CONTENTS

S. No Topic Name Page No

1. Function 1-50
2. Inverse Trigonometric Function 1-39
3. Method of Differentiation 1-45
A. DEFINITION

Function is defined as a rule or a manner or a mapping or a correspondence f which maps each & every
element of set A with a unique element of set B. It is denoted by :
f
f :AB or A  B we read it as “ f is a function from A to B”

f f
A B A B
1 w w
x 1 x
2
Ex. f maps A to B 3 y Yes y No
4 z 2 z

Figure (1) Figure (2)

f
A B
Figure –2 does not represent a function because conversion 1 w
2
is allowed (figure–3) But diversion is not allowed. 3 Yes
x
4

Figure (3)
Ex.1 Which of the following correspondences can be called a function ?

(A) f(x) = x3 ; {–1, 0, 1}  {0, 1, 2, 3} (B) f(x) =± x ; {0, 1, 2}  {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}

(C) f(x) = x ; {0, 1, 4}  {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} (D) f(x) = – x ; {0, 1, 4}  {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}
Sol. f(x) in (C) & (D) are functions as definition of function is satisfied. while in case of (A) the given relation is not
a function, as f(–1)  codomain. Hence definition of function is not satisfied. While in case of (B), the given
relation is not a function, as f(1) = ± 1 and
f(4) = ± 2 i.e. element 1 as well as 4 in domain are related with two elements of codomain. Hence definition
of function is not satisfied.

Ex.2 If X = {a, b, c, d, e} & Y = {p, q, r, s, t} then which of the following subset(s) of X × Y is/are a function from
X to Y.
(A) {(a, r) (b, r) (b, s) (d, t) (e, q) (c, q)} (B) {(a, r) (b, p) (c, t) (d, q)}
(C) {(a, p) (b, t) (c, r) (d, s) (e, q)} (D) {(a, r) (b, r) (c, r) (d, r) (e, r)}
Sol. Let us check every option for the two conditions of the function
(A)  b has two output (images) namely r & s  Not a function
(B)  e  X does not have any image  Not a function
(C)  every element of X has one and only one output  it is a function
(D)  every element’s output is r  it is a function
Hence correct options are (C) & (D).

“Function” as an ordered pair : f

f :AB A B
1
f : {(1, x), (2, x), (3, x)} x
2
 f A×B
3 y
where A × B is the cartesian product of two set A & B
= {(1, x), (2, x), (3, x), (1, y), (2, y), (3, y)}

1
 Remark : Every function from A to B satisfied the following Relation :
(1) f A×B
(2) Notation :  a  A  b  B | b = f(a)
  
(For all) (there exist) (such that)
(3) (a, b)  f & (a, c)  f  b = c
(4) In a graphical representation of a function y = f(x).
If vertical line cuts the curve more than once then it is not a function. It is called as vertical line test
2
y = 4ax y = f(x)

Ex : It is not a function as vertical line touches

curve at more than once point.

B. DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION

Let f : A  B, then the set A is known as the domain of f& the set B is known as co-domain of f. If a member
‘a’ of A is associated to the member ‘b’ of B, then’b’ is called the f-image of ‘a’ and we write b = f(a). Further
‘a’ is called a pre-image of ‘b’. The set {f(a):  a  A} is called the range of f and is denoted by f(A).
Clearly f(A)  B.
If only expression of f(x) is given (domain and codomain are not mentioned), then domain is set of those
values of ‘x’ for which f (x) is real, while codomain is considered to be (–) (except in ITFs)
A function whose domain and range are both subsets of real numbers is called a real function.

(Algebraic Operations on Functions) : If f & g are real valued functions of x with domains A and B respectively,
then both f & g are defined in A  B . Now we define f + g , f  g , (f . g) & (f/g) as follows:
(i) (f ± g) (x) = f(x) ± g(x)

(ii) (f  g) (x) = f(x)  g(x)  domain in each case is A  B

f 
(iii)   (x) = f ( x ) domain is {x  x  A  B and g(x)  0} .
 g g( x )

x5
Ex.3 Find the domain of definition of the function y = log10 2
3 x5
x  10 x  24
Sol. For y to be defined

x5
(i) 2
0
x  10x  24
When x – 5, x = 5 and when x2 – 10 x + 24, x = 4, 6
x 5
sign scheme for 2 is as follows. – –ve 
x  10 x  24 4 +ve 5 –ve 6 +ve

x5
Put x = 0  2
 0  4 < x < 5 or x > 6 ...(A)
x  10x  24
1
(ii) ( x  5 ) 3 is defined for all x ...(B)

Combining (A) and (B), we get 6 < x <  or 4 < x < 5  Domain = ] 4, 5 [ U ] 6,  [

2
Ex.4 Find the domain of the function f(x) = x2  x  6 + 6x

Sol. x2 – x – 6  0 and 6– x 0
(x – 3) (x + 2)  0 x6
x  3 or x  –2 x  (–, 6]
x  (–, –2]  [3, ) –2 –3 6
 x  (–, –2]  [3, 6]

Ex.5 Find the domain of given function f(x) = 3x  x 3

Sol. 3x – x3  0 x3 – 3x  0 x(x2 – 3)  0 x(x – 3 ) (x + 3)0

– + – +
 x  ( ,  3 ]  [0,

3]
 3 3

C. IMPORTANT TYPE OF FUNCTIONS

(1) Trigonometric function :
Function Domain Range Curve
y = sin x
1
 / 2 3 / 2
(i) f(x) = sin x xR y  [–1, 1] 2  3 / 2  /2  2
x

–1

y = cos x
1
 / 2 3 / 2
2 3 / 2  / 2  2 5 / 2 x
(ii) f(x) = cos x xR y  [–1, 1]
–1

y = tan x

3    3
x
 2 O
 2 2 2
(iii) f(x) = tan x x  R – (2n + 1) , n  y  R
2

y = cot x

3
2
(iv) f(x) = cot x x  R – n n  yR   x

 O  2
2 2

3
 y = cosec x

x
/2 
  / 2 0 2
3 / 2
(v) f(x) = cosec x x  R –n, n y , –1] [1, )
–1

y = sec x

1
 
x
 3 / 2  / 2 0 /2 3 / 2
(vi) f(x) = sec x xR – (2n+1) , n y , –1] [1, )
2 –1

(2) Polynomial Function :

f(x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2 xn–2 +.......+ an
where a0, a1, a2 ........ an  R nW
th
If a0  0, then f(x) is called n degree polynomial and Domain x  R

(3) Algebraic Function : A function is called an algebraic function. If it can be constructed using
algebraic operations such as additions, subtractions, multiplication, division taking roots etc.
All polynomial functions are algebraic but converse is not true.

x 4  5x 2 + x + (x + 5) , f(x) = x + 3x + x + 5
3 3/5 3 2
Ex : f(x) =

Remark : Function which are not algebraic are called as TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTION.

( x5  5x 2 )3 / 5
Ex : f(x) = + 3 x 2  5 x  6 + n x  transcidental function
x3

x7
Ex : f(x) = x 2  7 + en x +  algebraic function.
x2  7

g( x )
(4) Rational Function : It is a function of form f(x) = , where g(x) & h(x) are poly. function and
h( x )

x 4  3x 2  2
h(x)  0 Ex. f(x) =
x2  4

(5) Logarithmic function : f(x) = logax, where x > 0, a > 0, a  1

a  base, x  number or argument of log.
Case–I : 0 < a < 1 Case–II : a > 1 f(x)
f(x)
f(x) = loga x f(x) = n x
Domain : x  (0, ) (1, 0)
O (1, 0) x
O x
Range : y  R

4
(6) Exponential function : f(x) = ax, where a > 0, a  1
a  Base x  Exponent
Case–I : 0 < a < 1 ; a = 1/2 Case–II : a > 1

x f(x) f(x)
 1
f(x) =  
2 (1, 0)
(0,1)
Domain : x  R
O x O x
Range : y  (0, )

(7) Absolute value function (Modulus function) :

y
 x ; x0
y = |x| =   x ; x  0
 y=–x y=x

Domain : x  R; Range : y  R+  {0} x

(8) Signum function : y

1
 1 ; x0

y = sgn (x) =  0 ; x  0 0 x
  1 ; x  0 –1

Domain : x  R; Range : y  {–1, 0, 1}

(9) Greatest integer function (step-up function) :

y

x ; x I 2


y = f(x) = [x]  Greatest Integer ; otherwise 1
 less than x

0 1 2 3 x
Domain : x  R; Range : y  I
–1
Ex : [2 . 3] = 2, [5] = 5, [–2 . 3] = –3

Properties :

 0 ; xI
(i) [x]  x < [x] + 1 (ii) [x + m] = [x] + m ; m  I (iii) [x] + [–x] =  1 ; x  I


(10) Fractional part function :

y = f(x) = {x} = x – [x] y

Domain : x  R; Range : [0, 1) 1

Ex : 2.3 = 2 + 0.3 fractional part
 –1 –2 0 1 2 3 x

Integer part
Properties :
(i) Fractional part of any integer is zero.
(ii) {x + n} = {x}, n 

(iii)
0; xI

{x} + {–x} = 1 ; otherwise

5
 1  x2  1 
Ex.6 Find the range of the following functions : (a) y = (b) y = sin–1  2 
 x  2
2  sin 3 x  cos 3 x  

1 1
Sol. (a) We have y= i.e. sin 3x + cos 3x =
2  sin 3 x  cos 3 x y –2

  1   1  1  2 
i.e. 2 sin  3x  4   y – 2 i.e. sin  3x   
4

2 y




  1
since, sin 3 x   2 
 4   1, therefore we have y 2

1
i.e. – 2 1 –2 2 i.e. 2– 2 2 2
y y

1 1  1  1
i.e. y Hence, the range is y   ,
.
2 2 2 2 2  2 2  2 

x2  1 1
(b) We have 2
 1 2
x 2 x 2

1 1 1 1
Now, we have 2  x2 + 2 <  i.e.  2 >0 i.e.  2 <0
2 x 2 2 x 2

1 1 1 x2  1 1  x2  1 
 1 2  2 < 1 i.e. sin–1  sin–1  2 
i.e. 1–
2 x 2
< 1 i.e.  x  2  < sin–1 1
2 x 2 2  

    
gives y Hence, the range is y  , .
6 2 6 2 

Ex.7 Find the range of following functions : (i) y = ln (2x – x2) (ii) y = sec–1 (x2 + 3x + 1)
Sol. (i) using maxima–minima, we have (2x – x2)  (–, 1]
For log to be defined accepted values are 2x – x2  (0, 1] {i.e. domain (0, 1]}
ln (2x – x2)  (0, 1]  range is (–, 0]
–1 2
(ii) y = sec (x + 3x + 1)

 5 
Let t = x2 + 3x + 1 for x  R then t   ,
 4  y

 5 
but y = sec–1 (t) t    ,1  [1, ) sec–1 (–5/4)
 4  /2

   15 
from graph range is y  0,   sec   ,  t
 2   4  –5/4 –1 0 1

6
  1
x 2  x  1)
Ex.8 Find the range of y = ln(sin 
 
2
 1 3
Sol. We have x + x + 1 = x   +
2
which is a positive quantity whose minimum value is 3/4.
 2  4

 1
x 2  x  1) to be defined, we have
Also, for the function y = ln(sin  x2 + x+ 1  1
 

3 3  
Thus, we have  x2 + x + 1  1 i.e.  x2  x  1  i.e.  sin 1( x 2  x  1) 
4 2 3 2
[ sin–1 x is an increasing function, the inequality sign remains same]

 
i.e. ln    ln(sin–1 x 2  x  1  ln  
3 2

i.e. 0.046  ln(sin–1 x 2  x  1 )] = 0. Hence, the range is y [n /3, n /2]

3x 2  mx  n
Ex.9 f : R  R, f (x) = . If the range of this function is [– 4, 3) then find the value of (m2 + n2).
x 2 1
3( x 2  1)  mx  n  3 mx  n  3
Sol. f (x) = ; f (x) = 3 +
1 x 2
1 x 2
mx  n  3
y=3+ for y to lie in [– 4, 3) mx + n – 3 < 0  x  R
1 x 2
n 3
this is possible only if m = 0 when, m = 0 then y = 3 +
1 x2
note that n – 3 < 0 (think !) n < 3 if x  , ymax  3–
now ymin occurs at x = 0 2
(as 1 + x is minimum)
ymin = 3 + n – 3 = n  n=–4 so m2 + n2 = 16

  4  x 2 
 
Ex.10 Find the domain and range of f(x) = sin  n 1  x 
  
2
Sol. 4  x 2 is positive and x < 4  –2 < x < 2
1 – x should also be positive.  x < 1

 4  x2
Thus the domain of n  is –2 < x < 1 sine being defined for all values, the domain of sin
 1 x 
 
  4  x 2   4  x2 
   
n 
 n
is the same as the domain of  1  x 
  1  x   
4  x2
To study the range. Consider the function
1 x

7
 4  x2 4  x2
As x varies from –2 to 1, varies in the open interval (0, ) and hence n varies from –
1 x 1 x
  4  x2 
  
 to + . Therefore the range of sin  n 1  x   is (–1, +1)
  

1 x4
Ex.11 Find the range of the function f(x) = sin–1 .
1  5 x 10

1 x4
Sol. Consider g(x) = . Also g(x) is positive  x  R and g(x) is continuous  x  R and
1  5 x10

g(0) = 1 and xlim


g(x) = 0

 
 g(x) can take all values from (0, 1]  Range of f(x) = sin–1 (g(x)) is  0,  .
2
 

Ex.12 f(x) = cos–1 {log [ [ x 3  1] ]}, find the domain and range of f(x (where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer

function).

Sol. If cos–1 x = , then– 1  x  1  –1  log [ [ x 3  1] ]  1  e–1  [ [ x 3  1] ]  e

0.37  [ [ x 3  1] ] 2.7  1 [ x 3  1] < 3  1  [x3 + 1] < 9

1  [x3] + 1 < 9 0  [x3] < 8  0 x < 2

 Domain of f(x) = Dr in x  [0, 2) Range of f(x) When 0  x < 2

Then 1  x3 + 1 < 9  1  [x3 + 1]  8  1 [ x 3  1]  2 2  1  [ x 3  1]  2.8

Case I : 1  [ x 3  1] < 2 then [ [ x 3  1] ] = 1 Case II : 2  [ x 3  1]  2.8 then [ [ x 3  1] ] = 2

 Range in cos–1 {log 1} and cos–1 {log 2}  Rf is (/2, cos–1 (log 2))

Ex.13 Find the range of the following functions

(i) f(x) = loge (sinx sinx + 1) where 0 < x < /2.

 
(ii) f(x) = loge (2 sin x + tan x – 3x + 1) where x
6 3

8
Sol. (i) 0 < x < /2  0 < sin x < 1
sin x
 Range of loge (sin x + 1) for 0 < x < /2 = Range of loge (xx + 1) for 0 < x < 1
x log e x
Let h(x) = xx + 1 = e +1

x log e x
 h(x) = e (1 + loge x)  h(x) > 0 for x > 1/e and h(x) < 0 for x < 1/e
 h(x) has a minima at x = 1/e

 ln x   1/ x 
lim   lim  
x  0 1 / x  2
Also xlim h(x) = 1 + e = 1 + e  1/ x  = 1 + e0 = 2 and xlim
x 0

0  1
h(x) = 2

1
 1 e
 0 < x< 1  1 +   < (xx + 1) < 2
e

 1
 Y
  1e 
1   
loge  x (1, 2)

  e   < loge (x +1) < loge 2 (0, 2)
 
f(x)
1 + (1/e)1/e
O X
  1   1/e 1
 log 1  e e , log 2 
 Range of f(x) =  e
  e

   

(ii) Let h(x) = (2 sin x + tan x – 3x +1)  h(x) = (2 cos x + sec2 x – 3)

2 cos3 x  3 cos2 x  1
=  h(x) > 0  2 cos3 x – 3 cos2 x + 1 > 0
cos2 x

 1
(cos x – 1)2  cos x   > 0  x  [/6, /3]  h(x) is an increasing function of x
 2

 1 
 h(/6)  h(x)  h(/3)  loge  2     log h(x)  log (1 + 2 3 – )
 3 2  e e

  1  
 Range of f(x) is loge  2   , log(1  2 3  )
  3 2 

(11) Equal or Identical Functions : Two functions f & g are said to be equal if :
(i) The domain of f = The domain of g  Df = Dg
(ii) The range of f = The range of g  Rf = Rg
(iii) f(x) = g(x),  x  their common domain.

9
 1 x
Ex.14 Let f(x) = and g(x) = 2 then Df : R – {0} and Dg : R – {0}
x x

 Df = Dg  Hence both functions are identical

1
Ex.15 Let f(x) = sin x and g(x) = then Df : x R and Dg : x R – {n}
cos ec x
 Df  Dg  Hence both functions are non-identical
D. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS

(1) One  One Function (Injective mapping) : A function f : A  B is said to be a oneone function
or injective mapping if different elements of A have different f images in B. Thus for x1, x2  A & f(x1)
, f(x2)  B , f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2).
Diagrammatically an injective mapping can be shown as

Remark :
(i) Any function which is entirely increasing or decreasing in its domain, is oneone .
(ii) If any line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the function atmost at one point,
then the function is oneone.
(2) ManyOne function : A function f : A  B is said to be a many one function if two or more
elements of A have the same f image in B . Thus f : A  B is many one if for
x1, x2  A , f(x1) = f(x2) but x1  x2 .
Diagrammatically a many one mapping can be shown as

Remark :
(i) A continuous function f(x) which has atleast one local maximum or local minimum, is
manyone. In other words, if a line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the function atleast
at two points, then f is manyone.
(ii) If a function is oneone, it cannot be manyone and vice versa.
(iii) If f and g both are one-one, then fog and gof would also be one-one (if they exist).

10
 x 2  8 x  18
Ex.16 Show that the function f(x) = is not one-one.
x 2  4 x  30

Sol. Test for one-one function

A function is one-one if f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2

x 12  8 x1  18 x 22  8 x 2  18
Now f(x1) = f(x2)  
x12  4 x 1  30 x 22  4 x 2  30

 12 x12 x 2  12 x1x 22  12 x12  12 x 22  312 x1  312 x 2  0

26  x 2
 (x1 – x2) {12x1x2 + 12(x1 + x2) – 312} = 0  x1 = x2 or x1 =
1 x2
Since f(x1) = f(x2) does not imply x1 = x2 alone, f(x) is not a one-one function.

Ex.17 Let f be an injective function such that f(x) f(y) + 2 = f(x) + f(y) + f(xy)  x, y  R.
If f(4) = 65 and f(0)  2, then show that f(x) – 1= x3  x  R.

Sol. Given that f(x) f(y) + 2 = f(x) + f(y) + f(xy) ....(i)

Putting x = y = 0 in equation (i), we get f(0) f(0) + 2 = f(0) + f(0) + f(0)
or (f(0))2 + 2 = 3f(0) or (f(0) – 2) (f(0) – 1) = 0 or f(0) = 1 ( f(0)  2) ....(ii)
Again putting x = y = 1 in equation (i) and repeating the above steps, we get
(f(1) – 2) (f(1) – 1) = 0
But f(1)  1 as f(x) is injective.  f(1) = 2 ....(iii)
Now putting y = 1/x in equation (i), we get

 1  1  1  1
f(x) f   + 2 = f(x) + f   + f(1) or f(x) f   + 2 = f(x) + f   + 2
x x x x

 1  1  1  1
or f(x) f   = f(x) + f   or f(x) f   – f(x) – f   – 1 + 1 = 0
x x x x

  1    1    1 
or f(x) f    1  1.f    1 = 1 or {f(x) – 1} f    1 = 1
 x   x   x 

...(iv)

 1  1
Let f(x) – 1 = g(x)  f  – 1 = g 
x x

 1
 from equation (iv), we get g(x) g   = 1 which is only possible when
x

g(x) = ± xn  f(x) = ± xn + 1 or f(x) = ± xn + 1 or 65 = ± 4n + 1

or 4n = 64 = (4)3  n=3  f(x) = x3 + 1 or f(x) – 1 = x3 (neglecting negative sign)

11
 (3) Onto-function (Surjective mapping) : If the function f : A  B is such that each element in B (co
domain) is the f image of atleast one element in A, then we say that f is a function of A 'onto' B . Thus
f : A  B is surjective iff  b  B,  some a  A such that f (a) = b.
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as

Note that : if range  codomain, then f(x) is onto.

(4) Into function : If f : A  B is such that there exists atleast one element in codomain which is not
the image of any element in domain, then f(x) is into.

Diagramatically into function can be shown as

Remark :
(i) If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa .

(ii) If f and g are both onto, then gof or fog may or may not be onto.

Thus a function can be one of these four types :

(a) oneone onto (injective & surjective)

(b) oneone into (injective but not surjective)

(c) manyone onto (surjective but not injective)

(d) manyone into (neither surjective nor injective)

12
 Remark :
(i) If f is both injective & surjective, then it is called a Bijective function. Bijective functions are also
named as invertible, non singular or biuniform functions.
(ii) If a set A contains n distinct elements then the number of different functions defined from A  A is nn

& out of it n ! are one-one.

(iii) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f & g are two bijections such that gof is defined,
then gof is also a bijection.

Ex.18 A function is defined as , f : D  R f (x) = cot 1 (sgn x) + sin 1 (x  {x}) (where {x} denotes the
fractional part function) Find the largest domain and range of the function. State with reasons whether the
function is injective or not . Also draw the graph of the function.

   3 
Sol. D [-1 , 2) , R =  , ,  f is many one
4 2 4 

Ex.19 Find the linear function(s) which map the interval [ 0 , 2 ] onto [ 1 , 4 ].
Sol. Let f (x) = a x + b

3
f (0) = 1 & f (2) = 4  b = 1 & a =
2

3
or f (0) = 4 & f (2) = 1  b = 4 & a = 
2

3x 3x
Ans. : f (x) = + 1 or f (x) = 4 
2 2

Ex.20 (i) Find whether f(x) = x + cos x is one–one.

(ii) Identify whether the function f(x) = –x3 + 3x2 – 2x + 4 ; R  R is ONTO or INTO
(iii) f(x) = x2 – 2x + 3; [0, 3]  A. Find whether f(x) is injective or not. Also find the set A, if
f(x) is surjective.
Sol. (i) The domain of f(x) is R. f(x) = 1 – sin x.
 f(x)  0  x  complete domain
and equality holds at discrete points only
 f(x) is strictly increasing on R. Hence f(x) is one-one.

13
 (ii) As codomain  range, therefore given function is ONTO
f(x)
(iii) f(x) = 2(x – 1); 0  x  3 6

  ve ; 0  x  1
 f(x) =  3
 ve ; 1  x  3
2

 f(x) is a non monotonic continuous function.

x
Hence it is not injective. 0 1 3
For f(x) to be surjective, A should be equal to its range.
From graph,, range is [2, 6]
 A [2, 6]

Ex.21 If f and g be two linear functions from [–1, 1] onto [0, 2] and  : R+ – {–1, 1}  R be defined by

f ( x)   1 
(x) = ( ( x ))       2.
g( x ) , then show that   2 

Sol. Let h be a linear function from [–1, 1] onto [0, 2].

Let h(x) = ax + b, then h(x) = a
If a > 0, then h(x) is an increasing function & h(–1) = 0 and h(1) = 2  –a + b = 0 and a + b = 2
 a = 1 & b = 1. Hence h(x) = x + 1.
If a < 0, then h(x) is a decreasing function & h(–1) = 2 and h(1) = 0 –a + b = 2 and a + b = 0
 a = –1 & b = 1. Hence h(x) = 1 – x
Now according to the question f(x) = 1 + x & g(x) = 1 – x
or f(x) = 1 – x & g(x) = 1 + x

f ( x) 1 x 1 x
 (x) =  or
g( x ) 1  x 1 x

 1 x    1  1
Case-I :When (x) =   , x  –1 ;     
 1 x    x  x

 1 x    1 
Case-II : When (x) =  ,x 1     = – x.
 1 x    x 

1 2
 1 
In both cases, |(f(x)) + ((1/x)) | = x  (where x > 0) =  x   2 2
x x


14
E. FUNCTIONAL EQUATION

Functional Equation is an equation where the unknown is a function. On solving such an equation we
obtain one or more functions as solutions. If x, y are independent variables, then :
(i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0 .
(ii) f(xy) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = xn , n  R
(iii) f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = akx , a > 0
(iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.

Ex.22 (a) If f(x + y + 1) = ( f ( x )  f ( y ) )2 and f(0) = 1  x, y  R. Determine f(x).

Sol. Given f(x + y + 1) = ( f ( x )  f ( y ) )2

Putting x = y = 0; then f(1) = ( f (0)  f (0) )2 = (1 + 1)2 = 22

Again putting x = 0, y = 1 Then f(2) = ( f (0)  f (0) )2 = (1 + 2)2 = 32

and for x = 1, y = 1; f(3) = ( f (1)  f (1) )2 = (2 + 2)2 = 42 Similarly, f(x) = (x + 1)2

(b) Let f : R – {2}  R function satisfying the following functional equation,

 2x  29 
2f(x) + 3f   = 100x + 80,  x  R – {2}. Determine f(x).
 x2 

3  2x  29 
Sol. We have, f(x) = – f   + 50x + 40 ...(i)
2  x2 

2x  29
Replacing x by in the given functional equation we get,
x2

  2x  29  
 2   29 
 2x  29  3   x 2    50 2x  29 
f    f    + 40
 x  2  2  2 x  29   x2 
  2 
  x 2  

 2x  29  3  2x  29 
 f    f ( x )  50   40 ...(ii)
 x2  2  x2 
putting (ii) in (i), we get,

9  2x  29  9  2x  29 
f(x) = f(x) – 75   – 60 + 50x + 40  f(x) – f(x) = 20 – 50 x + 75  
4  x2  4  x2 

5  2x  29  ( 2x  29 )
 f(x) = 20 – 50x + 75    f(x) = 16 – 40x + 60
4  x2  ( x  2)

15
Ex.23 Let f be a function from the set of positive integers to the set of real numbers i.e., f : N  R such that
(i) f(1) = 1; (ii) f(1) + 2f(2) + 3f(3) + ... + nf(n) = n (n + 1) f(n) for n 2 then find the value of f (1994).
Sol. Given f(1) + 2f (2) + 3f(3) + ... + nf(n) = n(n + 1) f(n) ...(1)

Replacing n by (n + 1) then

f(1) + 2f(2) + 3f(3) + .... + nf(n) = n (n + 1) f(n + 1) = (n +1) (n + 2) f(n + 1) ...(2)

Subtracting (1) from (2) then we get

(n + 1) f(n + 1) = (n + 1) (n + 2) f (n + 1) – n (n + 1) f(n)  nf(n) = (n + 1) f(n + 1)

From which we conclude that 2f(2) = 3f (3) = 4f (4) = ... = nf(n)

Substituting the value of 2f(2), 3f(3), .... in terms of nf(n) in (1), we have
f (1) 1
f(1) + (n – 1) nf (n) = n(n + 1) f(n)  f(1) = 2n f(n)  f(n) =  ( f(1) = 1)
2n 2n
1 1
 f(1994) = =
2.1994 3988

F. COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

Let f: X  Y1 and g: Y2  Z be two functions and the set D = {x  X: f(x)  Y2}. If D   , then the function
h defined on D by h(x) = g{f(x)} is called composite function of g and f and is denoted by gof. It is also called
function of a function.
Remark : Domain of gof is D which is a subset of X (the domain of f). Range of gof is a subset of the range
of g. If D = X, then f(X)  Y2.
Properties of composite functions :
(i) The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof  fog.
(ii) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that fo (goh) & (fog) oh
are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh.

  
Ex.24 Let f(x) = ex ; R+  R and g(x) = sin–1 x; [–1, 1]    ,  . Find domain and range of fog (x)
 2 2

  
Sol. Domain of f(x) : (0, ), Range of g(x) :   , 
 2 2
 
The values in range of g(x) which are accepted by f(x) are  0, 
2  
 
 0 < g(x)  0 < sin–1 x  0<x 1
2 2
Hence domain of fog(x) is x  (0, 1]
g f
(0, 1] (0, /2]
(e0 , e/2]
Range
Domain
sin–1x ex
Therefore Domain : (0, 1], Range : (1/ e/2]

16
 x 1 2
Ex.25 Let f(x) = , f (x) = f{f(x)}, f3 (x) = f{f2(x)},.....fk + 1 (x) = f{fk(x)}. for k = 1, 2, 3,...., Find f1998 (x).
x 1

x 1 1
1 1
x 1 f 1 x 1 1 f 2 (x)  1 x x 1
   
Sol. f(x) = , f2(x) = f{f(x)} = f  1 x  1 x , f3(x) = f{f(x)} = f 2 ( x )  1  1 x 1,
x 1 1 1
x 1 x

x 1
1
f 3 ( x)  1 x  1 x 1

f4 = f{f3(x)} = f 3 ( x )  1 x  1 = x, f5(x) = f{f4 (x)} = = f(x)
1 x 1
x 1

Thus, we can see that fk(x) repeats itself at intervals of k = 4.

1
Hence, we have f1998(x) = f2(x) = [ 1998 = 499 × 4 + 2]
x

Ex.26 Let g : R  R be given by g(x) = 3 + 4x. If gn(x) = gogo....og(x), show that fn(x) = (4n – 1) + 4nx if
g–n (x) denotes the inverse of gn (x).
Sol. Since g(x) = 3 + 4x
 g2(x) = (gog) (x) = g {g (x)} = g (3 + 4x) = 3 + 4 (3 + 4x) or g2(x) = 15 + 42x = (42 – 1) + 42x
Now g3(x) = (gogog) x = g {g2 (x) } = g (15 + 42 x) = 3 + 4 (15 + 42 x) = 63 + 43 x = (43 –1) + 43x
Similarly we get gn(x) = (4n – 1) + 4nx
Now leg gn (x) = y  x = g–n(y) ...(1)
 y = (4n – 1) + 4nx or x = (y + 1 – 4n)4–n ...(2)
From (1) and (2) we get g–n (y) = (y + 1 – 4n) 4–n. Hence g–n (x) = (x + 1 – 4n) 4–n

Ex.27 If f(x) = | |x – 3| – 2 | ; 0  x  4 and g(x) = 4 – |2 – x| ; –1  x  3 then find fog(x).

 1  g( x ) 0  g( x )  1  1  g( x ) for no value
2  x  1  x  2  
g( x )  1 1  g( x )  3  g( x )  1  1  x  1
Sol. g(x) =   fog(x) =  =
6  x 2  x  3 5  g( x ) 3  g( x )  4 5  g( x )
  1 x  3

g(x)
4

2
 2  x  1  1 x  1  x  1  1 x  1
  1
5  (2  x ) 1  x  2 3  x 1 x  2
=  =  x
5  ( 6  x ) 2  x  3 x 1 2  x  3 –1
  1 2 3

17
Ex.28 Prove that f(n) = 1 – n is the only integer valued function defined on integers such that
(i) f(f(n)) = n for all n  Z and (ii) f(f(n + 2) + 2) = n for all n  Z and (iii) f(0) = 1.
Sol. The function f(n) = 1 – n clearly satisfies conditions (i), (ii) and (iii). Conversely, suppose a function
f : Z  Z satisfies (i), (ii) and (iii). Applying f to (ii) we get, f(f(f(n + 2) + 2) ) ) = f(n)
and this gives because of (i), f(n + 2) + 2 = f(n), ........(1)
for all n  Z. Now using (1) it is easy to prove by induction on n that for all n  Z,

 f (0)  n if n is even
f(n) = 
f (1)  1  n if n is odd

Also by (iii), f(0) = 1. Hence by (i), f(1) = 0. Hence f(n) = 1 – n for all n  Z.

G. GENERAL DEFINITION

(1) Identity function : A function f : A  A defined by f(x) = x  x  A is called the identity of A & denoted
by IA. Ex : f : R+  R+ ; f(x) = en x and f : R  R ; f(x) = n ex
Every Identity function is a bijection.
(2) Constant function : A function f : A  B is said to be constant function. If every element of set A has
the same functional image in set B i.e. f : A  B ; f(x) = c  x  A & c  B is called constant function.
(3) Homogeneous function : A function is said to be homogeneous w.r.t. any set of variables when each
of its term is of the same degree w.r.t. those variables.
(4) Bounded Function : A function y = f(x) is said to be bounded if it can be express is the form of
a  f(x)  b where a and b are finite quantities.
Ex : –1  sin x  1 ; 0  {x} < 1 ; –1  sgn (x)  1 but ex is not bounded.
Ex : Any function having singleton range like constant function.
(5) Implicit function & Explicit function : If y has been expressed entirely in terms of ‘x’ then it is called
an explicit function.
If x & y are written together in the form of an equation then it is known as implicit equation corresponding
to each implicit equation there can be one, two or more explicit function satisfying it
Ex : y = x3 + 4x2 + 5x  Explicit function
Ex : x + y = 1  Implicit equation
Ex : y = 1 – x  Explicit function

H. EVEN & ODD FUNCTIONS

Function must be defined in symmetric interval [–x, x]

If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an even function.
e.g. f (x) = cos x ; g (x) = x² + 3.
If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an odd function.
e.g. f (x) = sin x ; g (x) = x3 + x.

18
 Remark :

(a) f (x)  f (x) = 0  f (x) is even & f (x) + f (x) = 0  f (x) is odd .

(b) A function may be neither even nor odd.

(c) Inverse of an even function is not defined.

(d) Every even function is symmetric about the yaxis & every odd function is symmetric about the origin
.
(e) A function (whose domain is symmetric about origin) can be expressed as a sum of an even & an odd
f ( x )f (  x) f ( x )f (  x )
function. e.g. f ( x )  
2 2
EVEN ODD

(f) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & is even and odd at the same time
is f(x) = 0 .

(g) If f and g both are even or both are odd then the function f.g will be even but if any one of them is odd
and other even then f.g will be odd.

Ex.29 Which of the following functions is odd ?

(A) sgn x + x2000 (B) | x | – tan x (C) x3 cot x (D) cosec x55
Sol. Let’s name the function of the parts (A), (B), (C) and (D) as f(x), g(x), h(x) & (x) respectively. Now
(A) f(–x) = sgn (–x) + (–x)2000 = –sgn x + x2000  f(x) &  –f(x)  f is neither even nor odd.
(B) g(–x) = |–x| – tan (–x) = |x| + tan x  g is neither even nor odd.
(C) h(–x) = (–x)3 cot (–x) = –x3 (–cot x) = x3 cot x = h(x)  h is an even function
55 55 55
(D) (–x) = cosec (–x) = cosec (–x ) = –cosec x = – (x)   is an odd function.

Alternatively
(A) f(x) = sgn (x) + x2000 = O + E = neither E nor O
(B) g(x) = E – O = Neither E nor O
(C) h(x) = O × O = E
(D) f(–x) = O o O = O  (D) is the correct option

3
Ex.30 f(x) = (tan x5) e x sgn x7 is

(A) an even function (B) an odd function

(C) neither even nor odd function (D) none of these
3
Sol. f(x) = (tan (x5)) ex sgn ( x7 )

 
O (O) eO × O (O)
= O × eO × O = O × eE =O×E=O

19
  
 x tan x, 0  x  2
Ex.31 Let f: [–2, 2]  R be a function if f(x) =  Define f for x  [–2, 0] so that
 
 [ x], x2
 2 2

(i) f is an odd function (ii) f is an even function (where [*] denotes the greatest integer function)

     
x tan x, 0  x  2 (  x ) tan(  x ), 0  x  2 x tan x,  2  x  0
Sol. Since f(x) =     f(–x) =   or f (–x) = 
 [ x ],   
x2  [  x ],  x  2  [  x ],  2  x  
 2 2  2 2  2 2

 
 x tan x,  2  x  0
(i) If f is an odd function then f(x) = –f (–x) =
  
  [ x ],  2  x  
 2 2
 
 x tan x,  2  x  0
(ii) If f is an even function  f(x) = f(–x) =   
 [ x],  2  x  
2 2

Ex.32 Let f(x) = ex + sin x be defined on the interval [–4, 0]. Find the odd and even extension of f(x) in the interval
[–4, 4].
Sol. Odd Extension : Let g0 be the odd extension of f(x), then

 f(x) ; x  [ 4,0]  e x  sin x ; x  [ 4,0]

g0 (x) =  =  x
 f (  x ) ; x  [0,4]  e  sin x ; x  [0,4]

Even Extension : Let ge be the even extension of f(x), then

 f ( x ) ; x  [4,0]  e x  sin x ; x  [ 4,0]

ge (x) =  =  x
f (  x ) ; x  [0,4] e  sin x ; x  [0,4]

I. PERIODIC FUNCTION

A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T (T > 0) called the period of the
function such that f (x + T) = f(x), for all values of x and x + T within the domain of f(x). The least positive
period is called the principal or fundamental period of f.

e.g. The function sin x & cos x both are periodic over 2 & tan x is periodic over .

20
 Remark :
(a) A constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period.

1
(b) If f(x) has a period p, then and f (x) also has a period p.
f( x )
(c) if f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/a (a > 0).
f ( x)
(d) If f(x) has a period T1 & g(x) also has a period T2 then period of f(x) ± g(x) or
g( x ) is L.C.M of T1 &
T2 provided their L.C.M. exists. However that L.C.M. (if exists) need not to be fundamental period.
f ( x)
If L.C.M. does not exists then f(x) ± g(x) or f(x) . g(x) or is nonperiodic e.g. |sin x| has the
g( x )
period , |cos x| also has the period 
 |sin x| + |cos x| also has a period . But the fundamental period of |sin x| + |cos x| is /2.
(e) If g is a function such that gof is defined on the domain of f and f is periodic with T, then gof is also
periodic with T as one of its periods. Further if
# g is one-one, then T is the period of gof
# g is also periodic with T’ as the period and the range of f is a subset of [0, T’], then T is the period
of gof
(f) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.

Ex.33 Find period of the following functions

x x
(i) f(x) = sin + cos (ii) f(x) = {x} + sin x
2 3

3x x 2x
(iii) f(x) = cos x . cos 3x (iv) f(x) = sin – cos – tan .
2 3 3

Sol. (i) Period of sin x/2 is 4 while period of cos x/3 is 6. Hence period of sin x/2 + cos x/3 is 12 
{L.C.M. or 4 & 6 is 12}
(ii) Period of sin x = 2; Period of {x} = 1; but L.C.M. of 2 & 1 is not possible  it is aperiodic

 2 
(iii) f(x) = cos x . cos 3x ; Period of f(x) is L.C.M. of  2,  = 2
 3 
2
but 2 may or may not be the fundamental period. The fundamental period can be , where n 
n
N. Hence cross-checking for n = 1, 2, 3..... we find  to be fundamental period
f( + x) = (–cos x) (– cos 3x) = f(x)

2 2  4 2
(iv) Period of f(x) is L.C.M. of , , = L.C.M. of , 6, = 12
3 / 2 1/ 3 3 / 2 3 3

21
Ex.34 If f(x) = sin x + cos ax is a periodic function, show that a is a rational number.
Sol. Given f(x) = sin x + cos ax

2 2
 Period of sin x = and period of cos ax =
1 a

 2 2  L.C.M. of {2, 2} 2

Hence period of f(x) = L.C.M. or  ,  = 
1 a H.C.F. of {1, a} k
where k = H.C.F. of 1 and a

1 a
 = integer = q (say), (0) and = integer = p (say)
k k

a/k p p
   a=  a = rational number
1/ k q q

Ex.35 Given below is a partial graph of an even periodic function

f whose period is 8. If [*] denotes greatest integer function
then find the value of the expression.

  7 
f (–3) + 2 | f (–1) | +  f    + f (0) + arc cos (f(–2)) + f (–7) + f (20)
  8 

Sol. f (–3) = f (3) = 2 [ f (x) is an even function,  f (– x) = f (x) ]

again f (–1) = f (1) = – 3

 2 | f (–1) | = 2 | f (1) | = 2 | – 3 | = 6

7   7 
from the graph, –3< f  <–2  f   = – 3
8   8 

f (0) = 0 (obviously from the graph)

cos–1 f (2) = cos–1 f (2) = cos–1(1) = 0

f (–7) = f (– 7 + 8) = f (1) = – 3 [f (x) has period 8]
f (20) = f (4 + 16) = f (4) = 3 [ f (nT + x) = f (x) ]
sum = 2 + 6 – 3 + 0 + 0 – 3 + 3 = 5

Ex.36 Check whether the function defined by f(x + ) = 1 + 2f ( x )  f 2 ( x )  x  R, is periodic or not, if periodic,
then find its period.
Sol. The given function is true if 2f(x) – f2(x)  0  f(x)[f(x) – 2]  0  0  f(x)  2 ....(i)
Also from the given function, it is clear that f(x + )  1  f(x)  1 ....(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we conclude that 1  f(x)  2
Again, we have {f(x + ) – 1}2 = 2f(x) – f2(x)  {f(x + ) – 1}2 = – {(f(x) – 1)2} + 1 ...(iii)
2 2
Replacing x by x +  in above equation, we get {f(x + 2) – 1} = – {f(x + ) – 1} + 1 ...(iv)
From (iv) – (iii), we get
{f(x + 2) – 1}2 = {f(x) – 1)}2  f(x + 2) = f(x) f is periodic function with period 2.

22
Ex.37 If the periodic function f(x) satisfies the equation f(x + 1) + f(x –1) = 3 f(x)  x  R then find the period

of f(x)

Sol. We have f(x + 1) + f(x – 1) = 3 f(x)  x  R ...(1)

Replacing x by x – 1 and x + 1 in (1) then f(x) + f(x – 2) = 3 f(x – 1) ...(2)

and f(x + 2) + f(x) = 3 f(x + 1) ...(3)

Adding (2) and (3), we get 2f(x) + f(x – 2) + f(x + 2) = 3 (f (x – 1) + f(x + 1))

 2f (x) + f(x – 2) + f(x + 2) = 3 . 3 f(x) [From (1)]

 f(x + 2) + f(x – 2) = f(x) ...(4)

Replacing x by x + 2 in equation (4) then f (x + 4) + f (x) = f (x + 2) ...(5)
Adding equations (4) and (5), we get f(x + 4) + f (x – 2) = 0 ...(6)
Again replacing x by x + 6 in (6) then f (x + 10) + f (x + 4) = 0 ...(7)
Subtracting (6) from (7), we get f (x + 10) – f (x – 2) = 0 ...(8)
Replacing x by x + 2 in (8) then f (x + 12) – f(x) = 0 or f (x + 12) = f(x)
Hence f(x) is periodic function with period 12.

J. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

Let f : A  B be a oneone & onto function, then their exists a unique function

g : B  A such that f(x) = y  g(y) = x,  x  A & y  B . Then g is said to be inverse of f. Thus

g = f1 : B  A = {(f(x), x)  (x, f(x))  f}.
Properties of inverse function :
(i) The inverse of a bijection is unique, and it is also a bijection.

(ii) If f : A  B is a bijection & g : B  A is the inverse of f, then fog = IB and

gof = IA , where IA & IB are identity functions on the sets A & B respectively.
(iii) The graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the line y = x.
(iv) Normally points of intersection of f and f–1 lie on the straight line y =x. However it must be noted
that f(x) and f–1(x) may intersect otherwise also.
(v) In general fog(x) and gof(x) are not equal. But if either f and g are inverse of each other or atleast
one of f, g is an identity function, then gof = fog.

(vi) If f & g are two bijections f : A  B , g : B  C then the inverse of gof exists

and (gof)1 = f1 o g1.

23
Ex.38 Find the inverse of the function f(x) = ln(x2 + 3x +1); x  [1, 3] and assuming it to be an onto function.

2x  3
Sol. Given f(x) = ln (x2 + 3x + 1)  f(x) = 2 > 0  x  [1, 3]
( x  3 x  1)

which is a strictly increasing function. Thus f(x) is injective, given that f(x) is onto. Hence the given function
f(x) is invertible. Now let y = f(x) = ln (x2 + 3x + 1) then x = f–1 (y) ...(1)
and y = ln (x2 + 3x + 1)  ey = x 2 + 3x + 1  x2 + 3x + 1 – ey = 0

 3  9  4.1.(1  e y )  3  (5  4e y )  3  (5  4e y )
 x=  = ( x  [1, 3]) ...(2)
2 2 2
 3  (5  4e y )  3  (5  4e x )
From (1) and (2), we get f–1 (y) = Hence f–1(x) =
2 2

 x, x 1
 2
x , 1 x  4
Ex.39 Find the inverse of the function f(x) = 
8 x , x4


 x, x 1
 2
Sol. Given f(x) = f(x) =  x , 1  x  4
8 x , x4


 y, y 1  y, y 1
 
Let f(x) = y  x = f–1(y) ....(1)  x =  y, 1  y  4 =  y, 1  y  16
 y / 64, y / 64  4
2 2  2
  y / 64, y  16

 y, y 1  x, x 1
 
f–1(y) =  y, 1  y  16 [From (1)]. Hence f–1 (x) =  x, 1  x  16 .
 y 2 / 64, y  16  y 2 / 64, x  16
 

Ex.40 A function f : 2
3,
   74 ,  defined as, f (x) = x2  3 x + 4 . Then compute f 1 (x) and find the
solution of the equation, f (x) = f 1 (x) .
Sol. f (x) = y = x2  3 x + 4  x2  3 x + (4  y) = 0

3  9  4 ( 4  y) 3  4y  7 4x  7
x= = f  1 (y) = 3 +
2 2 2

graphs of f  1 (x) & f (x) intersect each other at y = x  f (x) = x  x2  3 x + y = x  x = 2

24
Type (I) : Very Short Answer Type Questions : [01 Mark Each]

1. Let f, g be the functions f = {(1, 5), (2. 6), (3, 4)}, g = {(4, 7), (5, 8), (6, 9). What is the range of f and g.

2. Find the domain for which the functions f(x) = 2x2 – 1 and g(x) = 1 – 3x are equal.

9c
3. The function 't' which maps temperature in Celsius into temperature in Fahrenheit is defined by t(c) =
5
+32. Find t (0).

| x – 1|
4. What is the range of the function f(x) = ?
( x – 1)

Type (II) : Short Answer Type Questions : [02 Marks Each]

5. Let A = {1, 2, 3,4} and B = {1, 6, 8, 11, 15}. Which of the following are functions from A to B ?
(i) f : A  B defined by f(1) = 1, f(2) = 6, f(3) = 8, f(4) = 8.
(ii) f : A  B defined by f(1) = 1, f(2) = 6, f(3) = 15.

6. Which one of the following graphs represent the function of x ? Why ?

7. If f(x) = x2 + x – 1 and g(x) = 4x – 7 be real functions then find

Type (III) : Long Answer Type Questions: [04 Mark Each]

8. Find the domain and range of the function f(x) = 1 – x 2 .

Type (IV) : Very Long Answer Type Questions: [06 Mark Each]

9. Draw the graph of each of the following functions given by :

1
(i) f(x) = ;x0
x
(ii) f(x) = x – [x] where [.] represents greatest integer function

3 – x , x  1

(iii) f(x) =  1 , x 1
 2x , x  1


25
 SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Let f : R  R be such that f(x) = 2x. Determine {x : f(x) = 1}.

2. Given f : R  R as f(x) = 3x + 4. If ordered pairs (a, 8) and (2, b) belong to 'f' then find a and b.

2x  1 x  4
3. Let f : R  R be defined as f(x) =  . Show that f is not a function.
x4 x  4

x –1 3f ( x )  1
4. If f is a real function defined by f(x) = , then show that f(2x) = .
x 1 f(x)  3

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Single choice type
1. Which of the following relation is a function ?
(A) {(1, 4), (2,6), (1,5), (3, 9)} (B) {(3, 3), (2,1), (1,2), (2, 3)}
(C) {(1, 2), (2,2), (3,2), (4, 2)} (D) {(3, 1), (3,2), (3,3), (3, 4)}

2. If f : R  R, f(x) = x2, then {x| f(x) = – 1} equals -

(A) {–1, 1} (B) {1} (C)  (D) None of these

1
3. The domain of the function f(x) = is-
x – [ x]

(A) R (B) R – Z (C) Z (D) None of these

4. If f : R  R, f (x) = 2x ; g : R  R, g(x) = x + 1, then (f. g) (2) equals-

(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 3 (D) None of these

x3  5x  3
5. The domain of f(x) = is
x2  1
(A) (–, – 1) (B) (–1, 1) (C) (1, ) (D) (–, – 1)  (–1, 1) (1, )

|x|
6. If the domain of the function f(x) = be [3, 7] then its range is-
x
(A) [–1, 1] (B) {–1, 1} (C) {1} (D) {–1}

7. The range of the function f(x) = 2 + x – [x – 3] is (Here [.] denotes GIF)

(A) [5, 6] (B) [5, 6) (C) R (D) None of these

8. The range of f(x) = | x – 3 | is

(A) (0, ) (B) [0, ) (C) [3, ) (D) none of these

9. The range of f(x) = 16  x 2 is

(A) [0, 4] (B) (0, 4) (C) (0, 4] (D) [0, 4)

26
 |x4|
10. The range of f(x) = is
x4
(A) (–1, 1) (B) {–1, 1} (C) [–1, 1] (D) [–1, 1)

1
11. The range of f(x) = is
1 x
(A) [0, 1] (B) [0, 1) (C) (0, 1] (D) (0, 1)

ANSWER KEY

SUBJECTIVE

1. {0} 2. a = 4/3, b = 10

OBJECTIVE

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (D)

6. (C) 7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (A) 10. (B)
11. (C)

27
SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE (ONLY ONE CORRECT ANSWER)
1. If f(x) is a polynomial function satisfying the condition f(x). f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) and f(2) = 9 then -
(A) 2 f(4) = 3f(6) (B) 14 f(1) = f(3) (C) 9 f(3) = f(5) (D) f(10)= f(11)
1
2. The domain of the function f(x)  log (1  x)  x  2 , is -
10

(A) [– 2, 0)  (0, 1) (B) (–2, 0) (0, 1] (C) (– 2, 0) (0, 1] (D) (– 2, 0) [0, 1]

1 | x|
3. The domain of f(x)  , is -
2 | x|
(A) () – [– 2, 2] (B) (– ) – [– 1, 1]
(C) [– 1, 1] (–, –2) (2,  (D) none

4. Domain to function 
log (5 x  x 2 )/ 6  is -
(A) (2, 3) (B) [2, 3] (C) [1, 2] (D) [1, 3]
5. If A = {– 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2} & f : A  Z; f (x) = x2 + 1, then the range of f is
(A) {0, 1, 2, 5} (B) {1, 2, 5} (C) {– 5, – 2, 1, 2, 3} (D) A
6. The range of the function f (x) = e xe– x, is -
(A) [0, ) (B) (– ) (C) (– ) (D) none
1
7. The range of the function f(x)  , is -
4  3 cos x

(A) [1 / 7, 1] (B) ]1 / 7, 1] (C) (1 / 7, 1] (D) none

8. The range of the function f(x) = 7–xPx–3 , is -

(A) {1, 2, 3} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (C) {1, 2, 3, 4} (D) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
9. Which of the following is an onto function -
(A) f : [] [– 1, 1], f (x) = sin x (B) f : [] [– 1, 1], f (x) = cos x
(C) f : R R, f (x) = ex (D) f : Q Q, f (x) = x3
10. f : [– 1, 1] [– 1, 2], f (x) = x + | x |, is -
(A) one-one onto (B) one-one into (C) many one onto (D) many one into

1  1 
11. If f(x) = cos  2  x+sin  2  x, [x] denoting the greatest integer function, then -
 2  2 

  1  
(A) f(0) =0 (B) f    (C) f    1 (D) f     0
3 4 2
12. If 2 f(x2) + 3 f(1/x2) = x2 – 1  x  R0 then f(x2) is -

1  x4 1  x2 5 x2 3  2 x 4  x2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 x2 5x 1  x4 5 x2
1
13. If f(x) = cos (log x), then f(x) f(y) – [f(x/y) + f(xy)] is equal to -
2
(A) –1 (B) 1/2 (C) –2 (D) 0

28
14. The value of b and c for which the identity f (x + 1) – f (x) = 8x + 3 is satisfied, where f (x) = bx2 + cx + d, are –
(A) b = 2, c = 1 (B) b = 4, c = – 1 (C) b = – 1, c = 4 (D) b = – 1, c = 1
n
15. If f : R  R satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), for all x, y  R and f(1) = 7, then  f(r) is -
r 1

7n 7(n  1) 7n(n  1)
(A) (B) (C) 7n(n + 1) (D)
2 2 2
16. Which of the following function(s) is identical to x  2 -

(A) f(x) = x2  4 x  4 (B) f(x) = x  2

2
x2 x2  x  2
(C) f(x) = (D) f(x) = x 1
x2

x2  3 x  4
17. Let f: R  R be a function defined by f(x) = then f is -
x2  3 x  4
(A) one – one but not onto (B) onto but not one – one
(C) onto as well as one – one (D) neither onto nor one – one
18. f : R R & f(x) = x6 – 3x5 + 8x3 + 5. Then f(x) is -
(A) injective as well as surjective (B) neither injective nor surjective
(C) injective but not surjective (D) surjective but not injective

19. If(x) = {x} + {x + 1} + {x + 2}........{x + 99}, then the value of [  2  ] is, where {.} denotes fractional part
function & [.] denotes the greatest integer function
(A) 5050 (B) 4950 (C) 41 (D) 14
20. The minimum value of f(x) = 3  x + 2 + x + 5  x is -
(A) 0 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 10
21. If f : (e, )  R & f(x) = log [log(log x)], then f is -
(A) one-one but not onto (B) onto but not one-one
(C) one-one & onto both (D) neither one-one not onto

x2
22. If the function f : R A given by f(x)  is a surjection, then A =
x2  1
(A) R (B) [0, 1] (C) (0, 1] (D) [0, 1)

e| x|  e  x
23. Let f : R R be a function defined by f(x)  then -
e x  ex
(A) f is a bijection (B) f is an injection only
(C) f is a surjection (D) f is neither injection nor a surjection
x
24. Let f : R  R & f(x)  1 | x| . Then f (x) is -
(A) injective but not surjective (B) surjective but not injective
(C) injective as well as surjective (D) neither injective nor surjective

 1  x 3x  x3
25. Given f(x) = log  and g(x) = , then (fog) (x) equals -
 1  x  1  3 x2
(A) –f (x) (B) 3f (x) (C) [f (x)]3 (D) f(3x)
29
 x
26. If f(x) = , then (fofof ) (x) =
1  x2
3x x 3x
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
1  x2 1  3 x2 1  x2
 x
27. The period of the function f(x) = sin  cos  +cos(sinx) equal -
 2

(A) (B) 2 (C)  (D) 4
2

28. Let f(x)  sin [a] x (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function). If f is periodic with fundamental period

, then a belongs to -
(A) [2, 3) (B) {4, 5} (C) [4, 5] (D) [4, 5)
3x  2
29. If f(x) = , then -
5x  3
1
(A) f –1 (x) = f (x) (B) f –1 (x) = – f (x) (C) fof (x) = – x (D) f –1(x) = – f(x)
19
x x x
30. The period of f (x)  sin  2 cos  tan , is -
2 3 4
(A) 6 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 12
31. Which of the following function has a period of 2 ?
    x x
(A) f(x) = sin  2 x    2 sin  3 x    3 sin 5 x (B) f(x) = sin + sin
3 4 3 4
(C) f (x) = sin x + cos 2x (D) none
32. If 0(x) = x/(x + 1) and n+1 = 0 o n for n = 0, 1, 2,......, then n(x) is -
x nx x
(A) n(x) = (B) f0(x) (C) (D)
(n  1)x  1 nx  1 nx  1
33. A function whose graph is symmetrical about the origin is given by -
(A) f(x) = ex + e–x (B) f(x) = sin(sin(cos(sinx)))
(C) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) (D) sinx + sin|x|
x4  x 3  3 x2  2 x  2
34. Let f(x) = lnx & g(x) = . The domain of f(g(x)) is -
2 x2  2 x  3
(A) (– , ) (B) [0, ) (C) (0, ) (D) [1, )
35. The graph of the function y = f(x) is as shown in the figure. Then which of the following could represent the

graph of the function y  f(x) ?

(–2, 1) (2, 1)

(–1, 0) (1, 0)

(0, –1)
y y
y y
1 1 1
1

(A) (B) (C) (D)

–2 0 1 2 x –2 0 1 2 –2 –1 0 1 2 x –2 0 1 2 x

30
36. If f : R  R is a function satisfying the property f(x+1) + f(x+3) = K  x  R then the period of f (x) is -
(A) 4 (B) K (C) 1 (D) 
37. If g (f(x)) = |sin x| & f(g(x)) = (sin x )2 , then -

(A) f(x) = sin2x, g(x) = x (B) f(x) = sin x, g(x) = |x|

(C) f(x) = x2, g(x) = sin x (D) f & g cannot be determined

38. If f(x) = 3x – 5, then f –1 (x) -

1 x5
(A) is given by (B) is given by
3x  5 3
(C) does not exist because f is not one–one (D) does not exist because f is not onto
39. If the function f : [1, )  [1, ) is defined by f(x) = 2x(x – 1), then f –1(x) is -

x(x 1 )
1 1 1
(A)  
 2
(B)
2
1  1  4 log2 x  (C)
2
1  1  4 log2 x  (D) Not defined

SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVES (ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWERS)
40. Which of the following pairs of functions are identical ?
1
(A) f(x) = logxe, g(x) = (B) sgn(x2 + 1) ; g(x) = sin2x + cos2x
log e x
1
(C) f(x) = sec2x – tan2x ; g(x) = cosec2x – cot2x (D) f(x) = ; g(x) = x –2
| x|
41. Which of the functions defined below are NOT one-one function(s) ?
(A) f(x) = 5(x2 + 4), (x  R) (B) g(x) = 2x+(1/x)
(C) h(x) = n(x +x+1), (x  R
2
(D) f(x) = e–x
42. Which of the following functions are periodic -
x
(A) sinx + cosx (B) cosx +   (C) cosx + {2x} (D) ln{x} + sin2x
 

({x} denotes the fractional part of x)

43. Which of the functions are even -
 1  x2   1  x3  (1  2 x )2
(A) log (B) sin2 x + cos2 x
(C) log  (D)
 1  x 2   1  x 3  2x
44. Which of the following functions from Z to itself are NOT bijections ?
(A) f(x) = x3 (B) f(x) = x + 2 (C) f(x) = 2x + 1 (D) f(x) = x2 + x

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B A C B B C A A B D
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C D D B D A D B C B
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C D D A B B D D A D
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. C A C A C A A B B A,B,D
Que. 41 42 43 44
Ans. A,B,C A,B,C A,B,D A,C,D
31
SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVES (ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWERS)

1. f(x) and g(x) are two functions defined for all real values of x. f(x) is an even function and g(x) is periodic
function, then -
(A) f [g(x)] is a periodic function (B) g [f(x)] is a periodic function
(C) f [g(x)] is an even function (D) g [f(x)] is an even function
2. The function cot(sinx) -

(A) is not defined for x  (4 n  1) (B) is not defined for x = n
2
(C) lies between –cot1 and cot1 (D) can't lie between –cot1 and cot1
3. If f(x) is defined on (0, 1) then the domain of definition of f(ex) + f(ln |x|) is -
(A) (–e, –1) (B) (–e, –1)  (1, e) (C) (–, –1)  (1, ) (D) (–e, e)

LM 2x  3 x1
4. f (x) 
MN a x  1
2
x1
values of 'a' for which f(x) is injective is -

(A) –3 (B) 3 (C) 0 (D) 1

5. The solution set for [x] {x} = 1 where {x} and [x] are fractional part & integral part of x, is -

 1   1 
(A) R+ – (0, 1) (B) R+ – {1} (C) m  / m    {0} (D) m  / m  N  {1}
 m   m 
1
6. The graph of function f(x) is as shown, adjacently. Then the graph of is -
f(| x| )

y = f(x)

a b

y
y

a b x
(A) o (B) o a b x

y
y

(C) –b –a
(D) –a a x
o a b O

32
 | sin x|  | cos x|
7. The fundamental period of | sin x  cos x|  | sin x  cosx| is -

 2
(A)  (B) (C) 2 (D)
2 3
8. Range of the function f(x) = cos (K sinx) is [–1, 1], then the least positive integral value of K will be -
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
9. Which of the following function(s) is/are periodic ?
(A) f(x) = 3x – [3x] (B) g(x) = sin(1/x), x  0 & g(0) = 0

(C) h(x) = x cosx (D) w(x) = sin(sin(sinx))

10. If g(x) is a polynomial satisfying g(x) g(y) = g(x) + g(y) + g(xy)  2 for all real x and y and g(2) = 5 then g(3)
is equal to -
(A) 10 (B) 24 (C) 21 (D) none of these

4 , x <–1
11. Let f(x) = 
 –4 x, –1  x  0

If f(x) is an even function in R then the definition of f(x) in (0, ) is -

4 x, 0  x  1 4 x, 0  x  1 4, 0  x  1
(A) f(x) =  (B) f(x) =  (C) f(x) =  (D) none of these
4, x 1 4, x 1 4 x, x 1

12. The function f(x) = log x2 (x) is defined for x belonging to -

(A) (, 0) (B) (0, 1) (C) (1, ) (D) (0, )

13. Which of the following functions are homogeneous ?
(A) x sin y + y sin x (B) x ey/x + y ex/y (C) x2  xy (D) arc sin xy
14. Which of the following functions are not homogeneous ?

y xy x  y cos x x  y y  x
(A) x + y cos (B) 2 (C) (D) n   + n  
x x y y sin x  y y  x x y
y
4
15. The graph of (x) is given then the number of positive solution
2

of (x) 1 = 1 are -
x
–4 –2 O 2 4

(A) 5 (B) 2

(C) 3 (D) 1
–4

1   1  2 x 
16. Given the function f(x) such that 2 f(x)  xf    2 f  2 sin   x     4 cos  x cos , then which
 x   4  2 x
one of the following is correct ?
(A) f(2) + f(1/2) = 1
(B) f(1) = –1, but the values of f(2), f(1/2) cannot be determined
(C) f(2) + f(1) = f(1/2)
(D) f(2) + f(1) = 0

33
17. If f (x + ay, x – ay) = axy then f (x, y) is equal to -

x2  y2 x2  y2
(A) (B) (C) 4xy (D) none
4 4
  4  x2 
18. The range of the function f(x) = sin  log    is -
  1  x  
 
(A) [– 1, 1] (B) (– 1, 1)
(C) [– 1, 1) (D) cannot be determined

19. The graph of the function cos x cos(x + 2) – cos2 (x + 1) is-

(A) a straight line passing through (0, – sin2 1) with slope 2
(B) a straight line passing through (0,0)
(C) a parabola with vertex (1, – sin21)

 
(D) a straight line passing through the point  ,  sin 2 1  and parallel to the x-axis
 2 

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A,D B,D A A,B D C B D A,D A
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans. A B,C B,C B,C B A,C,D A A D

34
MATCH THE COLUMN
Following questions contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE statement in Column-II.
1. Column-I Column-II
(x) Range
2
cos x  cos x  2  7
(A) (p)  0, 3 
cos 2 x  cos x  1 
 cos x  sin x  cos x  sin x  4 7 
(B)
3  cos x  sin x 
(q)  3 , 3 
7  1
(C)
3 x  2 x  3 x  1
6 4 2 (r) 0, 3 
2
(D) log8(x + 2x + 2) (s) [0, )

2. Column - I Column - II
(A) Total number of solution x2 – 4 – [x] = 0 (p) 0
where [ ] denotes greatest integer function.
4
x  cos2 x  x  [x ]
(B) Minimum period of e cos (q) 1
1
(C) If A = {(x, y); y = , x  R0} and (r) 2
x
B = {(x, y) : y = x, x  R} then number of
elements in A  B is (are)
(D) Number of integers in the domain of (s) 3
2 x  3 x + log3 log1/2 x

3. Column - I Column - II

(A) If f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3, then graph of f(|x|) is (p) o 1 x

1 1
(B) If g(x) = , then it's graph is (q)
ln x –2 –1 O 1 2 3 x

(C) If f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3, then graph of |f(x)| is (r)

–3 –1 1 3 x

1
(D) If k(x) = , then its graph is (s)
{x} 1 3 x

35
 Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statement(s) in Column-II.
4. Column - I Column - II
(A)  : R R (p) one one
(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2)........(x – 11)
(B)  : R – {–4/3}  R (q) onto
2x 1
(x) =
3x  4
(C)  : R R (r) many one
(x) = esinx + e–sinx
(D)  : R R (s) into
(x) = log(x2 + 2x + 3)

ASSERTION & REASON

These questions contains, Statement I (assertion) and Statement II (reason).
(A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for statement-I.
(C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
 x, x  Q
1. Let f(x) = 
1  x, x Q
Statement-I : f(f(x)) = x.
Because
Statement-II: f(x) is neither odd nor even.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

2. Statement-I : Fundamental period of cosx + cotx is 2

Because
Statement-II : If the period of f(x) is T1 and the period of g(x) is T2, then the fundamental period of f(x) + g(x)
is the L.C.M. of T1 and T2.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

3. Statement-I : Function f(x) = sin(x + 3sinx) is periodic.

Because
Statement-II : If g(x) is periodic, then f(g(x)) may or may not be periodic.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
3 2
4. Let  : R  R, (x) = x + x + 100x + 5sinx, then
Statement-I : (x) is bijective.
Because
Statement-II : 3x2 + 2x + 95 > 0  x  R.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

5. Let function  : R  R is such that (x) (y) – (xy) = x + y for all x, y  R

Statement-I : (x) is a Bijective function.
Because
Statement-II : (x) is a linear function.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

36
6. Let (x) is a bijective function. Then
Statement-I : (x) = –1(x) –1(x) = x.
Because
Statement-II : –1(x) = x  (x) = –1(x).
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS

Comprehension # 1

 x  1, if x 1  x, if x 1
If (x) =  & g(x) = 
2
5  x , if x 1 2  x, if x 1

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :

1. The range of (x) is -

(A) (–, 4) (B) (–, 5) (C) R (D) (–, 4]

2. If x  (1, 2), then g((x)) is equal to -

(A) x2 + 3 (B) x2 – 3 (C) 5 – x2 (D) 1 – x

3. Number of negative integral solutions of g((x)) + 2 = 0 are -

(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 2

Comprehension # 2
There are six trigonometric and six inverse trigonometric functions. Similarly there are six hyperbolic function
defined as follows :

e x  e x e x  e x
The quantity where x  R is called hyperbolic sine of x and is written as sinh x, cosh x =
2 2

sinh x 1
called as hyperbolic cosx and hyperbolic tan of x is written as tanh x = . Similarly sech x = ,
cosh x cosh x

1 1
cosech x = , coth x = .
sinh x tanh x
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :

1. Which out of following is many one -

(A) tanh x (B) coth x (C) cosh x (D) sinh x

2. Which out of following is an even function -

(A) tanh x (B) cosech x (C) sech x + cosh x (D) tanh x + coth x

3. The functions whose domain is R -

(A) sinh x, cosh x, tanh x (B) cosech x, sech x, coth x
(C) sinh x, cosh x, coth x (D) sinh x, cosech x, tanh x

37
Comprehension # 3

Let f : R  R is a function satisfying f(2 – x) = f(2 + x) and f(20 – x) = f(x),  x  R.

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :

1. If f(0) = 5, then minimum possible number of values of x satisfying f(x) = 5, for x [0, 170] is-
(A) 21 (B) 12 (C) 11 (D) 22

2. Graph of y = f(x) is -
(A) symmetrical about x = 18 (B) symmetrical about x = 5
(C) symmetrical about x = 8 D) symmetrical about x = 20

3. If f(2) f(6), then

(A) fundamental period of f(x) is 1 (B) fundamental period of f(x) may be 1
(C) period of f(x) can't be 1 (D) fundamental period of f(x) is 8

ANSWER KEY
 Match the Column
1. (A)  (q); (B)  (r); (C)  (p); (D)  (s)
2. (A) (r); (B) (q); (C) (r); (D)  (p)
3. (A)  (r); (B)  (p); (C)  (s); (D)  (q)
4. (A)  (r, q); (B) (p, s); (C)  (r, s); (D)  (r, s)

 Assertion & Reason

1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. D

 Comprehension Based Questions

Comprehension # 1 : 1. A 2. B 3. C
Comprehension # 2 : 1. C 2. C 3. A
Comprehension # 3 : 1. D 2. A 3. C

38
 y
1. The graph of a function  is given. 3
(a) State the value of (–1). 2

(b) For what values of x is (x) = 2 1

(c) State the domain and range of . 0 1 2 3 x

(d) On what interval is  increasing ?

(e) Estimated value of (2) is -
(A) 2.2 (B) 2.8 (C) 2.5 (D) 3
(f) Estimated value of x such that (x) = 0, is -
(A) –2.5 (B) 0.8 (C) –2.9 (D) 0.3

2. Find a function that represents the amount of air required to inflate the spherical balloon from a radius of r
inches to a radius of r + 1 inches.

3. Solve the following problems from (a) to (d) on functional equation :

(a) The function f(x) defined on the real numbers has the property that f(f(x)).(1+f(x))=–f(x) for all x in the
domain of f. If the number 3 is in the domain and range of f, compute the value of f(3).
(b) Suppose f is a real function satisfying f(x + f(x)) = 4f(x) and f(1) = 4. Find the value of f(21).
(c) Let f be function defined from R+  R+. If [f(xy)]2 = x(f(y))2 for all positive numbers x and y and
f(2) = 6, find the value of f(50).
(d) Let f(x) be a function with two properties
(i) for any two real number x and y, f(x + y) = x + f(y) and (ii) f(0) =2.
Find the value of f(100).

4. Let f be a function such that f(3) = 1 and f(3x) = x + f(3x – 3) for all x. Then find the value of f(300).

9x 1   2   3   2007 
5. Let f(x) = then find the value of the sum f   f  f  .......f 
9x  3  2008   2008   2008   2008 

6. Find the domains of definitions of the following functions :

(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively)

(a) f(x) = cos 2 x + 1 6  x2 (b) f(x) = log7 log5 log3log2(2x3 + 5x2 – 14x)

1 x
(c) f(x) = + nx(x2 – 1) (d) f(x) = log 1
2
4 x2  1 2 x 1

(e) f(x) = logxsinx

1
 7 
(f) f(x) = (5 x  6  x2 )[{ n{x}}] + (7 x  5  2 x2 ) +   n   x  
 2 

f
(g) If f(x) = x2  5 x  4 & g(x) = x + 3, then find the domain of g (x)

1 1 1
(h) f(x) = + log1 – {x} (x2 – 3x + 10) + +
[x] 2  | x| sec(sin x)

7. The function f(x) is defined on the interval [0, 1]. Find the domain of definition of the functions.
(a) f(sinx) (b) f(2x + 3)

39
8. Find the domain & range of the following functions.

2x
(a) y = log 5
 2 (sin x  cos x)  3  (b) y=
1  x2

(c) y= 2 x + 1x
(d) y = sin (x2 – 3x + 2) (e) y = tan(sinx + cosx) (f) y = cos(logx)

2
(g) y = sin2x + 4sinx + 5 (h) y = sin(4cosx) (i) y = sin  x2
9

9. Classify the following function f(x) defined in R  R as injective, surjective, both or none

x2  x  1
(a) f(x) = (b) f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
x2  x  1
(c) f(x) = (x2 + x + 5) (x2 + x – 3)

1  x, 0  x2
10. Let f(x)   , then find (fof)(x).
3  x, 2 x3

11. If f 0(x) = x2 and fn+1(x) = f 0(f n(x)) for n = 0, 1, 2, ....., find a formula for f n(x).

12. If g(x) = 2x + 1 and h(x) = 4x2 + 4x + 7, find a function  such that  o g = h.

13. Find two distinct linear functions which map the interval [–1, 1] onto [0, 2].

14. Let  : {x, y, z}  {a, b, c} be a one–one function. It is known that only one of the following statement is
true :
(i) (x)  b (ii) (y) = b (iii) (z)  a
Find the function  (as ordered pair).

15. Find whether the following functions are even or odd or none :

x(a x  1)
(a) 
f(x) = log x  1  x 2  (b) f(x) =
a x 1
(c) f(x) = sinx + cosx (d) f(x) = K, where K is constant

2
(e) f(x) =
1  2 x  (f) f(x) = [(x + 1)2]1/3 + [(x – 1)2]1/3
2x

16. Find the period for each of the following functions :

(a) f(x) = sin4x + cos4x (b) f(x) = |cosx|

3 2
(c) f(x) = |sinx| + |cosx| (d) f(x) = cos x – sin x
5 7

17. Prove that the functions ;

(a) f(x) = cos x (b) f(x) = sin x (c) f(x) = x + sinx (d) f(x) = cosx2
are not periodic.

18. Write explicitly, functions of y defined by the following equations and also find the domains of definition of
the given implicit functions :
(a) 10x + 10y = 10 (b) x + |y| = 2y

40
19. Compute the inverse of the functions :
x
ex  e x
(a) 
f(x) = n x  x  1 2
 (b) f(x) = 2 x 1
(c) y=
e x  e x

20. Show if f(x) = n

a  xn , x > 0 n 2, n N, then (fof) (x) = x. Find also the inverse of f(x).

xa
21. Consider a function  : x  ; x R – {1} where a is a real constant. If  is not a constant function,
x 1
then find the following :

 1     1 
(a) the range of  (b) –1, if it exist (c) f   – f  f  f    
 f  f x 
  x

A NS W ER KE Y
1. (a) –2, (b) –3, 1, (c) [–3, 3], [–2, 3], (d) (–1, 3], (e) B, (f) A,D
4
2. (r) = (3r 2  3r  1) 3. (a) –3/4, (b) 64, (c) 30, (d) 102, 4. 5050 5. 1003. 5
3

 5  3      3 5  1
6. (a)   4 , 4     4 , 4    4 , 4  (b)   4,   (2, )
 2

1  5  1  5 
(c) (–1 < x < –1/2) U (x > 1) (d)  , 0    , 
 2  
  2 
(e) 2K < x < (2K + 1)but x 1 where K is non-negative integer

 5
(f) (1, 2)   2,  (g) (–, –3) (–3, 1] [4, ) (h) (–2, –1)  (–1, 0) (1, 2)
 2
7. (a) 2Kx 2K+ where K  I (b) [–3/2, –1]
8. (a) D : x  R R : [0, 2] (b) D = R ; R : [–1, 1] (c) D : –1 x 2 R :  3, 6 

(d) D = R ; R : [–1, 1] (e) D = R ; R :   tan 2, tan 2  (f) D : (0, ) ; R : [–1, 1]

    3
(g) D = R ; R : [2, 10] (h) D = R ; R : [–1, 1] (i) D :   ,  ; R : 0, 
 3 3  2 
9. (a) neither surjective nor injective (b) surjective but not injective (c) neither injective nor surjective
2  x, 0  x 1

10. (fof)(x)  2  x, 1  x2
4  x, 2x3

n 1
11. f n(x) = x 2 12. (x) = x2 + 6 13. f(x) = 1 + x or 1 – x 14. {(x, b), (y, a), (z, c)}
15. (a) odd (b) even (c) neither odd nor even (d) even
(e) even (f) even
16. (a) /2 (b)  (c) /2 (d) 70
18. (a) y = + log10(10 –10x), – < x < 1 (b) y = x/3 when –< x < 0 & y = x when 0 x < + 
e x  e x log2 x 1 1x
19. (a) (b) (c) n
2 log2 x  1 2 1x
xa
20. f –1(x) = (a – xn)1/n 21. (a) R – {1}, (b) –1(x) = , (c) zero
x 1

41
1. Find the domains of definitions of the following functions :

1
cos x 
1 5 x 2
(a) f(x)= (b) f(x) = log x (cos 2 x) (c) f(x) =
7 –x  7 6  35 x  6 x2

2. Prove that if the function f(x) = sinx + cospx is periodic, then p is a rational number.

3. If f(x) = –1 + |x – 2|, 0 x 4

g(x) = 2 – |x|, –1 x 3
Then find fog(x) & gof(x). Draw rough sketch of the graphs of fog(x) & gof(x).

4. Let f(x) = (1 + x 2) sgn x. Find its inverse and sketch the graphs of f(x) and f –1(x).

2 x (sin x  tan x)
5. Prove that f(x) = is an odd function, where [ ] denotes greatest integer function.
x 2
2  3
  
 1
6. If f(x) = max  x,  for x > 0 where max (a, b) denotes the greater of the two real numbers a and b. Define
 x
1 
the function g(x) = f(x) f   and plot its graph.
x

1  3 
7. A function f :  ,     ,   defined as, f(x) = x2 –x + 1. Then solve the equation f(x) = f –1 (x).
2  4 

8. Suppose p(x) is a polynomial with integer coefficients. The remainder when p(x) is divided by x – 1 is 1 and
the remainder when p(x) is divided by x – 4 is 10. If r(x) is the remainder when p(x) is divided by
(x –1)(x – 4), find the value of r(2006).

9. Let ‘f’ be a real valued function defined for all real numbers x such that for some positive constant ‘a’ the
1 2
equation f(x + a)=  f(x)  (f(x)) holds for all x. Prove that the function f is periodic.
2
10. Let f(x) = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) + 5 where x  [–6, 6]. If the range of the function is [a, b] where
a, b  N then find the value of (a + b).

3  4 
11. The set of real values of ‘x’ satisfying the equality       5 (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function)
x x
 b b
belongs to the interval  a,  where a, b, c  N and is in its lowest form. Find the value of a + b + c + abc.
c c
A NS W ER KE Y

 1  5 
1. (a) (– , –1) [0, ) (b) (0, 1/4) U (3/4, 1) U {x : x N, x 2} (c)   ,    , 6 
 6 3 3 
x  1, 0  x  1  x 1 if x  1
(1  x),  1  x  0 3  x, 1  x  2 
3. fog(x) = ; gof(x) = x  1, 2  x  3
4. f –1 (x) =  0 if x  0
x  1, 0 x2 
5  x, 3  x  4    (x  1) if x   1
1
 2 if 0  x  1
6. g(x) =  x 7. x=1 8. 6016 10. 5049 11. 20
 x2 if x  1


42
1. Which of the following is not a periodic function - 8. A function f from the set of natural numbers to
[AIEEE 2002]
 n 1
(A) sin 2x + cos x (B) cos x  , when n is odd
integers defined by f(n) =  2n is
(C) tan 4x (D) log cos 2x  , when n is even
 2
2. The period of sin2 x is- [AIEEE 2002]
[AIEEE 2003]
(A) /2 (B)  (C) 3/2 (D) 2
(A) neither one-one nor onto
3. The function f : R  R defined by f(x) = sin x is- (B) one-one but not onto
[AIEEE-2002]
(C) onto but not one-one
(A) into (B) onto
(D) one-one and onto both
(C) one-one (D) many-one
9. The range of the function f(x) = 7– xPx–3 is-
2x [AIEEE 2004]
4. The range of the function f(x) = , x  2 is-
2x (A) {1, 2, 3} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
[AIEEE-2002] (C) {1, 2,3,4} (D) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(A) R (B) R – {–1}
(C) R – {1} (D) R – {2} 10. If f : R  S, defined by f(x) = sin x – 3 cos x+ 1,
is onto, then the interval of S is - [AIEEE 2004]
2
5. The function f(x) = log (x + x  1 ), is- (A) [0, 3] (B) [–1, 1]
[AIEEE 2003] (C) [0, 1] (D) [–1, 3]
(A) neither an even nor an odd function
11. The graph of the function y = f(x) is symmetrical
(B) an even function
about the line x = 2, then- [AIEEE 2004]
(C) an odd function
(A) f(x+ 2) = f(x – 2) (B) f(2 + x) = f(2 – x)
(D) a periodic function
(C) f(x) = f(–x) (D) f(x) = – f(–x)
6. Domain of definition of the function

3 sin 1( x  3)
f(x) = + log10 (x3 – x), is- [AIEEE 2003] 12. The domain of the function f(x) = is-
4  x2 9  x2
(A) (– 1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2, )
[AIEEE 2004]
(B) (1, 2)
(A) [2,3] (B) [2,3)
(C) ( – 1, 0) (1, 2)
(C) [1,2] (D) [1, 2)
(D) (1, 2)  (2, )
13. Let f : (–1, 1)  B, be a function defined by
7. If f : R  R satisfies f(x+ y) = f(x) + f(y), for all x,
n 2x
f(x) = tan–1 , then f is both one-one and
y  R and f(1) = 7, then  f (r ) is- 1 x2
r 1
[AIEEE 2003] onto when B is the interval - [AIEEE-2005]
7n (n  1) 7n    
(A) (B) (A)  0,  (B) 0, 
2 2  2  2
7(n  1)      
(C) (D) 7n (n+1) (C)  ,  (D)   , 
2  2 2  2 2
43
14. A real valued function f(x) satisfies the functional 18. Let f(x) = (x + 1)2 –1, x > –1
equation f(x – y) = f(x) f(y)– f (a–x) f(a + y) where
Statement – 1 : [AIEEE 2009]
a is a given constant and f(0)=1, then f(2a – x) is
The set {x : f(x) = f –1(x)} = {0, –1}.
equal to - [AIEEE-2005]
Statement – 2 :
(A) –f(x) (B) f(x)
f is a bijection.
(C) f(a) + f(a – x) (D) f(–x) (A) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true;
Statement -2 is a correct explanation for
Statement -1
   
15. The largest interval lying in  ,  for which (B) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true;
2 2
Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for
  x2 x   Statement -1.
the function f(x)  4  cos 1   1  log (cos x)
 2   (C) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is false.
(D) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true.
is defined, is - [AIEEE 2007]
   
(A) [0, ] (B)  ,  1
2 2
19. The domain of the function f(x) = x  x is :
    
(C)  ,  (D) 0, 
 4 2  2
[AIEEE 2011]

16. Let f : N  Y be a function defined as (A) (–,) (B) (0, )

(C) (–, 0) (D) (–, ) – {0}
f(x) = 4x + 3 where Y = |y  N : y = 4x + 3 for
some x  N|. Show that f is invertible and its
20. If fk (x)  1/ k(sink x  cosk x), where x  R and
inverse is [AIEEE 2008]
k  1, then f4 (x)  f6 (x) is equal to
y3
(A) g(y) = 4 + [2014 Main]
4
(A) 1/6 (B) 1/3 (C) 1/4 (D) 1/12

(B) g(y) =
y3 21. The f unction f : R    1 , 1  def ined as
4  2 2
 

y3 x
f(x)  is [2017 Main]
(C) g(y) = 1  x2
4
(A) invertible
3y  4 (B) injective but not surjective
(D) g(y) =
3 (C) surjective but not injective
(D) neither injective nor surjective

17. For real x, let f(x) = x 3 + 5x + 1, then - 22. Let a,b,c  R If f(x)  ax2  bx  c such that
[AIEEE 2009] a+b+c = 3 and f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + xy,  x,
(A) f is one – one but not onto R
10

(B) f is onto R but not one – one y  R, then  f(n) is equal to

n1
(C) f is one – one and onto R
[2017 Main]
(D) f is neither one – one nor onto R (A) 330 (B) 165
(C) 190 (D) 225

44
 28. If g(x) = x2 + x – 1 and (gof)(x) = 4x2 – 10x + 5,
1
23. For x  R – {0, 1}, let f 1(x) = , f 2(x) = 1 – x 5
x then f is equal to [2020 Main]
4
1
and f3(x) = be three given functions. If a 3 1
1 x (A) (B) −
2 2
function, J(x) satisfies (f2 o J o f1)(x) = f3(x), then
J(x) is equal to [2019 Main] 3 1
(C) − (D)
(A) f1(x) (B) f2(x) 2 2

1
(C) f3(x) (D) f (x) 29. Let ={ ∈ :1 ≤ ≤ 50} .
x 3
If ={ ∈ : 2} and
24. Let A = {x  R : x is not a positive integer}.
={ ∈ : 7} , t hen
2x the number of elements in the smallest subset
Define a function f : A  R as f (x) = ,
x 1 of containing both A and B is ­­­________
then f is [2019 Main]
[2020 Main]
(A) injective but not surjective
(B) not injective 30. The inverse function of [2020 Main]
(C) neither injective nor surjective 82 − 8−2
(D) surjective but not injective ( )= , ∈ (−1,1) , is
82 + 8−2
25. Let N be the set of natural numbers and two 1 1−
functions f and g be defined as f, g : N  N (A) log log
4 1+
1 1−
n 1 (B) log
 2 , if n is odd 4 1+
such that f(n) =  and 1 1+
n , if n is even (C) log log
 2 4 1−
1 1+
g(n) = n – (– 1)n. Then fog is [2019 Main] (D) log
4 1−
(A) both one-one and onto
(B) neither one-one nor onto 31. Let ƒ ∶ (1, 3) → be a function defined by
(C) onto but not one-one
[ ]
(D) one-one but not onto ( )= , where [ ] denotes the
1+ 2
x greatest integer ≤ . Then the range of ƒ is
26. Let f : R  R be defined by f(x) = ,x [2020 Main]
1 x2
R. Then the range of f is: [2019 Main] 3 4 2 3 3 4
(A) , (B) , ∪ ,
 1 1 5 5 5 5 4 5
(A)  ,  (B) R – [–1, 1]
 2 2 2 4 2 1 3 4
(C) , (D) , ∪ ,
 1 1 5 5 5 2 5 5
(C) R –   ,  (D) (–1, 1) – {0}
 2 2 32. Let S be the set of all real roots of the equation,
27. The number of functions f from {1, 2, 3, .............., 3 (3 – 1) + 2 = |3 – 1| + |3 – 2| .
20} onto {1, 2, 3, .........., 20} such that f (k) is a Then S : [2020 Main]
multiple of 3, whenever k is a multiple of 4, is
(A) is an empty set.
[2019 Main]
(B) contains at least four elements.
(A) 65 × (15)! (B) 5! × 6!
(C) contains exactly two elements.
(C) (15)! × 6! (D) 56 × 15
(D) is a singleton

45
33. The number of real roots of the equation,
36. Let be differentiable functions on
e4x + e3x – 4e2x + ex + 1 = 0 is :
such that is the identity function. If for
[2020 Main]
′( )=5 ( )= ,
(A) 4 (B) 2 som e , ∈ ,
(C) 3 (D) 1 then ′( ) is : [2020 Main]

34. The number of distinct solutions of the equation

2
(A) (B) 1
5
log1 | | = 2 − log1 | | in the interval
2 2
1
(C) (D) 5
[0, 2 ] , is _______ [2020 Main] 5

35. If A = {x  R : |x| < 2} and B = {x  R : |x - 2|  3}

; then : [2020 Main]
(A) ∪ = – (2, 5)
(B) ∪ = (– 2, – 1)
(C) – = – (– 2, 5)
(D) – = [– 1, 2)

ANSWER KEY

1. B 2. B 3. AD 4. B 5. C

6. A 7. A 8. D 9. A 10. D

11. B 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. D

16. C 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. D

21. C 22. A 23. C 24. A 25. C

26. A 27. C 28. B 29. 29.00 30. C

31. D 32. D 33. D 34. 8.00 35. C

36. C

46
1. If the function f : [1, )  [1, ) is defined by 5. (a) Suppose f(x) = (x + 1)2 for x  – 1. If g(x) is
f(x) = 2x(x – 1), then f –1(x) is [JEE 99, 2] the function whose graph is the reflection of the
graph of f(x) with respect to the line y = x, then
x ( x 1) g(x) equals [JEE. 2002 (Scr.)]
 1 1
(A)   (B) (1  1  4 log 2 x ) 1
 2 2
(A) – x – 1, x  0 (B) , x  –1
( x  1)2

1 (C) x  1, x  1 (D) x – 1, x  0
(C) (1 – 1  4 log2 x ) (D) not defined
2
(b) Let function f : R  R be defined by
2. The domain of definition of the function, y(x) given f(x) = 2x + sinx for x  R. Then f is
x y
by the equation, 2 + 2 = 2 is [JEE 2000] (A) one to one and onto
(A) 0 < x  1 (B) 0  x  1 (B) one to one but NOT onto
(C) –  < x  0 (D) –  < x < 1 (C) onto but NOT one to one

3. Given X = {1, 2, 3, 4}, find all one–one, onto (D) neither one to one nor onto

mappings, f : X  X such that, f(1) = 1, f(2)  2 x

and f(4)  4 [JEE 2000] 6. (a) Let f(x) = defined from (0, )  [0, )
1 x
then by f(x) is [JEE. 2003 (Scr.)]
– 1 , x  0
 (A) one - one but not onto
4. (a) Let g(x) = 1 + x – [x] & f(x) =  0 , x  0 .
1 , x0 (B) one- one and onto

Then for all x, f(g(x)) is equal to [JEE 2001 (Scr.)] (C) Many one but not onto
(A) x (B) 1 (C) f(x) (D) g(x) (D) Many one and onto
where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function. x2  x  2
(b) Range of the function f(x) = is
1 x2  x  1
(b) If f : [1, )  [2, ) is given by, f(x) = x  ,
x  7  7
then f –1(x) equals. (A) [1, 2] (B) [1, ) (C) 2,  (D) 1,. 
 3  3
x  x2  4 x 7. Let f(x) = sinx + cosx, g (x) = x2 – 1. Thus g(f(x))
(A) (B)
2 1 x2
is invertible for x  [JEE 2004 (Scr.)]
x  x2  4
(C) (D) 1– x 2  4      
2 (A)  – , 0 (B)  – , 
 2   2 
log2 ( x  3 )
(c) The domain of definition of f(x) = is     
x 2  3x  2
(C)  – ,  (D) 0, 
 4 4  2
(A) R \ {–1, – 2} (B) (–2, )
8. If the functions f(x) & g(x) are defined on R  R
(C) R \ {–1, –2, –3} (D) (–3, ) \ {–1, –2}  0, x  rational
such that f(x)   ,
 x, x  irrational
(d) Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4} & F = {1, 2}. Then the
0, x  irrational
number of onto functions from E to F is g(x)  
 x, x  rational
(A) 14 (B) 16 (C) 12 (D) 8
then (f – g) (x) is [JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
x (A) one – one and onto
(e) Let f(x) = , x  – 1. Then for what value
x 1 (B) neither one–one nor onto
of  is f(f(x)) = x ?
(C) one-one but not onto
(A) 2 (B) – 2 (C) 1 (D) – 1 (D) onto but not one-one
47
9. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4}. The total number of unordered 14. Let f f1 : R  R,f2 : [0, ]  R,f3 : R  and
pairs of disjoint subsets of S is equal to
f4 : R  [0, ] be defined by [JEE Ad. 2014]
[JEE 2010]
(A) 25 (B) 34 (C) 42 (D) 41  x if x  0
f1  x    x ;
10. Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = sin x for all x  R. Then the e if x  0
set of all x satisfying (f o g o g o f) (x) = g(g o g of)
f 2 (x) = x2 ;
(x), where (f o g) (x) = f(g(x)), is [JEE 2011]
sin x if x  0
f3  x    ;
(A) ± n , n  {0, 1, 2, ...} x if x  0

(B) ± n , n  {1, 2, ...}

 f 2  f1  x   if x  0
f4  x   
 f 2  f1  x    1 if x  0

(C) + 2n, n  {......, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2 .....}
2 List - I List - II
(p) f 4 is (1) onto but not one-one
(D) 2n, n  {......, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, ....}
(q) f 3 is (2) neither continuous
nor one-one
11. The function f : [0, 3]  [1, 29], defined by
(r) f 2 o f1 is (3) differentiable but not one-
f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is [JEE 2012]
one
(A) one-one and onto. (s) f 2 is (4) continuous and one-one
(B) onto but not one-one.
Codes :
(C) one-one but not onto.
p q r s
(D) neither one-one nor onto (A) 3 1 4 2
(B) 1 3 4 2
12. Let f : (–1, 1)  IR be such that (C) 3 1 2 4
2 (D) 1 3 2 4
f (cos 4) = f or  
2  sec2 
  
15. Let f(x) = sin  sin  sin x   for all x  R and
     1 6 2 
 0,    ,  . Then the value(s) for f  
 4   4 2  3

g(x) = sin x for all x  R. Let (fog) (x) denote
is (are) [JEE 2012] 2

3 3 2 2 f(g(x)) and (gof) (x) denote g(f(x)). Then which of

(A) 1– (B) 1+ (C) 1 – (D)1+
2 2 3 3 the following is (are) true ? [JEE Ad. 2015]

    1 1
13. Let f :   ,   R be given by (A) Range of f is   , 
 2 2  2 2

1 1
f(x) = (log(sec x + tan x))3 Then [JEE Ad. 2014] (B) Range of fog is   , 
(A) f(x) is an odd function  2 2
(B) f(x) is a one-one function
f x 
(C) f(x) is an onto function (C) Lim 
x 0 gx 6
(D) f(x) is an even function
(D) There is an x  R such that (gof) (x) = 1

48
16. Answer the following by appropriately matching the lists based on the information given in the
paragraph
Let ƒ(x) = sin(  cosx) and g(x) = cos(2  sinx) be two functions defined for x > 0. Define the following sets
whose elements are written in the increasing order :
X = {x : ƒ(x) = 0} , Y = {x : ƒ'(x) = 0}
Z = {x : g(x) = 0} , W = {x : g'(x) = 0}.
List-I contains the sets X,Y,Z and W. List-II contains some information regarding these sets.
[JEE Ad. 2019]
List-I List-II

  3 
(I) X (P)  , , 4, 7 
2 2 

(II) Y (Q) an arithmetic progression

(III) Z (R) NOT an arithmetic progression

  7 13 
(IV) W (S)  , , 
6 6 6 

  2 
(T)  , , 
3 3 

  3 
(U)  , 
6 4 

Which of the following is the only CORRECT combination ?

Options
(A) (IV), (Q), (T) (B) (III), (P), (Q), (U)
(C) (IV), (P), (R), (S) (D) (III), (R), (U)

49
 ANSWER KEY

1. B 2. D

3. {(1,1), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 2)} ; {(1,1), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 3)} and {(1,1), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2)}

4. (a) B, (b) A, (c) D, (d) A, (e) D 5. (a) D, (b) A 6. (a) A, (b) D

7. C 8. A 9. D 10. A

11. B 12. AB 13. ABC 14. D 15. ABC 16. C

50
A. INTRODUCTION
–1 –1 –1
sin x, cos x, tan x etc. represents angles or numbers whose values of sine, cosine and
tangent is ‘x’, provided that the value in numerical form is smallest. These can be written as
arc sin x, arc cos x etc. If two angles whose modulus is equal, in which one is positive and
other is negative then we take positive sign.

B. DOMAIN & PRINCIPLE VALUE RANGE OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

S.No. Function Domain Pr inciple value range (PVR)

  
1. y  sin 1 x x  [ 1, 1] y   , 
 2 2
2. y  cos 1 x x  [ 1, 1] y  [0, ]
1   
3. y  tan x x R y   , 
 2 2
4. y  cot 1 x x R y  (0, )
1  
5. y  sec x x  (– ,  1]  [1,  ) y  [0, ]   
2
  
6. y  cosec 1x x  (– ,  1]  [1,  ) y   ,   {0}
 2 2

C. GRAPH OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

–1
(a) f : [–/2, /2]  [–1, 1] f : [–1, 1]  [–/2, /2]
–1 –1
f(x) = sin x f (x) = sin x
y y

y=x
y=arcsinx y=arcsinx
/2 /2

1 y=sinx

–  / 2 –1 –1
x x
0 1 /2 0 1

y=sinx –1
–/ 2 –/ 2
y=arcsinx y=arcsinx
y=x

–1
(b) f : [0, ]  [–1, 1] f : [–1, 1]  [0, ]
–1 –1
f(x) = cos x f (x) = cos x
y=arc cosx
y

y=x
y
/2


1
/2
/ 2  x
–1 0 1 1
–1
y=cosx
x
–1 0 1
y=x

1
 –1
(c) f : (–/2, /2)  R f : R  (–/2, /2)
–1 –1
f(x) = tan x f (x) = tan x
y
 y=tanx y=x

y
/2
y=arc tanx
/ 2 y=arc tanx
x
– / 2 0 / 2 
x
y=arc tanx
0
– / 2 y=arc tanx

–/ 2
y=x
y=tanx –

–1
(d) f : (0, )  R f : R  (0, )
–1 –1
f(x) = cot x f (x) = cot x
y
y=x
 y
y=arc cotx 
y=arc cotx
/2

y=arc cotx /2

x
0 / 2  y=arc cotx
x
0 
– / 2

y=x
– y=cotx
y


(e) f : [0, /2)  (/2, ]  (–, –1]  [1, )

/ 2
f(x) = sec x
–1
f : (–, –1]  [1, )  [0, /2)  [/2, ]
–1 –1
f (x) = sec x x
–1 0 1

/ 2

(f) f : [–/2, 0)  (0, /2]  (–, –1]  [1, )

f(x) = cosec x x
–1 1
f : (–, –1]  [1, )  [–/2, 0)  (0, /2] –1 0
–1 –1
f (x) = cosec x

Basis on the above discussion we get following results : – / 2

(i) All inverse trigonometric functions shows angle.
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1
(ii) If x  0 then all six trigonometric functions sin x, cos x, tan x, sec x, cosec
–1
x, cot x shows acute angle.
–1 –1 –1
(iii) If x < 0 then sin x, tan x and cosec x, shows angle between – /2 to 0 (IV quadrant)
–1 –1 –1
(iv) If x < 0 then cos x, cot x and sec x shows obtuse angle (II quadrant)
(v) III quadrant never used in inverse trigonometric functions.

2
Ex.1 Find the domain of the following functions.
(i) sin–1 n x (ii) cos–1 [x] (iii) sin–1 {x}

1
Sol. (i) f(x) = sin–1 n x  –1  n x  1  xe
e
(ii) f(x) = cos–1 [x]  –1  [x]  1 [x] = –1, 0, 1  x  [–1, 0)  [0, 1)  [1, 2) x  [–1, 2)
(iii) f(x) = sin–1 {x}  –1  {x}  1  x  R

 1  1
Ex.2 tan–1 (1) + cos–1    + sin–1    is equal to
 2   2

 1  1  2    3 
Sol. tan–1 (1) + cos–1    + sin–1   =     
 2  2  4 3 6 4 2 4

D. PROPERTIES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

P-1 (i) y = sin (sin–1 x) = x (ii) y = cos (cos–1 x) = x
x  [–1, 1], y  [–1, 1] x  [–1, 1], y  [–1, 1]
y y
1 1
x x
y= y=
45º 45º
1
x 1
x
–1 0 –1 0

–1 –1

(iii) y = tan (tan–1 x) = x (iv) y = cot (cot–1 x) = x

x  R, y  R x  R, y  R
y y

x x
y= y=
45º 45º
x x
0 0

(v) y = cosec (cosec–1 x) = x (vi) y = sec (sec–1 x) = x

| x |  1, | y |  1 |x|1;|y|1

y y
y= x y= x
1 1

–1 –1
x x
0 1 0 1

–1 –1
y=x y=x

3
 –1   
(vii) y = sin (sin x), x  R, y   ,  , is periodic function with period 2 and it is an
 2 2

odd function

y
 /2
 


x

y=
   x ,    x   2
x

y=

2
+
y= 3

x–
–(


–
+


y=
y=
2

x)

x
 2
–1   x
sin (sin x) =  x ,  x 2 

3  0 
 2
 2 2 2 2
 x ,   x 
 2 –/2

–1
(viii) y = cos (cos x), x  R, y  [0, ], is periodic function with period 2 and it is an
even function

y

2

x
y=

y=
x , x0

y=

x+

–
2

2

y=

–1 x , 0x

–
cos (cos x) =  2  x

x
,   x  2
 x  2 , 2  x  3 
 –2 –3/2  0 
–/2 /2 3/2 2

–1      
(ix) y = tan (tan x), x  R – (2n  1) , n  I ; y    ,  is periodic function with
 2   2 2

period  and it is an odd function

y

2

 3 
x

x–


x+
y=

x   ; 
2
x
2 y= y=
2
–1
   2 
3  

0   3
x
tan (tan x) =  x ;  x 2 2
2 2
 2 2
 3
x   ; x 

 2 2 2

–1
(x) y = cot (cot x), x  R – {n, n  I}, y  [0, ], is periodic function with period  and
it is neither an even nor odd function


2

x   ;    x  0 x+


x+ x–
y=
x

 y= y=
y=

–1
cot (cot x) =  x ; 0  x  
 x   ;   x  2
x
2  0  2

4
 –1     
(xi) y = cosec (cosec x), x  R – {n, n  I}, y   , 0    0,  is periodic function
 2   2
with period 2 and it is an odd function
y
 /2

2
y=
+x
x

y=
y= 3

x–
–


2

(

–


y=
+
y=
2

x)

x
2
x
2

3  0 
 2
2 2

– /2

–1       
(xii) y = sec (sec x), x  R – ( 2n  1) , n  I , y  0,    ,  is periodic function
 2   2 2 
with period 2 and it is an even function
y
2


x
y=

y=

y=
x+

–
2
x

2
y=

–x
–2 –3/2  –/2 0 /2  3/2 2

Ex.3 Evaluate following

 1 1  
(i) sin(cos–1 3/5) (ii) cos(tan–1 3/4) (iii) sin   sin    
2  2 
Sol. (i) Let cos–1 3/5 =  then cos  = 3/5  sin = 4/5  sin(cos–1 3/5) = sin  = 4/5
(ii) Let tan–1 3/4 =  then tan  = 3/4  cos = 4/5  cos(tan–1 3/4) = cos  = 4/5

 1 1  
    
(iii) sin   sin     = sin       = sin 2 = 3
 2  2   2  6  3 2
Ex.4 Define the function, f(x) = cos 1 (cos x)  sin 1 (sin x) in [0, 2 ] and find the area
bounded by the graph of the function and the x  axis.

x 0  x  2
x 0x 
  x  3
Sol. cos 1 (cos x) =  ; sin 1 (sin x) =    x 2 2
2   x   x  2   3
x  2  2
 x  2

0

if x  0 , 2 
Hence
2 x  
f (x) = 
if x   2 ,  Area = 
 3  
  

= 2


if x   , 32   2 2 2

 4   2 x if x 
  32 , 2 

5
Ex.5 Let y = sin–1(sin 8) – tan–1(tan 10) + cos–1(cos 12) – sec–1(sec 9) + cot–1(cot 6) – cosec–
1(cosec 7).

If y simplifies to a + b then find (a – b).

Sol. sin–1(sin 8) = sin 1  sin( 3  8) = 3 – 8
tan–1(tan 10) = tan 1  tan(10  3)  = 10 – 3
cos–1(cos 12) = cos 1  cos(4  12)  = 4 – 12
sec–1(sec 9) = sec 1  sec( 9  2 )  = 9 – 2
cot–1(cot 6) = cot 1  cot( 6  )  = 6 – 
cosec–1(cosec 7) = cosec 1  cosec (7  2)  = 7 – 2
y = (3 – 8) + (3– 10) + (4 – 12) + (2 – 9) + (–  + 6 ) + (2– 7) = 13 – 40
 a = 13 and b = – 40  a – b = 13 – (– 40) = 53
–1 –1 1 –1 –1 1
P-2 (i) cosec x = sin ; |x| 1 (ii) sec x = cos ; |x|  1
x x
 –1 1
tan x , x0
–1
(iii) cot x =
  tan –1 1 , x  0
 x
P-3 (i) sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 x ; – 1  x  1 (ii)
–1 –1
cosec (–x) = – cosec x ; |x|  1
–1 –1 –1 –1
(iii) tan (–x) = – tan x ; x  R (iv) cot (–x) = – cot x ; x  R
–1 –1 –1 –1
(v) cos (–x) = – cos x ; – 1  x  1 (vi) sec (–x) =  – sec x ; |x|  1
 
P-4 (i) sin–1 x + cos–1 x = ; |x|  1 (ii) tan
–1
x + cot
–1
x = ; xR
2 2

–1 –1 
(iii) sec x + cosec x = ; |x| 1
2
Ex.6 Find the value of sin–1 (– 3 / 2 ) + cos–1 (cos (7/6).

Sol. sin–1(– 3 / 2 ) = – sin–1 ( 3 / 2 ) = – /3 and cos–1(cos (7/6) = cos–1 cos (2 – 5/6) = cos–1 cos(5/
6) = 5/6
 5 
hence sin–1 (– 3 / 2 ) + cos–1 (cos (7/6) = – + =
3 6 2

1 1 3 
Ex.7 Prove that, sin–1 + sin–1 + sin–1 = .
3 3 11 11 2

1  1
1 1 3 2 2 7 2 3
Sol. tan–1 + tan–1 + tan–1 = tan–1 1 + tan–1
2 2 7 2 2 1 2
28
9 2 3 2 3 3 3 
= tan–1 + tan–1 = tan–1 + tan–1 = cot–1 + tan–1 =
27 2 3 2 2 2 2

3 11
Ex.8 Find the value of sin 1 + cos 1 + cot 1 3.
73 146
 3  5 
3 5  8 11     5
Sol. tan 1 + tan 1 + cot 1 3 = tan 1  3 5  + cot 1 3 = tan 1 (1) + = + =
8 11  1 8 . 11  6 4 6 12

6
 3
Ex.9 If tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z = then prove that xy + yz + zx = 1
2
3 3
Sol. Since tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z =  tan–1 x + tan–1 y = – tan–1 z
2 2
 3  xy
 tan (tan–1 x + tan–1 y) = tan   tan 1 z   = cot (tan–1 z) ...(1)
 2  1  xy

 1
Case (I) : If z > 0 then tan–1 z = cot–1  
z
 1 1 1
 cot (tan–1 z) = cot     cot  = ...(2)
 z z
 1
 
Case (II) : If z < 0 then tan–1 z = –  + cot–1  z 

 1 1  1 1
 cot (tan–1 z) = cot     cot  = cot  cot 1  = ...(3)
 z  z z
xy 1
From (1), (2) and (3) we get  or zx + yz = 1 – xy or xy + yz + zx = 1.
1  xy z

Ex.10 If cos–1 x/2 + cos–1 y/3 = , prove that 9x2 + 12 xy cos + 4y2 = 36sin2
Sol. Let cos–1 x/2 =  and cos–1 y/3 =   cos = x/2 and cos  = y/3.
Given,   cos () = cos

x y x2 y2
or cos  cos  – sin  sin  =  or .  1 1 = cos 
2 3 4 9

xy 4  x2 . 9  y2
or  = cos  or (xy – 6cos )2 = (4 – x2) (9 – y2)
6 6
or x2y2 + 36cos2 – 12xy cos = 36 – 9x2 – 4y2 + x2y2
or 9x2 – 12y cos + 4y2 = 36 (1 – cos2) or 9x2 – 12xycos + 4y2 = 36sin2.

Ex.11 If u = cos–1 cos 2 – tan–1 cos 2 , prove that sin u = tan2

 1 
  cos 2 
1  cos 2   1  cos 2 
Sol. Given, u = tan–1 – tan–1 cos 2 = tan–1 1  1  = tan–1  
cos 2 . cos 2   2 cos 2  
 cos 2 
  A
sin 2  sin 2  AB
= tan–1  tan u = = (say)
cos 2 cos 2 BC
sin 

2
s 
co
2

Then AC = sin   cos 2  =

4
sin   1  2 sin  = cos 
4 2 2

AB sin 2 
 sinu =   tan 2  . u
AC cos 2 
C B
cos 2
1 1 5
Ex.12 Show that cos–1 + 2 cot–1 =
7 3 4
1 1  1  1 1 
Sol. cot–1 + 2 cot–1 = – tan=1 + 2   tan 
7 3 2 7 2 3
3  1 1 3  1 2 .1 / 3   1 
=   tan 1  2 tan 1  =   tan 1  2 tan 1    1
2  7 3 2  7 1  (1/ 3)2 
  3 
7
 1 3

3
3  1 3
  tan 1  tan 1   tan 1 7 4  1 3 
 .  1
= = 2 1 3
2  7 4 1 .  7 4 
7 4
3 3  5
= – tan–1 1 = – =
2 2 4 4
1 2  1 
Ex.13 Evaluate (i) tan  cos 1  (ii) tan  2 tan
1
 
2 3  5 4
2 2 
Sol. (i) Let cos–1 = . Then cos  = and 0 <  <
3 3 2
1 2 1 
Now tan  cos 1  = tan    =
2 3 2 
1  cos  1  cos  1 2 / 3 1/ 3 1
   
1  cos  2
1  cos  1  ( 2 / 3)2 94 5
3
 1  cos  1  2 / 3 1  1
Alternatively : tan2     tan = .
2 1  cos  1  2 / 3 5 2 5
   
 As 0  2  4  2 
 
1 1 
(ii) Let tan–1 = . Then tan  = and 0 <  <
5 5 2
2 tan 
 1 1    tan 2  1 2
Now tan  2 tan   = tan  2   =  1  tan 
 5 4   4  1  tan 2 2 tan 
1 2
1  tan 

2 1
 1
2 tan   1  tan 2  5 25  10  25  1   14   7

= 1  tan 2  2 tan  1 2 25  1  10 34 17 .
1 
25 5

1   3 
Ex.14 Evaluate sin  cot 1   
2  4 

3 3 
Sol. Let cot–1   = . Then cot  = and <  < .
 4  4 2
1  3    1  cos  1 cos  1 cot 
Thus sin  cot 1     sin     1  1
2  4  2 2 2 sin  cosec  2 cosec 

1 cot 
= 1 [ for /2 <  <, cosec  > 0]
2 1  cot 2 

1 3/4 1 3 2 2 5
= 1  1   .
2 1  9 / 16 2 5 5 5

8
  1 a  1 a 2b
Ex.15 Prove that tan   cos 1  + tan   cos 1  = .
4 2 b 4 2 b a

a a
Sol. Let cos–1 =  cos =
b b

 
1  tan
1  tan
    2 2
L.H.S. = tan    + tan    =  
 4 2  4 2  1  tan 1  tan
2 2

2 2
     
1 tan   1 tan  2  1  tan2 
 2  2  2  2 2b
= 2 
= = = = R.H.S.
 cos  a
1 tan 1  tan2
2 2

E. SIMPLIFIED INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

y

 1 1 /2
  2sin x ;  1  x 
 2
–1  1 1 1
(i) sin 2x 1 x 2 =  2sin x ; x
 2 2 –1 –1 2 0 1 2 1 x
  2 sin1 x ; 1  x  1
 2
–/2

 y

–1 2
 2cos1 x ; 0  x  1
(ii) cos (2x – 1) =  1 /2
2  2cos x ;  1  x  0
–1 2 1 2
0 x
–1 –/2 1
y

/2
1
   2 tan x ; x  1
2x  x
(iii) tan
–1
=  2 tan1 x ;  1  x  1 –1 0
1 x2   2 tan1 x ; x  1
 –/2

y
/2

  2 tan1 x ; x  1
2x 
(iv) sin
–1
=  2 tan1 x ; 1 x  1
1 x2    2 tan1 x ; x 1 –1 0 1
x


–/2

9
  y
 1 x2   2 tan1 x ; x  0
(v) cos
–1  
 1  x 2  = 2 tan1 x ; x  0
  

x
0

 1 /2
1
  3 sin x ;  1  x  2

 1 1
(vi) sin
–1 3
(3x – 4x ) =  3 sin1 x ;   x  –1 –1 2 0 1 2 1 x
 2 2
 1 1
  3 sin x ; 2  x  1 –/2

y

 1 1
2  3cos x ;  1  x  2

–1 3  1 1 1
(vii) cos (4x – 3x) =  2  3 cos x ;   x 
 2 2 /2
 1 1
 3 cos x ;  x 1
2
–1 –1/2 0 1/2 1

 1 1 /2
   3 tan x ; x 
3
 3x  x 3  
 1 1
(viii) tan
–1   =  3 tan1 x ; x x
 1  3x 2  3 3 –1 3 0 1 3
  
  3 tan1 x ; x  1
 3
– /2

F. EQUATIONS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Ex.16 Solve cos–1 x 3 + cos–1x = /2.

Sol. Given, cos–1 x 3 +cos–1 x = /2 ...(1)
or cos–1 x 3 = /2 – cos–1 x
or cos cos–1 x3 = cos (/2 – cos–1x)

or x3 = sin cos–1x or x3 = sin sin–1 1 x 2

or x3 = 1 x 2 Squaring we get 3x = 1 – x or 4x = 1  x = ± 1/2

2 2 2

Verification : When x = 1/2

L.H.S. of equation = cos1 ( 3 /2) + cos–1 (1/2) = /6 + /3 +/2 = R.H.S. of equation
When x = –1/2.

L.H.S. of equation = cos–1 (– 3 /2) + cos–1 (–1/2) =  – cos–1 ( 3 /2) +  – cos–1 (1/2)
=  – /6 + – /3 = 3/2  R.H.S. of equation
 x = 1/2 is the only solution

10
 52
Ex.17 Solve for x : (tan–1 x)2 + (cot–1 x)2 = .
8
52
Sol. We have (tan–1 x)2 + (cot–1 x)2 =
8
2
52   52
 (tan–1 x +cot–1 x)2 – 2 tan–1 x. cot–1 x =    – 2 tan–1 x. (/2 – tan–1 x) =
8 2 8
2  52 32
 – 2. . tan–1 x + 2 (tan–1 x)2 =  2 (tan–1 x)2 –  tan–1 x – =0
4 2 8 8
 tan–1 x = /4, 3/4  tan–1 x = –/4 ;
  
x = –1 {neglecting tan–1 x = 3/4 as tan–1 x    ,  }
 2 2

Ex.18 Determine the integral values of ' k ' for which the system , (arc tan x)2 + (arc cos y)2 = 2

k and tan 1 x + cos 1 y = posses solution and find all the solutions.
2
2
0  (tan 1 x) 2    5 2
Sol. 4  (tan 1 x)2 + (cos 1 x)2 
0  (cos 1 y)2   2  4
5 2 5
But (tan 1 x)2 + (cos 1 x)2 = 2 k hence k 2  k  (1)
4 4
2
  1 
Now put tan x =1
 cos 1 y    cos y + (cos 1 y)2 = 2 k ( where cos 1 y = t )
2 2 
 2 
 2 t2  t +   k 2  = 0 For real roots D  0
 4 
 2  1
 2  8   k 2   0  1  2 + 8 k  0  k  ...(2)
 4  8
From (1) and (2) k=1
  8 2  2  7 
t=
4
=
4
= 1 7
4
 

or cos 1 y = 
7 1
4

(as 0  cos 1 y  )

   
 tan 1 x =
2
  7 1  4
=
4  1  7    
x = tan 1  7  4

G. INEQUATIONS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Ex.19 Find the interval in which cos–1 x > sin–1 x.
Sol. We have, cos–1 x > sin–1 {for cos–1 x to be real; x  [–1, 1]}
 2 cos–1 x > /2  cos–1 x > /4 or cos (cos–1 x) < cos /4

1  1 
 x<  x    1, 
2  2
Ex.20 Find the solution set of the inequation sin–1(sin 5) > x2 – 4x
Sol. sin–1(sin 5) > x2 – 4x  sin–1[sin(5 – 2)] > x2 – 4x
 x2 – 4x < 5 – 2  x2 – 4x + (2 – 5) < 0

 2– 9  2  x  2  9  2  
x  2  9  2 , 2  9  2 
11
H. SUMMATION OF SERIES
4 6 8
Ex.21 Sum the series , tan 1 + tan 1 + tan 1 + ....... to ' n ' terms.
1 3 4 1 8 9 1 15 16

2 ( n  1) 2n  2
Sol. Tn = tan 1 = tan 1
2
1  { ( n  1 )  1} { ( n  1 ) } 2 1 ( n  2 n ) ( n  1) 2
2

 2n  2   ( n  1 )( n  2 )  n ( n  1) 
= tan 1   = tan 1  
 1  n ( n  2 )( n  1 ) ( n  1 )   1 n ( n  1) ( n  1 ) ( n  2 )  
= tan 1 (n + 1) (n + 2)  tan 1 n (n + 1)
Put n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ........ , n and add, we get Sn = tan 1 (n + 1) (n + 2)  tan 1 2

2 2 2 2
Ex.22 Sum the series to ' n ' terms ,tan 1 + tan 1 + tan 1 + tan 1 + ...... to
4 9 16 25
' n ' terms. Also show that , S = tan 1 3 .
2 (n  2 ) n
Sol. Tn = tan 1 = tan 1 = tan 1 (n + 2) – tan 1 (n)
n 2  2n  1 1 n ( n  2 )
Hence, Sn = tan 1 (n + 2) + tan 1 (n + 1)  (tan 1 1 + tan 1 2)
    1 2  
S = Lim Sn       tan 1   = tan–1 3
n  2 2   1 2  
10 10
1 m 
Ex.23 If the sum  tan
n 1 m 1
   k , find the value of k.
n
10
 1 1 2 3 10 
Sol. S=   tan  tan 1  tan 1  ........  tan 1  now consider
n 1
n n n n 
10
1 1 1 1 1 1
 tan
n 1
n
= tan
 
1
 1 tan1  tan1  .......................... tan1  tan1
2 3 9 10
10
1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
 tan n
= tan  tan1  tan1  tan1  tan1  ...........  tan1
1  2 3 4 5 10
...........
n 1  
10
1 10 10 10 10 10 10
 tan = tan1  tan1  tan1  tan1  .................... tan1
n1
n 1 2 3 4  10

  1   1 1   1 
 
S = 10·  +  tan
1
 tan1 2  +  tan  tan 1 3  +  tan 1  tan 1 4  + ..............
2
  3   4 
 4

 
[45 such pair each pair have value equal to /2]
5 45 50
S= + = = 25  k = 25
2 2 2
Ex.24 Solve for x : If [sin–1 cos–1 sin–1 tan–1 x] = 1 (where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer
function)

Sol. We have; [sin–1 cos–1 sin–1 tan–1 x] = 1  1  sin–1 . cos–1. sin–1 . tan–1 x 
2
 sin 1  cos–1 . sin–1 . tan–1 x  1  cos sin 1  sin–1. tan–1 x  cos 1
 sin cos sin 1  tan–1 x  sin cos 1  tan sin cos sin 1  x  tan sin cos 1
Hence, x  [tan sin cos 1, tan sin cos sin 1]

12
Type (I) : Very Short Answer Type Questions : [01 Mark Each]

1. Write the principal value of sec–1(–2).


2. If tan–1  3  + cot –1
(x) =
2
, find x.

Type (II) : Short Answer Type Questions : [02 Marks Each]

 1 
3. If sin–1(x) + cos–1   = , then find x.
 2 2

1
4. Solve for x : cos(2sin–1x) = ,x>0
9

Type (III) : Long Answer Type Questions: [04 Mark Each]

1 x  
5. Solve the following for x : tan–1  = + tan–1 x, 0 < x < 1.
1 – x  4

x 
6. Solve for x : cos–1x + sin–1   = .
2
  6

1 1 
7. Prove the following : 2tan–1 + tan–1 =
3 7 4

 –1 3 3 6
8. Prove the following : cos sin  cot –1  =
 5 2  5 13

Type (IV) : Very Long Answer Type Questions: [06 Mark Each]

9. If tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z = , prove that x + y + z = xyz.

1  4  1  5  1  16  
10. Prove that : sin   + sin   + sin   = .
5  13   65  2

2
11. Solve the following for x : tan–1 x + 2 cot–1 x =
3

x x 
12. Solve for x : tan–1 + tan–1 = ; 6 > x > 0.
2 3 4
13
 1 2 1 4
13. Prove that : tan–1 + tan–1 = tan–1 .
4 9 2 3

3 17 
14. Prove that : 2 tan–1 – tan–1 = .
4 31 4

 2x   1– x2  
–1  
15. Solve for x : tan–1  2
 + cot   = , –1 < x < 1.
1– x   2x  3

 8 
16. Solve for x : tan–1(x + 2) + tan–1(x – 2) = tan–1   ; x > 0.
 79 

17. Prove that : tan–1(1) + tan–1(2) + tan–1(3) = .

3 3  8  
18. Prove the following : tan–1  4  + tan–1  5  – tan–1  19  =
      4

14
 PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Section (A) : Definition, graphs and fundamentals

A-1. Find the simplified value of each of the following inverse trigonometric terms :

 1  3
(i) sin–1    (ii) cos–1  

 2  2 

 2 
(iii) cosec–1   
 (iv) sec–1 (– 2)
 3

 1
(v) cos–1   
 2

A-2. Find the simplified value of the following expressions :

 1  1    1  1 
(i) sin   sin    (ii) tan cos 1  tan 1   
3  2   2  3 

   3 
1
(iii) sin–1 cos sin   
   2 
  

A-3. Draw the graph of the following functions :

(i) y = sin–1 (x + 1) (ii) y = cos–1 (3x)

(iii) y = tan–1 (2x – 1)

A-4. Solve the following inequalities :

(i) sin–1 x > – 1 (ii) cos–1 x < 2
(iii) cot–1 x < – 3
n
n
A-5_. (i) If  cos 1
i = 0, then find the value of  i· 
i1
i
i1

2n 2n

(ii) If  sin 1
x i  n , then show that 
i 1
x i  2n
i1

Section (B) : Trig. (trig–1x), trig–1 (trig x) trig (–x)

B-1. Evaluate the following expressions :

 3  1
(i) sin  cos 1  (ii) tan  cos 1 
 5  3

 41   1 65 
(iii) cosec  sec 1 (iv) tan  cos ec 
 5   63 


15
  1 1   1 4 2
(v) sin   cos  (vi) cos  sin  cos 1 
6 4  5 3

       1
(vii) sec  tan tan 1     (viii) cos tan– 1 sin cot – 1  

  3   2


B-2. Evaluate the following inverse trigonometric expressions :

 7   2 
(i) sin–1  sin  (ii) tan–1  tan 
 6   3 

 5   7 
(iii) cos–1  cos  (iv) sec–1  sec 
 4   4 

B-3. Find the value of the following inverse trigonometric expressions :

(i)_ sin–1 (sin 4) (ii) cos–1 (cos 10)
(iii) tan–1 (tan (– 6)) (iv) cot–1 (cot (– 10))
 1  9 9  
(v) cos–1   cos  sin  
 2  10 10 

B-4. Express sin–1 (sin ), cos–1 (cos ), tan–1 (tan ) and cot–1 (cot ) in terms of linear expression of  for
 3 
  2 , 3 
 


Section (C) : Property " " , Addition and subtraction rule, miscellaneous formula ,
2
summation of series

C-1. Find the value of following expressions :

(i) cot (tan–1 a + cot–1 a)

(ii) sin (sin–1x + cos–1x) , | x |  1

 3 3 
(iii) tan cos 1    sin 1    sec 1 3
 4 4 

C-2. Prove that

3  8  77
(i) sin–1   + sin–1   = sin–1
5 17
  85

4 12 33
(ii) cos–1 + cos–1 = cos–1
5 13 65

 1 
(iii) sin–1   + cot–1 3 = 

 5 4

 1  1  1  1 
(iv) tan–1   + tan–1   + tan–1   + tan–1   =
3 5 7
  8
  4

16
  1 1  2 x  1  2 
1  1  y  
C-3. Simplify tan  sin  2
  cos
 1  y 2  , if x > y > 1.
 2  1 x  2  

C-4. Find the value of sin–1 (cos(sin–1x)) + cos–1 (sin (cos–1x))

Section (D) : Inverse trigonometric function Equations

D-1. Solve for x

1 
(i) cos (2 sin–1x) = (ii) cot–1 x + tan–1 3 =
3 2

D-2. Solve the following equations :

 x 1  x 1   2
(i) tan–1   + tan–1   = (ii) sin–1x + sin–12x =
 x 2 x2 4 3

D-3. Solve the following equations :

 1 x  1
(i) tan–1   = tan–1x , (x > 0)
 1 x  2

 1  1 1
(ii) 3tan–1   – tan–1   = tan–1  

 2 3  x 3

17
 PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.

Section (A) : Definition, graphs and fundamentals

 3  1 
A-1. The value of sin–1   + sin–1   is equal to
 2 
   2

5 3
(A) 75° (B) 105° (C) (D)
12 5

A-2. Domain of f(x) = cos–1 x + cot –1 x + cosec–1 x is

(A) [– 1, 1] (B) R (C) (– ]  [1, ) (D) {– 1, 1}
A-3. Range of f(x) = sin–1 x + tan–1 x + sec–1 x is

  3    3    3 
(A)  ,  (B)  ,  (C)  ,  (D) none of these
4 4  4 4  4 4 

A-4. cosec–1 (cos x) is real if

(A) x  [– 1, 1] (B) x  R

(C) x is an odd multiple of (D) x is a multiple of 
2

A-5. If cos [tan  1 { sin (cot  1 3 )} ] = y, then

4 2 2 10
(A) y = (B) y = (C) y =  (D) y2 =
5 5 5 11

3
A-6*. If sin–1x + sin–1y + sin–1z = , then
2

9
(A) x 100 + y100 + z100 – 101 101 =0 (B) x 22 + y42 + z62 – x 220 –y420 – z620 = 0
x y  z101

x 2008  y 2008  z 2008

(C) x 50 + y25 + z5 = 0 (D) 0
( xyz ) 2009

A-7*. If  satisfies the inequation x 2 – x – 2 > 0, then a value exists for

(A) sin–1  (B) cos–1  (C) sec–1  (D) cosec–1 

Section (B) : Trig. (trig–1x), trig–1 (trig x), trig (–x)

B-1. If x2, then cos–1 (cosx) is equal to

(A) x (B)  – x (C) 2 + x (D) 2 – x

 1 1 
B-2. The numerical value of tan  2 tan   is
 5 4

7 7 17 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) –
17 17 7 3
18
  1 4 2
B-3. The value of tan  cos  tan 1  is
 5 3 

6 22 19 17
(A) (B) (C) (D)
17 7 9 6

1 1 1 
B-4. The value of cos  cos  is
2 8

31 3 7 3
(A) – (B) (C) (D) –
32 4 4 4


Section (C) : Property " " , Addition and subtraction rule, miscellaneous formula ,
2
summation of series

2
C-1. If sin–1 x + sin–1 y = , then cos–1x + cos–1y is equal to
3

2  
(A) (B) (C) (D) 
3 3 6

C-2. If x  0 and  = sin1x + cos1x  tan1x, then

 3    
(A)   (B) 0    (C) 0   < (D)   
2 4 4 2 4 2

 1
C-3. If x < 0 then value of tan–1(x) + tan–1   is equal to
x

 
(A) (B) – (C) 0 (D) none of these
2 2

 3  2 
C-4. The value of tan sin 1    tan 1   is
 5
   3 

6 7 5 17
(A) (B) (C) (D)
17 16 7 6

C-5. tan–1 a + tan–1 b, where a > 0, b > 0, ab > 1, is equal to

 ab   ab   ab   ab 

(A) tan–1   (B) tan–1  1  ab  –  (C)  + tan–1   (D)  – tan–1  
 1  ab     1  ab   1  ab 

 1  1
C-6. tan–1   + tan–1   is equal to
2 3

  
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
4 2 3

19
 3  5 
C-7. cos–1   + cos–1   is equal to
5  13 

 33   33   64 
(A) cos–1   (B) cos–1    (C) cos–1   (D) none of these
 65   65   65 

Section (D) : Inverse trigonometric function Equations

 3
D-1. The equation sin–1 x – cos–1x = cos–1   has :

 2 
(A) no solution (B) unique solution
(C) infinite number of solutions (D) none of these

 1 
D-2. If sin–1x + cot –1   = , then x is equal to
2 2

1 2 3
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
5 5 2

   3 
D-3. The solution of the equation sin1  tan   sin1    = 0 is
 4  x 6
 
(A) x = 2 (B) x =  4 (C) x = 4 (D) none of these

 17 
D-4*. If 6 sin–1  x 2 – 6x   = , then
 2 
(A) x = 1 (B) x = 2 (C) x = 3 (D) x = 4

20
 ANSWER KEY
PART - I
 3 5
–1
  2 , 2

2 ;
Section (A) : B-4. sin (sin ) = 
5
 3   ,    3
 2
   3  3
A-1. (i) – (ii) (iiii) – (iv) 2   ,    2
6 6 3 4 cos–1 (cos ) =  2 ;
   2 , 2    3
2
(v)
3 3 5

  2 , 2    2
1
A-2. (i) 1 (ii) (iii)
 tan–1 (tan ) =  5 ;
3 6   3 ,    3
 2

 3
–1
    , 2    2
cot (cot ) = 
  2 , 2    3

A-3. (i) (ii)

Section (C) :
1
C-1. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii)
2 2
1  xy 
C-3. C-4.
xy 2

Section (D) :
(iii) 1
D-1. (i) ± (ii) x = 3
3

1 1
D-2. (i) ± (ii) x =
A-4. (i) – sin 1 < x  1 (ii) cos2 < x  1 2 2
(iii) no solution
1
D-3. (i) x = (ii) x = 2
 n  1 3
A-5_. (i) n  
 2  PART - II
Section (B) : Section (A) :
A-1. (B) A-2. (D) A-3. (C) A-4. (D)
4 41 63
B-1. (i) (ii) 2 2 (iii) (iv)
5 4 16 A-5. (B) A-6*. (AB) A-7*. (CD)

1 3 5 64 5 Section (B) :

(v) (vi)
8 15
B-1. (D) B-2. (A) B-3. (D) B-4. (B)
5
(vii) 2 (viii)
3 Section (C) :

  3  C-1. (B) C-2. (D) C-3. (B) C-4. (D)

B-2. (i) – (ii) – (iii) (iv)
6 3 4 4
C-5. (C) C-6. (A) C-7. (B)
B-3. (i) –4 (ii) 4 – 10 (iii) 2 – 6
17 Section (D) :
(iv) 4 – 10 (v)
20
D-1. (B) D-2. (B) D-3. (C) D-4*. (BD)

21
SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE (ONLY ONE CORRECT ANSWER)

1. The value of sin–1 ( 3 / 2) is -

(A) –/3 (B) –2/3 (C) 4/3 (D) 5/3

  1 
2. cos  2 tan 1    equals -
  7 

(A) sin(4 cot 1 3) (B) sin(3 cot 1 4 ) (C) cos(3 cot 1 4 ) (D) cos(4 cot 1 4 )

3. The value of sec sin 1   sin 5 0    cos 1 cos   3 1    is equal to -

  9   9 

10  
(A) sec (B) sec (C) 1 (D) –1
9 9

  8  8
4. cos  cos 1 cos    tan 1 tan    has the value equal to -
  7   7 


(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) cos (D) 0
7

5. (sin 1 x)2  (sin 1 y)2  2(sin 1 x)(sin 1 y)  2 , then x2+y2 is equal to -

(A) 1 (B) 3/2 (C) 2 (D) 1/2

6. cot–1 [ (cos )1/2 ] – tan–1 [ (cos)1/2 ] = x , then sin x =

2   2    
(A) tan   (B) cot   (C) tan  (D) cot  
2 2 2

7. tan(cos–1 x) is equal to

x 1  x2 1  x2
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1  2 x
1  x2 x x

1  1  1 1  x
8. If x = 2cos–1   + sin–1 
2  + tan–1
2
 3 and y = cos  sin  sin   then which of the following
2 2 
statements holds good ?

3 5
(A) y  cos (B) y  cos (C) x  4 cos 1 y (D) none of these
16 16

 1 1 1 1  1 
9. If x = tan–1 1–cos–1     sin ; y  cos  cos 1    then -
2 2 2  8 

(A) x = y (B) y = x (C) tan x = –(4/3)y (D) tan x = (4/3)y

22
10. tan–12+ tan–13 = cosec–1x, then x is equal to -
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C)  2 (D) none of these

11. The number k is such that tan {arc tan(2) + arc tan(20k)}=k. The sum of all possible values of k is -

19 21 1
(A)  (B)  (C) 0 (D)
40 40 5

1 
12. If sin–1 x + cot–1   = , then x is -
2 2

1 2 3
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
5 5 2

13. If tan(cos–1x) = sin (cot–1 1/2) then x is equal to -

(A) 1/ 5 (B) 2 / 5 (C) 3 / 5 (D) 5/3

14. sin 1 (2 x 1  x 2 )  2 sin 1 x is true if -

 1 1   1 1  3 3
(A) x  [0,1] (B)   ,  (C)   ,  (D)   2 , 2 
 2 2  2 2  

15. Domain of the explicit form of the function y represented implicitly by the equation (1+x) cosy – x2 = 0 is -

 1 5 1  5 1  5   1 5
(A) (–1,1] (B)  1, 2  (C)  2 , 2  (D) 0, 2 
     

1 1 y
16. If cos x  cos   , then 4x2 – 4xy cos + y2 is equal to -
2
(A) –4sin2 (B) 4sin2 (C) 4 (D) 2 sin 2

17. If cos–1 x + cos–1 y + cos–1 z =  , then -

(A) x2+ y2+ z2+ xyz = 0 (B) x2+ y2+ z2+ xyz = 1
(C) x2+ y2+ z2+ 2xyz = 0 (D) x2+ y2+ z2+ 2xyz = 1

x 
18. If tan 1  , x  N , then the maximum value of x is -
 3
(A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) none of these

19. The solution of the inequality (tan 1 x)2  3 tan 1 x  2  0 is -

(A)  , tan1    tan 2,   (B)  , tan1 

(C)  ,  tan1    tan 2,  (D)  tan 2, 

20. The set of values of x, satisfying the equation tan2(sin–1x) > 1 is -

 2 2  2 2  2 2
(A) [–1,1] (B)   2 , 2  (C) (1,1)    2 , 2  (D) [–1,1]    2 , 2 
     

23
SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVES (ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWERS)

 4 2 a
21. If numerical value of tan cos 1  tan 1  is , then -
 5 3 b

(A) a + b = 23 (B) a – b = 11 (C) 3b = a + 1 (D) 2a = 3b

1 1   14    
22. The value of cos  cos  cos      is/are -
2 5  

 7     2  3
(A) cos    (B) sin   (C) cos   (D) –cos  
5 10 5 5

1  2 
23. tan 1    tan 1   equals to
4
  9 

1 3  1 3  1 3  1  1 
(A) cos 1   (B) sin 1   (C) tan 1   (D) tan  
2 5  2 5  2 5  2 

3x 4x
24. sin 1  sin 1  sin 1 x , then roots of the equation are -
5 5
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) –2

ANSWER KEY

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. A A D B C A C A C D A B D B C
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Ans. B D B B C A,B,C B,C,D A,D A,B,C
24
SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVES (ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWERS)

1. cos–1x = tan–1x then -

 5 1  5 1
(A) x 2    (B) x 2   
2  2 

 5 1  5 1
(C) sin(cos 1 x)    (D) tan(cos 1 x)   
2  2 

1  3  1  3 
2. The value of sin  cot 1      cos  cot 1     is/are equal to -
2  4  2  4 

3 2
(A) 1 (B)
10

1  3   1 4
(C) 2 sin  cot 1     cot 1 (1 ) (D) 2 sin    tan 1 (1)  tan 1 
2  4   2 3

1  1  1 1 3
3. The value of tan  tan 2 A  tan (cot A)  tan (cot A) for 0 < A < (/4) is -
2
(A) 4 tan–1(1) (B) 2 tan–1(2) (C) 0 (D) none

4. For the equation 2x = tan(2tan–1a) + 2tan(tan–1a+tan–1a3), which of the following is/are invalid ?
(A) a2x + 2a = x (B) a2 + 2ax +1= 0 (C) a  0 (D) a  1, 1

1
  1 1  a    1 1  a   
5. The value of  tan   sin     tan   sin    , where ( 0 < a < b), is -
 4 2 b  4 2 b 

b a b2  a 2 b2  a 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2a 2b 2b 2a

6. Identify the pair(s) of functions which are identical -

1  x2 1
(A) y = tan (cos–1x) ; y = (B) y = tan (cot–1x) ; y =
x x

x
(C) y = sin (arc tan x) ; y = (D) y = cos (arc tan x) ; y = sin (arc cot x)
1  x2

 2 x2  1 
7. Which of the following, satisfy the equation 2 cos 1 x  cot 1  
 4 x2  4 x 4 

 1 1 
(A) (–1, 0) (B) (0, 1) (C)  – , (D) [–1, 1]
2 2 

25
  1  x2 
8. The solution set of the equation sin 1 1  x2  cos 1 x  cot 1   – sin–1x is -
 x 

(A) [–1, 1]–{0} (B) (0,1] U {–1} (C) [–1,0) U {1} (D) [–1,1]

1  x2
9. If 0 < x < 1, then tan–1 is equal to -
1x

1 1x 1x 1 1x

(A) cos 1 x (B) cos
1
(C) sin
1
(D) tan 1
2 2 2 2 1x


10. The number of real solutions of tan–1 x(x  1)  sin 1 x2  x  1  is -
2
(A) zero (B) one (C) two (D) infinite

11. If [sin–1x] + [cos–1x] = 0, where ‘x’ is a non negative real number and [.] denotes the greatest integer function,
then complete set of values of x is -
(A) (cos1, 1) (B) (–1, cos1) (C) (sin1, 1) (D) (cos1, sin1)

12. Value of k for which the point (, sin–1)( > 0) lies inside the triangle formed by x + y = k with co-ordinate axes
is -

          
(A)  1  ,  (B)    1   ,  1  2   (C)   , 1   (D) (–1–sin1, 1+sin1)
2  2 2

 2 x2  3  5
13. Solution set of the inequality sin 1  sin 2     2 is -
 x 1 

(A) ( , 1)  (1 , ) (B) [–1, 1] (C) (–1, 1) (D) ( , 1]  [1 , )

1
14. Consider two geometric progressions a1,a2,a3.......an & b1, b2, b3,.....bn with ar =  2 r 1 and another
br

n
sequence t1,t2,t3.......tn such that tr = cot (2ar + br) then nlim
–1

 t r is -
r 1

(A) 0 (B)  / 4 (C) tan–12 (D)  / 2

15. The sum of the infinite terms of the series -

 3  3  3
cot 1  1 2    cot 1  2 2    cot 1  3 2    ........... is equal to -
 4   4   4

3
(A) tan–1(1) (B) tan–1(2) (C) tan–1(3) (D)  tan 1 3
4
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A,C B,C,D A B,C C A,B,C,D B C A,B,C C
Que. 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. D A B B B,D
26
FILL IN THE BLANKS

 1  1  
1. tan  cos 1  tan 1   cos (tan 1 2 ) = ...................
 2  3   = .................. 2.

 3 3    3  
3. tan  sin 1  cot 1  = ................... 4. cos cos 1     = ...................
 5 2   2  6 

3 11
5. sin 1  cos 1  cot 1 3 = ..............
73 146

 1   1   1  1  2 
6. tan 1    sin 1    cos 1    cot 1   = .................
 2  5  10  1  2 

   3 
7. sin   sin 1    = .................
 2  2  

 1 1   10 1 
8.   cos 1  cos 1 1
  cos 
1
  4 cot 1 = .................
 3 6  3 2 

 3 sin 2    tan    
9. tan 1    tan 1   , where     = ...................
 5  3 cos 2    4  2 2

10. The number of roots of the equation sin x  cos 1 (cos x) is ...................

MATCH THE COLUMN

Following questions contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE statement in Column-II.

1. Column-I Column-II

 33  
(A) sin–1  sin  (p) –2/7
7 

 46  
(B) cos–1  cos  (q) 2/7
7 

  3 3   
(C) tan–1  tan   (r) 3/7
 7 

  4 6   
(D) cot–1  cot   (s) 4/7
 7 

27
2. Column-I Column-II
(A) sin(tan–1x) (p) x
x
(B) cos(tan–1x) (q) 2
x 1
1
(C) sin(cot–1(tan(cos–1x ))).x (0,1] (r) 2
x 1

(D) sin(cosec–1(cot(tan–1x))) ; x (0,1] (s) 1  x2

Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statement(s) in Column-II.

3. x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 and tan–1x + tan–1y + tan –1z = k, the possible value(s) of k, if
Column-I Column-II

(A) xy + yz + zx = 1, then (p) k =
2
(B) x + y + z = xyz, then (q) k = 

(C) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and x + y + z = 3 , then (r) k = 0

7
(D) x = y = z and xyz  3 3 , then (s) k =
6

ASSERTION & REASON

These questions contains, Statement I (assertion) and Statement II (reason).
(A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for statement-I.
(C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.

 1 1 
1. Statement-I : Range of cos  sec 1 1  cos ec 1 1  tan 1 x is   , 
 x x   2 2
Because
  3 
Statement-II : Range of sin–1 x + tan–1 x + cos–1 x is  ,  .
4 4 
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

2. Statement-I : If r, s & t be the roots of the equation :

x(x – 2)(3x – 7) = 2, then tan–1r + tan–1s + tan–1t = 3/4.
Because
Statement-II : The roots of the equation x(x – 2)(3x– 7) = 2 are real & negative.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

2n n n n
3. Statement-I : If  sin 1 xi  n , n  N . Then  x i   x2i   x3i
i1 i1 i 1 i1

Because

 
Statement-II :   sin 1 x  ,  x  [1, 1] .
2 2
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

28
4. Let  : R  [0, /2) defined by (x) = tan–1(x2 + x + a), then

1 
Statement-I : The set of values of a for which (x) is onto is  ,   .
 4 

Because

1
Statement-II : Minimum value of x2 + x + a is a – .
4
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

 9 9
5. Statement-I : cosec–1  cosec     .
 5 5

Because

  3
Statement-II : cosec–1(cosecx) =  – x ; x  ,  {}
 2 2 
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS

Comprehension # 1

 cos 1 x  sin 1 x 
Consider the two equations in x ; (i) sin   1 (ii) cos   0
 y   y 

The sets X1 , X2  [1, 1] ; Y1 , Y2  I  {0} are such that

X1 : the solution set of equation (i)
X2 : the solution set of equation (ii)
Y1 : the set of all integral values of y for which equation (i) possess a solution
Y2 : the set of all intergral values of y for which equation (ii) possess a solution
Let : C1 be the correspondence : X1  Y1 such that x C1y for x  X1, y  Y1 & (x, y) satisfy (i).
C2 be the correspondence : X2  Y2 such that x C2y for x  X2, y  Y2 & (x, y) satisfy (ii).
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :

1. The number of ordered pair (x, y) satisfying correspondence C1 is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

2. The number of ordered pair (x, y) satisfying correspondence C2 is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

3. C1 : X1  Y1 is a function which is -
(A) one-one (B) many-one (C) onto (D) into

29
Comprehension # 2
Let h1(x) = sin–1(3x – 4x3) ; h2(x) = cos–1(4x3 – 3x) & f(x) = h1(x) + h2(x)

1
when x  [–1, ] ; let f(x) = a cos–1x + b ; a, b  Q
2
h1(x) = p sin–1x + q ; p, q  Q
h2(x) = r cos–1x + s ; r, s  Q
Let C1 be the circle with centre (p, q) & radius 1 & C2 be the circle with centre (r, s) & radius 1.
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :

1. p + r + 2q – s =
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

2. If b.log|s||p + q|= k.a, then value of k is -

9 3
(A) (B) 6 (C) (D) none of these
2 2

3. Radical axis of circle C1 & C2 is -

(A) 12x – 2y – 3 = 0 (B) 12x + 2y – 3 = 0 (C) –12x + 2y – 3 = 0 (D) none of these

ANSWER KEY
 Fill in the Blanks
1 1 17 5 1
1. 2. 3. 4. –1 5. 6. – 7. 8. 0
3 5 6 12 2
9.  10. infinite many solutions

 Match the Column

1. (A) (q), (B) (s), (C)  (q), (D)  (r) 2. (A)  (q), (B) (r), (C) (p), (D)  (p)
3. (A) (p), (B) (q,r), (C) (p), (D)  (q,s)

 Assertion & Reason

1. D 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. A

 Comprehension Based Questions

Comprehension # 1 : 1. B 2. D 3. A,C Comprehension # 2 : 1. A 2. C 3. A

30
1. Find the domain of definition the following functions.
(Read the symbols [ * ] and { * } as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively)
2 1 1
(a) f(x)  cos 1 (b) f(x)   2 arc sin x 
2  sin x x x2
1 x  1  x  3
(c) e cos x
 cot 1   1   ln{x} (d) f(x)  sin 1   log10  4  x 
2  2  2 

1  sin x
(e) f(x)   cos 1 1  {x}
log5 (1  4 x2 )

 3  2x
(f) f(x)  3  x  cos 1   log6 2| x| 3   sin 1  log2 x 
 5 
2. Find the domain and range of the following functions.
(Read the symbols [ * ] and { * } as greatest integers and fractional part function respectively)
(a) y  cot 1 (2 x  x2 ) (b) f(x) = sec 1 (log 3 tan x  log tan x 3 )
  
cos 1  sin  x     1  2 cos x   
  3 
(c) f(x) = 2   (d) f(x) = tan 1  log 4 (5 x 2  8 x  4 )
 2   5 
3. Draw the graph of the following functions :
(a) f(x) = sin–1(x + 2) (b) g(x) = [cos–1x], where [ ] denotes greatest integer function.
(c) h(x) = –|tan–1(3x)|
x 1 
4. Express f(x) = arc cos x + arc cos   3  3 x2  in simplest form and hence find the values of
2 2 

2 1
(a) f  (b) f 
3  3

x y x2 2 xy y2
5. If cos
1
 cos 1   then prove that 2  cos   2  sin 2  .
a b a ab b
1 3 8 77
6. Prove that : sin  sin 1  sin 1
5 17 85
1x 1x
7. Prove that : cos 1 x  2 sin 1  2 cos 1
2 2
2 1 12
8. Prove that : tan 1  tan 1
3 2 5
1 1  1
9. Prove that : 3 tan 1  tan 1   tan 1
4 20 4 19 8 5

10. If sin2x + sin2y < 1 for all x, y  R then prove that sin–1 (tanx . tany)     ,  
 2 2

 1  ab   1  bc   1  ca 
11. Prove that : cot 1   cot 1   cot 1    , (a > b > c > 0)
 a  b   b  c   c  a 
12. Let cos–1x + cos–1(2x) + cos–1(3x) = . If x satisfies the cubic ax3 + bx2 + cx – 1 = 0, then find the value of
a + b + c.
2
1  1  x  1  1  x 
13. If   2 tan   &   sin   for 0 < x < 1 then prove that      . What is the value of   
1x 1  x2 
will be if x > 1 ?
31
14. Solve the following equations :

(a) sin 1 x  sin 1 2 x 
3
1 1 2
(b) tan 1  tan 1  tan 1 2
1  2x 1  4x x
(c) tan 1 (x  1)  tan 1 (x)  tan 1 (x  1)  tan 1 (3 x)
(d) sin 1 x  cos 1 x  sin 1  3 x  2 

(e) sin 1 x  sin 1 1  x   cos 1 x

1  a2 1  b2
(f) 2 tan 1 x  cos 1  cos 1 a > 0, b > 0
1  a2 1  b2
x2  1 2x 2
(g) cos 1 2
 tan 1 2

x 1 x 1 3
15. Find the sum of the series :

1 1 2 2 n 1
(a) tan  tan 1  ........  tan 1  ..........
3 9 1  2 2 n 1
(b) cot 1 7  cot 1 13  cot 1 2 1  cot 1 3 1  ....... to n terms.

1 1 1 1 1
(c) tan 2
 tan 1 2
 tan 1 2
 tan 1 2 +...... to n terms.
x  x 1 x  3x  3 x  5x  7 x  7x  13

ANSWER KEY
1. (a)  2n  , (2n  1)   ; n  I (b)  (not defined for any real x) (c) ( –1, 1) –{0}
3 
(d) 1  x  4 (e) x  (–1/2, 1/2), x  0 (f)  , 2 
2 
2. (a) D: x  R R : [  / 4,  )
   3    5  2   
D : x   2n , 2n      (2 n  1) ,  2n    x| x  2 n   or 2 n   nI ; R: ,
(b)  2  2   4 4   
3 3  2 
or n < x < /2 + n x  /4 + n
  
(c) 2  / 6 , 2   (d) D : x  R ; R :  ,
   2 4 
y
/ 2  y
3

2 0 x
/ 2
3. (a) –3 –2 –1 0 x (b) 1
(c)

/ 2
–1 cos3 cos2 0 cos1 1 x / 2

 1 
4. (a) (b) 2cos–1   – 12. 26 13. – 
3 3 3

1 3 1 1 1 ANSWER
14. (a) x= (b) x = 3 (c) x = 0, ,  (d) x = 1,
2 7 2 2 2
1 ab
(e) x = 0, (f) x = (g) x = 2 – 3 ;k 3
2 1  ab
  2n  5 
15. (a) (b) arc cot   (c) arc tan(x + n) – arc tanx
4  n 
32
 1. Find the domain of definition the following functions.

 3 
(a) f(x)  log10 (1  log7 (x2  5 x  13))  cos 1  9 x 
 2  sin 2 

 2 sin x 1 
cos 1 
(b) 2
f(x)  sin(cos x)  n(2 cos x  3 cos x  1)  e  2 2 sin x 

2. Prove that :


(a) sin 1 cos(sin 1 x)  cos 1 sin(cos 1 x)  , x  1
2

 m
 1
m
   n  m  4 n
(b) tan 1    tan 1  
n  n  m   3  m
 4  1
n

1 2 1 n  n 1 
3. Prove that : sin 1  sin 1 + ......+ sin 1  ......... =
2 6 n(n  1) 2

4. If arc sin x + arc siny + arc sinz =  then prove that : (x , y , z > 0 )

(a) x 1  x2  y 1  y2  z 1  z2  2 xyz

(b) 
x 4  y 4  z 4  4 x 2 y2 z2  2 x 2 y2  y2 z2  z2 x 2 
5. Find the integral values of K for which the system of equations ;

 2 K2
arc cos x  (arc sin y) 
 4 possesses solutions & find those solutions.
 4
2 
(arc sin y) (arc cos x) 
 16

3 2 1
1 2 3 1 1 
6. Express 2 cosec  2 tan    2 sec  2 tan   as an integral polynomial in .
   

7. Solve the following inequalities :

R KEY (a) arc cot2x – 5 arc cot x + 6 > 0
(b) arc sin x > arc cos x
(c) 4 arc tan2x – 8 arc tan x + 3 < 0 & 4 arc cot x – arc cot2x – 3  0

33
 y 3
8. Find all the positive integral solutions of, tan–1x + cos–1 = sin–1 .
2
1 y 10

 
9. Let f(x) = cot–1(x2 + 4x + 2 –) be a function defined R   0,  then find the complete set of real values of
 2
 for which f(x) is onto.

1 1 
10. Find all values of k for which there is a triangle whose angles have measure tan 1   , tan 1   k  and
2 2 

1 
tan 1   2k .
2 

11. Find the range of the function f(x) = (sin 1 x)3  (cos 1 x)3 .

12. Find the number of roots of the following equations :

(a) 1  cos 2 x  2 sin 1  sin x 

 x 
(b)  2

sin sin 1 (log 1 x)  2 cos  sin 1   1    0
 2 

 3  5  
(c) | y|  cos x and y  cot 1 (cot x) in  , 
 2 2 

ANSWER KEY

21 25  2 2
1. (a) , (b) 2n   ; n  5. K = 2 ; cos , 1 & cos , –1 6. (2 + 2)( + )
9 9 6 4 4

 2   1 
7. (a) (cot2, )(–, cot3) ; (b)  ,1  ; (c)  tan , cot1  8. x = 1; y = 2 & x = 2; y = 7
 2  2 

1  17 11  3 7 3 
9. 10. k 11.  ,  12. (a) Infinite ; (b) zero ; (c) 2
2 4 3 2 8 

34
1. The value of cos–1 (– 1) – sin–1 (1) is - [AIEEE - 2002]
 1
6. If f or x   0,  , the deriv ativ e of
  4
(A)  (B)
2
 6x x 
tan 1  is
3
x · g(x), then g(x) equals
3 3
(C) (D) –  1  9x 
2 2
[JEE MAINS 2017]

y 9 3x x
2. If cos–1x – cos–1 = , then 4x2 – 4xy cos +y2 (A) (B)
2 1  9x 3 1  9x3
is equal to - [AIEEE - 2005] 3x 3
(A) 2 sin 2 (B) 4 (C) (D)
1  9x3 1  9x 3
(C) 4 sin2  (D) – 4 sin2 

1  2  1  3   3
7. If cos    cos   =  x   ,
x 5 
3. If sin-1   + cosec-1   = then a value of  3x   4x  2 4
5 4 2
then x is equal to [JEE MAINS 2019]
x is- [AIEEE - 2007]
146 145
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (A) (B)
12 11

 5 2 145 145
4. The value of cot  cos ec 1  tan 1  is (C) (D)
 3 3 10 12

[AIEEE - 2008] 8. If x = sin– 1 (sin10) and y = cos– 1 (cos10), then

y – x is equal to [JEE MAINS 2019]
3 1 (A)  (B) 0
(A) (B)
17 17 (C) 10 (D) 7

2 6
(C) (D)  19
17 17  n 
9. The value of cot   cot 11   2p   is
 n 1  p1  
 2x    
5. Let tan–1y = tan–1x + tan–1   , where
1 x2  [JEE MAINS 2019]

1 22 23
. Then a value of y is (A) (B)
|x| < 23 22
3
[JEE MAINS 2015] 21 19
(C) (D)
19 21
3x  x 3 3x  x 3
(A) (B)
1  3x 2 1  3x 2 10. All x satisfying the inequality
(cot–1x)2 – 7(cot–1x) + 10 > 0, lie in the interval :
3x  x 3 3x  x 3 [JEE MAINS 2019]
(C) (D) (A) (–, cot 5)  (cot 4, cot 2)
1  3x 2 1  3x 2
(B) (cot 2, )
(C) (–, cot 5)  (cot 2, )
(D) (cot 5, cot 4)

35
 ANSWER KEY

1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C
6. A 7. ABC 8. 0.00

36
1. The number of real solutions of

7. Domain of f(x) = sin –1( 2x )  is
6

tan–1 x(x  1)  sin1 x2  x  1  is [JEE 99,2]
2
[JEE 2003 (Scr.) 3]
(A) zero (B) one
 1 1  1 3  1 1  1 1
(C) two (D) infinite (A)  – 2 , 2  (B) – 4 , 4  (C)  – 4 , 4  (D)  – 4 , 2 
       

2. Using the principal values, express the following

–1 –1
8. If sin(cot (x  1))  cos(tan x), then x
as a single angle
equals [JEE 2004 (Scr.), 1]
 1  1 142 1 1 9
3 tan –1    2 tan – 1    sin 1 (A) – (B) (C) 0 (D)
2 5 65 5 2 2 4

[REE 99,6] 9. Let (x, y) be such that


ax 1 bx sin–1(ax) + cos–1(y) + cos–1(bxy) =
3. Solve, sin  sin1  sin1 x , 2
c c
[JEE 2007, 6]
where a2 + b2 = c2, c  0.
Match the statements in Column I with
[REE 2000 (Mains), 3]
statements in Column II and indicate your
answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles
4. Solv e the equation :
in the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS.

cos 1( 6 x )  cos 1(3 3 x 2 )  Column–I Column–II
2
(A) If a = 1 and b = 0, (P) lies on the circle
[REE 2001 (Mains), 3]
then (x, y) x2 + y2 = 1
(B) If a = 1 and b = 1, (Q) lies on
 x2 x3   x 4 x6  
5. If sin1  x    ...   cos1  x2   – ...  

 2 4 


 2 4  2

then (x, y) (x2 – 1) (y2 – 1) = 0

for 0 < |x| < (C) If a = 1 and b = 2, (R) lies on y = x

2 then x equals to
then (x, y)
[JEE 2001 (Scr.), 1]
(D) If a = 2 and b = 2, (S) lies on
1 then (x, y) (4x2 – 1)(y2 – 1) = 0
(A) (B) 1
2
10. If 0 < x < 1, then
–1 –1 2 1/2
1 1 x 2 [{x cos (cot x) + sin(cot x)} – 1]
(C) – (D) – 1
2 equals [JEE 2008,3]

x
x2  1 (A) (B) x
6. Prove that cos tan–1 sin cot–1 x = 1 x2
x2  2
[JEE 2002 (Mains) 5] (C) x 1  x 2 (D) 1 x 2

37
  23  n  5
 1 
2k   is
11. The value of cot  
cot

1    (A)  tan 2  f j (0)  = 55
 n1  k 1 
j1
[JEE 2013]
10

(A)
23
(B)
25 (B)  1  f j' (0)  sec 2 f j (0)  = 10
25 23 j1

(C) For any f ixed positiv e integer n,

24
(C) 23 (D)
24 23 1
Lim tan f n ( x )  =
x  n
(D) For any f ixed positiv e integer n,
12. Let f : [0, 4]  [0, ] be defined by f (x) = cos–
1(cos x). The number of points x  [0, 4] satisfying Lim sec 2 f n ( x )  = 1
x 

10  x
the equation f (x) = is [JEE 2014] 15. For non-negative integers n, let
10

n
 k 1  k2 
6  4
 sin  n  2   sin  n  2  
k 0
13. If  = 3 sin–1   and  = 3 cos–1   , where f (n) = n
 11  9  k 1 
 sin 2  n  2  
k 0
the inverse trigonometric functions take only the
principal values, then the correct option(s) is(are)
Assuming cos–1x takes values in [0, ], which
[JEE 2015] of the following options is/are correct?[JEE 2019]
(A) cos  > 0 (B) sin  < 0
(C) cos ( + ) > 0 (D) cos  < 0
3
(A) f (4) =
2
2
14. For any positive integer n, define fn : (0, )  (B) If  = tan (cos–1 f(6)), then   2   1 = 0
(C) sin (7cos–1 f(5)) = 0
n
 1 
R as f n(x) =  tan 1  1  (x  j) ( x  j  1)  (D) Lim f ( n ) 
1
j1   n 2

for all x (0, ).

16. The value of
–1
(Here, the inverse trigonometric function tan x
 1 10  7  k   7  (k  1)  
sec 1  sec   sec  
    4 k 0  12 2   12 2  
assumes values in   ,  .)
 2 2
   3 
in the interval  ,  equals
Then, which of the following statement(s) is(are)  4 4
TRUE ? [JEE 2018]
[JEE 2019]

38
 ANSWER KEY

1. C 2.  3. x  {–1, 0, 1} 4. x = 1/3 5. B

7. D 8. A 9. (A)P ; (B)Q ; (C)P ; (D)S 10. C

11. B 12. 3 13. BCD 14. D

39
A. DERIVATIVE USING FIRST PRINCIPLE /AB INITIO METHOD
dy Limit y Limit f ( x  x )f ( x )
If f(x) is a derivable function then, =  x 0 =  x 0 = f (x)
dx x x

Ex.1 Using first principles, find the derivative of the function y = –cot x – x.
We find y = – cot(x + x) – (x + x) + cot x + x = cot x – cot (x + x) – x.

sin(   ) sin( x  x  x ) sin x

Sol. Using the formula cot  – cot  = , we get y = – x = – x,
sin  sin  sin x sin( x  x ) sin x sin( x  x )

sin x sin x
y x y x 1
whence  – 1 & consequently lim  lim 1 – 1.
x sin x sin(x  x ) x  0 x x 0 sin x. sin( x  x ) sin2 x

1
Thus we have y = – 1 = cot2x.
sin 2 x

ex
Ex.2 Find by first principle the derivative of w.r.t. x.
x
ex e x x e x x ex x .e x .e  x  e x ( x   x )
Sol. y = ; y + y =  y =  =
x xx xx x x(x x )

e x
  1  x   e  x 1  
xe x  
e x.x  xe x   x e x 
y x y  
 =  Limit = Limit  
x x( x   x ) x 0 x x 0
 x( x   x ) 
 
 

d x e x e x
 (x ex) =
dx x2

Ex.3 If f (x) = (ln x)x , find f  (x) from the first principle.

[n( x h)] xh (n x ) x

Sol. By definition f  (x) = Limit
h0
h

 e ( xh )n(n( xh)) x n( n x ) 1

e ( xh )n[ n( xh)] e x n( nx ) Limit 
= Limit
h0 = e x ln (ln x)
h 0 h

h  

s
Limit  e  1 s
= (ln x) h0 
x .  where s = (x + h) ln [ln (x + h)]  x ln (ln x)
s 0  s h

s
Note that as h  0 , s  0  Limit e  1 = 1
s 0
s

1
 ( xh)n[n( xh)]xn(nx )
= (ln x)x Limit
h 0
h

  nn( xh)n( nx )  

= (ln x)x  x Limit Limit nn( xh) .......(1)
  h0 h  h 0

l say

 nx n  1 hx  
n( xh)
 nx  1 hx   n  
n nx  n nx    nx 
   
Now l = Limit
h 0
  = Limit
h 0   = Limit
h0
h h
h

 n  1 hx  
n 1 nx   1/ h  n 1 h  

Limit



 Limit
 n 1 hx
   
Limit 1  
h 0 h  nx 
x 

= h0 = h  0 l n 1  = ln e  
h  nx 
1/ x
 
n 1 hx
1/ h

 
n 1 hx
x/h

 1
= Limit =   l =
h0
nx nx xnx

Substituting the value of l in (1)

  1    1 
= ( n x)x .   x      n (  n x )  = (n x)x   n ( n x ) 
   x  n x    n x 

Derivative Of Standard Functions :

(i) D (xn) = n.xn1 ; x  R, n  R, x > 0 (ii) D (ex) = ex
1
(iii) D (ax) = ax. ln a a > 0 (iv) D (ln x) =
x

1
(v) D (logax) = logae (vi) D (sinx) = cosx (vii) D (cosx) =  sinx
x
(viii) D (tanx) = sec²x (ix) D (secx) = secx . tanx
(x) D (cosecx) =  cosecx . cotx (xi) D (cotx) =  cosec²x
d 1
(xii) D (constant) = 0 where D = (xiii) D(sin 1 x ) ,  1 x1
dx 1 x2

1 1
(xiv) D(cos 1 x ) , 1 x1 (xv) D(tan 1
x ) , xR
1 x 2 1 x2

1 1
(xvi) D (sec 1
x ) , x 1 (xvii) D(cos ec 1x ) , x 1
x x 12
x x2  1

1 1
(xviii) D(cot x ) , xR
1 x2

2
B. RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
If u and v are derivable function of x, then ,
d du dv d du
(i) (u  v )   (ii) (K u ) K , where K is any constant
dx dx dx dx dx
The extended linearity rule
If f 1, f2 ....., f n are differentiable functions and a1, a2, ....., an are constants, then
d df1 df 2 dfn
[a1f1 + a2f2 + ...... + an fn] = a1 + a2 + ..... + an
dx dx dx dx

d dv du dy dv du
(iii) PRODUCT RULE : u . v   u  v i.e. u v .
dx dx dx dx dx dx

1 dy 1 du 1 dv
On division by uv the above result may be written as  
y dx u dx v dx .
Hence it is clear that the rule may be extended to product of more than two functions.
For example, if y = uvw; let vu = z, then y = uz.

1 dy 1 du 1 dz 1 dz 1 dv 1 dw
  but   ,
y dx u dx z dx z dx v dx w dx

1 dy 1 du 1 dv 1 dw
by substitution   
y dx u dx v dx w dx .
Generally, if y = uvwt.....

1 dy 1 du 1 dv 1 dw 1 dt
   
y dx u dx v dx w dx t dx + .......,

dy du dv dw
and if we multiply be uvwt..... we obtain = (vwt ...) + (uwt...) + (uvt...) + ....,
dx dx dx dx
i.e. multiply the differential coefficient of each separate function by the product of all the remaining
functions and add up all the results; the sum will be the differential coefficient of the product of all
the functions.

d  u  v  du udv 
(iv) QUOTIENT RULE :    dx 2 dx where v  0
dx  v  v
The derivation of formula for the derivative of the quotient of two functions f and g as follows :

f ( x ) f (a )
f  1 f ( x )g(a)  f (a)g( x )
d   (a) = lim g( x ) g(a) = xlim .
dx g x a xa a g( x )g(a) xa

1 f ( x )g(a)  f (a)g(a)  f (a)g(a)  f (a)g( x )

= 2
lim
g (a ) x  a xa

1  f ( x)  f(a ) g ( x )  g (a )  f (a)f (a)  f (a)g(a)

= lim g ( a)  lim f (a ) =
2
g (a )  x  a xa x  a x  a  g2 (a)

3
 (v) CHAIN RULE : If f and g are differentiable functions, then so is the composite function f(g(x)). Let
a be a number in the domain of g such that g(a) is in the domain of f.

( f (g))( x )  ( f (g))(a) f (g( x ))  f ( g(a))

[f(g)] = lim = lim .
x a xa x  a xa

 f (g( x))  ( f (g(a)) g( x )  g(a)   f ( g( x))  ( f (g(a))   g( x )  g(a) 

[f(g)](a) = xlim   = xlim  xlim .
a
 g( x)  g(a) xa   a g( x )  g(a)   a x  a 
Setting y = g(x) and b = g(a) and noting that y approaches b as x approaches a, we have

f(y)  f(b) g(x)  g(a)

[f(g)](a) = lim lim = f(b) g(a)
y b y  b xa x  a
= f(g(a)) g(a) = (f(g)g)(a)
Remark : In using the Chain Rule we work from the outside to inside. Formula says that we differentiate
the outer function f[at the inner function f(x)] and then we multiply by the derivative of the inner function.

d
f (g(x))  f (g(x)) . g(x)
dx 
  
    
  
outer evaluated derivative evaluated derivative
function at inner of outer at inner of inner
function function function function

Ex.4 Differentiate y = sin(x2)

Sol. 2
If y = sin(x ), then the outer function is the sine function and the inner function is the squaring function, so
the Chain Rule gives

dy d
 sin (x2 )  cos (x2 ) . 2x
dx dx     
outer evaluated derivative evaluated derivative
function at inner of outer at inner of inner
function function function function

Ex.5 If F(x) = (x2 + 2)3, compute F(x). One way to do this problem is to expand (x2 + 2)3 and use the
differentiation formulae.
Sol. F(x) = (x2 + 2)3 = x6 + 6x4 + 12x2 + 8,
F(x) = 6x5 + 24x3 + 24x.
Another method uses the Chain Rule. Let g and f be the functions defined, respectively, by g(x) = x2 + 2
and f(y) = y3. Then f(g(x)) = (x2 + 2)3 = F(x), and, according to the Chain Rule,
F(x) = [f(g(x))] = f(g(x)) g(x).
Since g(x) = 2x and f(y) = 3y2, we get f(g(x)) = 3(x2 + 2)2 and
F(x) = 3(x2 + 2)2 (2x) = 6x (x4 + 4x2 + 4),
which agrees with the alternative solution above.

dy dy du
If y = f(u) & u = g(x) then  . “ Chain Rule ”
dx du dx
Let f and g be two differentiable functions. The formation of the composite function f(g) is suggested by
writing u = g(x) and y = f(u). Thus x is transformed by g into u, and the resulting u is then transformed by
f into y = f(u) = f(g(x)). We have

du dy dy
= g(x), = f(x) = [f(g(x))]
dx du dx

dy dy du
By the Chain Rule, [f(g(x))] = f(g(x)) g(x) = f(u)g(x), and so  . ...(1)
dx du dx

4
 The idea that one can simply cancel out du in (1) is very appealing and accounts for the popularity of the
notation. It is important to realize that the cancellation is valid because the Chain Rule is true, and not vice
versa. Thus, du is simply a part of the notation for the derivative and means nothing by itself. Note also
that (1) is incomplete in the sense that it does not say explicitly at what points to evaluate the derivatives.
We can add this information by writing
dy dy du
(a)  (a) (a ) .
dx du dx
1 dw
Ex.6 If w = z2 + 2z + 3 and z = , find (2)
x dx
dw dw dz  1 
Sol. By the Chain Rule,  = (2z + 2)   2  .
dx dz dx  x 

1 dw  1  1  3
when x = 2, we have z = . Hence (2) =  2 .  2      .
2 dx  2  4  4

4
x
Ex.7 Differentiate g(x) = .
1  3x
1/ 4
 x  x
Sol. Write g(x) =   = u1/4 where u = is the inner function and u1/4 is the outer function.
 1 3x  1  3x
3 / 4
1 –3/4 1 x   x 
Then, g(x) = (u1/4)u(x) = u u(x) and we have g(x) =    
4 4  1  3x   1  3x 
3 / 4 3 / 4
1 x   (1  3 x )(1)  x( 3 )  1 x   1  1
=     =    2
 5/4 .
4  1  3x   (1  3 x )2  4  1  3x  3/ 4
 (1  3 x )  4 x (1  3 x )

dy
Ex.8 If y = sin cos x , find .
dx

dy d sin cos x d sin cos x d cos x d(cos x )

Sol.  = . .
dx dx d cos x d cos x dx

1 sin x cos cos x

= cos cos x . 2 cos x . (– sin x) = –
2 cos x

dy
Ex.9 If y = x2 cos (log x), find
dx
dy d d{cos(log x )} d( x 2 )
Sol.  {x2 cos (log x) } = x2 + cos (log x)
dx dx dx dx
dcos(log x) . d(log x)
= x2 . + cos (log x) . 2x
dlog x dx

1
= x2 (– sin (log x)} . + 2 x cos (log x) = – x sin(log x) + 2 x cos (log x)
x

5
C. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
To find the derivative of :
(i) a function which is the product or quotient of a number of functions OR
(ii) a function of the form [f(x)]g(x) where f & g are both derivable, it will be found convenient to take the
logarithm of the function first & then differentiate. This is called Logarithmic Differentiation.
Steps in Logarithmic Differentiation
1. Take natural logarithms of both sides of an equation y = f(x) and use the Laws of Logarithms to
simplify.
2. Differentiate both sides with respect to x.
3. Solve the resulting equation for y.
d
If f(x) < 0 for some values of x, then in f(x) is not defined, but we can write |y| = |f(x)| and use
dx
1
(ln |x|) = .
x

d d
Ex.10 Find (a) ln|x| (b) ln |x2 – x|
dx dx
d 1 dx 1
Sol. (a) For all x  0, ln|x| =  .
dx x dx x
d 1
In contrast, ln x = but only for x > 0.
dx x
d 1 d 2x  1
(b) ln |x2 – x| = 2 (x2 – x) = , x  0, x  1.
dx ( x  x ) dx x( x  1)
d 2x  1
In contrast, (ln (x2 – x) = but only if x (x – 1) > 0, that is, for x > 1 or x < 0.
dx x( x  1)
x
Ex.11 Differentiate y = x .
x
Sol. Using logarithmic differentiation, we have ln y = ln x = x ln x
y 1 1  1 lnx  x 2  lnx 
 x. + (ln x) y = y     x  
y x 2 x  x 2 x  2 x 

dy
Ex.12 Find , where y = (x + 1)2x.
dx
Sol. y = (x + 1)2x  ln y = ln[(x + 1)2x] = 2x ln(x + 1)
1 dy d  d 
Differentiate both sides of this equation :  2 x  [ln( x  1)]   (2 x ) ln (x + 1)
y dx  dx   dx 
 1  2x
= 2x  (1)  + 2 ln (x + 1) = + 2 ln (x + 1)
 x  1  x 1
dy  2 
Finally, multiply both sides by y = (x + 1)2x :   2 ln( x  1) (x + 1)2x
dx  x  1 
If u and v be both functions of x, it appears that the general formula
dy dv du
= uv loge u + vuv – 1
dx dx dx
is the sum of the two special forms and therefore we may, instead of taking logarithms in any particular
example, consider first u constant and then v constant and add the results obtained on these suppositions.

6
D. PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
dy d y / d 
If y = f() & x = g() where  is a parameter , then  .
dx d x / d 
Derivative Of A Function w.r.t. Another Function
d y d y / d x f '( x )
Let y = f(x) ; z = g(x) then d z  d z / d x  g '( x ) .

E. DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

Assume that the equation F(x, y) = 0 specifies y as an implicit function of x. In what follows we shall
consider this function to be differentiable.
Differentiating both sides of the equation F(x, y) = 0 with respect to x, we obtain a first-degree equation
with respect to y. This equation easily yields y, that is, the derivative of the implicit function.

dy
Ex.13 Find from the equation x3 + ln y – x2ey = 0.
dx
Sol. Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we obtain

y (2 xyey  3 x 2 )y
3x2 + 2 y y
y – x e y – 2xe = 0, i.e. y =
1  x 2 ye y
.

Steps for Implicit Differentiation

1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.
2. Collect all terms involving dy/dx on the left side of the equation and move all other terms to the
right side of the equation.
3. Factor dy/dx out of the left side of the equation.
4. Solve for dy/dx by dividing both sides of the equation by the left-hand factor that does not contain
dy/dx.

Ex.14 Find dy/dx given that y3 + y2 – 5y – x2 = –4. y

Sol. 1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.
3
d 3 d 2
[y + y2 – 5y – x2] = [–4] 1 (1, 1)
dx dx (2, 2)
x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
d 3 d 2 d d 2 d –1
[y ] + [y ] – [5y] – [x ] = [–4] –2
dx dx dx dx dx
–3
dy dy dy
3y2 + 2y –5 – 2x = 0 y3+ y2 – 5y – x2 = –4
dx dx dx
Figure
2. Collect the dy/dx terms on the left side of the equation. dy 2x
The derivative is  2
dx 3y  2y  5
dy dy dy Slope
3y2 + 2y –5 = 2x Point
dx dx dx on Graph of Graph
3. Factor dy/dx out of the left side of the equation. 4
(2, 0) 
5
dy 1
(3y2 + 2y – 5) = 2x (1, –3)
dx 8
x=0 0
4. Solve for dy/dx by dividing by (3y2 + 2y – 5). (1, 1) Undefined
dy 2x
= 2
dx 3y  2y  5

7
 dy
Ex.15 Find if xy – x = 1.
dx
dy
Sol. We must find at x = 1. Assume y is a function of x,y = y(x). The relation now is xy (x) – x = 1.
dx
d d d d
Hence, [xy(x) – x] = (1) [xy (x)] – (x) = 0. ...(1)
dx dx dx dx

d d  d  dy
By the product rule, [x . y (x)] = x [y(x)] +  ( x )  y(x) = x + y(x).
dx dx  dx  dx

dy dy 1  y( x )
Hence, substituting into (1) we obtain x + y(x) – 1 = 0   .
dx dx x
Remark If, in the preceding example, we had explicitly solved for y, we would have obtained

1 dy 1
y=1+  2 .
x dx x
To see that this is exactly the result obtained by implicit methods, note that if 1 + 1/x is substituted for y
dy 1  y( x ) 1  [1  (1 / x )] 1
    2 .
dx x x x

Ex.16 Find dy/dx if 2x2 + xy – 3y2 = x.

Sol. If we assume y is a function of x and represent it by y(x), the equation reads 2x2 + xy(x) – 3[y(x)]2 = x.
d d
Hence, [2x2 + xy(x) – 3[y(x)]2] = (x).
dx dx
d d d
Using the sum rule, we obtain (2x2) + [xy (x)] – 3 [y (x)]2 = 1. ...(1)
dx dx dx
d dy d dy d dy
By the product rule, [xy (x)] = x +y (x) = x +y  [y(x)]2 = 2y(x) .
dx dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy
Substituting these results into Formula (1), we obtain 4x + x + y – 6y = 1.
dx dx
We solve this equation for dy/dx :

dy dy dy dy 1  4x  y
x – 6y = 1 – 4x – y  (x – 6y) = 1 – 4x – y  = ...(2)
dx dx dx dx x  6y

BE CAREFUL : When applying Formula (2), keep in mind that the only values of x and y that can be
substituted into the right-hand side of Formula (2) are those values that satisfy the original condition 2x2
+ xy – 3y2 = x. for instance, we might substitute x = 1, y = 2 to obtain (dy/dx) = (1 – 4 – 2)/(1 – 12) = 5/
11; however, (1, 2) is not a point on the graph 2x2 + xy – 3y2 = x, so the calculation of dy/dx at this point
is totally meaningless.
The equation in Example can be written as – 3y2 + xy + (2x2 – x) = 0 and hence is a quadratic equation
in y (an equation of the form Ay2 + By + C = 0 where A = –3, B = x and C = 2x2 – x). Hence, we could use
the quadratic formula to solve this equation for y in terms of x, obtaining

 x  25x2  12x
y= .
–6

8
 Though we are able to find y explicitly in terms of x, the resulting expression is fairly complex, and it still
might be best to find dy/dx implicitly as in Example.
WARNING : It is important to realize that implicit differentiation is a technique for finding dy/dx that is valid
only if y is a differentiable function of x, and careless application of the technique can lead to errors. For
example, there is clearly no real-valued f unction y = f (x) that satisf ies the equation
x2 + y2 = –1, yet formal application of implicit differentiation yields the :derivative: dy/dx = –x/y. To be able
to evaluate this “derivative,” we must find some values for which x2 + y2 = –1. Because no such values
exist, the derivative does not exist.

dy
Ex.17 If x3 + y2 = sin (x + y), find
dx
Sol. given, x3 + y3 = sin (x + y) ...(i)
d d d
differentiating w. r. t. x, we get (x3) + (y3) = {sin (x + y)}
dx dx dx

d( x 3 ) d( y 3 ) dy d sin( x  y ) d( x  y )
or  .  .
dx dx dx d( x  y ) dx

dy  dy 
or 3x2 + 3y2 = cos (x + y) . 1  
dx  dx 

dy
or [3y2 – cos(x + y)] = cos (x + y) – 3x2
dx

dy cos( x  y )  3 x 2
  .
dx 3 y 2  cos( x  y )

1 dy
Ex.18 If x = y  , prove that = 2x2 + y2 – 3xy
1 dx
y
1
y
y  ....to 

1 1
Sol. x= y  x=y+ ...(i)
1 x
y
1
y
y  ....to 

dy 1 dy 1
differentiating w. r. t. x, we get 1=  ; or =1+ 2
dx x 2 dx x

dy  1 
or = 1 + (x – y)2 .  from(i),
x
 x  y = 1 + x2 + y2 – 2 xy ....(ii)
dx  
From (i) x2 = xy + 1  1 = x2 – xy
dy dy
Putting in (ii), we get = x2 – xy + x2 + y2 – 2xy Hence = 2x2 + y2 – 3xy
dx dx

9
F. DERIVATIVE OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS

If the inverse functions f & g are defined by y = f(x) & x = g(y) & if
1
f (x) exists & f (x)  0 then g (y) = . This result can also be written as :
f  (x )

dy dy dx  dy  dy dx
if exists &  0 , then  1/   or . 1
dx dx dy  dx  dx dy
du du dy dy dx
We have  We put u = x, .
dx dy dx dx dy = 1.

dy dx
The truth of this is also manifested geometrically, for and are respectively the tangent and the
dx dy
co-tangent of the angle  which the tangent to the curve y = f(x) makes with the x-axis.

This formula is very useful in the differentiation of an inverse function.

 2x 
Ex.19 Find the derivative of y = sin1  2
 and mention the points of non differentiability..
1x 

 2 tan  1 x x 1  2
for x 1
1 x 2
 2x   dy 
Sol. y = f(x) = sin1   =   2 tan 1 x x 1  = nonexistent for x 1
1x  
2
dx   2
 
    2 tan 1 x  x  1  1 x 2
for x 1

f is continuous for all x but not diff. at x = 1 , –1

G. DERIVATIVE OF A DETERMINANT
f(x) g(x) h(x)
If F(x) = l(x) m(x) n(x) , where f , g , h , l , m , n , u , v , w are differentiable functions of x then
u(x) v(x) w(x)

f '(x) g '(x) h'(x) f(x) g(x) h(x) f(x) g(x) h(x)

l(x) m(x) n(x) l'(x) m'(x) n'(x) l(x) m(x) n(x)
F (x) = + +
u(x) v(x) w(x) u(x) v(x) w(x) u'(x) v '(x) w '(x)

a x b  x c  x
Ex.20 Let f(x) =   x m  x n  x . Show that f  (x) = 0 and that f(x) = f(0) + k x where k denotes the
p  x q x r  x
sum of all the co-factors of the elements in f(0).

1 1 1 a x b  x c  x a x b  x c  x
Sol. f  (x) =   x m  x n x + 1 1 1 +   x m x n x
p  x q x r  x p  x q x r  x 1 1 1

f  (x) = 0 (obviously  two identical rows)

f  (x) = k  f(x) = kx + x , f(0) = c  f(x) = f(0) + kx . Note that f  (x) = k

1 1 1 a b c a b c
 f  (0) = k =  m n + 1 1 1 +  m n
p q r p q r 1 1 1

= (c11 + c12 + c13) + (c21 + c22 + c23) + (c31 + c32 + c33) = sum of co-factors of elements f(0)]

10
H. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES
Let a function y = f(x) be defined on an open interval (a, b) . It’s derivative, if it exists on (a, b) is a certain
function f (x) [or (dy/dx) or y ] & is called the first derivative of y w. r. t. x.
If it happens that the first derivative has a derivative on (a , b) then this derivative is called the second
derivative of y w. r. t. x & is denoted by f (x) or (d2y/dx2) or y  .
Once we have found the derivative f of any function f, we can go on and find the derivative of f.
f (a  t )  f (a )
f(a) = lim .
t 0 t
d3 y d  d2 y 
Similarly, the 3rd order derivative of y w. r. t. x , if it exists, is defined by   .
d x3 dx  d x2 
It is also denoted by f (x) or y .
The third derivative, written f, is the derivative of the second derivative, and, in principle, we can go on
forever and form derivatives of higher order. We adopt the alternative notation f(n) for the nth derivative of f.
Ex.21 Find y if x4 + y4 = 16.
Sol. Differentiating the equation implicitly with respect to x, we get 4x3 + 4y3y = 0

x3
Solving for y gives y = – 3 ...(1)
y
to find y we differentiate this expression for y using the Quotient Rule and remembering that y is a

d  x 3  y 3 ( d / dx )( x 3 )  x 3 ( d / dx )( y 2 ) y 3 .3 x 2  x 3 (3 y 2 y)
function of x : y =   =–
dx  y 3  ( y 3 )2 y6
If we now substitute Equation 1 into this expression, we get

 x3 
3 x 2 y 3  3 x 3 y 2   3  3( x 2 y 4  x 6 ) 3x 2 ( y 4  x 4 )
y = –  y  =–  
y
y2 y7

But the values of x and y must satisfy the original equation x4 + y4 = 16. So the answer simplifies to

3 x 2 (16) x2
y = –  48
y7 y7

d2 y dy
Ex.22 If y = x sin x, prove that x2 . 2
 2x + (x2 + y) y = 0
dx dx

dy
Sol.  y = x sin x ....(1)  = x cos x + sin x .....(2)
dx
Again differentiating both sides w. r. t. x we get

d2 y
= x(-sinx) + cos x + cos x = 2 cos x – x sin x
dx 2

d2 y
or, x2 = 2x2 cos x – x2 . x sin x = 2x2 cos x – x2 y [from (1)]
dx 2

 dy 
= 2x   sin x  – x2y [from (2)]
 dx 

dy dy d2 y dy
= 2x – 2 x sin x – x2 y = 2x – 2y – x2y x2 2 – 2x + (2 + x2) y = 0
dx dx dx dx
11
Ex.23 A function f(x) is so defined that for al x, [f(x)]n = f(nx). Prove that f(x) . f(nx) = f(x) . f(nx), where f(x)
denotes derivative of f(x) w.r. to x.
Sol. Given [f(x)]n = f(nx) .....(1)
differentiating both sides w. r to x, we get
n[f(x)]n – 1 . f(x) = f(nx) . (n . 1) or, [f(x)n . f(x) = f(nx)
multiplying both sides by f(x), we get
[f(x)n . f(x) = f(nx) . f(x) or, f(nx) . f(x) = f(nx) . f(x) [from (1)]

2
     d2 y 

Ex.24 y = tan 
x
–1 
+ sin  2tan 1. 1 x  , then prove that, 4 (1  x2)3  2  + 4 x = x2 + 4.
2   1 x   dx 
 1 1 x    

1 x
du 1 2
 1 1 x  1 x
Sol. y = u + v . Now = & v = sin  2 tan
1 x
 = = 1 x 2
dx 2 1 x 2   1x
1
1 x

dv x dy 1 2 x
Hence =  =
dx 1 x 2 dx 2 1 x 2

d2 y x 2 d2 y
= (using quotient rule)  4 (1  x2)3 = x2 + y  4 x
dx 2
2(1 x ) 3 / 2 dx 2

I. L’ HOPITAL’S RULE
Let f and g be functions that are differentiable on an open interval (a, b) containing c, except possibly at c
itself. Assume that g(x)  0 for all x in (a, b), except possibly at c itself. If the limit of f(x)/g(x) as x
approaches c produces the indeterminate frorm 0/0, then

f ( x) f ( x )
lim = lim
xc g( x ) x  c g( x )
provided the limit on the right exists (or is infinite). This result also applies if the limit of f(x)/g(x) as x
approaches c produces any one of the indeterminate forms
/ , (– ) / , / (– ).

e  e    2 cos   4  0
Ex.25 Lim form 0  L’ Hopital’s Rule.
 0 4  
e   e   2 sin  e   e   2 cos  e   e    2 sin  e   e    2 cos 
Sol. = Lim 3 = Lim 2 = Lim = Lim =
0 4 0 12 0 24 0 24
4 1
 .
24 6

Ex.26 Determine lim (cot x)1/log x

x 0

1
Sol. Let y = (cot x)1/log x. log y =
log x log (cot x)
log cot x 
 xlim log y = xlim
0 0 log x 
 cos ec 2 x
cos x x 1
= lim = lim . =–1 log xlim
0
y=–1  xlim
0
y = e–1 = 1/e.
x 0 1/ x x0 sin x cos x

12
 1  sin x  cos x  log(1  x )
Ex.27 Find Lim
x 0 x tan2 x
Sol. The inconvenience of continuously differentiating the denominator, which involves tan2 x as a factor, may
be partially avoided as follows. We write
2
1  sin x  cos x  log(1  x ) 1  sin x  cos x  log(1  x )  x 
= .  
x tan2 x x3  tan x 
2
1  sin x  cos x  log(1  x ) 1  sin x  cos x  log(1  x ) x 
so that lim = lim lim  
x 0 x tan2 x x 0 x3 x 0 tan x
 
1  sin x  cos x  log(1  x ) 1  sin x  cos x  log(1  x )
= lim 3 . 1 = lim
x 0 x x 0 x3
To evaluate the limit on the R.H.S.,
we notice that the numerator and denominator both become 0 for x = 0.
1  sin x  cos x  log(1  x ) cos x  sin x  [1/(1  x )]
 lim = xlim
x 0 x3 0 3x 2
 sin x  cos x  [1 /(1  x )2 ]  cos x  sin x[2 /(1  x )3 ] 3 1
= lim = lim  
x 0 6x x 0 6 6 2
x
t2 d t
 at
Ex.28 Find the constants 'a' (a > 0) and 'b' such that , Limit 0
= 1.
x0
b x  sin x
0
Sol. form hence using L` Hopital rule
0
x2
a x
l = Limit
x 0 for existence of limit Limit
x 0 b  cos x = 0  b=1
b  cos x

Limit x2 1 2
hence x 0 . Limit
x 0 =1 =1  a=4
1 cos x ax a

3
x  x  x x 3
Ex.29 Evaluate lim
x 1 x3  1

( 3 x  1)  ( x  1)  ( x 3 / 2  1) 0 
Sol. lim  form 
x 1 ( x  1)( x 2  x  1) 0 

 3 x  1 ( x  1) ( x 3 / 2  1)  1
lim
= x 1   . 2
 x  1 x 1 x  1  x  x  1

 3
x  1   ( x  1)   ( x 3 / 2  1)  . 1
  lim  lim 2
=  lim x  1    lim
x  1    x  1 
 x 1
 
x 1
 
x 1
 x 1 x  x 1
(Apply L–Hopital’s rule)
1 1 / 3 1 1 1/ 2 1 3 3 / 21  1
=  (1)  (1)  (1) . 2
3 2 2  1  1 1
1 2 / 3 1 1/ 2 3 1/ 2  1 1 1 3 1 239 1 7
=  (1)  (1)  (1) . =    . =  . 
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3  6  3 9

13
  1 x t2 1 1 
Ex.30 Evaluate : lim  5 0 e dt 
4
 
x 0  x x 3x2 

x
 t2
3 0 e dt  3x  x3  0
Sol. We have lim  form 
x 0 x5  0

2 2
3e  x  3  3 x 2 ex  1  x2
Using Hopital's rule, we get lim lim
x 0 5x 4 x 0 x4

d x d d
t2 2
dt  ex . (x)  e0
2
(Applying Newton–Leibnitz’s formula to 0 e (0) = e x )
dx dx dx
2 2
3 lim e  x .( 2x )  0  2x 3 2 e x  1
Again using Hopital's rule, we get = = . lim
5 x 0 4x 3 5 4 x 0 x 2
2
3 lim e  x .( 2 x ) 3 3
Again using Hopital's rule, we get = x 0
= .1=
10 (2 x ) 10 10

14
Type (I) : Very Short Answer Type Questions : [01 Mark Each]

dy
1. Find if (x2 + y2)2 = xy..
dx

 x dy
2. If y = log tan    , show that – sec x = 0
4 2 dx

 2 
3. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : log  x  1  x  .
 

dy
4 If xy + y2 = tan x + y, find .
dx

Type (II) : Short Answer Type Questions : [02 Marks Each]

d2 y  x2 
 
5. Find 2 when y = log  e x  .
dx  

1  sin 2x dy  
6. If y = , show that + sec2   x  = 0.
1  sin 2x dx  4 

7. Differentiate log sin x 2  1 w.r.t. x.

 1 x 
8. Differentiate cot–1   w.r.t. x
 1 x 

 3 dy
9. If y = (sinx – cosx)(sinx – cosx), <x< , then find .
4 4 dx

Type (III) : Long Answer Type Questions: [04 Mark Each]

dy
10. Find if y = xx + xa + ax.
dx

dy
11. y = xsin x + (sin x)x, find .
dx

d2 y dy
12. If y = tan–1 x, show that (1 + x2) 2 + 2x =0
dx dx

d2 y
13. If y = A cos n x + B sin n x, show that + n2 y = 0.
dx 2
14. Differentiate esin x + (tan x)x w.r.t. x.

 5 x  12 1 – x 2 
dy
15. If y = sin–1  13

 , find dx .
 

15
 d2 y dy
16. If y = 4e3x + 3e4x, prove that 2
–7 + 12y = 0.
dx dx

d2 y dy
17. If y = ex sin x, prove that 2 –2 + 2y = 0
dx dx

dy
18. Find , if y = (cos x)x + (sin x)1/x .
dx

 1 t2  2t dy
 
19. If x = a  2  and y = 2 , find .
 1 – t  1– t dx

20. Differentiate xx sin–1 x w.r.t. x.

 dy  b
 
21. If x = a sin 2t(1 + cos 2t) and y = b cos 2t (1 – cos 2t), show that  dx  at t   = .
4 a

–1 d2 y dy
22. If y = e a sin x
, –1  x  1, then show that (1 – x2) 2 –x – a2y = 0.
dx dx

–1 2
d2 y dy
23. If y = cosec x, x > 1, then show that x(x – 1) + (2x2 – 1) = 0.
dx 2 dx

x2  1 dy
24. If y = (log x)cos x + 2
, find .
x –1 dx

25. Differentiate the following function w.r.t. x : y = (sin x)x + sin–1 x.

d2 y dy
26. If y = (cot–1x)2, then show that (x2 + 1)2 2 + 2x(x2 + 1) = 2.
dx dx

Type (IV) : Very Long Answer Type Questions: [06 Mark Each]

 d2 y 
27. If x = 2 cos – cos2 and y = 2sin – sin2, find  2 
 dx   
2

d2 y 
28. If x = 3 sin t – sin 3t, y = 3 cos t – cot 3t, find 2 at t = 3
dx

16
 SECTION-A
(CBSE Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 Differentiate the following with respect to x
 1  x  1 x 
tan–1  
 [CBSE Delhi 2008]
 1 x  1 x 
sec x  1 
Q.2 If f (x) = , find f '(x). Also find f '   . [CBSE (AI) 2008]
sec x  1 2

1 1  dy
Q.3 If y = x 2  1  log   1  2  , find . [CBSE Delhi 2008]
x x  dx

dy
Q.4 Find , if (x2 + y2)2 = xy.. [CBSE Delhi 2009]
dx

 y dy x  y
Q.5 If log(x2 + y2) = 2 tan–1   , then show that = . [CBSE (F) 2009]
x dx x  y

sin 1 x d2 y dy
Q.6 If y = , show that (1 – x2) 2 – 3x – y = 0. [CBSE (AI) 2009]
1 x2 dx dx

2x 3x
d2 y dy
Q.7 If y = 3e + 2 · e , prove that – 5 + 6y = 0. [CBSE (AI) 2009]
dx 2 dx

d2 y dy
Q.8 If y = ex (sin x + cos x), then show that 2 –2 + 2y = 0. [CBSE (AI) 2009]
dx dx

Q.9 Differentiate the following function w.r.t. x : (x)cos x + (sin x)tan x [CBSE Delhi 2009]

 3x  4 1  x 2  dy
–1
Q.10 If y = cos   , find . [CBSE (AI) 2010]
 5  dx

dy
Q.11 Find , if y = sin–1  x 1  x  x 1  x 2  . [CBSE Delhi 2010]
dx  

dy
Q.12 Find , if y = (cos x)x + (sin x)1/x . [CBSE (Delhi 2010)]
dx
d2 y dy
Q.13 If y = cosec–1 x, x > 1, then show that x (x2 – 1) 2
2 + (2x – 1) = 0. [CBSE (AI) 2010]
dx dx

 x dy
Q.14 If y = log tan    , show that – sec x = 0. [CBSE (F) 2010, 2002]
4 2 dx

dy log x
Q.15 If xy = ex–y, show that = [CBSE (A1) 2011]
dx {log( xe)}2

17
 d x 2 2 a2  x 
Q.16 Prove that :  a  x  sin 1  = a2  x2 [CBSE (F) 2011]
dx  2 2  a 
x2 1
Q.17 Differentiate the function w.r.t. x : xx cos x + [CBSE Delhi 2011]
x2 1

d2 y dy
Q.18 If y = log  x  x 2  1 , prove that (x2 + 1) 2 + x = 0. [CBSE (F) 2011]
  dx dx

1 1 dy y
Q.19 If x = a sin t
, y = a cos t
, show that = . [CBSE 2012]
dx x

d2 y dy
Q.20 If y  Peax  Qe bx show that 2
 (a  b)  aby  0. [CBSE 2014]
dx dx

d2y
Q.21 If x = a(cos2t + 2t sin2t) and y = a(sin2t – 2t cos2t), then find . [CBSE 2015]
dx 2
2
y/x
 d 2 y   dy  3
Q.22 If (ax + b) e = x, then show that x  2    x  y [CBSE 2015]
 dx   dx 

dy cos 2 (a  y)
Q.23 If x cos (a + y) = cos y then prove that = .
dx sin a

d2 y dy
Hence, show that sin a 2 + sin 2(a + y) = 0. [CBSE 2016]
dx dx

dy  6x  4 1  4x 2 
Q.24 Find if y = sin–1   [CBSE 2016]
dx  5 

dy
Q.25 If xy + yx = ab, then find . [CBSE 2017]
dx

d2 y 2
 dy 
Q.26 If ey (x + 1) = 1, then show that =   . [CBSE 2017]
dx 2  dx 

 1  cos x 
Q.27 Differentiate tan–1   with respect to x. [CBSE 2018]
 sin x 

dy
Q.28 If (x2 + y2)2 = xy, find . [CBSE 2018]
dx

dy 
Q.29 If x = a(2 – sin 2) and y = a(1 – cos 2), find when  = . [CBSE 2018]
dx 3
d2 y dy
Q.30 If y = sin (sin x), prove that 2  tan x  y cos2 x  0 . [CBSE 2018]
dx dx
18
 SECTION-B
(Potential Problems Based on CBSE)

dy
Q.1 If xy + y 2 = tan x + y. Find .
dx
dy
Q.2 If sin2y + cos xy = . Find .
dx
 3x  x 3  1 1 dy
Q.3 If y = tan–1  
2 , – x . Find
 1  3x  3 3 dx

dy
Q.4 If y = sin (tan–1 e–x). Find
dx
2 5 dy
Q.5 If e x  e x  .......  e x . Find
dx
 1  sin x  1  sin x  dy
Q.6 If y = cot–1   , find the value of .
 1  sin x  1  sin x  dx
3/ 2
  dy 2 
1    
  dx  
Q.7 If (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = c2, for some c > 0, prove that is a constant independent
d 2y
dx 2
of a and b.
 dy  b
Q.8 If x = a sin 2t (1 + cos 2t) and y = b cos 2t (1 – cos 2t), show that   =
 dx at t   a
4

n ny
dy
If y =  x  x  a  , then prove that
2 2
Q.9 = 2 2.
  dx x a

Q.10 Differentiate the function xsin x + (sin x)cos x w.r.t. x

1 x dy
Q.11 If y = prove that (1 – x2)  y = 0.
1 x dx

Q.12 If y = (sin–1x)2, prove that (1 – x2)y2 – xy1 = 2.

2
dy sec x
Q.13 If y = tan x  tan x  tan x   to  (tan x > 0), prove that = .
dx 2y 1

 5x  12 1  x 2  dy
Q.14 If y = sin–1   , find .
 13  dx

d2 y
Q.15 If y = A cos nx + B sin nx, show that 2 + n2y = 0.
dx
19
 PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Section (A) : First principle, Basic theorem

A-1. Find the derivative of following functions with respect to x by the first principle (ab – initio method).
(i) f(x) = sin x 2 (ii) f(x) = e2x + 3

A–2. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x .

5  x
(i) x 2/3 + 7e – + 7 tan x (ii) x 2. n x. ex (iii) n tan   
x 4 2

sinx  xcosx  1  cos x 

(iv) xsinx  cosx
(v) tan  tan 1 ,0<x<

 1  cos x 

1  xn
A–3. It is known for x  1 that 1 + x + x 2 +....+x n–1 = , hence find the sum of the series
1 x
S = 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + ....+ (n + 1) x n.

A–4. If for f(x) = x 2 + x + 12. f(4) = 15 and f(2) = 11, then find  and .

A–5. If f(x)  2 n (x  2)  x 2 + 4x + 1, then find the solution set of the inequality f  (x)  0.

Section (B) : Parametric and Implicit functions

dy
B–1. Find dx if :

 1 t
(i) x = a  cost  n tan 2  and y = a sin t.
 2 2

(ii) x = sint cos 2t and y = cost cos 2t

1 1 dy x
B–2. If x = t + and y = t – , then prove that dx  y .
t t

dy
B–3. Find , when x and y are connected by the following relations
dx
(i) ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 +2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (ii) xy + xe–y + y . ex = x 2

x dy
B–4. If y = , then find
x dx
a
x
b
a .......... .....

20
Section (C) : Logarithmic functions, Inverse trigonometric functions

C–1. Differentiate the given functions w.r.t.x

(i) (n x)cos x (ii) x x – 2sinx (iii) y = (x n x)n n x

.
..
..
x a x dy y 2 loge y
C–2. If y = a , then prove that  .
dx x(1  y loge x loge y )

dy
C–3. Find in each of the following cases:
dx

4x 2  3x
(i) y = tan–1 2 + tan–1 3  2x , (0 < x < 1)
1  5x

 1 x 2 
1  
(ii) y = sin  1 x2  , (0 < x < 1)
 

1 x
(iii) y = sin–1 , (– 1 < x < 1)
2

Section (D) : Substitution, one function w.r.t. other function

D–1. Differentiate

 1  2x 
(i) tan 1  1  2x  w.r.t. 1 4x 2
 

 1  x 2  1
 
(ii) tan–1  x  with respect to tan–1(x)
 

Section (E) : Higher order derivatives, Miscellaneous

2
d2 y
 dy 
E–1. (i) If ey (x + 1) = 1, show that   .
2 =
dx  dx 

d2 y dy
(ii) If y = sin (2 sin–1 x), show that (1 – x 2) 2 =x – 4y..
dx dx

d2 y dy
E–2. If y = A e kt cos (p t + c), then prove that 2 +2k + n2 y = 0, where n2 = p2 + k2.
dt dt

x b b
a x b x b d
E–3. If  1 = and  2 = are given, then prove that  = 32
a a x a x dx 1

21
 5.sinx 7sin2x 3sin3x
E–4. (i) Evaluate Limit
x 0 tanx  x

a x x a
(ii) If Limit
x a
  1 , then find ‘a’.
x x a a

E–5. Evaluate the following

1/ x 2
(i) Limit  tanx 
x 0
 x 

1
Limit
(ii) x 0 (cos ec x) nx

E–6. Evaluate Limit log tan2 x (tan2 2 x)

x 0

H( x ).g(1)g( x).H(1)
E–7. If H (1) = 1, g  (1) = 2; H(1) = 1, g(1) = 2, then find Limit
x 1 sin( x 1)

22
 PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.

Section (A) : First principle, Basic theorem

2
dy
A–1. If f(x) = 2x 2  1 and y = f(x ), then dx at x = 1 is equal to

(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) – 2 (D) –1

A–2. If f(x) = logx (n x), then f  (x) at x = e is equal to

(A) 1/e (B) e (C) 1 (D) zero

Section (B) : Parametric and Implicit functions

dy dx
B–1. Let y = x 3 – 8x + 7 and x = f(t). If = 2 and x = 3 at t = 0, then at t = 0 is given by
dt dt

19 2
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) none of these
2 19

3
1 t 3 2  dy  dy
B–2. If x = ,y= + , then x    is equal to
t3 2t 2 t  dx  dx

(A) 0 (B) – 1 (C) 1 (D) 2

dy
B–3. If sin (xy) + cos (xy) = 0 then is equal to
dx

y y x x
(A) (B)  (C)  (D)
x x y y

d2 y
B–4. If x = at 2, y = 2at, then is equal to
dx 2

1 1 1 1
(A) – 2 (B) 2 (C) – 3 (D) –
t 2at t 2at 3

Section (C) : Logarithmic functions, Inverse trigonometric functions

dy 5
C–1. If y = cos–1 (cosx), then at x = is equal to
dx 4

1 1
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) (D) –
2 2

23
 2 dy
C–2. If y = x x then is equal to
dx

2 2
(A) 2 n x. xx (B) (2 n x + 1). xx
2 1
(C) (2 n x + 1). x x (D) none of these

C–3. If f(x) = |x||sinx| , then f (/4) is equal to

1/ 2  2 4 2 2 1/ 2  2 4 2 2
   n      n  
(A)     (B)    
 4  2   4  2 

1/ 2  2 1/ 2
    2 2     2  2 2
(C)   n  (D)    n  
 4  2
 4    4  2 4  

x2  1
1 1
x2  1 dy
C–4. If y = sin 2 + sec 2 , x > 1, then is equal to
x 1 x 1 dx

x x2
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D) 1
4
x 1 x4  1

dy
C–5.* If 2x + 2y = 2x + y , then is equal to
dx

2y
(A)  x (B)
1
(C) 1  2 y
(D)

2x 1  2y 
2 1  2x 2y 2 x
 1

Section (D) : Substitution, one function w.r.t. other function

D–1. If y = x – x 2 , then the derivative of y 2 w.r.t. x 2 is

(A) 2x 2 + 3x – 1 (B) 2x 2 – 3x + 1 (C) 2x 2 + 3x + 1 (D) none of these

t 1
D–2.* The differential coefficient of sin-1 w.r.t. cos-1 is
1  t2 1  t2

(A) 1  t > 0 (B) – 1  t < 0 (C) 1  t  R (D) none of these

D–3.* If x = cos t, y = loget then

dy 2  dy 4 
(A) =– at t = (B)  2 at t =
dx  2 dx  2

dy 144  dy 12 
(C)  2 at t = (D)  at t =
dx  6 dx  6

24
Section (E) : Higher order derivatives, Miscellaneous

E–1. If y = f(x) is an odd differentiable function defined on (–, ) such that f(3) = –2, then f(–3) is equal to
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) – 2 (D) 0

E–2. Let f(x) be a polynomial in x. Then the second derivative of f(e x) w.r.t. x is
(A) f  (ex). ex + f  (ex) (B) f  (ex). e2x + f  (ex). e2x
(C) f  (ex) e2x (D) f  (ex). e2x + f  (ex). ex

f g h
f  g h
E–3. If f(x), g(x), h(x) are polynomials in x of degree 2 and F(x) = , then F(x) is equal to
f  g h

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) f(x) . g(x) . h(x)

E–4.* If f(x) = | (x – 4) (x – 5) |, then f(x) is equal to

(A) –2x + 9, for all x  R (B) 2x – 9 if x  5
(C) –2x + 9 if 4 < x < 5 (D) not defined for x = 4, 5

E–5.* The functions u = ex sin x; v = ex cos x satisfy the equation

du dv d2u
(A) v u = u2 + v 2 (B) = 2v
dx dx dx 2

d2 v du dv
(C) 2 =  2u (D) + = 2v
dx dx dx

25
 ANSWER KEY
PART - I Section (D) :
1 1
D–1. (i) (ii)
Section (A) : 2x 1  4x 2 2

A-1. (i) f(x) = 2x cos x 2 (ii) f(x) = 2 e2x + 3

Section (E) :
2 5
A–2. (i) + + 7 sec2x E–4. (i) 15(ii) a = 1
1 x2
3 x3
E–5. (i) e1/3 (ii) e 1
(ii) ex x (2 n x + 1 + x n x) E–6. 1 E–7. 0

x2 1 x
(iii) sec x (iv) (v) sec2
(x sinx  cos x) 2
2 2 PART - II

(n  1)x n 2  (n  2)x n 1  1 Section (A) :

A–3.
(1  x )2 A–1. (A) A–2. (A)

A–4.  = 1,  = 7
Section (B) :
A–5. (2, 3] B–1. (C) B–2. (C) B–3. (B) B–4. (D)
Section (B) :
B–1. (i) tan t (ii) – tan 3t Section (C) :

ax  hy  g 2x  y  e  y  e x y C–1. (B) C–2. (C) C–3. (D) C–4. (C)

B–3. (i) – (ii) y x
hx  by  f x  xe e C–5.* (ABCD)

b
B–4.
ab  2 ay Section (D) :

Section (C) : D–1. (B) D–2.* (AB) D–3.* (AD)

 cos x 
C–1. (i) (n x)cos x   sin xn( nx )
xnx  Section (E) :
(ii) x x (1 + n x) – n2 . 2sinx . cos x E–1. (C) E–2. (D) E–3. (B) E–4.* (BCD)

1 1  n(nx )1  2   E–5.* (ABCD)

(iii) (x n x) n  n x.  
x   n x  

dy 5 dy 2
C–3. (i) = 2 (ii) =–
dx (1  25 x ) dx 1 x 2

1
(iii)
2 1 x2

26
SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE (ONLY ONE CORRECT ANSWER)

sec x  tan x dy
1. If y  then equals -
sec x  tan x dx
(A) 2 sec x (sec x – tan x) (B) –2sec x (sec x – tan x)2
(C) 2 sec x (sec x + tan x)2 (D) –2 sec x (sec x + tan x)2

1  x2  x4 dy
2. If y = 2 and = ax + b, then values of a & b are -
1 x  x dx
(A) a = 2 , b = 1 (B) a = –2 , b = 1 (C) a = 2 , b = –1 (D) a = –2 , b = –1

d
3. Which of the following could be the sketch graph of y =
dx
 xnx  ?

y
y

(A) (B) x'

0 1
x
x' x
0
y'
y'

y y

(C) x' 0 1/ e
x (D) x' 0 e x

y' y'

4. Let f(x) = x +3 ln(x – 2) & g(x) = x + 5 ln(x - 1), then the set of x satisfying the inequality f'(x) < g'(x) is -

 7 7  7 
(A)  2,  (B) 1, 2    ,  (C) (2, ) (D)  , 
2 2 2

1 1 1
   m  n   m  n    m  n    m n
5. Differential coefficient of  x m  n  .  x n   .  x m  w.r.t. x is -
     

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) xlmn

1 1 1 dy np
6. If y  n m p m
 m n p n
 m p n p then at x = e m is equal to -
1x x 1x x 1x x dx
mn / p np / m
(A) e mnp (B) e (C) e (D) none of these

27
  x2  y 2  dy
7. If cos–1  2  = log a then =
 x  y2  dx

x y y x
(A)  (B)  (C) (D)
y x x y

1 00
n 1 01  n  f 101 
8. If f(x) =  x  n ; then =
n 1 f ' 101 

1 1
(A) 5050 (B) (C) 10010 (D)
5050 1 00 1 0

FG  IJ is -
H 4K
| sin x|
9. If f(x)  | x|  , then f' 

F I F 2 log 4  2 2 I F I 1/ 2
F 2 log 4  2 2 I
(B) GH JK
1/ 2
(A) G J GH 2   JK GH 2   JK
H 4K 4

 FG IJ 1/ 2
F 2 log   2 2 I FG IJ 1/ 2
F 2 log   2 2 I
(C) 4 H K GH 2 4  JK 
(D) 4 H K GH 2 4  JK
x x x x x x dy
10. If y = ......... then -
a  b a  b a  b dx

a b a b
(A) (B) (C) (D)
ab  2ay ab  2 by ab  2 by ab  2ay

x 2 dy
11. If y  x then =
dx
2 2 2 2
x x 1 x 1
(A) 2 n x.x x (B) (2 n x  1).x (C) (n x  1).x (D) x .n (ex2 )

dy
12. If xm . yn = (x + y)m+n, then is -
dx

x y xy
(A) xy (B) (C) (D)
y x xy

dy
13. If x (1  y)  y (1  x)  0 , then equals -
dx

1 1 1 1
(A) (B)  (C)  (1  x)  (D) none of these
(1  x)2 (1  x)2 (1  x)2

dy
14. If x2 ey + 2xyex + 13 = 0, then equals -
dx

2 xe y  x  2 y(x  1) 2 xe x  y  2 y(x  1) 2 xe x  y  2 y(x  1)

(A)  (B) (C)  (D) none of these
x(xe y  x  2) x(xe y x  2) x(xe y  x  2)

28
 y  ...........to  dy
15. If x  e y e , x > 0 then is -
dx

x 1 x 1 x 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1 x x x x

1 1 dy
16. If x =  – and y =  + , then =
  dx

x y x y
(A) (B) (C) (D)
y x y x

 2
x  
1 1  x
17. The derivative of sin 1   w.r.t. cos   , (x > 0) is -
 1  x2   1  x2 

1 1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D) 
2 2

x1 0
18. Let g is the inverse function of f & f '(x)  . If g (2) = a then g'(2) is equal to -
1  x  2

5 1  a2 a 10 1  a 10
(A) (B) (C) (D)
21 0 a 10 1  a2 a2

d2 F
19. Let f(x) = sinx ; g(x) = x2 & h(x)=loge x & F(x) = h[g(f(x))] then is equal to -
dx 2
(A) 2 cosec3x (B) 2 cot (x2)–4x2 cosec2 (x2)
(C) 2x cot x2 (D) –2 cosec2x

x 1
20. If ƒ (x) = x2  1 , g(x) = and h(x) = 2x – 3, then ƒ '(h'(g'(x)) =
x2  1

1 2 x
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) (D) 2
x 1 5 x 1

21. If ƒ & g are the functions whose graphs are as shown, let u(x) = ƒ (g(x)); w(x) = g(g(x)),
then the value of u'(1) + w'(1) is -
y
1
(A)  5
2 ƒ (2,4)
4
(6,3)
3 3
(B) 
2 2
g
1
5
(C) 
4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
(D) does not exist

22. f'(x) = g(x) and g'(x) = - f(x) for all real x and f(5) = 2 = f'(5) then f 2 (10) + g2 (10) is -
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) none of these

29
 f '(1) f ''(1) f '''(1) (1)n f '''''''''.......(n times ) (1)
23. If f(x) = xn, then the value of f(1)     .......  -
1! 2! 3! n!
(A) 2n – 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2n

24. A function y = f(x) has second order derivative f"(x) = 6(x – 1). If its graph passes through the point (2, 1)
and at that point the tangent to the graph is y = 3x – 5, then the function is -

(A) (x + 1)3 (B) (x + 1)2 (C) (x – 1)2 (D) (x – 1)3

x2 x 3 xn
25. If ƒ (x) = x +   ........ , then ƒ (0) + ƒ '(0) + ƒ ''(0) + ........ + ƒ''''...... n times(0) is equal to -
1! 2 ! (n  1)!

2
n(n  1) (n 2  1)  n(n  1)  n(n  1)(2 n  1)
(A) (B) (C)   (D)
2 2  2  6

cos x x 1
2 sin x x2 2x f'(x)
26. Let f (x) = . Then Limit 
tan x x 1 x 0 x

(A) 2 (B) –2 (C) –1 (D) 1

f(4 )  f(x2 )
27. If f is differentiable in (0, 6) & f'(4) =5 then Lim =
x 2 2x
(A) 5 (B) 5/4 (C) 10 (D) 20

f(x)  g  x 
28. If f(4) = g(4) = 2 ; f’ (4) = 9 ; g’ (4) = 6 then Limit is equal to -
x4 x 2

3
(A) 3 2 (B) (C) 0 (D) none of these
2

SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVES (ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWERS)

29. The slope(s) of common tangent(s) to the curves y = e–x & y = e–x sinx can be -


(A) e  / 2 (B)  e  (C) (D) 1
2

30. If y + n(1 + x) = 0, which of the following is true ?

1
(A) ey = xy' + 1 (B) y' =  (C) y' + ey = 0 (D) y' = ey
(x  1)

30
 x
31. If y = 2 3 , then y' equals -
x x
(A) 3x n3 n2 (B) y(log2y) n3 n2 (C) 2 3 . 3x n6 (D) 2 3 . 3x n3 n2

d2 y
32. If y = 3t2 & x = 2t then equals-
dx2

3
(A) 3t (B) 3 (C) (D) None of these
2

33. If g is inverse of ƒ and ƒ (x) = x2 + 3x – 3 (x > 0) then g'(1) equals-

1 1 ƒ '(1)
(A) (B) –1 (C) (D)
2 g(1)  3 5 (ƒ(1))2

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. B C C D B D C B A D D C B A C
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. A C B D C B C B D A B D A A,B A,B,C
Que. 31 32 33
Ans. B,D C A,C
31
SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVES (ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWERS)

1. If y = fofof (x) and f (0) = 0, f '(0) = 2, then find y'(0) -

(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9

d  3 d2 y 
2. If y2 = p(x) is a polynomial of degree 3, then 2 y is equal to -
dx  dx2 

(A) p'''(x) . p'(x) (B) p''(x) . p'''(x) (C) p(x) . p'''(x) (D) none of these

d2 y dy
3. If y is a function of x then 2
y  0 . If x is a function of y then the equation becomes -
dx dx

3 2 2
d2 x dx d2 x  dx  d2 x  dx  d2 x  dx 
(A) x 0 (B)  y   0 (C)  y   0 (D)  x   0
dy2 dy dy 2  dy  dy 2  dy  dy 2  dy 

dy
4. If y = tanx tan 2x tan 3x then is equal to-
dx
(A) 3 sec2 3x tan x tan 2x + sec2x tan 2x tan 3x + 2 sec2 2x tan 3x tan x
(B) 2y (cosec 2x + 2 cosec 4x + 3 cosec 6x)
(C) 3 sec2 3x – 2 sec2 2x – sec2 x
(D) sec2x + 2 sec2 2x + 3 sec2 3x

x dy
5. If y  e  e x
then equals -
dx

x
e  e x
e x
 e x 1 1
(A) (B) (C) y2  4 (D) y2  4
2 x 2x 2 x 2 x

dy
6. Let y  x  x  x  ...... then -
dx

1 x 1 y
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2y 1 x  2y 1  4x 2x  y

dy
7. If 2x + 2y = 2 x+y then has the value equal to -
dx

2y 1 2 x (1  2 y )
(A)  (B) (C) 1–2y (D)
2x 1  2x 2 y (2 x  1)

8. The functions u = ex sin x ; v = ex cos x satisfy the equation -

du dv d2 u d2 v
(A) v u  u 2  v2 (B)  2v (C)  2 u (D) none of these
dx dx dx 2 dx 2

32
9. Two functions f & g have first & second derivatives at x = 0 & satisfy the relations,
2
f(0 )  , f'(0) = 2 g'(0) = 4g (0), g''(0) = 5 f''(0) = 6 f(0) = 3 then -
g(0)

f  x 15
(A) if h (x) = then h'(0) = (B) if k(x) = f(x) . g(x) sinx then k'(0) = 2
g  x 4

g '  x 1
(C) Limit  (D) none of these
x 0 f '  x 2

dy
10. If y2 + b2 = 2xy, then equals -
dx

1 y xy  b2 xy  b2
(A) 2 (B) (C) 2 (D)
xy  b yx  y  x y

dy
11. If y  x  y  x  c , then is equal to -
dx
x c2
2x y  y2  x2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
c2 y  y2  x 2 x 2y

12. 
Lim  x x
x
  xx  is -
x 0

(A) equal to 0 (B) equal to 1 (C) equal to –1 (D) non existent

13. Select the correct statements -

2 x2  3 for x  1
(A) The function f defined by f(x) =  is neither differentiable nor continuous at x = 1.
3 x  2 for x  1
(B) The function f(x) = x2|x| is twice differentiable at x = 0
(C) If f is continuous at x = 5 and f(5) = 2 then Lim f(4x2–11) exists.
x 2

(D) If Lim (f(x)+g(x)) = 2 and Lim (f(x) – g(x)) = 1 then Lim f(x). g(x) may not exist.
x a x a x a

n
14. Let   Lim x m  nx  where m, n  N then -
x0

(A)  is independent of m and n (B)  is independent of m and depends on m

(C)  is independent of n and depends on m (D)  is dependent on both m and n

log sin 2 x cos x

15. Lim has the value equal to -
x0 x
log x cos
sin 2 2
2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) none of these

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C C C A,B,C A,C A,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C A,B,C B,C
Que. 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. A,B,C C B,C A C
33
TRUE / FALSE

u u '(x)  u(x) ' p q

1. Let u(x) and v(x) are differentiable functions such that (x) = 7 If = p and  v(x)  = q then =1
v v '(x)   p q

2. If f(x) = |x – 2|, then f'(f(x)) = 1 for x > 20

c
3. If f(0) = a, f'(0) = b, g(0) = 0 and (fog)'(0) = c, then g'(0) =
b

1
4. The differential coefficient of f(logx) w.r.t. logx where f(x) = logx is
log x
5. f'(sinx) = (f(sinx))'

dy 6
6. If x = t2 + 3t – 8, y = 2t2 – 2t –5, then at (2, –1) is
dx 7

MATCH THE COLUMN

Following questions contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE statement in Column-II.
1. Column-I Column-II
Graph of f(x) Graph of f'(x)

(A) (p)

(B) (q)

(C) (r)

(D) (s)

34
2. Column-I Column-II
3 2
(A) If f(x) = x + x + 1, then f'(x + 1) at (p) 1
x = 0 is
(B) If f(x) = log x2 (log x) , then f'(ee) is equal to (q) 0

 x
(C) For the function y = n tan    (r) 28
4 2

dy
if = secx + p, then p is equal to
dx

(D) If f(x) = |x 3 – x2 + x – 1| sin x, then (s) 4

4f'(28f(f())) is equal to

ASSERTION & REASON

These questions contain Statement I (assertion) and Statement II (reason).

(A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for statement-I.
(C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.

1. Statement-I : Let f(x) is a continuous function defined from R to Q and f(5) = 3 then differential coefficient
of f(x) w.r.t. x will be 0.
Because
Statement-II : Differentiation of constant function is always zero.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

2
1  2 x  1  1  x 
2. Statement-I : Derivative of sin  2  with respect to cos  is 1 for 0 < x < 1.
1x   1  x2 

Because
2
1  2 x  1  1  x 
Statement-II : sin  1  x2   cos  1  x2  for –1  x  1.

(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

x
3. Consider ƒ (x) = 2 & g(x) = ƒ ''(x).
x 1
Statement-I : Graph of g(x) is concave up for x > 1.
Because

dn (1)n n !  1 1 
Statement-II : (ƒ (x))    ,
dx n 2  (x  1)
n 1
(x  1)  n  N
n 1

(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

35
COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS

Comprehension # 1
f(x  y)  f(x) f(y)  1
Let = + xy,, xy R. f(x) is differentiable and f'(0) = 1. Let g(x) be a derivable function
2 2
 xy  g(x)  g(y)
at x = 0 and follows the functional rule g   = (k  R, k  0, 2)
 k  k
Let g'(0) =   0
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :

1. Domain of n(f(x)) is-

(A) R+ (B) R – {0} (C) R (D) R–

2. Range of y = log3/4 (f(x))

3 
(A) (–, 1] (B)  ,   (C) (–, ) (D) R
4 

3. If the graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) intersect in coincident points the can take values-
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 4

Comprehension # 2
Limits that lead to the indeterminate forms 1, 00, 0 can sometimes be solved taking logarithm first and
ˆ
then using L' Hopital 's rule
g (x) lim g(x)nf(x)
Let Lim(f(x))
xa
is in the form of 0, it can be written as e x  a  eL
nf(x) 
where L = lim is ˆ
form and can be solved using L' Hopital 's rule.
xa1 / g(x) 
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :

1. Lim x1 / (1  x ) -
x 1

(A) –1 (B) e–1 (C) –2 (D) e–2

n
2. Lim (nx)1 / 2 x  x1 / x   n  N -
x 

(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) e1/2 (D) e

3. Lim (sin x)2 sin x

x0
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) does not exist

Comprehension # 3
Left hand derivative and right hand derivative of a function f(x) at a point x = a are defined as
lim f(a ) f(a  h) f(a  h)  f(a )
f'(a–) = h  0  = hlim
 0  and
h h
f(a  h)  f(a ) f(a ) f(a  h) f(a )  f(x)
f'(a+) = hlim
0 
= hlim
0 
= xlim
a 
respectively
h h a x
Let f be a twice differentiable function. We also know that derivative of an even function is odd function
and derivative of an odd function is even function.
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :

1. If f is odd, which of the following is Left hand derivative of f at x = –a

f(a  h)  f(a ) f(h  a)  f(a )
(A) hlim
0 
(B) lim 
h h 0 h
f(a )  f(a  h) f( a )  f(–a  h )
(C) hlim
0 
(D) hlim
0 
h h

36
2. If f is even, which of the following is Right hand derivative of f' at x = a

f '(a ) f'(a  h) f '(a )  f '(–a  h )

(A) hlim
0 
(B) hlim
0 
h h

–f '(–a )  f '(–a  h) f '(a )  f '(–a  h )

(C) hlim
0 
(D) hlim
0 
h h

f( x) f( x  h ) f(x) f(x  h)

3. The statement hlim = hlim implies that for all x  R
0 h  0 h
(A) f is odd (B) f is even
(C) f is neither odd nor even (D) nothing can be concluded

Comprehension # 4
An operator  is defined to operate on differentiable functions defined as follows.

ƒ 3 x  h   ƒ 3 x
If ƒ (x) is a differentiable function then   ƒ  x    lim
h 0 h
g(x) is a differentiable function such that the slope of the tangent to the curve y = g(x) at any point (a,
g(a)) is equal to 2ea (a+1) also g(0)=0.
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :

1.   g  x   at x=n2 is –

(A) 24 n2 {2 n2+2} (B) n  4e 2  n 2 2 (C) 96 n  4 e 2  n 2 2 (D) 192n(4e) n22

2.  ( (x + 2))x = 0
(A) 25·39 (B) 29·35 (C) 24·35 (D) 26·34

g  x 
3. lim
x 0 n  cos 2 x 
(A) –12 (B) 12 (C) 24 (D) –24

ANSWER KEY
 True / False
1. T 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. T
 Match the Column
1. (A)  (q); (B)  (s); (C) (p); (D) (r) 2. (A)  (s); (B)  (q); (C) (q); (D) (s)
 Assertion & Reason
1. A 2. C 3. A
 Comprehension Based Questions
Comprehension # 1 : 1. C 2. A 3. A,C
Comprehension # 2 : 1. B 2. A 3. A
Comprehension # 3 : 1. A 2. A 3. B
Comprehension # 4 : 1. C 2. D 3. A

37
 a  bx 3 / 2 dy a
1. If y = and vanishes at x = 5 then find .
x5 / 4 dx b

x4  4 dy
2. If y  2 then find
x  2x  2 dx x
1
2

2 dy
3. If f'(x) = 2 x2  1 and y = f(x ) then find dx at x = 1.

2
1 + nt 3 + 2 nt dy  dy 
4. If x = and y = . Show that y = 2x   + 1.
t2 t dx  dx 

d
5.
f (x )
If f n(x) = e n 1 for all n  N and f0(x) = x then show that
dx
fn (x)  f1 (x).f2 (x).........fn (x) .

x2 1
6. If y   x x 2  1  n x  x 2  1 prove that 2y = xy' + ny',
2 2
where y' denotes the derivative of y w.r.t. x.

1
7. Let f(x) = x +
1
2x 
1
2x 
2 x  ........
Compute the value of f(100).f'(100).

u 1  1   1  dy
8. If y  tan 1 & x  sec 1 2
, u   0,   ,1  ; prove that 2 1  0
1u 2 2u  1  2  2  dx

x  1 x  dy
9. If y = tan–1 + sin  2 tan 1  , then find for x (–1, 1).
1  1x 2
 1x  dx

10. If x = 2 cost – cos2t & y = 2 sint – sin2t, find the value of (d2y / dx2) when t  ( / 2) .

ax2 bx c y' 1  a b c 
11. If y     1 , Prove that    
(x  a )(x  b)(x  c) (x  b)(x  c) (x  c) y x  a  x b  x c  x 
[JEE 98]

y
2 2
arcsin
x2  y2
d2 y 2(x2  y2 )
12. If x y e . Prove that  , x > 0.
dx2 (x  y)3

13. Let f(x)  x2  4 x  3, x  2 and let g be the inverse of f. Find the value of g' at f(x) = 9

38
 d2 y dy
14. If y = xn[(ax)–1 + a–1], prove that x(x + 1) 2 + x =y–1
dx dx

2
 dy 
15. If x  sec   cos  ; y  sec n   cos n  , then show that (x2  4 )   n 2 (y2  4 )  0 .
 dx 

1  x2
16. (a) Differentiate y  cos 1 w. r. t. tan-1x, stating clearly where function is not differentiable.
1  x2

(b) If y  sin 1 (3 x  4 x3 ) find dy/dx stating clearly where the function is not derivable in ( –1,1).

17. Suppose f and g are two functions such that f, g : R R,


f(x) = n 1  1  x 2  and g(x) = n  x  1  x2 
  1  '
then find the value of x.eg(x)  f    + g'(x) at x = 1.
  x 

(a  b cos x)x  c sin x

18. Determine the values of a, b and c so that Lim 1
x0 x5

Solve using L' Hoˆ pital 's rule or series expansion. (Q.18 – Q.21)

x cos x  n(1  x)
19. Lim
x0 x2

1 1 
20. Lim  2  2 
x0  x sin x 

a x  xa
21. If Lim  1 find 'a'.
xa xx  a a

22. Lim log tan 2 x (tan 2 2 x)

x 0

(x  a )4 (x  a )3 1 (x  a )4 (x  a )2 1
23. If f(x)  (x  b)4 (x  b)3 1 then f '(x)  . (x  b)4 (x  b)2 1 Find the value of  .
4 3 4 2
(x  c) (x  c) 1 (x  c) (x  c) 1

ANSWER KEY
1 2x 3 1
1. 5 2. 3 3. 2 7. 100 9. 2
10.  13.
2 1x 2 8
16. (a) Not differentiable at x = 0 (b) Not derivable at x  1 / 2 17. zero
1 1
18. a = 120; b = 60; c = 180 19. 20.  21. a = 1 22. 1 23. 3
2 3

39
 1 d2 f 3 dy
2
4 d y
1. If x = and y = f(x), show that :  2 z  z
z dx 2 dz dz2
2. Prove that if |a1 sin x + a2 sin 2x +.....+ an sin nx ||sin x| for x R, then|a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 +.....+ nan | 1
2
 x
3. Show that the substitution z = n  tan  changes the equation d y  cot x dy  4 y cosec2 x  0 to
 2 dx 2 dx
(d2y/dz2) + 4y = 0
4. Find a polynomial function f(x) such that f(2x) = f'(x) f''(x).
5. If Y = sX and Z = tX, where all the letters denotes the function of x and suffixes denotes the differentiation w.r.t.
X Y Z
s1 t1
x then prove that X1 Y1 Z1  X3
s2 t2
X2 Y2 Z2

dy x2 1  y6
6. If 1  x 6  1  y6  a 3 .(x 3  y 3 ) , prove that  .
dx y2 1  x6
7. If  be a repeated root of a quadratic equation f(x) = 0 & A(x), B(x), C(x) be the polynomials of degree

A(x) B(x) C(x)

3, 4 & 5 respectively, then show that A( ) B( ) C( ) is divisible by f(x), where dash denotes the
A '( ) B '( ) C '( )
derivative.

1 1 1 1 1
8. If y  tan  tan 1 2
2
 tan 1 2  tan 1 2 +......... upto n terms.
x  x 1 x  3x  3 x  5x 7 x  7x  13
Find dy/dx, expressing your answer in 2 terms.

 g(x) , x0
 1/ x
9. Let g(x) be a polynomial, of degree one & f(x) be defined by f(x) =  1  x 
 2  x  , x0
Find the continuous function f(x) satisfying f'(1) = f(–1)
f(x  y)  f(x) f(y)  a
10. Let   xy for all real x and y. If f(x) is differentiable and f'(0) exists for all real permissible
2 2
values of 'a' and is equal to 5a  1  a 2 . Prove that f(x) is positive for all real x.

1 2
11. Find the value f(0) so that the function f(x) =  2x , x  0 is continuous at x = 0 & examine the
x e 1
differentiability of f(x) at x = 0.

a sin x  bx  cx2  x 3
12. If Lim exists & is finite, find the value of a, b, c & the limit.
x0 2 x2 .n(1  x)  2 x3  x4

ANSWER KEY
 2 1 3
3 1 1   3  6  n 2  x if x0
4x  
4. 8.  9. f(x)= 
9 1  (x  n) 1  x2
2
 1  x  1/ x

  if x0
 2  x 
11. f(0) = 1, differentiable at x = 0, f'(0+) = –(1/3); f'(0–) = –(1/3) 12. a = 6, b = 6, c = 0 ; 3/40
40
 7. Let f(x) be a polynomial function of second
f(x) 1
1. If f(1) = 1, f'(1) = 2, then lim  degree. If f(1) = f(–1) and a, b, c are in A.P. then
x 1 x 1 f'(a), f'(b) and f'(c) are in- [AIEEE-2003]
[AIEEE - 2002] (A) Arithmetic-Geometric Progression
(A) 2 (B) 1 (B) Arithmetic progression (A.P.)
(C) 3 (D) 4
(C) Geometric progression (G.P.)
(D) Harmonic progression (H.P.)
n
log x  [x] dy
2. lim , n  N, (where [x] denotes y  .....to
x  [x] 8. If x = e y  e , x > 0, then is -
dx
greatest integer less than or equal to x)- [AIEEE-2004]
[AIEEE - 2002] x 1
(A) Has value -1 (B) Has values 0 (A) (B)
1x x
(C) Has value 1 (D) Does not exist
1 x 1x
(C) (D)
x x
dy
3. If y = logy x, then = [AIEEE-2002]
dx
dy
9. If xm.yn = (x + y)m+ n, then is-
1 dx
1
(A) (B) [AIEEE-2006]
x  log y log x(1  y)
xy
1 1 (A) (B) xy
(C) (D) xy
x(1  log y) y  log x
x y
3 3 (C) (D)
4. If x = 3cos– 2cos and y = 3sin– 2sin , y x

dy
then
dx
= [AIEEE-2002] 10. Let y be an implicit function of x defined by x2x
– 2xx cot y – 1 = 0. Then y'(1) equals :-
(A) sin (B) cos
[AIEEE-2009]
(C) tan (D) cot (A) log 2 (B) –log2
(C) –1 (D) 1
n
5. 
If y = x  1  x2  2
then (1 + x )y2 + xy1 =
11. Let f : (–1, 1)  R be a differentiable function with
[AIEEE-2002] f(0) = – 1 and f'(0) = 1. Let g(x) = [f(2f(x) + 2)]2. Then
(A) ny2 (B) n2y g'(0) :- [AIEEE-2010]
(C) n2y2 (D) None (A) 4 (B) –4
(C) 0 (D) –2
6. If f (x) = x n, then the v al ues of f (1) –
n n
d2x
f '(1) f"(1) f '"(1) (1) f (1) 12. equals :- [AIEEE-2011]
   ...  is- dy 2
1! 2! 3! n!
 d2 y   dy 2  d2 y   dy 3
[AIEEE-2003] (A)  2    (B)   2   
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
n 1 1
(A) 1 (B) 2  d2 y   d2 y  3
 dy 
(C)  2  (D)   2   
(C) 2n–1 (D) 0  dx   dx   dx 

41
 16. Let f : R  R be a function such that
dy
13. If y = sec(tan–1x), then at x = 1 is equal to: f (x) = x3 + x2 f '(1) + xf ''(2) + f '''(3), x  R.
dx
Then f (2) equals [JEE-(Main)-2019]
[JEE-(Main)-2013]
(A) 30 (B) – 2
1 1
(A) (B) (C) – 4 (D) 8
2 2
(C) 1 (D) 2
dy
14. If g is the inverse of a function f and f' (x) = 17. If x loge (logex) – x2 + y2 = 4 (y > 0), then at
dx
1
, then g' (x) is equal to : [Main 2014] x = e is equal to [JEE-(Main)-2019]
1  x5
1  2e 2e  1
(A) 1 + x5 (B) 5x4 (A) 2 (B)
2 4e 2 4  e2
1
(C) 5 (D) 1 + {g(x)}5
1  g  x  1  2e e
(C) 2 (D)
15. If x = 3 tan t and y = 3 sec t, then the value of 4e 4  e2

d2 y 
2 at t = 4 , is [JEE-(Main)-2019]
dx
1 1
(A) (B)
6 2 3 2
1 3
(C) (D)
6 2 2

42
 ANSWER KEY

1. A 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B

6. D 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. C

11. B 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. A

16. B 17. B

43
1. (a) If ln(x + y) = 2xy, then y'(0) = 5. (a) Let g(x) = n f(x) where f(x) is a twice
[JEE 2004 (Scr.)] differentiable positive function on (0, ) such
that f(x + 1) = x f(x). Then for N = 1, 2, 3
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 0
 1  x  c  1  1 1 
b sin  ,  2  x  0 g"  N   – g"   =
  2   2  2 
 1
(b) f(x) =  , at x  0  1 1 1 
 2 (A) –4 1    ....... 2 
 9 25 (2N  1) 
 e ax / 2  1 1
 , 0x  1 1 1 
 x 2 (B) 4 1    ....... 2 
 9 2 5 (2 N  1) 
If f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and  c  < 1/2
 1 1 1 
then find the value of 'a' and prove that (C) –4 1    ....... 2 
 9 25 (2 N  1) 
64b2 = 4 – c2. [JEE 2004]
2. (a) If y = y(x) and it follows the relation  1 1 1 
(D) 4 1    ....... 2 
 9 25 (2N  1) 
x cos y + y cos x = , then y"(0) :-
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C)  (D) – (a) Let f and g be real valued functions defined
(b) If P(x) is a polynomial of degree less than on interval (–1, 1) such that g"(x) is
or equal to 2 and S is the set of all such continuous, g(0) 0,g'(0)= 0, g"(0)  0, and
polynomials so that P(1) =1,P(0) = 0 and f(x) = g(x) sin x.
P'(x) > 0  x  [0, 1], then :-
Statement-1 : Lim [g(x) cot x – g(0)cosecx] =
(A) S =  x 0

(B) S = (1 – a)x2 + ax, 0 < a < 2 f "(0)

(C) (1 – a)x2 + ax, a  (0, ) Statement-2 : f ' (0) = g(0) [JEE 2008]
(D) S = (1 – a)x2 + ax, 0 < a < 1 (A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and
(c) If f(x) is a continuous and differentiable statement-2 is correct explanation of
statement-1.
function and f(1/n) = 0,  n  1 and n  I,
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and
then:- [JEE 2005] statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation
(A) f(x) = 0, x  (0, 1] for statement-1
(B) f(0) = 0, f ' (0) = 0 (C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
(C) f ' (x) = 0 = f " (x), x  (0, 1]
x
(D) f(0) = 0 and f ' (0) need not to be zero 6. If the function f(x) = x 3  e 2 and g(x) = f –1(x),
(d) If f(x – y) = f(x) · g(y) – f(y) · g(x) and then the value of g'(1) is [JEE 2009]
g(x – y) = g(x) · g(y) + f(x) · f(y) for all x,
  sin   
y  R. If right hand derivative at x = 0 7. Let ƒ()  sin  tan 1   , where
exists for f(x). Find derivative of g(x)   cos 2   
at x = 0. [JEE 2004]   d
1/x sin x
    . Then the value of (ƒ()) is
3. For x > 0, Lim((sin x)  (1 / x) ) is :- 4 4 d(tan )
x 0
[JEE 2006] [JEE 2011]
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 2 8. Let f : R  R, g : R  R and h : R  R be
2 differentiable functions such that f (x) = x3 + 3x
d x
4. equals :- [JEE 2007]
dy2 + 2, gf (x )  = x and h g g( x )  = x for all
1 1 3 x  R. Then [JEE 2016]
 d2 y   d2 y   dy 
(A)  2  (B)   2   
 dx   dx   dx  1
(A) g'(2) = (B) h'(1) = 666
 d 2 y   dy 
2
 d 2 y   dy 
3 15
(C)  2    (D) –  2    (C) h(0) = 16 (D) h(g(3)) = 36
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
44
 ANSWER KEY

1. (a) A (b) a = 1 2. (a) C (b) B (c) B (d) g' (0) = 0

3. C 4. D 5. (A) A (B) A

6. 2 7. 1 8. BC

45