Newton – Raphson Method

Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)

 Derivation of Newton – Raphson Formula :
Let x0 be initial approximate root of f(x)=0.
If x1 = x0 +h is the exact root , then f(x1)=0.
i.e. f(x0 +h)=0
By Taylor’s series expansion,
ℎ2
f(x0 +h) = f(x0 ) + h f ' (x0 ) + f ''(x0 ) + . . . = 0
2!
. . . (As h is very small , neglecting ℎ2 , ℎ3 , . . . 𝑒𝑡𝑐)
f(x0 ) + h f ' (x0 ) = 0
f(x0 ) = - h f ' (x0 )
− f(x0 )
h= . . . (1)
f ′ (x0 )
As x1 = x0 +h
f(x0 )
i. e. x1 = x0 - . . . (from 1)
f ′ (x0 )
Continuing like this we get,
f(xn)
xn+1 = xn -
f ′ (xn )
Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)
 Location of the initial root x0 :

First we need initial value x0 which is near to actual root.

We can find it as follows:

Procedure: Find a , b such that f(a) . f(b) < 0

Hence, there exists real root between a , b
𝑎+𝑏
Method 1: So, take x0 =
2

Method 2 : Between f(a) and f(b) , identify which is near to 0.

Case 1 : If f(a) is near to 0 then take x0 =a
Case 2 : If f(b) is near to 0 then take x0 =b

Method 3 : Also we can take any value between a and b as x0

Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)

Ex: Find real root of x4-x-10=0 using Newton-Raphson method.
Take initial value x0= 2. (Perfom three iterations)
Solution:Consider the equation
x4-x-10=0 i.e. f(x)=0
Let, f(x) = x4-x-10
f '(x) = 4x3-1
By Newton-Raphson method
f(xn)
xn+1 = xn - . . . (1)
f ′ (xn)
Given that x0= 2 .
Iteration 1 : Take n = 0 , we get
f(x0)
x1 = x0 - . . . (from 1)
f ′ (x0)
f(2)
x1 = 2 -
f ′ (2)
4
x1 = 2 -
31

x1 = 1.8709 Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)

Iteration 2 : Take n = 1 , we get
f(x1)
x2 = x1 - . . . (from 1)
f ′ (x1)
f(1.8709)
x2 = 1.8709 -
f ′ (1.8709)
0.3809
x2 = 1.8709 -
25.1945

x2 = 1.8557

Iteration 3 : Take n = 2 , we get

f(x2)
x3 = x2 - . . . (from 1)
f ′ (x2)
f(1.8557)
x3 = 1.8557 -
f ′ (1.8557)
0.0028
x3 = 1.8557 -
24.5613

x3 = 1.8558 which is required root.

Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)
Ex: Find real root of x5+5x+1=0 using Newton-Raphson method correct upto 4
decimal places. ( Take initial value x0= 0. )
Solution:Consider the equation
x5+5x+1=0 i.e. f(x)=0
Let, f(x) = x5+5x+1
f '(x) = 5x4+5
By Newton-Raphson method
f(xn)
xn+1 = xn - . . . (1)
f ′ (xn)
Given that x0= 0 .
Iteration 1 : Take n = 0 , we get
f(x0)
x1 = x0 - . . . (from 1)
f ′ (x0)
f(0)
x1 = 0 -
f ′ (0)
1
x1 = 0 -
5

x1 = - 0.2 Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)

Iteration 2 : Take n = 1 , we get
f(x1)
x2 = x1 - . . . (from 1)
f ′ (x1)
f(− 0.2)
x2 = (- 0.2 ) -
f ′ (− 0.2)
(− 0.0003 )
x2 = (- 0.2 ) -
5.008

x2 = - 0.1999

Iteration 3 : Take n = 2 , we get

f(x2)
x3 = x2 - . . . (from 1)
f ′ (x2)
f(− 0.1999)
x3 = ( - 0.1999) -
f ′ (− 0.1999)
0.0001
x3 = (- 0.1999) -
5.0079

x3 = - 0.1999 Here, we stop process as x2 = x3

Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)
Ex: Find real root of ex cosx =1.4 using Newton-Raphson method correct upto 4
decimal places. ( Take initial value x0= 0. )
Solution:Consider the equation , ex cosx =1.4
i.e. ex cosx - 1.4 = 0 i.e. f(x)=0
Let, f(x) = ex cosx -1.4
f '(x) = ex cosx - ex sinx
By Newton-Raphson method
f(xn)
xn+1 = xn - . . . (1)
f ′ (xn)
Given that x0= 0 .
Iteration 1 : Take n = 0 , we get
f(x0)
x1 = x0 - . . . (from 1)
f ′ (x0)
f(0)
x1 = 0 -
f ′ (0)
(−0.4)
x1 = 0 -
1

x1 = 0.4 Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)

Iteration 2 : Take n = 1 , we get
f(x1)
x2 = x1 - . . . (from 1)
f ′ (x1)
f(0.4)
x2 = 0.4 -
f ′ (0.4)
(− 0.0259 )
x2 = 0.4 -
0.7931

x2 = 0.4327

Iteration 3 : Take n = 2 , we get

f(x2)
x3 = x2 - . . . (from 1)
f ′ (x2)
f(0.4327)
x3 = 0.4327 -
f ′ (0.4327)
(− 0.0006)
x3 = 0.4327 -
0.7530

x3 = 0.4335 Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)

Iteration 4 : Take n =3, we get
f(x3)
x4 = x3 - . . . (from 1)
f ′ (x3)
f(0.4335)
x4 = 0.4335 -
f ′ (0.4335)
(− 0.0000)
x4 = 0.4335 -
0.7519

x4 = 0.4335

Here, we stop process as x3 = x4

So required root is 0.4335

Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)

Ex: Find 12 using Newton Raphson method. (Correct upto 2 decimal places )
Solution:Suppose 12 = x i.e.12 = x2
i.e. x2 - 12 = 0
Let f(x) = x2 - 12
f '(x) = 2x
By Newton-Raphson method
f(xn)
xn+1 = xn - . . . (1)
f ′ (xn)
As f(3)= -3 < 0
f(4) = 4 > 0
(3+4) 7
Take x0= = = 3.5
2 2
Iteration 1 : Take n = 0 , we get
f(x0)
x1 = x0 - . . . (from 1)
f ′ (x0)
f(3.5) 0.25
x1 = 3.5 - = 3.5 - =3.4643
f ′ (3.5) 7

Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)

x1 = 3.4643
Iteration 2 : Take n = 1 , we get
f(x1)
x2 = x1 - . . . (from 1)
f ′ (x1)
f(3.4643)
x2 = 3.4643 -
f ′ (3.4643)
(0.00137)
x2 = 3.4643 -
6.9286

x2 = 3.4641

Here x1 and x2 are same upto two decimal places.

Hence required root is 3.4641

Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)

Ex: Find formula for qube root of p.
Solution:Suppose 3 𝑝 = x i.e.p = x3
i.e. x3 - p = 0
Let f(x) = x3 - p
f '(x) = 3x2
By Newton-Raphson method
f(xn)
xn+1 = xn -
f ′ (xn)
3 −𝑝 )
( 𝑥𝑛
xn+1 = xn - 2
3𝑥𝑛

3 − ( 𝑥 3 −𝑝 )
3 𝑥𝑛 𝑛
xn+1 = 2
3𝑥𝑛

3 −𝑝
4𝑥𝑛
xn+1 = 2
3𝑥𝑛

Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)

Which is required formula.
Ex: Find formula for inverse of given number.
Solution:Let p be given number .
1 1
Suppose =𝑥 i.e. = 𝑝
𝑝 𝑥
1
i.e. − 𝑝 = 0
𝑥
1
Let f(x) = − 𝑝
𝑥
−1
f '(x) = 2
𝑥
By Newton-Raphson method
f(xn)
xn+1 = xn -
f ′ (xn)
1
( −𝑝 ) 1−𝑝𝑥𝑛 2 +𝑥 2 −𝑝𝑥 2
𝑥𝑛 2 −𝑝𝑥 3
2𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛
xn+1 = xn - −1 = xn + ( ) 𝑥𝑛2 = 𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑛
( 2) 𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛

i.e. xn+1 = 2 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑝𝑥𝑛2 Which is required formula

Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)

 Questions from University Examinations

Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

Prepared by : Prof. Vasant Karmad , Mathematics Department , MITACSC, Alandi(D)