SOIL CEMENT

Name : Buduni Sijui

Branch: Civil Engineering
Regd No: 2321291004
 SOIL CEMENT
GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES
A SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted by

BUDUNI SIJUI
Regd No.: 2321291004
6th Semester
3rd Year
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Under the guidance of

Prof. Anusmita Mallik

Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

THE TECHNO SCHOOL, PATRAPADA,
BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA-751019
(An affiliated college of Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha) APRIL
2025

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 DECLARATION

It is hereby certified that the work embodied in this seminar

report is original and has not been submitted in part or full
for the award of any other degree to any other
University/Institute.

With best regards,

Full Signature of the Student with date

Regd. No.: 2321291004

6th Semester, 3rd Year, CE 2025

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
THE TECHNO SCHOOL
PATRAPADA, BHUBNESWAR, ODISHA-751019

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Seminar Report entitled “SOIL CEMENT” Submitted to the
Department of Civil Engineering of The Techno School under Biju Patnaik University of
Technology, Rourkela, and Odisha by BUDUNI SIJUI, REGD.NO. 2321291004, 6TH SEMESTER,
and 3rd YEAR is a record of bona fide work carried by him/her under my supervision and
guidance. Again, certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein
does not form part of any other report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award
was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate in other
University/Institute.

SIGNATURE OF THE GUIDE SIGNATURE OF THE HOD

DEPARTMENT OF CE DEPARTMENT OF CE

SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In this Seminar report, I have been supported by many people who motivated
me to do and deliver the best of acknowledgement to them.
First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Anusmita Mallik, Asst.Prof.in
CE Department for her guidance and enormous support to develop and completion of
this work. Her patience, suggestions and encouragement helped me in all the time of
research work and writing this report. I also convey my thanks to other faculty
members with all the staff members of the Department and the Institution.
Finally, I am very grateful and indebted to our Principal Dr.J.K.Moharana and
hence I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to Sir for his enormous constant
motivated suggestions helped me for the successful completion of my work.
Last but not least, word run out to express our gratitude to my parents and
friends for their co-operation and valuable suggestions during the preparation of this
report.

With best regards,

Full Signature of the Student with date

Regd. No.:2321291004
6th Semester, 3rd Year, CE
2025

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 CONTENTS
SL NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE
NO.

01 Introduction 07

02 Vertical Drains 07

03 Soil Nailing 08

04 Vibro Compaction 14

05 Dynamic Compaction 16

06 Conclusion 18

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INTODUCTION
 Transportation contributes to the industrial, economic, social and cultural
development of nation
 Transportation by road or highways is the only mode which could give maximum
service to one and all.
 When the soil on a project site cannot support the loads, ground improvement to
increase strength, reduce compressibility, and enhance performance under applied
loadings may be required.
 Various methods are discussed below:

METHODS FOR GROUND IMPROVEMENT: -

1. VERTICAL DRAINS
2. SOIL NAILING
3. STONE COLUMNS
4. VIBRO COMPACTION
5. DYNAMIC COMPACTION

VERTICAL DRAINS: -
 These consist of a column of pervious material placed in cylindrical vertical
holes at sufficiently close spaces.
 All drains should be connected at the ground surface to a drainage blanket.
 Vertical drains accelerate consolidation by facilitating drainage of pore water.
 Vertical drains are laid out in rows, staggered, or aligned to form patterns of
equilateral triangles or squares.
 Two types of drains are discussed below

SAND DRAINS:

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 A sand drain is a simple process,
employing a column of at least 10 inches in
width augered into ground to be surcharged &
consolidated.

The column is then filled with sand and

connected to a freedraining granular blanket of
soil.

WICK DRAIN: -
 A wick drain is usually about, 4 inches wide,
1/8-inch-thick which acts as a
high-
permeability conduit for water to flow out of the
soil and to the surface.

 Most common application of wick drains is for

accelerating the settlement rate of compressible
soils.

SOIL NAILING: -
 This ground reinforcement process uses steel
tendons which are drilled and grouted into the
soil to create a composite mass.
 A shotcrete facing is typically applied.
 Soil Nailing is an in situ technique for reinforcing, stabilizing and retaining excavations
and deep cuts.

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Shotcreteing

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Holes are drilled though machine

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 Soil Nailing
Stone column: -
 Also known as vibro-replacement or vibro-displacement, is a ground improvement
process where vertical columns of compacted aggregate are formed through the
soils to be improved.
 The vibrator first penetrates to the required depth by vibration and air or water
jetting or by vibration alone.
 Gravel is then added at the tip of the vibrator and progressive raising and
repenetration of the vibrator results in the gravel being pushed into the surrounding
soil.
 The soil-column matrix results in an overall mass having a high shear strength and
a low compressibility.

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Stone column (i)

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13
Stone column (ii)

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VIBRO COMPACTION: -

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 It is a ground improvement process for densifying loose sands to create stable
foundation soils.
 The action of the vibrator, usually accompanied by water jetting, reduces the
intergranular forces between the soil particles, allowing them to move into a denser
configuration, typically achieving a relative density of 70 to 85 percent.
 Compaction is achieved above and below the water table.

Crane Mounted Vibrator

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 Process of Vibro Compaction
DYNAMIC COMPACTION: -

 Dynamic Compaction is the dropping of heavy weights on the ground surface to

densify the soils at depth.

 It involves the repeated dropping of large steel tampers by means of crawler cranes

 Tampers typically range from 6 to 20 tons and are dropped from heights of about
40 to 80 feet.

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18
MACHINE WITH TAMPER

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 COMPACTION BY TAMPER
Conclusion: -
Soil conditions can frequently be improved using soil improvement techniques. A
variety of soil improvement techniques have been developed. However, a suitable technique
has to be adopt according to necessity of the structure and economy.

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