Unit

0 Sets, Functions and Groups

2
Q.1 What is set and order of a set? 11902001 Q.10 Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Q.2 Explain the ways describing a set. 11902002 A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}and
Illustrative example: 11902003 C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Q.3 What is the sub-set, proper sub-set List the members of each of the
and improper sub-set? 11902004 following sets: 11902028
c c
Q.4: What is difference between equal (i) A 11902029 (ii)B 11902030 (iii)AB 11902031
sets and equivalent sets? 11902005 (iv)A B 11902032

Q.5 Is there any set which has no proper (v) A C 11902033 (vi)A C 11902034
c c

sub set? If so name that set. 11902007 (vii) A C

c
11902035 (viii) Uc 11902036
Q.6 What is the difference between {a, b}
and {{a, b}}? 11902008 Q.11 Taking any set, say A = {1,2,3,4, 5}
Q.7 Which of the following sentences are verify the following: 11902037
true and which of them are false? 11902009 (i)  = A 11902038 (ii) A = A 11902039
(i) {1, 2} = {2, 1}11302231 (ii)  {{a}}11902010 (iii)  = A
(iii) {a} {{a}}11302233 (iv){a}  11902040

{{a}}11902011 Q.12 If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …..20} and

(v) a {{a}} 11302235 (vi) {{a}} 11902012 A={1,3,5,…..,19} verify the following: 11902041
Q.8 Define “union and intersection” of (i)  = U 11902042 (ii) U=A 11902043
two sets and complement of a set? 11902013 (iii)  = 
Q.9 Under what conditions on A and B 11902044

are the following statements true? 11902015 Q.13 From suitable properties of union
(i) A  B = A 11902016 (ii) A  B = B 11902017 and intersection deduce the following
(iii) A  B = A 11902018 (iv) A  B = B results. 11902045
11902019 (i) A 
(v) n (A  B) = n (A) + n(B) 11902020 () 11902046
(vi)n(A  B) = n(A) 11902021 ii
(vii)A  B = A 11902022 (viii)n(AB)=0 11902023 11902047
(ix)A  B = U11902024 (x) AB=BA 11902025
(xi)n(A  B) = n(B) 11902026 Q.14 Define sentence, statement, logic,
(xii) U  A =  11902027 inductive and deductive logic and
compound statement. 11902048

Q.15 Construct truth tables of “Conjunction”, “Disjunction” and “Implication”. 11902049

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Q.16 Define “Tautology”, “Absurdity”
and “Contingency”. 11902050
Q.17: Write the converse, inverse and contra positive of the following conditionals: 11902051
(i) ~ p  q 11902052 (ii) q  p 11902053 (iii) ~p  ~q 11902054 (iv)~ q  ~ p 11902055
18. Construct truth tables for the following statements: 11902056
(i) (p  ~p)  (p  q) 11902057 (ii) (p  ~ p)  q 11902058 (iii) ~(p  q)  (p  ~q) 11902059
19. Show that each of the following statements is a tautology: 11902060
(i) (pq)p 11902061 (ii) p(pq) 11902062 (iii)~(pq)p 11902063 (iv) ~q(pq)~p 11902064
20. Determine whether each of the following is a tautology, a contingency or an absurdity:
(i) p ~p 11902065 (ii) p  (q  p) 11902066 (iii) q  (~q  p) 11902067

Q.21 What is “Relation”, “Domain” and

“Range of a relation”? 11902068
B = . Examine which of the following are
relations from A to B and from B to A. 11902083 Fig. (3) 11902084 Fig. (4)
11902069
Q.26 Find the inverse of each of the
(a) 11902070 following relations. Tell whether each relation
(b) 11902071 and its inverse is a function or not: 11902085
(c) 11902072 (i) {(2,1), (3,2), (4,3), (5,4), (6,5)}
11902086
Q.22 What is “Into function” and “On to
function”? 11902073
(ii) {(1,3), (2,5), (3,7), (4,9), (5,11)}
11902087

Q.23 What is “Injective function” and (iii) {(x, y) | y = 2x + 3, x  R}

11902088
“bijective function”? 11902074
Q.24 For A = {1,2,3,4}, find the following (iv) {(x, y) | y2 = 4ax, x  0}
11902089
relations in A. State the domain and range
(v) {(x, y) | x2 + y2 = 9, | x|  3, | y |  3}
of each relation. Also draw the graph of 11902090
each. 11902075
Q.27 What is “Unary operation” and
(i){(x, y)} | y = x} 11902076 “Binary operation”? 11902091
(ii){(x, y) | y+x=5} 11902077 Q.28 Explain existence of “Binary
(iii){(x, y) | x+y<5} 11902078 operation”? 11902092
(iv){(x,y) | x+y>5} 11902079 Q.29 Give the table for addition of
elements of the set of residue classes
Q.25 Which of the following diagrams modulo4. 11902093
represent functions and of which type? 11902080 Q.30 (i)In a set S having binary operation
1
a
b
“a left identity and right identity” are
2
3
c
d the same? 11902094
(ii)In a set having associate binary
11902081 Fig. (1) 11902082 Fig. (2) operation “left inverse of an element in
equal to its right inverse”. 11902095

`
Q.31 Show that the adjoining table is that
of multiplication of the elements of the set
of residue classes modulo 5. 11902096

0 1 2 3 4
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 3 4
2 0 2 4 1 3
3 0 3 1 4 2
4 0 4 3 2 1
Q.32 Prepare a table of addition of the elements
of the set of residue classes modulo 4. 11902097
Q.33 Define groupoid, semi group,
monoid. 11902098

Q.34 What is “Group” and “Abelian

Group”? (Board 2014) 11902099
Q.35Ifa,b G and G in a group, solve the
equations: 11902100
(i) ax = b, 11902101 (ii) xa = b 11902102
Q.36 If a,b G and G in a group, then
show that (ab)-1 = b-1 a-1. 11902103
Q.37 Operation  performed on the two
member set G = {0, 1} is shown in the
adjoining table. Answer the questions:
11902104
(i) Name the identity element if it exists?
11902105
(ii) What is the inverse of 1? 11902106
(iii) Is the set G, under the given
operation a group? Abelian or non-
Abelian? 11902107
 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0
Q.38 Show that the set {1, , 2}, when
3 = 1 is an Abelian group w.r.t. ordinary
multiplication. 11902108
Q.39 If G is a group under the operation
 and a, b  G, find the solutions of the
equations: 11902109
(i) a  x = b, 11902110 (ii) x a = b 11902111

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 Multiple Choice Questions
1. A set is defined as: 11902112 9. Two sets A and B are said to be
(a) Collection of same objects. equivalent if: 11902120
(b) Well defined collection of same (a) n(A) = n(B)
objects.
(b) n(A)  n(B)
(c) Well defined collection of distinct
objects. (c) A and B do not have same number of
(d) None of these. elements
2. Distinct objects means: 11902113 (d) None of these
(a) Identical objects(b) Not identical 10. If set A = {1,2,3} and B = {2,1,3} then
(c) Similar (d) None of these sets A and B are: 11902121
3. The objects in a set are called: 11902114 (a) Not equal (b) Equal
(a) Elements (b) Sub-sets
(c) Disjoint (d) Overlapping
(c) Whole numbers
11. The well defined collection of disjoint
(d) Overlapping sets
object is a: 11902122
4. A set can be described by: 11902115
(a) Complex number
(a) One way (b) Two ways
(b) Rational number
(c) Several ways (d) Three ways
(c) Whole numbers
5. If a set is described in words, the
(d) Set
method is called: 11902116
12. A B (i.e., A  B and A = B) then:
(a) Tabular form 11902123
(b) Descriptive form (a) A is improper subset of B
(c) Set builder notation (b) A is proper subset of B
(d) Non-tabular method (c) B is improper subset of A
6. If a set is described by listing its (d) B is proper subset of A
elements within brackets is called: 13. If A  B and B  A then: 11902122
11902117
(a) A =  (b) A = B
(a) Set builder notation
(b) Tabular form (c) B =  (d) A ¿ B = 
(c) Descriptive method 14. A  B means: 11902125

(d) None of these (a) A is super set of B

7. If a set is described as (b) B is supper set of A
{ x | x ∈ N  x < 100} is the: 11902118
(c) A is subset of B
(d) A is equivalent to B
(a) Set builder notation
15. If n(S) = 3 then n {P(S)} = 11902126
(b) Tabular form (a) 2 (b) 4
(c) Descriptive method (c) 8 (d) 16
(d) Non-set builder method 16.The number of subsets of a set having
8. a∈ A means: 11902119
three elements is: 11902127
(a) a is an element of set A (a) 2 (b) 3
(b) a is subset of A (c) 4 (d) 8
(c) a is a whole number
(d) a contains A
17. If A  {1, 2, 3, ...., 99}, B  {x | x  N, (a) A and B are power sets
0 < x  100} then: (b) A and B are disjoint sets
11902128 (c) A and B are super sets
(a) A B (b) A  B (d) A and B are equal sets.
(c) B A (d) A  B 28. If A  B, then A  B is equal to: 11902139
18. The number of elements of the set (a) A (b) B
{x : x N, x= 1}, where N is the set of all (c)  (d) A  B
natural numbers, is: 11902129 29. If A  B, then A  B is equal to: 11902140
(a) 0 (b) 1 (a) A (b)
(c) 2 (d) infinite (c)  (d) A  B
30. A – B is a subset of: 11902141
19. A set having no element is called: 11902130
(a) A (b) B
(a) Null set (b) Subset (c) A  B (d) A  B
(c) Singleton (d) Super set 31. B – A is a subset of: 11902142
20. The proper subset E of a set F is (a) A (b) B
denoted by: 11902131 (c) A  B (d) A  B
(a) F  E (b) E  F 32. A  = 11902143

(c) F  E (d) E F (a) A (b) 

21. An Improper subset of a set F is: 11902132 (c) A (d) 
(a) U (b) X 33. A  = 11902144

(c) F(d)none of these. (a) A (b) 

22. If A  B = , and A =  then: 11902133 (c) A (d) 
(a) B =  (b) B = { 34. A A 11902145
(c) B = A (d) B  A (a) U (b) {0}
23. If sets A and B are equal then: 11902134
(c) A (d) 
(a) A  B (b) B  A
(c) A = B (d) AB 35. A  A 11902146

24. If A and B are two sets such that (a) U (b) {0}
A  B = A  B, then: 11902135 (c) A (d) 
(a) A and B are power sets 36. A  (B  C) = 11902147

(b) A and B are disjoint sets (a) 

(c) A and B are super sets (b) ( A B)  ( A  C )
(d) A and B are equal sets. (c) ( A B)  ( A  C )
25. For any two sets A = B if and only if (d) ( A B)  ( A  C )
AB= 11902136 37. If A and B are two sets, then
(a) A (b) B A  (A  B) is equal to: 11902148

(c) A  B (d) B  A (a) B (b) A

26. Which is the commutative law? 11902137 (c)  (d) none of these
(a) A  B = B  A 38. If A and B are two sets, then
(b) A  B = B  A A A is equal to: 11902149

(c) A  B = B A (a) A (b) B

(d) A  B = B  A (c)  (d) A  B
27. If A  B and B  A, then: 11902138
39. The intersection of two sets A and B is 48. The ordered pairs (4,5) and (5 , 4) are:
represented by: 11902150 (a) same (b) different 11902159
(a) A  B (b) A  B (c) both a and b (d) N
(c) A – B (d) A  B 49. { 0,  1,  2,  3,  4, ....... } is known
40. The difference of two sets A and B is as the set of: 11902160

represented by: 11902151 (a) numbers (b) positive numbers

(a) A  B (b) A  B (c) integers (d) rational numbers
(c) A – B (d) A  B 50. { 2, 4, 6, 8,......} represents the set of:
11902161
41. If A and B are both subsets of the same (a) Positive odd numbers
universal set X and AB X ,AB  (b) Natural numbers
then A and B are called: 11902152 (c) Prime numbers
(a) disjoint sets (d) Positive even numbers
(b) equal sets 51. If two sets have no element common,
(c) complementary sets they are called: 11902162
(d) overlapping sets (a) disjoint (b) over lapping
42. A  (B – A) = 11902153 (c) dissimilar (d) exhaustive
(a) A (b) { 52. If P = {1, 3} and Q = , then:
(c) B (d)  (a) P  Q (b) Q  P 11902163

43. If A B , B  A and A and B have at (c) P = Q (d) P  Q

least one element common, they are 53. If A = and B = , then:
called: 11902154 (a) A  B (b) B  A 11902164

(a) equal sets (b) null sets (c) A = B (d) None

(c) overlapping sets (d) subsets 54. If X = { 1 , 2 , 3 }, then P( X ) is: 11902165
44. A set containing finite numbers of (a) {  , {3} }
(b) {  , {1}, {2}, {1,2,3} }
elements is called: 11902155
(c) {  , {1} , {2} , {3} , {1,2},{1,3},
(a) null set (b) super set
{2,3} , {1,2,3} }
(c) finite set (d) infinite set
(d) None of these.
45. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {5, 6, 7} and
55. If A = {{5}}, then P(A) is equal to:
A  B is: 11902156 11902166
(a) {1, 2, 3} (b) {5, 6, 7} (a) {{ , {5}}} (b) { , {5}}
(c) {4} (d)  (c) { , {{5}}} (d) {{} , {5}}
46. If W= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4,….}, N={1, 2, 3, 4,....} 56. {0}  {1} is equal to: 11902167

then N – W = ? 11902157 (a) {{0} , {1}} (b) {0 , 1}

(a) W (b) {O} (c) { , {0} , {1}} (d) {{0 , 1}}
(c)  (d) none of these 57. If a relation is given by
47. If A { 1, 2, 7, 9 } , B  { 1, 4, 7, 11 } R then Range
then A and B are called: 11902158 R is: 11902168

(a) disjoint sets (a) { 0, 1, 3 } (b) { 1, 2, 3 }

(b) equal sets (c) { 2, 3, 4 } (d) { 1, 2, 4 }
(c) overlapping sets
(d) complementary sets
58. If A { 1 , –1 } then number of 11902178
(a) infinite (b) finite
elements in A A are:
(c) unique (d) not possible
11902169
68. To draw general conclusions from a
(a) 2 (b) 6
limited number of observations is
(c) 4 (d) 8
called: 11902179
59. S = {1, –1, 2, –2} is a group under:
11902170
(a) logic (b) proposition
(a) multiplication (b) subtraction (c) induction (d) deduction
(c) addition (d) None of these. 69. To draw general conclusions from well-
known facts is called: 11902180
60. S = {1 , , } where  is a cube root of
(a) logic (b) proposition
unity form an abelian group with
(c) induction (d) deduction
respect to: 11902171
70. A declarative statement which is either
(a) multiplication (b) division
true or false but not both is called:
(c) addition (d) subtraction 11902180
61. S = {1, – 1, i, – i} where i = form an (a) logic (b) proposition
abelian group with respect to: 11902172 (c) induction (d) deduction
(a) multiplication (b) division 71. A biconditional is written in symbols as:
(c) addition (d) subtraction (a) p q (b) p  q 11902181

62. The set S = {0 , 1} has closure property (c) p q (d) p  q

w.r.t. 11902173 72. (p q)  (q  p) is logically equivalent
(a) + (b) – to: 11902182

(c)  (d)  (a) p q (b) qp

63. An element e  S is said to be an (c) p q (d) p q
identity element of S w.r.t if 73. Which is the converse of the sentence
p  q? 11902183
a e=e a= 11902174
(a) q p (b) p q
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) qp (d) q  p
(c) a (d) None of the above
74. If p  q be a given conditional, then
64. An element b  S is said to be an inverse
its inverse is: 11902184
of a  S w.r.t if a b = b a = 11902175
(a) pq (b) q  p
(a) 1 (b) e
(c) qp (d) p q
(c) – 1 (d) None of the above 75. If q p be a given conditional, then its
65. The identity element in a group is: inverse is: 11902185
11902176
(a) pq (b) q  p
(a) unique (b) infinite
(c) qp (d) p q
(c) both a and b (d) not possible
76. If p  q be a given conditional, then its
66. In a group G, if b  b=b, then b =
11902177 contrapositive is: 11902186

(a) 1 (b) e (a) pq (b) q  p

(c) – 1 (d) { e } (c) qp (d) p q
67. Inverse of an element in a group is:
77. If p  q be a given conditional, then contrapositive always have the same
its contrapositive is: 11902187 truth-values.
(a) pq (b) q  p 86. Which of the following sentences is
(c) qp (d) p q
equivalent to (p  q)? 11902196
78. The conjunction of two statements p
and q is denoted by: 11902188
(a) pq (b) p q
(a) p q (b) p  q (c) p q (d) p  q
(c) p q (d) p  q 87. Additive inverse of is: 11902197
79. The sentence pq is true if and only if: (a) – (b)
(a) p is false and q is true 11902189 (c) – (d) 0
(b) both p and q are false 88. If R  A  B then R is an onto function
(c) p is true and q is false
(d) both p and q are true if: 11902198

80. The sentence p  q is false if and only if: (a) Dom R B , Range of R  A
(a) p is false and q is true 11902190 (b) Dom R A , Range of R  B
(b) both p and q are false (c) Dom R A , Range of R  A
(c) p is true and q is false (d) Dom R B , Range of R  B
(d) both p and q are true 89. R is a relation from A to B if and only if
81. The disjunction of two statements p and
R 11902199
q is denoted by: 11902191
(a) p q (b) p  q (a) B A (b) A A
(c) p q (d) p  q (c) B B (d) A  B
82. Which sentence is always false? 11902192 90. The phrase, “For all x in S”, is
(a) pp (b) q q abbreviated as: 11902200
(c) pq (d) q p (a) x S (b) x  S
83. If p  q is true, which sentence is also (c) x S (d)  x  S
true? 11902193
91. The phrase, “There exist an x in S”, is
(a) p q (b) p  q
(c) p q (d) p  q abbreviated as: 11902201

84. The proposition (p q)  (q  p) is (a) x S (b) x  S

shortly written as: 11902194 (c) x S (d)  x  S
(a) p = q (b) p  q 92. If two sets P and Q are equivalent, they
(c) p ~ q (d) p  q are denoted by: 11902202
85. Given the true statement: If the polygon is
(a) P  Q (b) P  Q
a rectangle, then it has four sides. Which
(c) P ~ Q (d) P = Q
statement must also be true? 11902195
93.If A  B, then A – B = 11902203
(a) If the polygon has four sides, then it is
(a) A (b)
not a rectangle.
(c) B (d) {
(b) If the polygon does not have four
sides, then it is not a rectangle. 94. Set A is proper subset of B is denoted
(c) If the polygon is not a rectangle, then it by: 11902204

does not have four sides. (a) B A (b)A  B

(d) If the polygon has four sides, then itis (c) A  B (d) A  B
a rectangle. 95. If (x – 2, 2)  (3, 2) , then: 11902205

Hint: A conditional and its (a) x 5 (b) x  2

 (c) x 5 (d) x  3 (c) semi-group
96. An element b  S is said to be an inverse (d) associative -group
of a S w. r. t * if: 11902206 104. The inverse of the linear function {(x,
(a) a * b = b * a = e y): y = mx + c} is: 11902214

(b) a * b = b * a = 0 (a) {(x, y): x = my + c}

(c) a * b = b * a = 1 (b) {(x, y): y = mx + c}
(d) a * b = b * a = a (c) {(x, y): y = mx – c}
97. In a binary relation, the set consisting of (d) {(x, y): y = mx + d}
all the first elements of the ordered 105. The graph of the quadratic function
pairs is called: 11902207 is a: 11902215
(a) function (b) range (a) straight line (b) line segment
(c) domain (d) antecedent (c) parabola (d) circle
98. In a binary relation, the set consisting of p
all the second elements of the ordered
106. Q = {x | x = q where p, q ∈ Z  q  0}
pairs is called: 11902208
is a set of: 11902216
(a) function (b) range (a) Rational numbers
(c) domain (d)conclusion (b) Irrational numbers
99. In the conditional p  q, p is called: (c) Set of natural numbers
11902209
(d) Set of integers
(a) antecedent (b) consequent
107. is called converse of: 11902217
(c) domain (d) range
100. In the conditional p  q, q is called: (a)
11902210 (b)
(a) antecedent (b) consequent (c)
(c) domain (d) range (d)
101. A statement which is true for all
108. If then complement of A in B is:
possible values of the variables 11902218
involved in it, is called a: 11902211 (a) A – B
(a) tautology (b) conditional (b) B – A
(c) implication (d) absurdity (c)
102. A compound statement of the form “if
(d)
p then q” is called an: 11902212
(a) tautology (b) conditional
(c) consequent (d) absurdity
103. A groupoid (S) is called ------------ if it
is associative in S. 11902213
(a) group (b) abelian-group