Figure of Merit Analysis of AM and FM

Exp. No : 9
DATE: 9.10.24

AIM:
To simulate Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM) schemes using MATLAB and
compare their Figure of merit.

SOFTWARE USED:
MATLAB R2024

THEORY:
Amplitude Modulation or AM, is a modulation technique which is used to modify the carrier wave’s
amplitude in accordance with the message signal, such as an audio signal, i.e., a modulating signal. Frequency
Modulation or FM, is a modulation technique which is used to modify the carrier wave’s frequency in accordance
with the message signal or modulating signal. In order to compare the noise performance of different modulation
schemes, we use Figure of Merit, which is given by
(𝑆𝑁𝑅)
Figure of Merit = (𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑂
𝐶
Where (SNR)O is the Output SNR and (SNR)C is the Channel SNR.

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

(SNR)O =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙
(SNR)C =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

A simplified AM receiver model is shown in Figure 1. The transmitted AM signal s(t) is received by the receiver
along with the noise w(t). The received signal is filtered by the band-pass filter with bandwidth 2W. The filtered
signal is demodulated using Envelope detector.

Figure 1: Simplified model of AM receiver

The input modulated signal is given by,

s(t) = Ac[1 + ka.m(t)]cos(2πfct)
Channel SNR for the AM receiver model is given by,
𝐴2𝑐 (1+𝑘𝑎
2 𝑃)
(SNR)C,AM =
2𝑊𝑁𝑜

𝐴2𝑐 𝑘𝑎
2𝑃
(SNR)O,AM =
2𝑊𝑁𝑜

(𝑆𝑁𝑅) 2𝑃
𝑘𝑎
(Figure of Merit)AM = (𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑂,𝐴𝑀 = 2 𝑃)
𝐶,𝐴𝑀 (1+𝑘𝑎

A simplified FM receiver model is shown in Figure 2. The transmitted FM signal s(t) is received by the receiver
along with the noise w(t). The received signal is filtered by the band-pass filter with bandwidth equal to the
bandwidth of the transmitted signal. The filtered signal is amplitude limited and demodulated using Frequency
discriminator. The Low-pass filter’s output is the demodulated message signal.

Figure 2: Simplified model of FM receiver

3𝐴2𝑐 𝑘𝑓2 𝑃
(SNR)C,FM =
2𝑁𝑜 𝑊 3

𝐴2𝑐
(SNR)O,FM =
2𝑊𝑁𝑜

(𝑆𝑁𝑅) 3𝑘𝑓2 𝑃
(Figure of Merit)FM = (𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑂,𝐹𝑀 =
𝐶,𝐹𝑀 𝑊2

CODE:

clc;
clear all;
close all;

Am = input("Enter the value of amplitude of message signal:");

fm = input("Enter the value of frequency of message signal:");
tm = 1/fm;
t = 0:tm/1000:(tm*15);
ym = Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t);

Ac = input("Enter the value of amplitude of carrier signal:");

fc = fm*10;
tc = 1/fc;
yc = Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
m = Am/Ac;
N0 = input("Enter noise power per unit bandwidth");

y = Ac*(1+m*(cos(2*pi*fm*t))).*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
msg = Am*(cos(2*pi*fm*t));
P = bandpower(msg);
ka = 1/Ac;

snr_c = (Ac^2*(1+ka^2*P)) /(2*N0*fm);

snr_o = (Ac^2*(ka^2*P)) /(2*N0*fm);
fom = (ka^2*P)/(1+ka^2*P);

snr_c = 10*log10(snr_c);
snr_o = 10*log10(snr_o);

disp("Channel SNR in dB:");

disp(snr_c);
disp("output SNR in dB:");
disp(snr_o);
disp("Figure of merit:");
disp(fom);

demod_signal = abs(y);
fpass = 100;
fs = 1/(t(2) - t(1));
[b, a] = butter(2, fpass/(fs/2)); % Normalized frequency since passband frequency(w)
must be between 0 and 1
filtered_signal = filtfilt(b,a, demod_signal);

n = length(y); % Length of the signal

f = (-n/2:n/2-1)*(fs/n) /1000; % Frequency range for two-sided spectrum
Y = fftshift(fft(y));

figure(1);
subplot(5,1,1);
plot(t,ym);
title("Modulating Signal");
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Magnitude');

subplot(5,1,2);
plot(t,yc);
title("Carrier signal");
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Magnitude');
subplot(5,1,3);

plot(t,y);
title("Modulated signal")
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Magnitude');

subplot(5,1,4);
plot(t,filtered_signal);
title("Demodulated signal");
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Magnitude');

subplot(5,1,5);
plot(f, abs(Y));
xlim([-2*fc/1000, 2*fc/1000])
title("Frequency Spectrum");
xlabel('Frequency (kHz)');
OUTPUT :

AM MODULATION:

Under modulation:
Critical modulation:
Over modulation:
FM MODULATION:
clc;
clear all;
close all;

Am = input('Enter the amplitude of the message signal (in V): ');

fm = input('Enter the frequency of the message signal (in Hz): ');
Ac = input('Enter the amplitude of the carrier signal (in V): ');
fc = input('Enter the frequency of the carrier signal (in Hz): ');
kf = input('Enter the frequency sensitivity constant (Hz per Volt): ');

tm = 1/fm;
t = 0:tm/1000:(20*tm);
fs = 1/(t(2) - t(1));
yc = Ac.*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
msg_signal = Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t);

y_fm = fmmod(msg_signal, fc, fs, kf);

demod_signal = fmdemod(y_fm, fc, fs, kf);

P = bandpower(msg_signal);
snr_o = (3*Ac^2*kf^2*P)/(2*N0*fm^3);
snr_c= Ac^2/(2*fm*N0);
FoM = snr_o/snr_c;
disp("Output SNR(dB): ");
disp(10*log10(snr_o));
disp("Channel SNR(dB): ");
disp(10*log10(snr_c));
disp("FoM: ");
disp(FoM);

figure(1);
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t, msg_signal);
title('Message Signal (Modulating Signal)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude (V)');

subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,yc);
title("Carrier signal");
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Magnitude');

subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t, y_fm);
title('Frequency Modulated Signal (FM Signal)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude (V)');

subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t, demod_signal);
title('Demodulated Signal (Recovered Message Signal)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude (V)');
ylim=[-Am Am];
OUTPUT:

RESULT:
Thus Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM) schemes are simulated using MATLAB and
Figure of merit values are compared.