Sectional Views

TOPICS

Introduction
Terminology & common practices

Kind of sections

Dimensioning
 INTRODUCTION
A sectional view is a view of an imaginary
surface, exposed by an imaginary cutting plane
or slicing-open of an object, allowing interior
details to become visible.

A sectional view is sometimes referred to as

cross section or section.
  Orthographic projection method can be
used to represent satisfactory the external
features of an object with little interior detail.

 When the interior detail is getting more

complicated, then the hidden detail lines may
be confusing and difficult to interpret
correctly.

 In this situation, the sectional view of the

object is inevitable.
An Assembly Sectional View of A Machine
 GRAPHICS COMMUNICATION
WITH ENGINEERING DRAWING
Object
Orthographic
Projection
Dimensioning

Working
drawing Orthographic
projection
(convention)
No
Clear ? Section Views

Yes Section views

convention
Finish
PURPOSES OF SECTION VIEWS

Clarify the views by

 reducing or eliminating the hidden lines.
 revealing the cross sectional’s shape.

Facilitate the dimensioning.

Let See the example

EXAMPLE : Advantage of using a section view.
 Terminology and
common practices
 CUTTING PLANE
Cutting plane is a plane that imaginarily cuts
the object to reveal the internal features.

Cutting
plane Cutting plane line

Section lines
 CUTTING PLANE LINE
Cutting plane line is an edge view of the cutting
plane.
Indicate the path
of cutting plane.
 CUTTING PLANE LINESTYLES
Thick line
ANSI
Viewing
standard direction
Thick line

Viewing
direction

JIS & ISO Thin line

standard

This course Viewing

direction
 SECTION LINING
Section lines or cross-hatch lines are used to
indicate the surfaces that are cut by the cutting
plane.

Section
lines
Drawn with 4H pencil.
 SECTION LINES SYMBOLS
The section lines are different for each of
material’s type.
For practical purpose, the cast iron symbol is
used most often for any materials.

Cast iron, Steel Concrete Sand Wood

Malleable iron
SECTION LINING PRACTICE
The spaces between lines may vary from 1.5 mm
for small sections to 3 mm for large sections.

COMMON MISTAKE
SECTION LINING PRACTICE
It should not be drawn parallel or perpendicular
to contour of the view.

COMMON MISTAKE
Kinds of Sections
 KIND OF SECTIONS
1. Full Sections
2. Offset Sections
3. Half Sections
4. Broken-out or Local Sections
5. Revolved Sections (Rotated Sections)
6. Removed Sections
 KIND OF SECTIONS
7. Auxiliary Sections
8. Thin Wall Sections
9. Assembly Sections
10. Part or Scrap Sections
11. Aligned Sections (Rotated Sections)
12. Phantom (Ghost) Sections
 FULL SECTION VIEW
The view is made by passing the straight cutting
plane completely through the part.
 OFFSET SECTION VIEW
The view is made by passing the bended cutting
plane completely through the part.

Do not show the edge views

of the cutting plane.
TREATMENT OF HIDDEN LINES
Hidden lines are normally omitted from section
views.
 HALF SECTION VIEW
The view is made by passing the cutting plane halfway
through an object and remove a quarter of it.
 HALF SECTION VIEW
A center line is used to separate the sectioned half
from the unsectioned half of the view.
Hidden line is omitted in unsection half of the view.
 BROKEN-OUT SECTION VIEW
The view is made by passing the cutting plane normal
to the viewing direction and removing the portion of an
object in front of it.
BROKEN-OUT SECTION VIEW

A break line is used to separate

the sectioned portion from the
unsectioned portion of the view.

Break line is a thin continuous

line (4H) and is drawn freehand.

There is no cutting plane line.

EXAMPLE : Comparison among several section techniques
REVOLVED SECTION VIEW

Revolved sections show cross-sectional

features of a part.

No need for additional orthographic views.

This section is especially helpful when a

cross-section varies.
 REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
Basic concept
 REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
Basic concept
 REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
Steps in construction
Given

Edge view of
cross-section

Step 1
a. Assign position of cutting plane.
b. Draw axis of rotation in front view.
 REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
Steps in construction
Given

Step 2
a. Transfer the depth dimension to
the front view.
 REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
Steps in construction
Given

Step 3
a. Draw the revolved section.
b. Add section lines.
 REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
Steps in construction
Given

FINAL PICTURE
 REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
Placement of revolved section
1. Superimposed to orthographic view.

2. Break from orthographic view.

Break Superimposed
 REMOVED SECTION VIEW
6. Removed section
Removed section is revolved section.

Section view is shown outside the view.

Used where space does not enough for

revolved section

Can be located elsewhere on a drawing

with properly labeled
 REMOVED SECTION VIEW
Example : Revolved vs. removed sections.

Revolved section Removed section

 REMOVED SECTION VIEW
Example : Situation that removed section is preferred.

Poor Preferred

Too messy !!
 REMOVED SECTION VIEW
Example : Multiple removed section views

A B

SECTION B – B

SECTION A – A
 AUXILLARY SECTION
Auxiliary section is used to express the true size
and shape of an object boundary. The cutting-
plane path must be perpendicular to the axis or
surface of the object.
 THINWALL SECTION
Thin wall section is used for sectioning any very
thin object, such as gasket, shim or sheet metal.
It should be filled-in by a solid black feature, as it
is impossible to show the actual section lining.
 THINWALL SECTION
If several thin pieces that are filled-in solid black
are touching one another, a small white space is
left between the solid thinwall section.
 ASSEMBLY SECTION
 Assembly section is a sectional drawing that is made
up of two or more parts.
An assembly section can be
 a full section,
an offset section,
a half section
or a combination of the various kinds of sectional
views.

 The assembly section illustrates how various parts go

together.
 PART OR SCRAP SECTIONS
Part or scrap section describes the detail of a
small part which may not be suitable to use
broken-out section to view .This is similar to
broken-out section but is drawn away from the
outside view.
 The scrap section always have an irregular
freehand boundary, which is thin and frequently
background features are omitted.

 Scrap section can be drawn in any convenient

position in the drawing area but properly titled.
 ALIGNED SECTION
This sectional view is employed when some
important features to be sectioned lie on the
radial lines, but not entirely on the principal
centre line.
The cutting plane generally coincides with
principal centre line and one or more radial
centre line.
The arm or feature is now revolved to the
imaginary cutting plane and projected down to
the sectional view.
 Note that
sectional lining
is not applied to
the arm and is
omitted from the
web
 PHANTOM (GHOST) SECTIONS
A phantom or ghost section shows the features on
both sides of the cutting plane.

• Depicts the parts as if they were being x-rayed.

• Section lines are drawn as dashed lines.

• That is apart from showing the normal cutting
area with dashed lines, it also show the circular
hole in front part to be removed. Note that if the
object were shown as a regular full section, the
circular hole through the front surface could not
have been shown in the same view.
 FEATURES FROM WHICH HATCHING IS
OMITTED
Conditions for omitting of the hatch lines
Whenever hatching would result in a
misleading effects

e.g. Section AA passes longitudinally

through a triangular web whose purpose
is to strengthen the component.

Note: if the web or rib is cut transversely it

must carry the hatching as in C.
FEATURES FROM WHICH HATCHING IS
OMITTED
Conditions for omitting of the hatch lines
Whenever hatching would result in a
misleading effects

e.g. The spokes and ribs are not hatched

just to avoid tedious projections which
may align on the plane of section.

Note: Gear teeth are treated in a similar

way.
 DETAILED NOT SECTIONED
In addition to above
• Some machine details are not hatched or sectioned on
assembly drawing when they cut longitudinally by a
sectional plane.

• The details include nuts, bolts, screws, studs, rivets,

solid shafts, and small solid cylindrical parts, keys
cotters, split and taper pins and balls rollers in
bearings.

•The parts are not sectioned because they have no

internal features, and because they are more easily
recognized by their outside views.

• However, if these details are cut transversely, resulting

in a circular sectional view are hatched in the normal way
 Dimensioning
in Section View
In most cases, dimensioning of the section views
follows the typical rules of dimensioning.

POOR GOOD
 DIMENSIONING
POOR GOOD

10
10

φ 50 φ 50
 DIMENSIONING

For a half-section view,

use dimension line with
only one arrowhead that
points to the position inside
the sectioned portion.

φ 50