views on Police Public Image]

This Informed Consent Form has two parts:

● Information Sheet (to share information about the
researchwith you)
● Certificate of Consent (for signatures if you
agree to take part) You will be given a copy of the
full Informed Consent Form
PART I:
Information
Sheet
Introduction
Ang nagtuon gikan sa University of Cebu – Main Campus og
kasamtangang naenroll sa degree nga Bachelor of Science in
Criminology og nagabuhat og qualitative nga pagtuon nga anaay titulo
nga, COMMUNITY VIEWS ON POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE. Ang
nagtuon nangayo sa imong pagtugot og giimbitar ka nga mahimong
 71

parte ani nga pagtuon. Dili ka kinahanglan mudesidir karon kung

ganahan ba ka or dili nga muapil aning pagtuon. Usa ka mudesidir,
pwede ka makaistorya sa bisan kinsa nga paminaw nimo komportable
ka kabahin sa pagtuon.
Kini nga consent form posible nga naay mga pulong nga wala
nimo nasabtan. Palihog pangotana nako aron muhunong ta samtang
atong tarongon ang impormasyon, og gamiton nako ang takna aron sa
pagpasabot. Og naa kay pangotana unya, pwede ko nimo kontakon og
mangotana.
Purpose of the research
Aron makahatag og lalom nga pagtuon bahin sa pagtanaw sa positio ug
negatibo sa mg pulis apil na ang mga paagi nga gibuhat sa mga
informante aron masagobang ang mga kalisod nga naagian sa pagbuhat
sa ilang mga buluhaton og ang mga pangandoy sa mga informante aron
mapanindot ang kalidad sa ilang pagbuhat sa ilang mga trabaho. Type
of Research Intervention
Kini nga pagtuon naglakip sa napulo ka mga informante, napuo
ka mga informante para sa binagsa nga interbyu nga pagahimoon
pinaagi sa face-to-face apan depende sa protocol nga itakna sa
gobyerno, ang nagtuon naay opsyon nga mugamit og online nga
plataporma sama sa Zoom, Google Meet, or Video Call nga mulungtad
sa kwarenta minutos hantod usa ka oras. Aron matago ang identity sa
mga informante, ang nagtuon mugamit og voice recording, og kung
ang gigamit kay online nga plataporma, pwede nila palongon ang ilang
bidyo usa magsugod ang interbyu.
Participant selection
Ako nag imbitar og napulo ka mga napili nga isip mga nag una
nga informante ani nga pagtuon, upat nga mga informante para sa
binagsa nga interbyu.
Voluntary Participation
Ang imong partisipasyon ani nga pagtuon kay entaryong
boluntaryo. Naa sad kay katungod og kagawasan nga usbon ang imong
desisyon unya og muhunong sa pag apil bisan pa og niuyon ka nga
muapil kaganiha og dili kini gamiton kontra nimo. Og kung ikaw
muoyon sap ag apil, kana ako mapasalamaton.
Procedures and Protocol
Sa kini nga imbestigasyon, ikaw agdahon sa pagtubag sa mga
pangotana inig binagsa na interbyu nga pagabuhaton sa field
interviewers sa imong bakante og komportable nga oras. Ang mga
 72

pangotana sa interbyu guide kay basahon og kusog sa interbyuwer og

pwede nimo matubag ang mga items nga ganahan nimo tubagon. Kung
dili nimo gusto nga tubagon ang bisan unsang mga pangutana sa
panahon sa interbyu, mahimo nimong isulti ug ang tig- interbyu nga
mopadayon sa sunod nga pangutana. Ang impormasyon nga narekord
kay konfidensyal, ug walay lain nga maka-access sa impormasyon
kundi ang mga field interbyuwers og ang nagtuon lamang. Ang kopya
sa transcript og audio recording gub-on human sa unom ka bulan.
Aron masiguro nga makakuha og puno nga pagsabot sa
hinungdan ani nga pagtuon, ang nagtuon magpasabot usa sa mga
tumong sa pagtuon og ang intended nga benepisyo sa pag apil ani nga
imbestigasyon.
Duration
Kini nga pagtuon mukabat og tulo ka bulan. Diha sa bahin sa
pagkuha sa mga datos, ang mga field interbyuwers murequest og
napulo ka informante para sa ipaagi sa individual in dept- interview sa
inyong takna og lugar nga gusto. Ang interbyu mulungtad og kwarenta
minutos hantod sa usa ka oras. Ang imong pag apil isip partisipante
mahitabo lang sa usa ka higayon.
Risks
Inig binagsa nga interbyu, ang mga field interbyuwers mangotana
kabahin sa positibo ug negatibo na pagtanaw sa mga pulis ug unsa ang
epekto ani sa pulis sa Police Public Image. Dili ka pugson og dili pod
ka pwede agdahon nga tubagon dapat ang tanang ipangotana. Kon dili
ka ganahan tubagon ang uban nga items tungod kay dili ka
komportable ana, ang imong desisyon pagasabton og dili ka
kinahanglan muhatag og rason sa imong wala pagtubag, o pagbalibad
nga mamahimong parte sa interbyu. Labaw pa, makasalig ka nga ang
imong mga tubag nga ihatag dili kini ipanghatag sa lain.
Benefits
Wala kini ditso ditso og direkta nga benepisyo kanimo. Apan,
ang imong tubag ani nga pagtuon makatabang og dako sa nagtuon.
Reimbursements
Dili ka matagaan og bisan unsa nga bayad o ganti nga kwarta
kung ikaw mahimong parte ani nga pagtuon.
Confidentiality
Ang tanang datos og mga tubag nga imong ipagawas ani nga
imbestigasyon dili ihatag sa laing tawo og magpabilin nga
konfidensyal. Ang imong impormasyon og lain pang impormasyon
nga makuha ani nga pagtuon kay tagoan og walay bisan usa kundi ang
 73

filed interbyuwers og ang nagtuon lamang ang makalantaw niini. Ang

mga impormasyon kabahin nimo anaay numero o code og dili ang
imong ngalan. Ang mga field interbyuwers o researchers lamang ang
makabalo sa imong number o code. Ang tanang dokumento subay ani
nga imbestigasyon ibutang sa kabinet nga naay lock og yawi og dili
kini ihatag o ipakatap kundi sa nagtuon laman. Ang mga dokumento
nga susama sa gitun-an kay tagoan sa UC main research office og ang
research director lamang ang naay yawi og access sa tanang files. Inig
human sa pagtuon, kini gub-on human sa unom ka bulan.
Sharing the Results
Inig human sa pagtuon, ako ipakita ang resulta sa academic
community. Makasalig ka nga ang imong mga tubag sa interbyu
ipakita sa uban. Ang mga resulta ipresentar usab sa usa ka research
conference o colloquium og ipublish aron ang mga tawo nga naay
interest makat-on kabahin ani nga pagtuon. Ang tanang record
konfidensyal. Ang tanang mga ngalan dili ipagawas. Labaw pa, isip
informante, pwede pod nimo iapod apod ang resulta og kopya sa report
nga ihatag sa nagtuon. Kung naa kay plano nga buhaton kini, palihog
og apil sa timeline og rason sa pag apod apod sa impormasyon, lakip
na ang mga detalye.
Right to Refuse or Withdraw
Mamahimo ka nga muapil o dili ani nga pagtuon. Kini pod usa
ka nag unang importansya nga ikaw dapat makabalo nga mamahimo
kang dili muapil sa interbyu sa bisan unsang taknaa.
Who to Contact
Kung ikaw naay mga pangotana, pwede naka mangotana karon
dayun. Pwede pod ka mangotana misig nahuman na pagsugod sa
pagtuon. Kung ikaw gusto mangotana taod taod, pwede nimo
kontakon ang mga musunod.
Nathaniel W. Ando – 09159851559
Dr. Anthony F. Albofera. - email add:
Dr. Renato Sagayno – 09212297427 – UC Main
Research Director Dr. Juanito N. Zuasula Jr.,
MD. – 233-5503 (UC CAREC)
Kini nga proyekto sa pagtuon girebyu og gituki tuki sa teknikal panel
sa University of Cebu Graduate School og sa UC research office.
Kung naa kay mga pangotana, palihog kontaka ang University of Cebu
sa ilang landline, 032-255-7777.
 74

PART II: Certificate of Consent

I have read the foregoing information, or it has been read to me.

I've had the opportunity to ask questions about it, and any inquiries
I've asked have been addressed satisfactorily. I consent voluntarily to
participate in this research.

Print Name of Participant Signature of Participant

Date

Day/Month/Year If Illiterate

A literate witness must sign (if possible, this person should be selected by
the participant and should have no connection to the research team).
Illiterate participants should include their thumbprints as well.

I have witnessed the accurate reading of the consent form to the

potential participant, and the individual has had the opportunity to
ask questions. I confirm that the individual has given consent freely.

Print Name of Witness AND Thumb Print of the Participant

Signature of Witness

Date ________________

Day/Month/Year

Statement by the researcher/person taking consent.

I have accurately read out the information sheet to the potential

participant, and to the best of my ability made sure that the participant
understands that the following will be done:

1. individual in-depth interview

2. record the proceeding of the interview

3. manually record other responses/ answers during the

interview

I confirm that the participant was allowed to ask questions about the
study, and all the questions asked by the participant have been ans
 75

wered correctly and to the best of my ability. I confirm that the

individual has not been coerced into giving consent, and the consent
has been given freely and voluntarily.

A copy of this ICF has been provided to the participant.

 76

APPENDIX D
LOCATION MAP OF BUHISAN CEBU CITY
 77

APPENDIX E
VERIFICATION FORMS OF TRANSCRIPTIONS
IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW OF INFORMANTS
(IDI)
Transcript of Interview

Informant: Informant 1
Age: 25 years old
Years of Resident: 25 years
Occupation: Ebike driver
Resident: Brgy.buhisan cebu city
Date: December 1 2024
Time started: 12 pm
Time ended: 12:02:13 pm
Duration: 2 minutes and 13 second
Location: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Interviewed by: Nathaniel Ando
Transcribed by: Nathaniel Ando
Reviewed by: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Adviser: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Line Responses Code
Number
1 Akong nakita sa mga police ari sa amoa sir samot na IDI1
anhi sa buhisan kay taga eskinita naay mag bantay og
dli mi hadlok mo gawas inig gabie ako ni gi isip na
positive na pananaw kay usa ka manunupyo dinihi sa
buhisan kay dli na jud mi mahadlok samot na labaw na
usa ko ka ebike driver diri sa amo lugar dli nako
hadlok mamasahero samot na inig ka gabie
2 Akong nakita na bati dinhi sa amo lugar sir samot na IDI1
sa mga pulis sa pag responde sir kay kanang naay kuan
kawat dugay kay sila maka responde, naay
magtinungabay pareha atong pagahapon sir dugay jud
kaayo maka responde ang police
3 Diri jud sa among lugar sir, ang impekto jud sa police IDI1
dinhi sa among lugar nagminus na jud ang kanang
mga crime rate bitaw sir gamay nalang like dili na
 78

peraha sa una wala pa juy police kanang daghan jud

kay dinhi uso jud kay nang kawat or kanang unsa pana
dinhang bati sir, sukad nana ang mga police sir ang
seguridad dinhi sa among lugar kay taas na jud kaayo
kanang gamay nalang jud ang crime rate dinhi sa
among lugar sir ba.
 79

Informant: Informant 2
Age: 34 years old
Years of Resident: 13 years
Occupation: Vendor
Resident: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Date: december 1, 2024
Time started: 1 pm
Time ended: 1:10:06 pm
Duration: 10 minutes and 6 second
Location: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Interviewed by: Nathaniel Ando
Transcribed by: Nathaniel Ando
Reviewed by: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Adviser: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Line Responses Code
Number
1 karon lang sir, usa ka manininda sa market sa buhisan IDI2
ang usa ra jud akong nakita kay daghan jud police na
gipangbutang murag daghan na gud ang mo manpower
nagud sila, usa na jud na maka hatag og safety dinhi sa
katawhan sa buhisan.
2 Ahh daghan man sir, ako lang ipunto sa duha kabook IDI2
una kay kanang og kuan kanang mag malpractice sila
sa uban, og ang uban grabe na sad ka hambogiro sir og
mao nang ang uban maglisod og approach ang
katawhan sa kapulisan.
3 Ug usa nalang nay masulti nako gihatag sa kapulisan sir IDI2
sa akong nalang sad nuong nakita diri sa among brgy.
Usa nana ang paghatag og seguridad sa kapulisan didto
sa katawhan unya kanang masinati bisag usa ka
residente diri kanang malipayo jud ko na mafeel nako
ang seguridad diri sa gihatag sa kapulisan nako.
 80

Informant: Informant 3
Age: 24 years old
Years of Resident: 24 years
Occupation: Office Staff
Resident: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Date: december 1, 2024
Time started: 1:30 pm
Time ended: 2:04:06 pm
Duration: 34 minutes and 6 second
Location: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Interviewed by: Nathaniel Ando
Transcribed by: Nathaniel Ando
Reviewed by: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Adviser: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Line Responses Code
Number
1 Kuan naay nindot kong nakita dinhi sa among lugar sa IDI3
mga police kay kanang roving-roving nila nya nindot
sad kay na siya kay para ang mga taw dinhi kay
mahapsay dayun kuan positive siya kay hapsay naman
ang lugar
2 Ang ako nakit an na bati na kalihokan sa mga police IDI3
diri sa amoang lugar kay kara laging ahm naa silay gi
pangita na taw dayun manulod lang sila og balay na dli
na bisag kinsang balay na walay tagtungod or wala
man silay gi dalang warrant og kinsa man jud ilang
gipangita kanang siya para nako kay hadlok dli siya
saftey og kay unsa nalang juy mahitabo so kana
negatibo para nako.
3 Sa akong mga na obserbahan ang relasyon sa pnp anhi IDI3
sa amoa kay okay ra man naa ray respetar og respeto
ang akong mga silingan nagdto sa mga pnp labi na
robing sila naay ray pagtahud og karang magtibanang
sad jud sa among komunidad or sa among mga
silingan ang pnp kung aduna sila gipangita na taw or
kundi kanang kalihokan bahin anang feeding program
 81

og kanang mga pangpamlipyo sa dalan so ang epekto

ana para nako kay nindot ra jud siya
 82

Informant: Informant 4
Age: 44 years old
Years of Resident: 44 years
Occupation: Seaman / OFW
Resident: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Date: december 6, 2024
Time started: 2:55 pm
Time ended: 3:05:06 pm
Duration: 15 minutes and 6 second
Location: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Interviewed by: Nathaniel Ando
Transcribed by: Nathaniel Ando
Reviewed by: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Adviser: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ

Line Responses Code

Number
1 Ang akong nakita as positive sa atong mga kapulisan IDI4
kay hapsay ug wala nay gubot sa atung barangay ari sa
buhisan
2 And negatibo nga akong nakita or bati na gi buhat sa IDI4
mga pulis naka encounter ko na maningka ra bisan
wala kay gi buhat naa kay gamay na sayup na nga
buhat na dili unsa buhaton isip usa ka pulis.
3 Ang impact na akong nasinati kay dili na kaayo mo IDI4
respondi atong mga kapulisan sa mga panahon na
grabi atong na sinati pag covid na sila mismo gi
rakrebesyo ilang kaugalingon para sa atung
kumunidad.
 83

Informant: Informant 5
Age: 28 years old
Years of Resident: 28 years
Occupation: Caregiver
Resident: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Date: december 6, 2024
Time started: 3:30 pm
Time ended: 3:40:06 pm
Duration: 10 minutes and 6 second
Location: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Interviewed by: Nathaniel Ando
Transcribed by: Nathaniel Ando
Reviewed by: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Adviser: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Line Responses Code
Number
1 okay as a buhisan na resedenti im maayo jud sa tanan IDI5
nga ang mga taga kapulisan kay makita jud nako na
nag stambay gani silan sa kuan every iskena diri like
maayo jud na positive jud na sya na binuhatan sa pulis
isip sad sa protekta sa mga katawhan diri sa buhisan
and yhaaa that why i think its a positive
2 Awww okay ang negative side sa mga kapulisan is IDI5
every night ahmmm some of the police man mag weer
man gud sila kanang civillian kanang kuan sinuutan so
murag makuan gani mi murag maratul sad ba kay abi
namog unsay nag mga stamabay pulis ra diay so yhaaa
 84

3 Ang impact na akong nasinati kay dili na kaayo mo IDI5

respondi Okay having a PNP personel in here buhisan
is such a greet honor for us nang mga taga buhisan
ahmm epekto nila sa amoa sa taga diri ahmm very nice
na pagka pulis ahmm maayo kaayo sila kay towards sa
mga taga buhisan and as above all of all is ahmm
secured sila diri ang mga taga buhisan naa silan
dirimga kapulisan sa mga panahon na grabi atong na
sinati pag covid na sila mismo gi rakrebesyo ilang
kaugalingon para sa atung kumunidad.
 85

Informant: Informant 6
Age: 25 years old
Years of Resident: 25 years
Occupation: Vendor
Resident: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Date: december 6, 2024
Time started: 4:00 pm
Time ended: 4:15:06 pm
Duration: 15 minutes and 6 second
Location: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Interviewed by: Nathaniel Ando
Transcribed by: Nathaniel Ando
Reviewed by: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Adviser: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ

Line Responses Cod

Numbe e
r
1 Basi akong mga nakita positibo o mga kaayohan diri sa IDI6
kapulisan sa atung baryo dinhi sa buhisan usa nalang
kini ang pangpahatag nila ug mga school supplies
atibidad na pang pahatag diri atung kumunidad diri sa
mga kabatanunan ug tabang nasad kini ilang kaayohan
dugang tabang nasad sa mga kabatanunan ako kaning
gi hatag usa ka positibo
2 Para ka nako ang bati or negatibo na bulahaton dinhi sa IDI6
kapulisan diri sa atung lugar buhisan kay sama nalang
ini sa ilang pag dala ug armas or pusil bisan wala kini
sa ilang duty sir mao jud ni akong maisip mahug
natong negatibo para sa kapulisan dinhi sa buhisan
3 Ang maayong epekto or impact sa mga kapulisan diri IDI6
sa buhisan sama nalang niining dako ilang pag tabang
para sa pag unlad or dakong tabang kiini para sa atung
lugar ilang mga maayung binuhatan ug usa pag kini
ilang akong nasinati or reaction nako niini nalipay
nalang pud kay naa mantay samang niining mga
 86

kapulisan nga sama niini ka nila mga maayon puro

ilang gi pang buhat
 87

Informant: Informant 7
Age: 25 years old
Years of Resident: 25 years
Occupation: Vendor
Resident: Brgy. Buhisan Cebu City
Date: december 9, 2024
Time started: 12:00 pm
Time ended: 1:15:06 pm
Duration: 15 minutes and 6 second
Location: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Interviewed by: Nathaniel Ando
Transcribed by: Nathaniel Ando
Reviewed by: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Adviser: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ

Line Responses Code

Number
1 Positibo kay kuan mani diri gud pag buhat sa ilang IDI7
buhatunon pag hatag ug seguridad labi na sa atong
mga kabataan diri sa buhisan dapat mangud sa taga
syudad taga sitio kay mag hatag mangud silag sa mga
katawhan kay ang kumunidad naa sad silay ma buhat
ba mag pasalamat ta nga naa jud silan ang mga pulis
2 lisuda bitaw ana pero ang ako jud na bantayan nga IDI7
first hand experience ba kanang naa jud mga pulis na
dili nato malikayan nga grabi raman kahambuggiro
isip usa ka authoridad isip usa ka propresunal naa sa
uniformi dapat mag hatag jud kag ug kanang pag
tagad sa katawhan specially diri jud sa buhisan nga
bukid naman ni kasagaran mga taw diri medyo
conservative kaayo unta dapat mga kapulisan sad diri
kay mag hatag gamay sa ilang kanang training kung
baga mgab beheavioral aspect
3 Usa sa akong gi ingon ganiha isip usa ka authoridad IDI7
nga naa sa kanang naay nag unifromi ka dapat kay
hatag ka ug kanang saktong pag tagad sa usa ka taw
 88

ako wala raman gyod koy ingon jud daghan kaayong

nakita nga bati pero ang kaning man gyod mga atung
mga na bantayan kay ang mga na epikto diay ani sa
kumunidad syempre mag ug unsay nakita nila kana
nuon na uniformi mo tatak nana sa isip sa usa kataw
dapat jud kanang pulis manka imo manang profesyon
ato na syag hatagan ug degnidad para sad nako naa
man hinuon sad sa mga pulis diri ug unta kato mga
hambugiro nga akong na bantayan ug usa pato mo
hatag silag training mao ra kay ang pag hatag kana
man gyod mga nindot na pag tagad mag hatag
mangud sad na nindot na nutasyon mga taw nindot
inyong barug sa mga taw dali rana sila ang huna huna
ana nila dali rana maduolan ang mga pulis nya ug
kana man gani kuan makatawag dayon silag naa man
jud nay ma hitabo nga dili maayo ug focus tamo sa
ilang mag huna huna mangayo silag tabang kung asa
sila mangayo ug tabang.
 89

Informant: Informant 8
Age: 20 years old
Years of Resident: 20 years
Occupation: Profession
Resident: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Date: december 9, 2024
Time started: 2:00 pm
Time ended: 2:20 pm
Duration: 20 minutes and 6 second
Location: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Interviewed by: Nathaniel Ando
Transcribed by: Nathaniel Ando
Reviewed by: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Adviser: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Line Responses Code
Number
1 ang psitive way diri sa buhisan kay abtik kay sila if IDI8
ever naa may accedent na mahitabo diri kanang maka
pahalipay diri kanang maka palalipay pajud sila diri
sa unsa gani naoy katawhan diri sa barangay buhisan
which is naa silay project
2 ahmmm negatibo naay mga practices na miss align sa IDI8
dua process example kanang naakoy na dunggan
namlantid sila like mao rana nako nakuaan na
negative sir
3 awhh since negative naman akong na huna huna IDI8
istorya no ang mga taw since na buhat naman mga
kapulisan which is ma truama sad ang taw makuan ato
no maka experience sto niya naa napud silay doubt sa
kapulisan ug may unsa kanang ilang makuan ba
mangita silag paagi kanag sila as a pulis mangita silag
way na katawhan dili gani ingana ang gi huna huna
nila dili lang negatibo change unta nila ay into a
postibo ingana unta sir
 90

Informant: Informant 9
Age: 20 years old
Years of Resident: 20 years
Occupation: Profession
Resident: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Date: december 9, 2024
Time started: 2:00 pm
Time ended: 2:20 pm
Duration: 20 minutes and 6 second
Location: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Interviewed by: Nathaniel Ando
Transcribed by: Nathaniel Ando
Reviewed by: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Adviser: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Line Responses Code
Number
1 so base sa akong experience diri sa akong pag puyo IDI9
kanang daghan kog nakita positibo especially police
visibility like in every eskina namo naa na syay mag
kuan bitaw mag barog so, inig ka gabie sad naa puy
mag bantay so ma feel nimo ang safety so kana
palang kana palang makita na nako ang nindot nilang
binuhatan safety ra ang taw mo gawas sa gabie og
komportable ra sad mi mo gawas.
2 So base sad sa akong experience sir sa akong pag IDI9
puyo dinhi naa jud ko mga bati sad na nakita nila but
majority man jud naglabi man jud ang maayo, so ang
mga negative side lang sir ah, akong lang ma… base
lang sa akong makita.. Observe, espicially bitaw
kakang mag conduct sila og operation sila dinhi sa
among brgy., naa silay.. Especially kanang sa drugs
kana common jud na sa magtag brgy. Ma storya jud
na ko sir kanang mag conduct bitaw sila og buy bust
operation na mo sulod sila og balay… kakang naay
times ang balay na masud bitaw nila kay dili mao sa
target so.. Ing ana bati bitaw kay paminawon kay
 91

dapat magconduct sila kanang ing ana mga operation

kay dapat klarohon nila ang kanang ilang mga target
mga balay dapat nila sudlon kay ing ana, kay usahay
sad wala silay mga warrant nya usahay sad mag libog
mi nganong or unsay madalay nila sa balay na makita
dalhon mao na akong ma sulti na negative side dinhi
sa buhisan sir.
3 So ang uhmm… base sa akong naexperience sir, sa IDI9
ilang binuhatan dinhi so, nakabuild gihapon mi og
kanang nindot na relasyon nila sir kay… dli man jud
na malikayan sir na part man jud na sa ilang trabaho
ang mga ing ana so mas majority man jud na ang
ilang nindot na binuhatan dinhi sir so mas ni salig jud
mi nila sir og mas ni respetar kay mi gihapon nila sir
og naa gihapon mi communication sir kanang dli man
sad permi na dli man sad tanan na bati og kanang
kuan so part ra jud na sa ilang trabaho so ni salig ra
jud mi nila sir og nirespeto ra sad sila namo sir og
mao pud to… approachable pud sila og mo cooperate
ra sad sila og naay kinahanglonon dinhi sa brgy. So
naa gihapon mi communication sir. So mao rana ako
ma ingon sa impact.
 92

Informant: Informant 10
Age: 20 years old
Years of Resident: 20 years
Occupation: Vendor
Resident: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Date: december 9, 2024
Time started: 4:00 pm
Time ended: 4:15:06 pm
Duration: 15 minutes and 6 second
Location: Brgy. buhisan cebu city
Interviewed by: Nathaniel Ando
Transcribed by: Nathaniel Ando
Reviewed by: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Adviser: Anthony T. Albofera, PHLD, CJ
Line Responses Code
Number
1 so base sa akong experience diri sa akong pag puyo IDI10
kanang daghan kog nakita positibo especially police
visibility like in every eskina namo naa na syay mag kuan
bitaw mag barog so, inig ka gabie sad naa puy mag
bantay so ma feel nimo ang safety so kana palang kana
palang makita na nako ang nindot nilang binuhatan safety
ra ang taw mo gawas sa gabie og komportable ra sad mi
mo gawas.
2 So base sad sa akong experience sir sa akong pag puyo IDI10
dinhi naa jud ko mga bati sad na nakita nila but majority
man jud naglabi man jud ang maayo, so ang mga negative
side lang sir ah, akong lang ma… base lang sa akong
makita.. Observe, espicially bitaw kakang mag conduct
sila og operation sila dinhi sa among brgy., naa silay..
Especially kanang sa drugs kana common jud na sa
magtag brgy. Ma storya jud na ko sir kanang mag
conduct bitaw sila og buy bust operation na mo sulod sila
og balay… kakang naay times ang balay na masud bitaw
nila kay dili mao sa target so.. Ing ana bati bitaw kay
paminawon kay dapat magconduct sila kanang ing ana
 93

mga operation kay dapat klarohon nila ang kanang ilang

mga target mga balay dapat nila sudlon kay ing ana, kay
usahay sad wala silay mga warrant nya usahay sad mag
libog mi nganong or unsay madalay nila sa balay na
makita dalhon mao na akong ma sulti na negative side
dinhi sa buhisan sir.
3 So ang uhmm… base sa akong naexperience sir, sa ilang IDI10
binuhatan dinhi so, nakabuild gihapon mi og kanang
nindot na relasyon nila sir kay… dli man jud na
malikayan sir na part man jud na sa ilang trabaho ang
mga ing ana so mas majority man jud na ang ilang nindot
na binuhatan dinhi sir so mas ni salig jud mi nila sir og
mas ni respetar kay mi gihapon nila sir og naa gihapon mi
communication sir kanang dli man sad permi na dli man
sad tanan na bati og kanang kuan so part ra jud na sa
ilang trabaho so ni salig ra jud mi nila sir og nirespeto ra
sad sila namo sir og mao pud to… approachable pud sila
og mo cooperate ra sad sila og naay kinahanglonon dinhi
sa brgy. So naa gihapon mi communication sir. So mao
rana ako ma ingon sa impact.
 94

APPENDIX F & G

CODED SIGNIFICANT STATEMENTS

AND
FORMULATION OF CORE MEANING

I. Positive Views of the Informants on the Police Public Image in

Buhisan Cebu City.
SIGNIFICANT FORMULATED MEANINGS
STATEMENT
Akong nakita sa mga police ari The police's presence at key
sa amoa sir samot na anhi sa locations, especially at night,
buhisan kay taga eskinita naay creates a sense of security,
mag bantay og dli mi hadlok mo particularly for e-bike drivers,
gawas inig gabie ako ni gi isip na and fosters a positive
positive na pananaw kay usa ka perception of law enforcement.
manunupyo dinihi sa buhisan
kay dli na jud mi mahadlok
samot na labaw na usa ko ka
ebike driver diri sa amo lugar dli
nako hadlok mamasahero samot
na inig ka gabie.

What I have observed in our

area is that there are police
officers stationed at every
corner of the street, ensuring the
safety of our neighborhood,
especially at night. This makes
me feel secure, particularly
since I work as an e-bike driver.
This is one of the positive aspects
I’ve noticed. FM1

IDI1:SSI
Kuan naay nindot kong nakita Regular police patrols at
dinhi sa among lugar sa mga intersections and throughout
police kay kanang roving-roving the area, especially at night,
 95

nila nya nindot sad kay na siya ensure safety and comfort for
kay para ang mga taw dinhi kay residents.
mahapsay dayun kuan positive
siya kay hapsay naman ang
lugar.

What I’ve observed as a positive

action by the police in our area
is their constant patrolling and
checking, which makes me feel
secure.

IDI3:SS2 FM2
so base sa akong experience diri The peaceful, trouble-free
sa akong pag puyo kanang atmosphere in the
daghan kog nakita positibo neighborhood reflects the
especially police visibility like positive impact of the police in
in every eskina namo naa na maintaining order.
syay mag kuan bitaw mag barog
so, inig ka gabie sad naa puy
mag bantay so ma feel nimo ang
safety so kana palang kana
palang makita na nako ang
nindot nilang binuhatan safety ra
ang taw mo gawas sa gabie og
komportable ra sad mi mo
gawas.

One of the positive things here in

Buhisan is the strong police
visibility, especially at key
intersections where officers
stand guard. At night, they also
patrol, making us feel safe and
comfortable going out even after
dark. Their presence ensures
safety and reflects their good
work. FM3
 96

IDI9:SS3
Ang akong nakita as positive sa The consistent presence of
atong mga kapulisan kay hapsay police at street corners
ug wala nay gubot sa atung reassures residents and fosters
barangay ari sa buhisan. a positive view of law
enforcement.
What I see or observe in our
neighborhood is peace, with no
more troubles in the street.

IDI4:SS4
FM4
Okay as a buhisan na resedenti The police's quick response to
im maayo jud sa tanan nga ang accidents and community
mga taga kapulisan kay makita projects brings reassurance
jud nako na nag stambay gani and satisfaction to residents.
silan sa kuan every iskena diri
like maayo jud na positive jud na
sya na binuhatan sa pulis isip sad
sa protekta sa mga katawhan diri
sa buhisan and yhaaa that why i
think its a positive.

I can see that the police officers

are guarding every corner of the
streets to ensure safety and
peace. FM5

IDI5:SS5
ang psitive way diri sa buhisan Active police patrols and
kay abtik kay sila if ever naa responsiveness help deter
may accedent na mahitabo diri crime and build trust, ensuring
kanang maka pahalipay diri community safety.
kanang maka palalipay pajud
sila diri sa unsa gani naoy
katawhan diri sa barangay
 97

buhisan which is naa silay

project.

The positive aspect here in

Buhisan is that the police are
very quick to respond if an
accident happens. They bring
happiness to the people in
Barangay Buhisan, especially
with their projects. FM6

IDI8:SS6
II. Negative Views of the Informants on the Police Public Image in

Buhisan Cebu City.

SIGNIFICANT FORMULATED MEANINGS

STATEMENT
And negatibo nga akong nakita One negative experience with
or bati na gi buhat sa mga pulis the police involves
naka encounter ko na maningka encountering officers who
ra bisan wala kay gi buhat naa display rude behavior. Such
kay gamay na sayup na nga actions, particularly from law
buhat na dili unsa buhaton isip enforcement, should not be
usa ka pulis accepted as they undermine
the public’s confidence and
What I observe as negative from respect for the police.
the policemen is that when I
encountered a rude police
officer with an attitude issue, this
type of behavior should not be
displayed by a public officer.
FM1
IDI4:SS1
lisuda bitaw ana pero ang ako jud A negative observation is the
na bantayan nga first hand arrogance displayed by some
experience ba kanang naa jud police officers. As authority
 98

mga pulis na dili nato malikayan figures, they should show

nga grabi raman kahambuggiro respect to the community,
isip usa ka authoridad isip usa ka particularly in rural areas like
propresunal naa sa uniformi Buhisan, where
dapat mag hatag jud kag ug professionalism and
kanang pag tagad sa katawhan behavioral training are
specially diri jud sa buhisan nga crucial.
bukid naman ni kasagaran mga
taw diri medyo conservative
kaayo unta dapat mga kapulisan
sad diri kay mag hatag gamay sa
ilang kanang training kung baga
mgab beheavioral aspect.

It is really difficult, but from my

first-hand experience, I have
observed that there are police
officers who are overly arrogant
as individuals of authority and
professionals in uniform. They
should show proper respect to
the people, especially here in
Buhisan, which is predominantly
a rural and conservative area.
The police assigned here should
receive additional training,
particularly on behavioral
aspects.

IDI7:SS2 FM2
Kuan negatibo jud para nako, A concerning issue is when
kay ang mga pulis jud na murag some officers exhibit
angas angas gani og style na arrogance and speak in a
wala sa lugar og kana pung naa dismissive manner. Such
silay mga storyaan na sila sila conversations, which can be
ray kasabot niya ila estorya sa condescending or difficult to
mga taw na dli pud pulis murag understand, negatively impact
bogoon paminawn, mao na nag the relationship between the
 99

negatibo para nako. police and the public.

For me, the negative aspect is

when some police officers act
arrogantly or speak in a way that
feels dismissive. Sometimes,
their conversations are hard to
understand, making it seem like
they are not considerate of
others.
FM3
IDI10:SS3
Ahh daghan man sir, ako lang Two major issues observed are
ipunto sa duha kabook una kay police malpractice and rude
kanang og kuan kanang mag behavior. These actions,
malpractice sila sa uban, og ang particularly when officers
uban grabe na sad ka hambogiro appear intimidating or
sir og mao nang ang uban disrespectful, make it difficult
maglisod og approach ang for the community to approach
katawhan sa kapulisan. law enforcement for help or
cooperation.
There are several negative
aspects I've observed regarding
the police, but I'll focus on two
key issues. First, there's the
problem of malpractice, where
some officers engage in
unethical or improper conduct.
Second, their attitudes can be
problematic; some police
officers appear overly
intimidating, while others come
across as rude or disrespectful,
which creates an environment
where people are afraid to
approach them FM 4

IDI2:SS4
 100

Ang ako nakit an na bati na A troubling practice is when

kalihokan sa mga police diri sa police officers enter private
amoang lugar kay kara laging homes without proper
ahm naa silay gi pangita na taw explanation or a warrant while
dayun manulod lang sila og investigating suspects. This
balay na dli na bisag kinsang lack of procedure creates fear
balay na walay tagtungod or and insecurity among
wala man silay gi dalang warrant residents.
og kinsa man jud ilang gipangita
kanang siya para nako kay
hadlok dli siya saftey og kay
unsa nalang juy mahitabo so
kana negatibo para nako

On the negative side, however,

when they are investigating a
case and searching for a suspect,
they sometimes enter people’s
homes without explanation or a
warrant, which can have a
negative impact on the
community.
FM5
IDI3:SS5
So base sad sa akong experience During operations such as buy-
sir sa akong pag puyo dinhi naa busts, there have been
jud ko mga bati sad na nakita nila instances where police entered
but majority man jud naglabi the wrong houses. This
man jud ang maayo, so ang mga confusion, coupled with a lack
negative side lang sir ah, akong of warrants, highlights the
lang ma… base lang sa akong need for better planning and
makita.. Observe, espicially adherence to legal protocols
bitaw kakang mag conduct sila during such operations.
og operation sila dinhi sa among
brgy., naa silay.. Especially
kanang sa drugs kana common
jud na sa magtag brgy. Ma storya
jud na ko sir kanang mag
 101

conduct bitaw sila og buy bust

operation na mo sulod sila og
balay… kakang naay times ang
balay na masud bitaw nila kay
dili mao sa target so.. Ing ana
bati bitaw kay paminawon kay
dapat magconduct sila kanang
ing ana mga operation kay dapat
klarohon nila ang kanang ilang
mga target mga balay dapat nila
sudlon kay ing ana, kay usahay
sad wala silay mga warrant nya
usahay sad mag libog mi
nganong or unsay madalay nila
sa balay na makita dalhon mao
na akong ma sulti na negative
side dinhi sa buhisan sir.

Based on my experience living

here, while most of their actions
are good, there are some
negative aspects. For example,
during operations like buy-busts,
there have been instances where
they entered the wrong house,
which is concerning. These
operations should be carefully
planned to target the correct
locations. Sometimes they
conduct operations without
warrants, and we get confused
when they take items from
houses they enter. This
highlights the need for better
execution and adherence to legal FM6
procedures.

IDI9:SS6
 102

III. Impact of the Police Public Image on the Philippine National

Police’s Relationship with the Community

SIGNIFICANT FORMULATED MEANINGS

STATEMENT
Sa akong mga na obserbahan The police positively impact
ang relasyon sa pnp anhi sa the community by fostering
amoa kay okay ra man naa ray security and mutual respect.
respetar og respeto ang akong Their involvement in
mga silingan nagdto sa mga pnp initiatives like feeding
labi na robing sila naay ray programs and clean-up drives
pagtahud og karang strengthens cooperation
magtibanang sad jud sa among between the residents and law
komunidad or sa among mga enforcement, promoting
silingan ang pnp kung aduna harmony in the barangay.
sila gipangita na taw or kundi
kanang kalihokan bahin anang
feeding program og kanang mga
pangpamlipyo sa dalan so ang
epekto ana para nako kay nindot
ra jud siya

the impact of the police on me

has been positive. They help our
community feel secure and
actively participate in outreach
programs like feeding
initiatives and clean-up drives.
This fosters a sense of
cooperation, where the
community also supports the
police when needed.
FM1
IDI3:SS1
Okay having a PNP personel in Having policemen in our
here buhisan is such a greet barangay is an honor as they
honor for us nang mga taga ensure safety and build
 103

buhisan ahmm epekto nila sa positive interactions with the

amoa sa taga diri ahmm very community. Their presence
nice na pagka pulis ahmm fosters a sense of security and
maayo kaayo sila kay towards highlights their commitment to
sa mga taga buhisan and as the well-being of the people.
above all of all is ahmm secured
sila diri ang mga taga buhisan
naa silan diri

Having the policemen here in

our barangay is an honor for us.
The impact I have observed is
that the police are very nice
towards the people, their
interactions are positive, and
they especially ensure the safety
of the community. FM2

IDI9:SS2
So ang uhmm… base sa akong Despite occasional challenges,
naexperience sir, sa ilang the police maintain trust and
binuhatan dinhi so, nakabuild respect within the community
gihapon mi og kanang nindot na by being approachable and
relasyon nila sir kay… dli man cooperative. Their dedication
jud na malikayan sir na part man to their duties, coupled with
jud na sa ilang trabaho ang mga effective communication, has
ing ana so mas majority man jud strengthened the relationship
na ang ilang nindot na between law enforcement and
binuhatan dinhi sir so mas ni the barangay.
salig jud mi nila sir og mas ni
respetar kay mi gihapon nila sir
og naa gihapon mi
communication sir kanang dli
man sad permi na dli man sad
tanan na bati og kanang kuan so
part ra jud na sa ilang trabaho so
ni salig ra jud mi nila sir og
nirespeto ra sad sila namo sir og
 104

mao pud to… approachable pud

sila og mo cooperate ra sad sila
og naay kinahanglonon dinhi sa
brgy. So naa gihapon mi
communication sir. So mao rana
ako ma ingon sa impact

Despite these issues, we’ve built

a good relationship with the
police because we understand
these challenges are part of
their job. Their good deeds
outweigh the negatives, so we
still trust and respect them.
They remain approachable and
cooperative whenever the
barangay needs their
assistance, which has fostered
ongoing communication and a
positive connection with the FM3
community

IDI9:SS3
Ug usa nalang nay masulti nako One significant impact of the
gihatag sa kapulisan sir sa police is the sense of security
akong nalang sad nuong nakita they provide to the residents.
diri sa among brgy. Usa nana Their presence instills
ang paghatag og seguridad sa confidence and ensures peace
kapulisan didto sa katawhan in the community, which is
unya kanang masinati bisag usa greatly appreciated by the
ka residente diri kanang people.
malipayo jud ko na mafeel nako
ang seguridad diri sa gihatag sa
kapulisan nako

What I feel about the impact of

the police in our community is
the sense of security they
 105

provide, both to me personally

IDI2:SS4 FM4
Ang maayong epekto or impact The policemen contribute to
sa mga kapulisan diri sa buhisan the progress of the barangay
sama nalang niining dako ilang by consistently performing
pag tabang para sa pag unlad or their duties well. Their actions
dakong tabang kiini para sa reflect positively on the
atung lugar ilang mga maayung community, fostering a sense
binuhatan ug usa pag kini ilang of pride and safety among the
akong nasinati or reaction nako residents.
niini nalipay nalang pud kay naa
mantay samang niining mga
kapulisan nga sama niini ka nila
mga maayon puro ilang gi pang
buhat

The impact I see is that the

policemen give a good image to
our area, and I feel positive
about this because they ensure
our safety
FM5
IDI6:SS5
Sa ako lang na dungan sa akong Their actions align with their
mga silingan, akong madungog responsibilities, ensuring the
gikan nila jud kay kanang naka safety and well-being of the
piling sila og seguridad sa community.
ilahang panimalay kay naa nay
mga pulis na dali ma duolan kay
para nako sakto raman kay
angya mana nilang binuhatan
kay mao mana ilang
responsibildad ngadto sa amoa
kay mao mana ilang trabaho.

Based on what I hear from

neighbors, they feel a sense of
 106

security in their homes because

the police are easy to approach.
For me, their actions are
appropriate since ensuring
safety is their responsibility and
part of their job. FM6

IDI10:SS6
 107

APPENDIX H
DEVELOPMENT OF CLUSTER THEMES
I. Positive Views of the Informants on the Police Public Image in
Buhisan Cebu City.
Formulated Meanings Cluster Themes Emergent Themes
The police's presence at I. The I. Community
key locations, especially consistent Safety
at night, creates a sense presence of through
of security, particularly police at Police
for e-bike drivers, and key Visibility
fosters a positive locations, II. Strengtheni
perception of law street ng Public
enforcement. corners, Confidence
FM1 and during through
regular Prompt
Regular police patrols patrols Assistance
at intersections and fosters a
throughout the area, sense of
especially at night, security
ensure safety and and deters
comfort for residents. crime,
FM2 ensuring
the safety
The peaceful, trouble- and
free atmosphere in the comfort of
neighborhood reflects residents.
the positive impact of II. Quick
the police in responses
maintaining order. to accidents
FM3 and
involvemen
The consistent presence t in
of police at street community
corners reassures initiatives
residents and fosters a reassure
positive view of law residents
enforcement. and build
FM4 trust in law
 108

enforcemen
The police's quick t
response to accidents III. The
and community peaceful
projects brings and
reassurance and trouble-
satisfaction to residents. free
FM5 atmosphere
in
Active police patrols neighborho
and responsiveness help ods reflects
deter crime and build the police's
trust, ensuring effective
community safety. role in
FM6 maintainin
g order and
positively
influencing
public
perception.
II. Negative Views of the Informants on the Police Public Image in
Buhisan Cebu City.
Formulated Meanings Cluster Themes Emergent Themes
One negative I. Rude, I. Concerns
experience with the dismissive, Over
police involves and Arrogant
encountering officers arrogant Enforcement
who display rude behavior II. Malpractices
behavior. Such actions, by some Marks
particularly from law officers Negative
enforcement, should strains Impression
not be accepted as they their
undermine the public’s relationshi
confidence and respect p with the
for the police. public.
FM1 Such
attitudes,
A negative observation especially
 109

is the arrogance in rural

displayed by some areas,
police officers. As emphasize
authority figures, they the need
should show respect to for
the community, profession
particularly in rural alism and
areas like Buhisan, respect.
where professionalism II. Practices
and behavioral training like
are crucial. entering
FM2 homes
without
A concerning issue is warrants
when some officers or
exhibit arrogance and targeting
speak in a dismissive the wrong
manner. Such houses
conversations, which during
can be condescending operations
or difficult to erode trust
understand, negatively and create
impact the relationship fear,
between the police and highlightin
the public. g the need
FM3 for stricter
adherence
Two major issues to
observed are police protocols.
malpractice and rude III. Intimidati
behavior. These actions, ng
particularly when behavior
officers appear and
intimidating or malpractic
disrespectful, make it es
difficult for the discourage
community to approach residents
law enforcement for from
help or cooperation. seeking
 110

FM 4 help,
weakening
A troubling practice is trust and
when police officers cooperatio
enter private homes n with law
without proper enforceme
explanation or a nt.
warrant while
investigating suspects.
This lack of procedure
creates fear and
insecurity among
residents.
FM5

During operations such

as buy-busts, there have
been instances where
police entered the
wrong houses. This
confusion, coupled with
a lack of warrants,
highlights the need for
better planning and
adherence to legal
protocols during such
operations.
FM6
III. Impact of the Police Public Image on the Philippine National
Police’s Relationship with the Community
Formulated Meanings Cluster Themes Emergent Themes
The police positively I. Police I. Promoting
impact the community involveme Collaboration
by fostering security nt in Through
and mutual respect. outreach Proactive
Their involvement in initiatives Community
initiatives like feeding like Engagement
programs and clean-up feeding
 111

drives strengthens programs II. Police

cooperation between and clean- Presence
the residents and law up drives Mirrors
enforcement, strengthen Safety
promoting harmony in s
the barangay. communit
FM1 y ties,
fosters
Having policemen in mutual
our barangay is an respect,
honor as they ensure and
safety and build positive promotes
interactions with the harmony
community. Their within the
presence fosters a sense barangay.
of security and II. The
highlights their consistent
commitment to the well- presence of
being of the people. police
FM2 officers
instills a
Despite occasional sense of
challenges, the police security
maintain trust and and
respect within the confidence
community by being among
approachable and residents,
cooperative. Their ensuring
dedication to their peace and
duties, coupled with reflecting
effective their
communication, has commitme
strengthened the nt to
relationship between public
law enforcement and well-being.
the barangay. III. Through
FM3 effective
and
One significant impact consistent
 112

of the police is the sense service, the

of security they provide police
to the residents. Their contribute
presence instills to the
confidence and ensures developme
peace in the nt of the
community, which is barangay,
greatly appreciated by creating a
the people. positive
FM4 image and
building
The policemen trust and
contribute to the pride
progress of the among the
barangay by communit
consistently performing y.
their duties well. Their
actions reflect positively
on the community,
fostering a sense of
pride and safety among
the residents.
FM5
Their actions align with
their responsibilities,
ensuring the safety and
well-being of the
community.
FM6
 113

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name : Nathaniel W. Ando

Date of Birth : June 03, 1999

Place of Birth : Cebu City

Contact Number : 09776924191

Email Address : nthnlando@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College : University of Cebu - Main

: Sanciangko St, Colon, Cebu

City

: Present

Secondary Education : Regino Mercado Night High

School

: Panganiban St., Pahina

 114

Central, Cebu City (SHS)

: March 2020

Secondary Education : Regino Mercado Night High

School

: Panganiban St., Pahina

Central, Cebu City

: March 2018

Elementary : Regino Mercado Elementary

School

: Panganiban St., Pahina

Central, Cebu City

: 2014
 115

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name : Dominique C. Repal

Date of Birth : February 06, 2001

Place of Birth : Cebu City

Contact Number : 09089545785

Email Address : dominiquerepal@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College : University of Cebu - Main

: Sanciangko St, Colon, Cebu

City

: Present

Secondary Education : Asian College of Technology

: Kalubihan Colon St. Cebu

 116

City (SHS)

: March 2020

Secondary Education : Don Sergio Osmena Snr

Memorial National High

School

: Balaga Drive Labangon Cebu

City

: 2018-2020

Elementary : Labangon Bliss Elementary

School

: 1953 L. P. Balaga Dr, Cebu

City

: March 2014
 117

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name : John Dave Manlisic

Date of Birth : January 17, 2001

Place of Birth : Cebu City

Contact Number : 09924026176

Email Address : johndavemanlisik@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College : University of Cebu - Main

: Sanciangko St, Colon, Cebu

City

: Present

Secondary Education : Liloan National High School

Ext. Don Bosco Campus (SHS)

: Cot-Cot, Liloan, Cebu

 118

: March 2020

Secondary Education : University of the Visayas

Compostela Campus

: Poblacion, Compostela, Cebu

: March 2018

Elementary : Ernesto Veloso Elementary

School

: Cabadiangan, Liloan Cebu

: March 2014
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129