' '

REPORT 108

Concrete pressure on formwork

C A CLEAR BSc

T A HARRISOtf>hD BSc CEng MICE MICT

ISBN:: 0 860
ISBN 7 250 3

© CIRIA1985
REPRINTED 2003

••
-·:-: CON
CO N TRUCT ION IN DUSTRYRESEARC
6 STOR
STOREY S GA
GAT
RYRESEARCH
TE , LONDON SW1
H AND I NFORMA
SW1BAU
ORMAT
TELEP
TELE
T ION ASSOC
ASSOCII T ION
P HON E 020 7222 8891
FAX 020 7333 1708
Em ail en iries@c
889 1

es@ciiria.o rg
Web
We bs i te www.
www.c iria .o rg
Th e proj
project
ect lead
leading
ing to th is Report was ca1Tied out un
unde
derr co
cont
ntract
ract 1 6l RliACe ment and
Cem an d
Concrrete Associa ti on whe
Conc wherre Mr C lear is a Researc
esearchh Engineegineerr an
andd Dr Ha rriso
rison
n is Ma
Mannage r o f
the Ci vil Eng inee
eerr ing Gro
Groupup in t he Tec
echn
hnical
ical App
A ppll ica
catt io ns D irec
ecto
tora
ratte.

Th is Repor
eportt was prep
pre pared w ith t he he
hellp an
andd g ui dance o f t he Project S teering Grou
G roup.
p. In
addi ti on to Dr Ha
Harrri so
sonn and M r C lea
earr, t he G roup comp ri sed :

R.M. Hand
Hand BSc(E
BSc(En
ng) CE
CEnng MICE Jo hn Mo w le m and Co
Comp
mpaany PL C
C hai nn an)

C.M. Reeves MIC1Mln s tSMM F rodin

roding
g ha m Ceme
Cement
nt Co
Commpan
anyy Li m ited

J.M. Dran
Dransfiel
sfield
d BS
BScc Cem
Ce men t Ad
Admi
mix
x tures Assoc
Assoc iat
atiion

PM Follle tt B Eng CEng MI

Fo MICE Pozzol
ozzolani
anicc Ly
Lyta
tag
g Lim
Limite
ited
d

M.Gr ant BS c CEng FICE Ky le Stewa

Stewart Contracto
ntractorrs) L imit
miteed

P.G K . Kn
Knight
ight BS c(E ng) CE
CEnng MT CE MIStrn
MIS trncc tE CEGB
CEG B, Ash Mark
Markee t ing

P F. Pa ll eu BS c CE
CEnng MICE MBI
MB I M Rapiid Me
Rap Meta
tall Devel
eveloopme nt L imit
imiteed

K. Ward BSc CE
CEnng MI CE Sir Ro be rt McA lp in e So ns L im ite
ted
d

A R. McAvoy BS c CEng MI
MICE was CI
CIR
R IA's Resea
esearrch Man
anage
age r fo r the projec
projec t

Th is project
projec t was fin anc ial ly supported
supported by the Cement
Ceme nt and C oncre
ncrette Associa
Associ ation
tion,, C ivi l a nd
Mar ine Lim ite
Mar itedd, D epart
epartm
m e nt o f the Env ir
iron
onmme nt
nt,, F ro
rod
d ingh
ingham
am Ce
Cemment Comp
Company
any Lim it
iteed, and
Blue Circle In
Ind ust
strr ies PLC
LC..
Contents

LIST OF ILLUSRAONS 4

LIST O ABLES 4

ABBREVIAIONS USED 5

NOTAON 5

SUMMARY 6

INRODUCTION 6

1. DESIGN MEHOD 9

2. NOES OR GUDANE

21 Cementious materals ad admixtur 13

22 Aggrgats 13
2.3 Mx propoos 13
24 No-fies cocrte 13
25 Workbility
Workb ility 13
2.6 Cocete temat at pacg 14
2.7 Weight desty 14
2.8 Veical f egt 14
29 Sap ad pa area of te cast sectio 15
2.10 Fowork permeabty 15
2.11 ormwork
ormwor k stfess ad rougess 16
212 Slo of te fo 16
213 Placg metod 17
214 Rate f rse 17
2.15 Impat of cocree dscage 17
216 Vbraio 18
217 Udeate cocreg 18

3. EXAMPLES

31 Bdg abtmet 20

3.2 Paio al 21
3.3 Lft saf 22
34 Mass cocete rtaig al 23
3.5 Bdg coum 25
3.6 'V co
com 29

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 31

REERENCES 31
List o f illustrations

Figure Comparison o f the CIRIAnethods

Figure 2 Comparison between measured and calculated pressures on vertica

erticall
formwork

Figure 3 Design pressure envelope

Figure 4 Example o f formwork pressures and deflection measurements

Figure 5 Height value to be used in the formulae

Figure 6 Plan dimensions,

dimensions, showing sections de/1ned as colummr walls and
bases

Figure 7 Pressure envelopes on the formwork o a wall with

with a sloping face where
the fluid head is fully developed

Figure 8 Relationship between rate o f rise and pressure

Figure 9 Pressure measurements on an underwater tremie pour

List o f tables
Table Value of coefficients t and c;

Table 2 Design formwork pressures

 r lR IA RFmn rt R

bbreviations used

ore ordi
dinary
nary Port
Portlland c em ent
LHPBFC low heat Portlan
ortland d- blas
lastt furnace cement
P BFC Portlan
ortland d- blastfumace cementceme nt
P PFAC Portl
Po rtland
and p ulverised
verised-- fue l ash cement
R HPC rap
apiid-ha
d-harrden
deniing Po rt rtlland cem
ceme nt
ggbf ~ gr o und gran u la ted blastfumace s lag
pfa pullve ri sed
pu sed-- fuel as h

Notation

A p lan area o f ma ss conco ncre

crette wall: 111
breadth
breadt h o f mass conc
concrrete wa ll , m
c coefficient depen end
d ent on
on the size a nd shape o f f o n n w ~
Ci coefficient dependen
dependen t on t he constituent m ate ri als o f the con
co nc i iti
weigh t dens
densitity
y o f concrete
concrete,, kNfn{kgf
kgfm m3 x 0 .0098 1
H ve rtica l for
ver formm height
ight,, m
h verrti ca l fo rm height
ve ight,, m
I temperatu
tempera ture
re coeffici
coeffic ient ta
take
kenn al~)
\T t6

ete
maximum con conc r press
essuure o n fonnwo
fonnworr k, kWm
vollum e s upply rat e , i\ih
vo
t he rat
ratee at w hich th
t he conc
concrrete ri ses ve rt ica
callly up the fonn,
fonn , m/h
concrete temp
concr mpee ratu
ratu..re at p lac
aciing, °C
II wid
wi dt h o f m ass concr
conc re te wa ll , m
C IRIA Report 108 5

ummary

Th e Re port ex te nd
ndss and impro ves t he me thod used in CIWptort
CIWptort I to cover co nc re tes
us in
ingg adm ixt ures and blen
blendds o r b lended ce ments. Use o f the m et
ethhod is d e mon
onss tra ted in s ix
exam p les : br id ge abut
abutm
m ent , part
artiti
itio
o n wa ll , lift s ha ft
ft,, mass co ncre te re
reta
taiinin
ingg wa ll , bri
briddge
col umn , an
andd t o lum
umnn.

Introduction

Th e me thod g iven in CE R~ o w CI
CIR
R IA) Re port ) for c alcu la tin
ting
g co nc rete pressur
press ures o n
form
for m wo rk has se rved th
t he constructi
constructioo n ind
nduust
strr y we ll s ince 1965. H owe ve r, the d esign cha
ch ar ts
were l im ited to p lain o r dina ry Po rt la nd ce me nt co nc retes, and rec e nt tren d s a re towa
towar ds t he
w id er use o f ad
admm ix
ixttures an d b le nds or ble
lennded ceme nt
ntss .• In ad
addd it ion
on,, t he com merci
erciaa l ne
neeed
fo r faste
fasterr co nstruct
ructiion has res ulte
ted
d in a ge nera
rall in
incc rease in li ft heights and rates o f conc rete
p lac ing. N ew theories bac ked up wi th s ite da ta were be in
ingg de vel Op ~da nd it was de c ided
to re view t he 1965 design m eteth
hod a nd to ex te nd it to co ve r conc retes whw hic
ichh co nta in
adm
ad m ixtu
tures
res a nd/o
nd/orr b le nds or ble
lennded ce me ms.

R IA ins tig
CIR
CI igaa ted a further pr
progra
ogrammme o f s ite fo n n wo
worr k press ure mea
eass urem e nt
ntss a nd t he
comp ila ti o n o f a co m pre he nsi ve da ta fi le to contain
contain bo t h t he new sit
itee mea s urerem
ment
ntss and

p rev io us ly o bta ine

ined data.. Th is fil e o n fo nn wo
d data worr k press ur es contains ov e r 350 se ts o f data.
Us ing t his data fi le in co 1 j un c ti o n w ith recen t ad va nces in the un und de rst and ing o f t he
mec han isismm s, an imp ro ve d me tho d o f esti
estim
m at
atiing t he corncret
corncre te p res s ure on fo rmw o r k was
fomrn
fom rnllated.

Many factor
facto rs a ffec
ffectt t he fonn
fon n wo
worrk pressure,
pressure, so me o f whic h a re unkn
unknown
own a t t he de s ig n st
staage .
Th e re are a lso o t he r ra
ranndo
domm site effects su
s uch as imp act o n disc
dischharge . Bec ause m an
anyy o f the
facto rs a re inter -re lated
factor ated,, di ffere
fferenn t inte rp re tati
atioo ns o f the data are possi
poss ible
ble,, and t he re are several
several
s a fe po tent
ntiia l me tho ds fo r es t imat in
ing
g the p r ure. The revised me thod is base d o n a mo del
es s
us in
ingg o nly factor
facto rs wh
whiic h sh
shoo u ld be kno w n o r w hi c h ca n be reasonab ly es t ima
matted a t t he desi
des ign
s ta
tage.
ge. T he me thod is suffic
suffi c iently co nserv
servaa t ive to e nve lo p the spre ad o f res ults fo r the facto
factorrs
no t ta
takken into acc
acc o unt.

F igure sho
sh o ws a comp ar iso n o f meas ur
ureed pres s ures ag a ins t ca lcu la ted p ress ures using the
calc ulat io n m et
calcu ho d s gi ve n in R eport I and thi s Re po rt. Th
eth Thii s illu
illustrat
stratiion o n ly in
incl
clud
ud es d a ta
whiic h are str
wh str ic
ictt ly ap p licab le to the Re po rt I m et
ethho d ( i .e. t he concret
concre te does no
no t co nta in
adm
ad m ixtu
tures
res , pfa o r ggbfs)
ggbfs),, and whe
wherre all t he data necessary fo r the ca lc
lcuulati
atioo n we
werre recorded .
F igure I (a) and ( b) s hows that t he new met
etho
hod
d is as safe as th
t he previo us met
ethhod . Fi
Figg ur
uree 2
inc ludes th
t he da ta fo r concre
concrette co nta inin
ing
g ad m ix tu
tures
res , pfa and ggbf.~. DaDa ta be tte
terr han
handd led by
ha nd ca lc ulat io n (be
(beca
ca us e o f no n-reg ular secti
sectioo n or o the r spec
speciia l co nditio
dition
ns) wer
we re not
inc luded in Fi
Figg ures I a nd 2. Ha nd ca lcu la ti o ns sh
shoo wed th
t ha t a few ta
talll tape r ing colum
col umn
n s g ave
mea
eass ured pressures in excess o f t he ca lcu
lculla ted va lues .

Th e S tee r ing Gr
Gr o up co nsid
idee re d a ll the d a ta, incl ud ing t hose not pr
pres
esee nt
nteed in t hese
i llu
lluss tr a ti o ns, and concl ud ed that it wou
wo uld be unec o no m ic to rec om me men nd a metetho
hodd w hich
e nve lo ped all res ult ltss ir
irres
res pective o f t he exception
exceptiona l co nd it ions und e r w hich so me o f the
res ults wer
were recor
reco rd ed. Th e ca lculat
lculateed pres s ures in Figures I and 2 a re base d o n t he rec o rd
rdeed
p lac ing co ndit
nditiio ns. In practice
ractice,, the p lac in
ing
g co nd iti
itioo ns a r e es t ima
mated
ted . Ass um ing t ha t t hese a re
no 1m a lly safe es t ima tes, th is has t he effect o f intntrod
rod ucin g a n ad add d iti
itioo nal factor
facto r o f safety no t
s ho
howw n in F ig ures I an
andd 2.

• Ablcnd is s cement tic,, c 3 PMl:md ocmcm ha..:; been combined i1h a b l m hy draulic binder. usually _ggh .:; or pfa. 31 the 001ching plant.
tic
A blended cement i > 3 oom binatioo. of Ponb
Ponbn
nd oc rncni wi lh a latent 1: draulic bi nd t (uwally ggbfi; or p S). purcha.t;o..--d d1n.-c1 ft om a cc.mcnt c ompany.
ftom
6 C I R IA Re
Reooort 1 8

150

120
.E
z §
, ,.
@

I 90

i ~
g
V

O o
E 6

<P
E
:
~
8
E 0
·x
0
30

0 30 6 90 120 150 180 210

Co l e u o te d pressures k m J

(o) 965 method

150
150

-
. E 120

iz
iz
@

i
1i
90 <o
~

¥
BQ)
6
E
E
:

E
·x
0
:i: 3

0 30 6 90 20 150 180 210

7
Coleuloted pressur
pressures
es k m )

{b 985 metho d

Figure 1 Comparison o f the C/R Anethods

 NOT S
1. Tnis illustra tion incMtes the data lo in
interna
ternally vibrated oonetete placed n nomnal
nomna l yvetti<:3.1 fOfm.wtk
2 ata whic:ti contained estimated values of concrete temperature are excluded
3. Oa13 for sloping and i rregular shaped fornMOrk are excluded

150

120
0
0
0
iz- ' 0
-
u
90
0
o

0
~Cb
:
u
/)

0
Q)

a.
0
60 0
'
Q)

:i 0
') 0
'
E
E 0
:

E 30
·x
'

0 30 6 90 120 150 80 210

Callc ul ated pre

Ca pr essur
ssures
es (k
( kN m )

Figure 2 Companson between measured and calculated pressures on vert

vertical
ical
formwork all mlevant data are included
1 Design method

F res
eshhly p lace
cedd concre
concrette co mprprii ses a gr adatio n o f pa rt
rtiic les fro m coa rse agg reg a te dowown
n to fi ne
cem
ce m ent p artic
articlles
es,, all o f w hic h a r e s us pend
ndeed to a great
greate r or lesser
lesse r ex te nt in wate r. Th is is not a
stablle co nd it io n. T he loss or d isp lace
stab acemm ent o f a me re fr
fraac t io n o f t he to ta l m ix wa ter by
setttle
se tlemme nt
nt,, leak
eakaage o r hy
hydd rati
atioon) ca n ch
chaa nge the s truc
ructu
ture
re o f t he fr
fresh
esh co nc rete fr
fro
o m a qu as
asii
liqu
iquiid to a re la t ive ly st i ff fram ew o rk o f touc
touchhing par t icles wi
w ith the wa
watte r contai
containned wi th in the
vo id s. This ch
c hange in st
stru
ruct
ctu
ure i s impo rta
rtannt. Whi le t he aggrega
aggrega tes a nd ce
cemme nt a re s us pe nde
dedd
in wa terer,, the conc rete exert
exerts a fl uid press
pressuurll ,) (Dn t he fo r mwork
work,, but once
once a stab
sta ble p arti
articl
clee
stru c ture has been
been c reate
eatedd, furt he r inc rem e nt
ntss o f vert
vertiical load have a n insign ifica nt effec
effectt on
t he la teral pressu
press ure. T he refo re the maxi
aximum
mum la ter a l p res s ure is ge nera
erall
lly
y be low the n u id hea d,
and it is co nt
ntro
ro ll e d by thi s c ha nge o f strncture w hic h ca n ta
takke from a few m inut
nutes
es to a few
hou rs)
rs)..

T he fo ll ow ing fa c to
tors
rs affect th is ch
chan
ange
ge o f st
staate and he nce th
thee ma
maxx imum fonn wo
worrk
pressur
press uree) :

Con
Co ncrete ad m ix tu res
aggregatte s hap
aggrega apee , s ize
ze,, gr ad ing and de
density
ce me n t i ti o us m ate
cem aterria
ials
ls
mi x pr-Oport ions
mpee ra t ure a t pl aci
temp cinng
weiig ht density
we
wor kab il ity

Fom1wor k pe nn ea bi i y wa tert
ertiig htness
p lan a ea o f t he cast sec sec tion
p lan s h ape o f the cast section
section
rough
ghnness o f t he shee ti ng mate
aterr ial
sl ope o f t he fo rm
s t i ffi1e s.s o f the fo rm
verticaa l fo nn he
vertic heiig ht

Placing im pa
pacc t o f co ncre
crette d isch
schaarge
in a ir o r und er wa ter
p lac ing me
mettho
hodd e .g. in l i fts o r co nt
ntiinu
nuoous ve
vert
rtiica l ra te o f r ise)
vibra
vib rattio n

T he comp mplexlex inte r-re la

latt io nship
hipss o f t hese fac
fac tors are nor desc ri bed in this Repo rt. A
ratt io nal ise
ra sedd desig
esignn eq ua t ion is p~ese~esentnteed, to
toget
gethher w i th a desc r ipt
ptiion o f how t he va r iab les
sho uld be t rea ted und
undee r de s ign c ond it io ns.

Usiing co ncepts devel

Us deve lope d a t the eme nt and Co
Conc
ncrre te Associa
Associ a ti o n a nd d ur
uriing rece nt researc
researchh
on t he mec ha ni s ms c reati
eatin
ng fo rmw or k press
essuu\l~ t he da ta fo r OPOPC C co ncre
crette were an a ly se
sedd
to q uant
ntii fy the rel a tio nship
hipss be t we
weeen m ax
aximum
imum pres s ure , ve rt ica l for
formm heig
eighht, nu e o f ri se ,
and co nc rete te mpera
peratu
turre at p lac i ng. Mod i c ati
tion
onss to these basic rela
rel a tions hips were the
henn
devel
eveloo pe
pedd fo r conc rete contain
contai n ing a dm ixt
xtur
ures , gg bfs or p fa. Th is an
anaa ly s is led to t he fo ll ow ing
exprres s ion fo r the max imu
exp mumm co n cre
crette pres s ure on fo rmwo
worrk :

The rcscs n.":h by Ck at will he published in a Cemcn1 nd C oncn.'1c A~',(X'i3Lon RcpM during 986
P..~ = [ C, . G c, K J l - C, G] or Dh kN / m2 w hicheve
heverr is the sm
s m all
ller.
er.

where CJ coefficiient de pe ndent o n the size and sh ape o f fo n n wo

coeffic worr k (see Ta ble I fo r
es),, mii
values)
valu
C2 coe ffi c ie nt depe
epend
ndee nt o n t he co nstit
stituue nt mat eri
eriaa ls o f t he co ncre
crette (see Ta b le
fo r va lues)
es),,
D weiight d e nsit
we ityy o f co ncre te, kN
kN// m
H vertica l fo rm height
vertica eight,, m
h verticaa l pour heig ht , m
vertic ,
K )

r:
te mp
mpee ra
ratt ur
uree coefficie
oefficient
nt tak
akee n as ( 16
R the ra te at wh ic h t he co ncre crette r ises vert
vert ica ll
llyy u p the fo rm, m/ h
r concrette te
concre temmperat
peratur
uree at p lac
aciing
ng,, °C
Wh en c Jn > . t he tl uid4tJ e51ho11l< be tak
akee n as the design pres s ur
ure.
e.

Th e te r m cJ inco rpo ra
incor rattes the effect
effec ts o f v ibration and wo
worrkabi l it
ity
y, bec ause these fa ct o rs
a re la rge ly d epe nd
ndee nt o n size
size,, s hape and rate o f ri se. A ll t he effects o f t he he ig ht o f d is
ischa
cha rge ,
cem
ce me nt ty
typpe , adm
dmixt
ixtu
u res
es,, a nd concret
concre te tem
emppe ra
ratt ur
uree a t pll ac
aciing a re in corpora
corporatted in t he te
te11m :

The d esig
esignn c hart
art,, Ta ble 2, qu ant
antii i es t hese equa t io ns fo
forr no rma l UK co nd it ions wh w here the
co ncrete pl
p lac
aciing te mpera
peratu
ture
re is betwee
etween n 5 a nd I 5°C. Pr essessur
uree valu
val ues sho
sh o w n in bo ld on th t he
c hart ar
a re fo r p lac ing cond it io ns broad
broad ly cove
coverred by pres s ururee m eas
easur
uree me nts o n site
site,, w he re t he
highes
ighestt reco rdeed p res s ures were 90 kN rfur wa ll s an d I 66 kNihfo r colu
record column
mns.
s. V a lues no t
in bo ld a re o u ts
tsiide record
reco rdeed e xp
xpee r ience
ce.. Th ey are in acc o rd wit
They withh t he general tr
tr en
endd, b ut may be
so mew
ewh hat co nse
serrva tive.

N o c han
hange
ge is proposed in the d es esiig n pres s ur
uree e nvelo
veloppe fro m t ha t g iven in t he Ref:R,~ I
des ig n met
eth
hod . The envel
enveloo pe (see F ig u re 3) co mp ri ses tlu id pr press
essur
uree to t he depth
dept h whe
wherre t he
max
ma x imu
mumm prpress
essur
uree o btain
ained
ed fr
fro
o m the d esign equ a ti tio
o n or c hart oc cu rs and t hen rem
re ma ins at th is
valu
val ue.

Figure 4 is a n ex
examp
ample
le o f measurements o f fonn
fon n wo
worr k press
essuure and detlec
detlec t io n ta
takke n o n a s ite.
Th is il lustra tion ssh
hows th at once a fo nn de tl
tleec ts, it re m a ins in t ha t state unti l the ti e bo lt
ltss a re
re lease
eased.
d. In t heo ry, a r ig
igiid fo nn wo
wouuld ex pe rie nce a reduct
reductiion in p res s ure a fte r the m ax imum.
In pract
practiice
ce,, fom
fom1
1s are no t r ig
igiid, a nd so me stress rema
rem a ins be twee
weenn t he fonn
fon n an
andd co nc re te. For

th is reason
eason,, no redu
red uction in press
essuure after
afte r the maxim
maxi m um is g iven in the d esig
esign
n p res s ure
e nvelope.

Table 1 Values o f coefficie

coefficien
nts land C

Walls :
Walls:
Collumns
Co mns::

Concrette
Concre Val ue o f <;
Valu

OPC , R HPC or
o r S RP
RPCC witithou
hou t ad mixtu
mixturres 0.3
OPC , R HPC o r S RPRPCC w i th ananyy adm ixt
xtur
uree , exce
exceppt a ·et
etaard
rdee r* 0.3
OPC , R HPC or SRPS RPCC w it h a re tard e r 0.45
LHPBFC,, PB FC
LHPBFC FC,, PPFAC or ndss contain
o r ble nd containiing less t ha n 70 gg bfs 0.45
o r 40 p fa with
wit ho ut ad m ix t ures

LHPBFC,, PB
LHPBFC PBFCFC,, PPFAC or o r blend s contain ing less t ha n 70 gg bfs 0.45
o r 40 p fa with
wit h any adm ix tures res,, exce
excepp t a ret
retaa rder*
LHPBFC,, PB FC
LHPBFC FC,, PP
PPFAC
FAC or o r blend s contain ing less t ha n 70 gg bfs 0.6
o r 40 etaa rd er t
p fa w i th a ret
B le nds co nta
ntaiin ing more than
t han 70 gg bfs or 40 pfa t 0.6

S.. C xl ion 2 1
t TI 'ICsc combinaiion.,:; of 1 1crial$ are and 111c al uci:; i.ncfiC3100 an:: derive d from cx~pol:uioo. of lhc d313. togclllcr
rom ith s cons.idcr.uion of the
tb .Ore tical effec t ;.
 Typlcol envelOpe of

J
p,essure on lorrnwork

Design pressure
/ e nvelope
Height
of
, .,envelope o r p ressu e tt
concrette
concre ·, , / concrete oc led os o fluld
h m) ·,.
·,

Figure
esign pressure
envelope I _ ~ - -_ .._
Pessu re kNm )
· .· ._
,_, _ ·,_,_ ._ ; .

Section: 0 .8 x 5 x 6 m lon
longg
Concrete:: Normal-we
Concrete Normal-weiight OPC
Concrete temper
temper ature at
a t placing
acing:: 13
13°
°C
S1ump : 40mm
Rate of ri se : 3 .2 m/h

Pressurr e (kN/m )
Pressu Deflection (mm
mm))

10..00 0
10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 2.0 4 .0 6.0

10..30
10

Calcullated vertica
Calcu ve rticall
11 .00

11 .30

0
12..00
12 0
F

12.30
o tal pressur
pressure on the 0
form

Porewater pressure on the fonn

13.00
13 .00
Deflection
measure on
the back of
No reinforcem
nforceme
e nt i n the vi
vic
ci nit
ity
y
13.3
13 .30
0 lhe gauge
of the ga uge

14 .00

Figure 4 Example o ormwork pressures nd deflection measumments

2 Notes for guidance

2 . 1 CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS AND ADMIXTURES

Coefficie nt c (see Ta ble I ) ta

Coeffici takes
kes into account the effects o f d i ffe
fferrent cemen1111ous m ate ria ls
and ad
admm ix tu res. T he ter m ad
admm ixturirl T a b le I covers t he range o f p roducts comm
com m erc ially
ava ila ble in 1985. W it
ith
h in the gro u ping ret ard tfl ret ard
rders
ers , re tar
ardd ing wa ter
er-- red uce
ucerrs, and
re tarding
reta rding s up
upee rp lastic
asticiisers
sers,, a lso any ad
admm ix tu re wh ic h is used above the reco
recomm
mmende
ended
d dosage
succ h that it effectively ac ts as a ret arder.
su

A major c hange from existin

exis tingg practice is t he recomme
ecommen nda t ion t hat s upe rp las t ic ised conc
concrre te
sh o uld be incl uded w it hin t he general group
gro uping
ing,, a nd that it do es not necessar i ly re
does req
q uire de s ig n
pressure eq ua l to the n u id hea d .

2 .2 AGGREGATES

Wh ile q uan t ify ing th

thee desig
esignn eq u a t ion
on,, t he effects o f t he aggrega
ggregatte shape and g rad ing co uld
no t be isol a ted fr
fro
o m the o ther mi
mixx param ete rs, so t hese fac
factto r s a re not inclu
in clu de d in t he de s ig n
method . W it h the exce
method except
ptiio n o f n o- fi nes concre
concrette (see Sectio n 2.4 , t he fo r mu la an
andd ta
tabbles
app ly 10 al l gr ad ed na tu
tural
ral agg regates.

T he design eq
eq ua t io ns app ly 10 c o ncre
ncrette m ixes contam mg ma
maxim
xim um aggregate s izes up to 40
mm. P ress ures w ith large
argerr maxi
ximm um s ized agg reg a tes are l ike ly to be co n tro
roll
lled
ed by the
impac t on d isc harge and t he heavy vibrati
atioo n req u ired. The design procedures fo r l ig ht
ht-- and
hea vywe
vyweiig ht ag greg at
atee conc
concrre tes a re d escr
escrii bed in Sec t ion 2.7.

2 .3 MIX PROPORTIONS

T he fo rm ula and design

d esign tab les a pp ly 10 t he w ho le ra
rannge o f no rma l n11 x pro portions.

2 .4 NO FINES CONCRETE

B ec
ecaa use no
no-- fines concret
concre te has a par t icle stru
ructu
ctu re from the mo ment o f p lac ing, it res ult
ultss 111 a
low fo rmwo rk pres s ure . Ty p ica l d es ig n val valu
ues a re o f t he o rder o f 2 10 2. . \ k~/that
ha nd lin
ingg s tresses a re l ikely to co nt
ntrr o l t he de s ig n o f t he fo nn .

2 .5 WORKABILITY

ab he easo
S l ump is no
nott inc luded as a var
varii le in the d esign c ha rt fo r t
esign follo
foll o wing r ns :

I. The pro ble lem

m s with
wit h placing low work
workaa bil ity concret
concre te a ro und reinfor
reinfo rce m en
entt lead 10
p ro lo nged vibra
vibratt ion and fo rmwor k p ressu res simi la r 10 those o bta ine d wi th mo re wo
worrkab le
co nc retes
etes..

2. The s ite da ta s how no co nsis t ent differen

differe nce 111 fonn
fon n wo
work
rk p ressu
essurre be tween low , medi um
a nd high slum
slumpp co ncre tes .

3. S lump is no t a go o d measure o f t he fa c to rs w hich a ffec t fo rm

rmwor
wor k pr
pressu
essurre .

F on n wo
work
rk press ures w ith nowing co nc re tes a re cove
coverred in Sec t ion 2. I .
C IRIA Report 1 8 13

2 6 CONCRETE TEMPERATURE T PLACING

At low ra rates
tes o f co ncre
crette p lac in g , hy dra
ratt io n effects bec ome a s ign i fi ca
cant
nt fa ct or in dete m1 in ing
the m axaximu
imumm fo rmw or k pres s ure. B ec ecaa use these effects depend
depend on the con conc rete tem
te mpera
peratu
ture
re
a t p lac
aciing, t he desig
esign
n equat
equatiion in cl clud
udes
es a tem te mpera
peratu
ture
re facto
fac torr

6 2

K=r: 16)
A lt
ltho
houugh t hi s o nly s trictly app l ies to OPC and R HPC concr
concretes
etes,, it is su ffic
fficiiently acc
ccura
uratte fo r
al l types o f co con nc re te w he n use
sed
d in con
conjj unct
ctiion with
wit h coeffi
coefficc i~nff
~nfflie
lieK
K fa c tor represents a
rati
atioo o f s ci ffe ning effect
effec ts, w hic
ichh a re depe nd
ndee nt on tem p e rat
atur
uree at pl acing.

Dat a fo r con crete tem pera

Data peratu
tures
res at placing in excess o f 30°C or o r be
bellow 5°C a re ra rarre, a nd it is
prudent
prud ent no
nott to ext
extra
rap
po late t he desi
des ign equa
eq uatio
tion
n beyo nd t hese va
va lues
es.. Out o f the 352 sets o f
da ta recorded over a numbnumbee r o f years
years,, o n onl
onlyy 7 occasio
occasionns were th t he tem pe ra
ratu
tures
res at p lacing
below 8°C).
8°C) .

2 7 WEIGHT DENSITY
Th e desi
des ign chart Tab
Tablle 2) ass um es a we ig ht density o f 25 3kN Ani6 is safe va lue for
no rma
mall-we ig ht conc retes
etes.. The proced
procedur uree fo r ca lc
lcu
ulat
atiing t he max imum fo rm wor work k pr
pressu
essurre
w it
ith
h light
ight-- or heavywe
eavyweiig ht cocon
nc retes is to use t he appr,appr,o pr iat
atee weig ht dens
ensiity in the design
equatio
equati on see Ex amp amplele 2).
2) . The design ch c ha rts can be used to o bta btaiin t he press
essur
uree wit
ith
h ligh
ightt- and
heavyweig ht concconcrrete by ta king th t he ch
chaart va lue anandd t hen adjujttingmtaby weight density.

2 8 VERTICAlFORM HEIGHT
Th e vertical fo rm heigh t is imp
mporta
ortant
nt fo r two reaso
eason
ns :

1. It l im it
itss the potentia
potenti a l max im um press
essu
ure wh ich can de vel
eloop in ge
gennera
rall, t he ma
maxim
xim um
des ign pr essu
essurre is no
nott great
greater
er th:iM) .

2. Hei
He ight o f discharge affects the m agn
agnitud
itudee o f the im p ac t fo rces.

Bot
oth
h t hese fa ctors affect the m ax
aximum
imum fo rmw or k pres s ure , and they ha ve been incorporate
corporated
d
in t he des
esiign eq ua tion as a fun
unction
ction of t he fo nn he
heiig h·t

So me times
es,, the fo rm can be subs
substa
tant
ntiiall y hig
igh
her than the hei
he ight o f sec ti on ca
cast
st see Figu gurre 5)
5).. In
these cases,
cases, t he lim iting press
essuure m ight be the n uid pres sure which is obta
obta ined from t he weight
de nsity times tht he ac tu al po
pour
ur height). T h is s ho uld be ch
chec
eck
ked with a sep
sepaara
ratte calcul
calcu la ti on.

o• t f
Q- ·
O· to

Depth of
of Ve rt
rtii ca l
con crete form hei ght
h H H H H

Figure 5 Height value to e used in the fonnu

fonnulae

14 CI RIA Rep ort 1 8

2 9 SHAPE AND PLAN ARE flf THE CAST SECTION
In a se
secti
ctio
o n o f sma ll pl a n a rea
ea,, vibr
ibrati
ation
on ca n be su ffi c ie
ien
n t to mo
mobb il ise all the co nc rete in a
layer a nd to tr a nsm it a re la ti ve
velly high a mo unt o f ene rg y to the fo m1. Th is has t he effect o f
inc reas in g t he d ept
epthh o ver wh ic h vibra t io n is effective,
effective, an
andd co nsequ en tly the p res s u re on t he
fo r m .

In a la rger sectio
sectionn, a ll the co ncr e te in a laye
ayerr is no t m o bi lised at the sam sa me t ime, a nd less
energy is tra nsm it
ittt ed int
nto
o t he fo n nw o rk. The po int o f conc
concre rette d isc ha rge and vibrat io n is
nonna ll y m ov
oved
ed a lo ng t he section, wh ich a ll ows co nc rete a period
peri od o f res t befo
beforre t he next
layer is p lac
aceed . T he net e ffe
ffecc t is t hat in Vlhll s ma x im um press
essuu re s ar
aree lo we
werr than in

column
col umn s . In fundundaa me nta l tenn s, a wa ll is w he re the co nc re te is pl ac ed in laye rs w itith
h t he
po int o f dis ch a rge a nd vi brbrati
ation
on movi ng a lon
ongg t he wall
all,, w hile
le,, fo r column
col umnss, t he po int o f
d isc harge aan
nd vibrat
vibra t io n is raised
raised verti
verticacallly
ly.. T hese co nditi
nditioo ns can be co nse rvat
vatiive
velly de fin ed
us ing t he fo llowi
llowin
ng s imp le defiefin
ni t io ns :

wall orbasc sec t io n w he re e it heuhe w id th o r bread t h excee

xceed
ds 2 m
o umn sectio
secti o n w her
eree bo tw
twiidt
dthh and brea dt
dthh are 2 m o r less.

These de fin iti

ition
onss a re s hown d iagrammati
ticall
cally
y in F ig ure 6.

The few site data reco r ded fo r s ma ll

ll,, s ing
ngle
le-- sto
storrey col
olumn
umnss ind
indiica
cate
ted
d a n u id pr
press
essu
ure
d is trib utio
tionn . The fo rmu
mulla ge
genne ra
rall ly pred ic ts n u id head fo r sm all co lumn
umns.s. Th is is reaso na ble
le,,
becca use sm all co lumn
be umnss can be p lace aced
d ve
verry qu ick ly and v ibrated s uc h that t he full n u id heaeadd is
mo bi lise
ised.
d. However
However,, a n an a lys is o f t he fo rces o n cololumn
umn clclam
am ps indi ca
cattes tha t they wou
wo uld fa il

if conc
ncrrete in co lum ns devel
deve lo ps full n uid p ress
essuure . It is therefore wwiidesprea
despreadd p ra
racc t ice 10
design smsm a ll p ly a nd t imb
imbee r col umn fo nn s ass
ssum
um ing le ss t ha n t he flui
flu id he
heaad . T he po ss ssiible
exp lanati
anation
on o f th is anom
nomaa ly has not bee n e x peri
erimenta
mentallly ve ri fie
fied
d.

2 1 FORMWORK PERMEABILITY
Fo nn wo
work
rk p ress
ressu dec reases as th fonn
u re decr fonnw wo rk pe
perrmeab ility inincrea
eases
ses,, if all oth
ot her co nd itio
ionns are
equal.
eq ual. T h is re n ects the
t he exte nt to wh ic h excess porewat
porewater pressur
press uree ca n d iss
ssiipat
patee t hrou
hroug
g h t he
fonnw
fonn wo rk . T he pressu
press ures are s ub
ubss ta nt
ntiiall
allyy lowe r w it
ith
h e xt
xtrr eme ly pe nneable fo nn mater ials su such
as expan
expande ded
d me ta
tall or fa br ic. In t heory , t he des
esiig n eqequ uat
atiio n s ho uld co nt
ntaa in a fac
factto r fo
fomm1
pem
pe m1ea bil ity. Effec
Effectts such as red uc ti on o f pe nnea
nneab b ility th ro ug h p revio us usage a nd the use o f
seaa le rs a nd coa tings
se tings,, thro w doubt on the pract ctiica l:ify s uc h a fafacc to r Becau
cause se t he d es
esiig n
equa
eq uatt io n d oes no t inc lu
ludde a fact
facto r fo r fo rm pe
pemm1ea bil ity , the es t ima
mate
ted
d press
essuures are not
ap pl ica ble to fonn ma ma te rials su
such as ex panded met etaa l, whe
wherre t hey effec
effectt ive
velly ac
actt as free su
s urfaces
and pr
preve
eve nt t he bui ld up o f po rew a ter pressu
press ure.

a ll
llss and bases
bases

21 - - - - - - - - - - - -

1 lo- C o lumns

Figure 6
Plan dimensions I I
showing sections 2 3
defined s olumns
o r walls nd bases
Brea
Br eadth
dth ( ml
C IRIA Report 1 8 15

2 11 FORMWORK STIFFNESS
STIF FNESS AND ROUGHNESS
ROUGHN ESS
S tudy o f the data s uggests tha t t he use o f s t i ff
ffee r fo r ms res u lts n h ig h p res s u res . C o nve
nverrse ly ,
ind
ndepe
epe nd
ndee nt rese
reseaarch wo
worrk shows th
t ha t t he fo nnw o rk pressure decreases s ub
pressu ubst
stan tia ll
llyy if a s ti ff
fo rm is mo
move
ved
d sl ig ht
htlly ou tw a rds
rds.. In most pract
practiica l si
sitt uat ion
onss, the s ti ffness o f a fom1 varr ies
va
from
fro m poi
oinnt to po int, a nd it is d iffi
ifficc ult to q uan
uantify.
tify. Fo rm wo r k s t i ffoess was no t, the
herrefore
efore,,
inc luded in the d esig
esign
n equ a t io n.

Wh i le t he co ncre te is ac tin
tingg as a fl uid, t he fo nn wo rk ro ug hn
hness
ess is im mat e r ia l, unti l a par ti cle
s truct
ructuure fo n n s and the co nc re te st art
rtss to deve lo p inte rn a l fr
friic ti o n. Co
Comp
mp ared w it
ith
h ot
othher
fac tor
fac orss, its in fl ue nce o n the max imum pres s ure is small
sma ll , and it has not been iso la
latted in t he
des
esiig n equ a t io n.

2 12 SLOPE OF THE FORM

Th e pr
press
ess ur
uree o n slop
slopiing fo n n s was no t specific
specificaa lly e xa m ined in t he resea
esearrc h, a nd o n ly a few
exp e r ime nta l res ults were av ai lab le However
However,, the C Ribl:
Ribl:tt hod de scr ibe
ibedd in t his R ep ort can
be use
sedd co nserva tive
velly w ith no n -para ll el sid
si ded wa ll s wi th and wi thou t a un
unii fom
fom11 ra
rate
te o f r ise.
If the vo lum
umee s upp
upplly ra
rate
te is vari
vari ed so tha t t he ra
rate
te o f verti ca l rise is co nstan t, t he equati
quatioon or
tab
ta b les ca n be di re ct ly used. The p res s u re a t any lev
evee l i n the po ur is the sa me o n bo th faces,
faces,
a nd t he directio
directi o n o f acti
actioo n is pe rp
rpee nd
ndiic ular to the fo rm (see F ig u re 7)
7)..

Th e follo
followi
win
ng m et hod is s uggested fo r ca lcu la tin
tingg the p ress
ressuure envel
enve lope with
wit h a co ns tant
volu
vol u me sup ply ra
rate
te :

1. Sp l it t he po ur into ho r izontal lev

evee ls with
wit h the verti ca l di stan ce between
betwee n ea ch leve
each levell I m o r
less
ess..

2 Ca lc
lcuulate the p lan are a a t ea
eacc h leve l

m)

Figure 7 Pressure envelopes on the fonnwork o a wall with sloping face where
the fluid he d is fully developed
16 r l R IA R Fmnrt 1 OR

3. C a lc ulat e t he in stantan eo us ra
ratt e o f rise at each lev e l fro
fromm

unifo
nifonn
nn vol
vo lume su pply ra
ratte M h)
- '-d =
lan area
area at t he leve
evell cons
onsiide red l)
l)n
n

4. C a lc ulat
ulatee the pressu
press ure at ea ch lev e l us in
ingg the full he
heiig ht o f t he h fomn l,h either the
eq uat
atiion or tables
tables..

5 . Produ ce t he des
esiign press
pressuure e nve lo pe actin
actingg a t right a ng les to the fo m1 .

h is proced ur
uree is il lust ra
rate
tedd in Ex
Exaa mp les 4, 5 a nd 6 (pages 23 to 3 0).

2 3 PLACING METHOD
he diffe re nc
ncee be tween pl
p lac
acin
ing
g m lifts and co nt
ntiinuou
nuouss ve
vert
rt ic a l p lac
aciing has bee n desc rib
ibeed m
S ectio
ection
n 2.
2.99.

he desig
esignn equ a t io ns do no t ap p ly to co nditi
nditioo ns w he re t he co nc
ncrrete is be in
ingg pum pe
pedd fr
fro
om
bellow o r w he re pre-
be pre -p laced la rge aggr egat
atee is gr o ute
tedd fr
fro
o m be low
ow.. In bot
bothh these ca
c ases
ses,, the
fo rm
rmwo
worrk pressu
press ures are l ike ly to be highe
igherr than those given
given in t his R epo
eport.
rt. A meric
erican
an
experienc
experiencee(• ) s ugges
ggestts that t he fonn wo
worr k sho uld be d esig
esignned to wit
withhst
staa nd nu id pres s ur
uree p lus
50 fo r pum p surge.

2 4 RATE OF RISE
he ra
ratte at w hich the co nc re te r i ses verticall
verti cally
y u p t he fo nn wo
worrk is an im po rt
rtaa nt facto
factorr, a nd it is

incl
in cl ud
udeed in t he d esign equa ti o n. In practice
practice,, th is is never co nsta
stant
nt,, but
but,, t he use o f a n a ve
verrage
rat e o f r ise is nonnall
rate lly
y ad eq uate fo r vertica
vertica l fo nnw o rk. The a ve
vera
rage
ge ra
rate
te o f r ise mig ht no t be
mig
app lic
icaa ble when a consi
sidde rab le l ift is p laced rap
ra pid ly , fo llowed by a lo ng de lay befor
befo re the
s ubse
bseqq ue nt lift.

As t he ra
rate
te o f r ise in
inc reases
eases,, t he ma
maxi
ximum
mum press
essuure increases
eases,, but the rel
elaa ti o nsh
ship
ip is no t
linear. A t h ig h ra
rates
tes o f rise
ise,, ch
chan
an ges in
in the rat
ra te o f r ise have less effect on
o n the max imum
pressu
pressu re tha n c ha
hanges
nges ata t lowe r ra tes o f ri se (see Fi
F ig ur
uree 8).

2 5 IMPACT OF CONCRETE DISCHARGE

he effects o f impac t on d isch
schaarge ar
a re inc
ncoo rp
rpoo rated in
into t he desig
esignn equ a t ion
on.. A tte
tenti
nti o n is
d raw
rawnn to t he c o mm ents in Se
Secc t ion 2.8.

• Flui
luid
~- - - - - -~---
d pressure

Q)
:::
II
II
Q)

ct

Figure 8
elationship between
rate o f rise and pressure Ratt e of ver
Ra ve r tical rise
C IRIA Repo
Rep ort 1 8 17

2 16 VIBRATION

Th e d es ig n met
ethhod assu
ass um es no nn a l inte
terna
rnall vi brati
atioo n. D eep re
revvibra
ibratt io n c an s ubs ta
tant
ntia
ia ll y
inc
ncrease
rease the fo rmw o r k p ress
essur
uree a bove t he calc
calcuula ted va lue. I f t his techn iq ue is 10 be use sedd, the
fo nn shou ld be desigesign
ned to witwithhsta
stand
nd t he flu id pres s ur
uree a t t he depth
dept h o f poke
pokerr im
immmer s io n if
th is is gr ea ter than the no nn a l de s ign va lue.

Th is design me tho
hodd d oes no t app ly to externall
exte rnally
y- vi brat ed c on
oncre
crette. The ac t io n o f v ibra
brati
tin
ng the
fo rm ind uces str
str ess addi
a ddi ti o nal to that create
reated
d by t he c on cre
rette pres s ure.

2 17 UNDERWATER CONCRETING

Wh en fo nn wo
worrk is de s ig ned fo r use und
undee r wa ter, the b uoy an t we ig ht de nsit
sity
y (D ens ity o f
co nc rete - D e nsity o f wate
waterr = 25 9.81
9.8 1 .15 kN / m ) is no nn all
allyy used to ca lcu
lcullat e t he
e ff
ffec
ec t ive fo n nw o rk press
pressu
ure. Fo
Forr fully -s ubme rge
gedd sect
sectiio ns , t he fo n nw o rk pressu
pressure ca n be
ca lc ulated us in
ingg eith
eit he r

l. t he des
esiign equati
quatioo n (see page 9) ,\ llw 15 kN/ rn
or

2 . 0 .6 ti
timmes t he valu
val ue o bt a ined fro m Table 2 page 11 ).

Th e proc
proceedu res a re base
sedd o n t he assum
ass um ptio
ption
n t hat the s tati
taticc wa ter p res s ure is equa l o n both

si des o f the fo rm wo r k, a nd t hat it d oes not res

sid esuult in s t resses in the fo rmwor
mwork k. T his is a
reaso
easonna ble bas is fo r des ig n whe
when n the water
wate r le ve l is no t ch
chan
angg ing , but it ca n unde
unde r-es
estt ima
mate
te t he
pres s ures where t he re is a ra
rappid dro p in w ate
terr lev e l d u r in
ingg c onc
oncre
rett ing . T his latte r s itua ti o n is
a nalog
ogoo us to an eart
earthh da m s ubje c ted to rap
ra pid d raw
rawdd owmh al\
al\ge
ge in wate
waterr level p ro
rodd uces
a n in
inss ta
tant
ntaaneo us ch an
ange
ge in press
pressu ure on th
t he o utsi
tsidde o f a fo rm
rm,, but
bu t a much slower ch c hange in t he
wateterr pres s ure w it hin t he co ncre
crette, bec ause that d e pend s u po n the pe rmea bil ity a nd hyd ra rau
ul ic
g radi
radiee nt w i thin the co nc
ncrrete. Wh
W hen t he wa ter leve l is fa llin
lling
g rap id ly
ly,, th is effect can
ca n res
esuult in
the ho r izo nta
ntall pr
press
essur
uree e xce edin
dingg t he verti
erticcal pressu
press ure ( see Figu
Fig ure 9 ) . On t he o t he r hand
and,, a
risi
sinng water
wate r le ve l red uc
uces
es the form wo
worr k pr
press
essur
uree . In t he
hese
se c irc um sta
stannces
ces,, the fo rm wo r k
s hou
houlld be de s ig n ed to res ist the effec ti ve fo nn wo
worrk press
pressu
u re plus a sur
urcc ha rge prop
roportio
ortiona
na l to
the m ax
aximum
imum ti da l fal l
 Pressure
Pressure (kN/
(kN/mm2 )

.
0 40 60 80 9

.
1 20 30 50 70 1

8 • • •

_ _
9 I -
Tl -
,-

, l
.
1
-
\

·,
Formwork pressure
\
E
11 -
_i __ • ---- -: =
Cl)

E \
.-

:
i= \

12 - \
_
Calculated
\ vert ical
I
I

3
\ pressure I

•--,•
- \

•
\ I

14 -

ressure reduction ---4

I
on the outs
outsidide
e of the
15 form as a result of the fall I
in tide l evel

Figure 9 Press{lre meas{lre ments on an {lnderwater tremie po{lr

3 Examples

The following examples illu

illuss trate the proced
procedur
uree fo r ca lc u lat
atiing t he de s ign pr
pressu
essurre
d ist
strr i bution.

3 1 BRIDGE ABUTMENT
AB UTMENT
Section 0.8 X 6 X 5 111 h igh Abutment details
c , = 1.0
Concrete OPC nonna l-weight concret
concre te n h = 5 m
C2 = 0.3
Concrete temperature a t placia, ° C D = 25 kN / nI
2 K = 1 92
: K =( ~ ) =1.92
10 16
R= 5 m/ h
nr// h pumped
Rate o f placemen 4 nr
From tables

R ate or
. n s
24
5 m/h P max = 80 kN/ri\
0. 8 X 6

From table P max (al 4 mt 75 kN/ri\

From fo n n u la
P max (al 6 mt 85 kN/ri\
P max = 80 kN/ri\
P max (al 5 mt 80 kN/ri\
kN// ni < Dh = 125 kN
80 kN kN// m
From formala

P max = 25 .o - 5 0 3 x l. ?2~5 - 1 0 '5 )

80 kN / m2 Dh

Pressure eavelope fcmrmwork desiJ:•

~ 3 .2 m
25

5 m

80 kN/
kN / ni
 3 2 PARTITION WALL

Wall details

Section 0.2 X 5 X 4 m high

c , = 1.0
H =; = 4 m
C2 = 0.3
oacrete or e lig htweight concret
concre te
o= 19 kN/r
N/rn
n
{= 1.35
oncrete temperature at placi ngi°
ngi °C

36 ) f = 10 m/ h
35
K = ( 15 + 16 =-
Ra t e o f riscO
risc O m/ h
From tables

tables
P max = 70 kN
kN// m
From Pm (al v 25 k N/ riJ = 90 kN / m

19
: . P max (al o I > kN riJ = X 90 =2 68 kN / m
25 F ro m fo nnula

P max = 65 kN/
kN/ m
68 kN / m < D t = 76 kN/ r

From formula

P . = 19 .0 Jfo + 0.3 X J.35 ~ 4 - 1. 0 io )

= 67
67.. 1 kN
kN// m < 76 kN/t
N/tii
ii

P ress
essuure en vel ope for fo rm wo
worr k de s ign

65 _
3.4 m
4 m 19

65 k N ITT
1~ . I
r l R IA RP n n rt 1n R 21

3 3 LIFT SHAFT

Section

m . 2f5 nm

lan w w 8 m high)

Contin uou
uouss vertical
vertica l pl acing and cons
constant
tant vibra
ibratt ion unl ike ly T heref
efoo re tr eat as a w all wit h
brea dt h = 4x 1.75 m

Equivalent scctiod> 25 x 7 x 6 m high Sltaft details

Concrete OPC norma

normall-weight concret
concre te cH, =h 1 0 6 m
C2 = 0.3
Concrete temperature a t placingi
placingi°° C o 25 kN
kN// ril
K 1.35
36 ) ' I 5
K ( 15 + 16 = _.
5 m/ h
Rate o f riso m/ h

From tables P mx = 75 kN/r

kN/ri\<
i\< Oh = 150 kNAn Pm x = 75 kN / ri\

enve lope fo r fo r mwo

Pres s ure envel mworrk design

I
5
25
6m

2
7 kN /m
I I I
3 4 MASS CONCRETE RETAINING WALL

Section

3. m
Wall details

En d elevation 10 m long
cH == 51. 0m
C 2 = 0.45
oacrete OPC nomial
omial-- we
weiight concr
conc rete with
wit h reta rd er D= 25 kN / m

oncrete temperature at placi.rig °C K = 1.92

2

:. 6) = 92
g = 18 mh
:1
U niform volume supply One 6 m t ruck ever
eve ry 20 m m = I 8l/h1

Ra t e o f rise T he ratee
rat of r ise inc reases as the pour prog
progrresses becau
because t he secti
section narrows.
Therefore t he p ressu
essurres a re ca lc
lcuulated for instanta
instantanneo us rat
rates o f rise a t specific
leve ls. T he full heig ht of the fo rm work is used in the fo rmula irrespective o f
t he level fo r w hi ch it is calculated.

R Un i fonn vol ume

mess uppl
pplyy ra
ratte (m / h) 3

- P la n ar
a rea a t levelco
levelcon
nsi
sidered
dered (m / h)

U si n g formala

~ = D (C, f a + C, K - C, )

= 25 ( f a 0.45 x 1 92 Js - )

= 25 ( + o.864 J s - )
A rea , A B rea
eaddt h f/3) x w idt h w)

h m)

~ o

4
0.5

T
1.0
·· I 1.5

h I 20
w 25

I 3 .0
I 35

4 .0

I 4.5
4.5
I 5 .0

alcalatioo o f rate o f rise and pressure

I Dl w A R Pm x (k N / m2) Pressure at
( m) (k N/ m2 (m))
(m (m2) (m/ h)
(m/ (kN// m2)
(kN

0 0 1 00 10.0 1.80
1.80 0
0.50 12.5 1 25 12 .5 1.44 72 12.5
1.00
1.00 25.0 1 50 15.0 1.20 70 > 25.0
1.50
1.50 37.5 1 75 17.5 1.03
1.03 68 Fluid 37.5
2.00 50.0 2.00 20.0 0.90 67 head 50.0
2.50 62.5 2.25 22 .5 0.80 66 62.5
3.00 75.0 2.50 25.0 0.72 65 65.0
3.50 87.5 2.75 27.5 0.65 64 64.0
4.00 100.0 3.00 30.0 0.60 64 64.0
4.50 I 12.
12.5
5 3.25 32.5 0.55 63 63.0
5.00 125.0 3.50 35.0 0.51 63 63.0

Pressure envelope f mrmwork dcsig•

ite: Pressu
Pressurre ac ts a t r ight angles to face,
face, and th
t he stab i lity o f the fo rms has 10 be conside
considerre d .

5m

631</Wm
3 5 RIDGE COLUMN

ection

I
l m
I• I Sm I l~ 5 m

5m

5m

5m

m 2 .5 m

nd eievonon Front vi
vie
ew

olumn details
ectioa cast
A lthoug h one p lan dimens ion is g r ea ter th an 2 the section shou ld be
c= 1. 5

cons id e re d a column because the v ib ra ti o n and ve rt ical p lac in

ing
g a re lik el
elyy H 16 m
to be continu
inuous
ous..
C = 0.3
2
oacrete OP normal- weight concre te with
wit h a ir ent r a ining agent D 5 kN / n1

C IRIA Report 1 8 25
 oncrete temperatnre at placiift°

... K
( 1036
+ 16 ) = I ,2 K = 1.92

U niform volnme s npply rate 20 rrr / h

Rate o f ri seVa
eVarriab le. Has to be c a lculated at s pec i fic depths. P ress
ressu
ure ca lc
lcuulated usin
usi ng this
ra te and t he full height o f the fo 1m .

Us in g formula

P = D (C, f +c , X K H - C J:f )
: 25 ~ .5/;f + 0.3 X J. 9 2 J 6 - l.5 J:ff )
J:
= 25 .5/;f + o s16J16 - 1.5 J:f)

alculation o f rate o f rise aad pres

presss ure a t a uaiform volame s apply rafithof 2 m

I Dl1 w A R p Pressure a t
m) (k N / m2) (m) (m) (m2) (m/ h)
(m/ (kN/
(kN/ 2) ;, (kN
(kN// m2)

1 25 1. 5 1.0 1.5 13 3 183 25

2 50 1. 5 1.0 1.5 13 3 183 50
75 1.5 1.0 1.5 13 3 183 > 75
4 100 1.5 1.0 1.5 13 3 183 F u id 100
5 125 1.5 1.0 1.5 13 3 183 h, ad 125
6 150 1.7 1.0 1.7 11.8 176 150
7 175 1.9 1.0 1.9 10.5 170 170
8 200 2. 1 1.0 2. 1 9.5 164 164
9 225 2.3 1.0 2.3 8.7 160 160
10 250 2.5 1.0 2.5 8.0 155 155
11 275 2.5 1.2 3.0 6.7 147 147
12 300 2.5 1.4 35 5.7 140 140
13 325 2.5 1.6 4.0 5.0 135 135
14 350 2.5 1.8 4.5 4.4 130 130

1
165
375
400 2
2..5
5
2.0
2.5
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0 1
127
27
127
127
?fi

Press
Pressur
uree e nve lope r fom
fom1
1wor
workk de
dess ign

h m)

Pressu re l:N m~
__I_ 0

I ~

j
, ·>
__I_ 1
50 - ·

__I_ 2

__I_ 3

00 __I_ 4

__I_ 5

__I_ 6

'0
164
/ ::~ ~~
I
I
\ I
I
1
__I_ 7

__I_ 6

__I_ 9
I
I

I -
155 I ____ _ _ I _ 10

147 l
I _ _ I _ 11
I
\ I
14 \
1
1 _ _ I _ 12

t
I
I _ _ I _ 13
135 I I
I

I _ _ I _ 14
13 I
'
I I
127
I _ _ I _ 15

I
_ _ I _ 16

Fron t ll ew
r
es sure e nve lo pe f cmrmwork dcsiga
es

h{m
Pressure (k/. ffl~

I 2

I 3

I 4

I 5

164 I

16 9

I 10

I 12

35
I 13

13
I 14

12 7
12 7 o· I 15

12 7
11• I 16

End OOl Oio n

28 CI RIA Reoort 108

3.6 V COLUMN
1.2Sm l.2Sm 1m l.2Sm 1.2Sm
I• •I• •• •I• •I• •

5m

2m 2m 2m
•

Front vi w En 818 1/on

ection A lthoug h the breadt h exceed s 2 , t he pos s b i lity o f co n t in uous vertical olumn details
p la cing a n d v ib ra ti o n cannot be d isco
iscoun
un te d c, = 1 5
H= 8 m
oaerete O P C no rm al
al--we ight co nc re te wi t h su pe rp las t ic iser C2 = 0.3
o 25 kN / m
oaerete temperature at plaein il ery co ld wi
winn ter co nd it
itiion s, so taken a s 5°C

K 2.94
K 36 ) = 2 .94
( 5 + 16
U niform volume supply ra v o 6 m ru
rucc k s pe r h o ur = 12 3 lh

U si ng formala

p= o c, +, X K x Jn - c , )
= 25 ~.5/R + 0.3 X 2.94J8 - J .5 J i

= 25 .5/R + 0.88 J 8 - 1. 5 J i
C alcalation o f rate o f rise aad pres sure a t a uniform volume s apply ra
raftthof
ftthof 12 m

h h w A R p Pressure at
m) kN / m2 m) m) 2 m/ h) kN / 2) kN / m2

')
1 25 25 I 25 48 25
2 50 2.5 I 2.5 4.8 130 > 50
' 75 2.5 I 2.5 4.8 30 Fluid 75
4 100 2.5 I 2.5 4.8 130 ad
head
he 100
5 125 2.5 I 2.5 4.8 130 125
6 150 30 I 3.0 4.0 124 124
7 175 2.5 I 2.5 4.8 130 130
8 200 2.0 I 2.0 6.0 138 138

alf pr es
esss ure envelope fisrmwork d esig•

r ssure (kN/m~
1 0

1 I

1 2

1 5

1 6

x 7

1 8

rontvluN fl (m

x 0

1 l

1 3

I 4

I s

I 6
I

,. '\I
x 7

< 1 8
 cknowledgements

P A. GA n d rews Tay lor Wo Wooo d row Co nstruc

structtio
ionn L imi
mitted
D A . Bi Bidd d lec o m be G KN Kw ik for formm Lim ited
P. E . Le B iha hann Ballfo
Ba fouu r Be att
tty
y Cons
Constt ruct ion Li m ited
D P. B ur urrage
rage S teve lan
and d Pr
Prood ucts Li
L im ite d
A . I L. Byers Ballfo
Ba fouu r Beatty Const
Const ruct ion Li m ited
R P. Ca nnon Fro d in g ham Ce men entt Compa
Compan n y Lim ited
J. R. C ha m p ion Sir Alfred McA lp ine & Son Limited
J. Co ll ins Mabey ll ire Co Comm pan
anyy Lim ited

A . T . Co rn ish Bl ue C irc
Blu rclle In
Ind
d us
usttr ies P LC / Ce
Cemment Ma n u facture
facturerrs Fe
Fed
d erat
eratiion
J. Da ll away Ove A nt p & Partners
R. M . Ed Edm meads Ceme ta tatt im
im1
1 Resear
esearcc h Li iced/Cem
ed/Cemee nt Adm ixt u res Associ
Assoc iatio
ation
n
P. J . Eg an Fosroc Te ch no logy Lim ited/Cem ed/Cemee nt A d m ixtures Assoc
Assoc ia t io n
A . J . Gol
Gold d s m ith Wim
Wi m pey Const ructructiio n U K) Lim ited
P. S. G oodall Poz ame nt Ceme nt Lim ited
J. I larr
larriington
ngton--Ly nn Dep
epaa rt
rtmm e nt o f th
thee Envi
Env iron m e nt
J. E. llarr is Mabey ll ire Co m pan any y Lim ited
J. R. ingworth Wim
Wi m pey Constructio
ruction n ( U K) Lim ited
G. S . K irk Bl ue C irc
Blu rclle In
Indd us
ustt r ies P LC / Ce
Cemment Man u factfactu
u re
rerrs Fe
Fed
d erat
eratiion
F. Lane S ir Ro be11 McAlp
cAlpiine & S o ns L imit imiteed
. R. Lu c ke tt C hart Formwo rk L im it ed
D Mahe
Maherr M B Fo rmwo rk Limited
Limited/N /N a t ion a l Associa
Associatt io n o f Formwo
Formworrk Co nst ru
ructo
cto rs
W. E. Murp rph
hy Ce men
entt an
andd Co ncrete Assoc
Asso c ia t io n
P. L Owe ns Consult
Consult ant

K. R. Pook Property Se rv ices Age

Property Agenncy
S . M. Rao Prop e11)' Se rv ices Agen
Age nc y
P. L Raw l inson S tehno Lim ited
B. G Rich
chaa rdso
sonn C IR
IRIA
IA
P. Rogerson Tay lo r Wo
Wooo d row Constru
Construcc t io n L im ited
P. Row
Rowd
do n Ce m en
Cem entta t io:n C o nst ruct ion Lim ited
B. M . Sa dg rove C IR
IRIA
IA
M. F. Tay lo r Acrow En g inee neerrs ) Lim ited
C. F. Tum e r Rap id Me Mettal Dev eveelo p men
entt s Limited
R T. WaWarrd Ta rm a c Co ns nstr
truuct ion Lim ited
P F. Watson S tehno Lim ited
R. V Watson Cemen
Ceme nt anand d Co
Con ncr ete As so cia
ciatt io n
A . S. Wh ite Scaffolld ing (Grea
Scaffo (Greatt B rita in ) Limited
P. Williams
illiams Joh n Mo wl em & Co Com m pan y P LC
C. J . W ilsh ere Joh n La ing Cons
Constt ruct ion L im ited

References

I. K INN EA
EARR, R G t a l
T he pressu
ressure
re o f conc
concrrete o n fo
forrmwo r k
CE R A ( now C IRI A) Repor
eportt I, A pr il 1965

2 . I A RRI SO N, T . A.
T he pressu
ressure
re o n ve
ve111 ical fo rm work wh w h e n co ncrete is pl
p laced in wide se c t ions
Ce m e nt an
andd Co
Con nc re
rette Assoc
Asso c ia t ion, Resea
esearrc h Report 22 , Ma rc h 1983

3 . I IA BGOOD, M .G
S ite for mw o rk p ress ur
uree measu
easurre me n ts in w ide section
sectio ns recorded
recorded duri
dur ing th e pe
perriod o f Ma rc h 1980
to J u ne 198 I
Ce m e nt an
andd Co
Con
ncre te Associat
Associat io n D e pa11mental Note 2 0 58, 1982

4 . FO
FORDRD,, J . I I
Co n so
soll idat ion o f concre
concrette u sing pla~t
pla~ t ic for
form
m l in ers and
an d plas
plastt ic coated p lyw o od s
Co n ference paper
pape r, Se co nd In ternat io na l Co
Conn ference on
o n Fo
Form
rmiing Econ o m ica l
Con
Co ncrete Bui uilldings
dings,, Ch icago, No
No vember 19 19884
. 1