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alter and update

The document explains SQL statements for modifying database tables, including ALTER for changing table structures, UPDATE for modifying records, and DELETE for removing records. It provides examples for adding columns, updating salaries, and deleting records, as well as advanced techniques like adding constraints and using joins and subqueries. Key operations include modifying existing tables, updating records based on conditions, and deleting records with specific criteria.

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Prakash Mukherjee
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5 views4 pages

alter and update

The document explains SQL statements for modifying database tables, including ALTER for changing table structures, UPDATE for modifying records, and DELETE for removing records. It provides examples for adding columns, updating salaries, and deleting records, as well as advanced techniques like adding constraints and using joins and subqueries. Key operations include modifying existing tables, updating records based on conditions, and deleting records with specific criteria.

Uploaded by

Prakash Mukherjee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

ALTER Statement

The ALTER statement is used to modify an existing database table structure. You can add, delete, or
modify columns in an existing table.

Example Table: Employees

CREATE TABLE Employees (


EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50),
BirthDate DATE,
Position VARCHAR(50)
);

Adding a New Column

To add a new column Salary to the Employees table:

ALTER TABLE Employees


ADD Salary DECIMAL(10, 2);

Modifying an Existing Column

To change the data type of the Position column to VARCHAR(100):

ALTER TABLE Employees


MODIFY Position VARCHAR(100);

2. UPDATE Statement

The UPDATE statement is used to modify existing records in a table.

Example Table: Employees

INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, BirthDate, Position, Salary)


VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe', '1980-01-01', 'Manager', 75000.00),
(2, 'Jane', 'Smith', '1985-05-15', 'Developer', 65000.00),
(3, 'Alice', 'Johnson', '1990-09-25', 'Designer', 60000.00);

Updating a Single Record

To update the salary of the employee with EmployeeID 2:

UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = 70000.00
WHERE EmployeeID = 2;

Updating Multiple Records

To give a 10% raise to all employees:

UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = Salary * 1.10;

3. DELETE Statement

The DELETE statement is used to remove existing records from a table.


Deleting a Single Record

To delete the employee with EmployeeID 3:

DELETE FROM Employees


WHERE EmployeeID = 3;

Dropping a Column

To remove the BirthDate column from the Employees table:

ALTER TABLE Employees


DROP COLUMN BirthDate;

Deleting All Records

To delete all records from the Employees table (but keep the table structure):

DELETE FROM Employees;

Or, you can use:

TRUNCATE TABLE Employees;

(Note: TRUNCATE is faster but less flexible compared to DELETE. TRUNCATE also resets any auto-
increment counters.)

Summary

 ALTER: Modify the structure of a table (add, delete, modify columns).


 UPDATE: Modify existing records in a table.
 DELETE: Remove existing records from a table.
Advanced ALTER Statement

We'll enhance the Employees table by adding constraints, renaming columns, and modifying
multiple columns.

Adding a Unique Constraint and Renaming a Column

Suppose we want to add a unique constraint on the Email column and rename the Position column
to JobTitle.

ALTER TABLE Employees


ADD COLUMN Email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE,
RENAME COLUMN Position TO JobTitle;

Adding a Foreign Key Constraint

Assume we have another table Departments:

CREATE TABLE Departments (


DepartmentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
DepartmentName VARCHAR(100)
);

We want to link the Employees table to the Departments table via a foreign key.

ALTER TABLE Employees


ADD COLUMN DepartmentID INT,
ADD CONSTRAINT FK_Department
FOREIGN KEY (DepartmentID) REFERENCES Departments(DepartmentID);

Advanced UPDATE Statement

Let's update records based on joins and subqueries.

Updating with a Join

Suppose we have a table Bonuses that records bonus percentages for different job titles.

CREATE TABLE Bonuses (


JobTitle VARCHAR(100),
BonusPercentage DECIMAL(5, 2)
);

Insert some example data:

INSERT INTO Bonuses (JobTitle, BonusPercentage)


VALUES ('Manager', 10.00),
('Developer', 7.50),
('Designer', 5.00);

Update the Salary in the Employees table based on the BonusPercentage from the Bonuses table.

UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = Salary + (Salary * BonusPercentage / 100)
FROM Employees e
JOIN Bonuses b ON e.JobTitle = b.JobTitle;

Updating with a Subquery


Update the DepartmentID of employees to match the department where the average salary is
highest.

UPDATE Employees
SET DepartmentID = (
SELECT TOP 1 DepartmentID
FROM Employees AS e
GROUP BY DepartmentID
ORDER BY AVG(Salary) DESC
);

Advanced DELETE Statement

Let's delete records based on joins and subqueries.

Deleting with a Join

Assume we have another table Projects that lists projects employees are working on.

CREATE TABLE Projects (


ProjectID INT PRIMARY KEY,
ProjectName VARCHAR(100),
EmployeeID INT
);

Insert some example data:

INSERT INTO Projects (ProjectID, ProjectName, EmployeeID)


VALUES (1, 'Project A', 1),
(2, 'Project B', 2),
(3, 'Project C', 3);

Delete employees who are not assigned to any projects.

DELETE e
FROM Employees e
LEFT JOIN Projects p ON e.EmployeeID = p.EmployeeID
WHERE p.EmployeeID IS NULL;

Deleting with a Subquery

Delete employees whose salary is below the average salary.

DELETE FROM Employees


WHERE Salary < (SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM Employees);

Summary of Advanced Examples

 ALTER: Added constraints, renamed columns, and added foreign key relationships.
 UPDATE: Updated records using joins and subqueries.
 DELETE: Deleted records using joins and subqueries

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