CALCULATION

A 60 kg patient has a Haematocrit reading of 40% and a Plasma volume of

3000ml. What is his total blood volume?
 KEY

Blood volume = Plasma Volume

1-Hematocrit
Blood volume = 3L / (1-(40/100)
= 3L/ (100/100-40/100)
=3L/ (60/100)
Blood volume = (3L x 100)/ 60
= 300L/60
Total Blood volume = 5L
 CALCULATION

10 g of inulin is injected IV and after equilibrium the concentration of inulin in

plasma is 50 mg/100 ml. if 10% of the inulin is excreted, what is the ECF
volume?
 KEY

Volume of distribution = (Amount of inulin injected- Amount of inulin excreted)

Plasma Concentration of Inulin
Amount of inulin injected = 10g
Amount of inulin excreted = 10% i.e 1g
Plasma Concentration of Inulin = 50 mg/ 100 ml
=50 mg per dL i.e 0.5g per dL

Volume of distribution of Inulin = (10g -1g)/ 0.5g per dL

= 9g / 0.5g per dL
~ 18L
 CALCULATION

500 mg of Mannitol was injected out of which 10% is excreted. After

equilibrium, Plasma concentration is 3.2 mg/ 100 ml. Calculate ECF
volume (L).
 KEY
Volume of distribution = (Amount of Mannitol injected- Amount of Mannitol excreted)
Plasma Concentration of Mannitol
Amount of Mannitol injected = 500mg
Amount of Mannitol excreted = 10% i.e 50mg
Plasma Concentration of Mannitol = 3.2mg/ 100 ml
=3.2 mg per dl

Volume of distribution of Mannitol = (500mg -50mg)/ 3.2mg per dl

= 450mg/ 3.2mg per dl
ECF Volume ~14L
 CALCULATION

Calculate the Interstitial fluid volume from the following data

❖ Amount of inulin injected: 120 mg
❖ Amount of inulin excreted in one hour: 5 mg
❖ Plasma concentration of inulin after one hour: 0.01 mg/ ml
❖ Plasma volume: 3500 ml
 KEY

Interstitial Fluid Volume= Extracellular Fluid - Plasma Volume

To calculate ECF volume

Volume of distribution = (Amount of inulin injected- Amount of inulin excreted)
Plasma Concentration of Inulin
Amount of inulin injected=120 mg
Amount of inulin excreted in one hour= 5 mg
Plasma concentration of inulin after one hour= 0.01 mg/ 100 ml

= (120 mg- 5 mg) / 0.01 mg

= 115 mg/ 0.01 mg per dL
= 11500 ml
ECF volume = 11.5 L
Interstitial Fluid Volume= Extracellular Fluid - Plasma Volume
= 11.5 L – 3.5 L
=8L
 CALCULATION

Calculate the MCV with following data

❖Hb: 14 g%
❖RBC count: 4.5 million cells/ mm3
❖PCV: 40%
 KEY

Mean Corpuscular Volume (fL) = Hematocrit (%) x 10

RBC count in millions /mm3

RBC count: 4.5 million cells/ mm3

PCV: 40%
= 40 X10
4.5

= 88 fL (Normal MCV: 78-96 fL)

 CALCULATION

Calculate the MCH with following data

❖ Hb: 14.5 g%
❖ RBC count: 4.8 million cells/ mm3
❖ PCV: 42%
 KEY

Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (pg) = Hg g/dl x 10

RBC count in millions /mm3

RBC count: 4.8 million/ mm3

Hb: 14.5 g%
= (14.5 X 10) / 4.8
= 30 pg
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (pg) Normal Value = 28-33 pg/dl
 CALCULATION

Calculate the MCHC with following data

❖ Hb: 15 g%
❖ RBC count: 5 million/ mm3
❖ PCV: 44%
 KEY
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration MCHC = Hb g/dl x 100

PCV /mm3

PCV: 44%
Hb: 15 g%
= (15/44) x 100
MCHC = 34
 CALCULATION

A 45 years old man with a Tidal volume of 400 ml and breathing 20 times per
minute. What is his minute ventilation?
 KEY

Minute Ventilation = Tidal Volume X Respiratory Rate

= 400 ml X 20 breaths / minute
= 8000 mL/min
= 8 L/min
(Normal Minute Ventilation = 6 L/Minute, Tidal Volume = 500 ml,
Respiratory rate = 12-18 breaths/ minute during quiet breathing)
 CALCULATION

A patient’s GFR is 125 ml/min, and plasma concentration of substance A is 20

mg/ml. What is the filtered load of A?
 KEY

Filtered load of a substance = Glomerular Filtration rate × Plasma

concentration of the substance
Glomerular Filtration rate = 125 mL/min
Plasma concentration of the substance A= 20 mg/ mL
= (125 mL/min) × (20 mg/mL)

Filtered load of substance A = 2500 mg/min

 CALCULATION

A 32 years old patient with a Tidal volume of 650 mL is breathing 10 times per
minute. His dead space volume is 150 mL. What is his Alveolar ventilation?
 KEY

Alveolar Ventilation (VA) = (Tidal Volume – Dead space volume) X

Respiratory Rate
= (650 ml – 150 ml) X 10 breaths / minute
= 500 ml X 10 breaths / minute
= 5000 ml/ minute
(Normal Alveolar Ventilation = 4.2 L/Minute, Tidal Volume = 500 ml,
Respiratory rate = 12-18 breaths/ minute during quiet breathing)
 CALCULATION

X is measured in a patient. Plasma level (PX) = 100 mg/ml; urine level (Ux) =
200 mg/ml; urine flow (V) = 1 ml/min. What is X's clearance (Cx)?
 KEY
Clearance of a substance = (Concentration of the substance in Urine X Urine flow)
Concentration of the substance in plasma

Concentration of the substance in Urine= 200 mg/ mL

Urine Flow = 1 ml/min

Concentration of the substance in plasma = 100 mg/ mL

Clearance of substance (X) (mL/min) = (200 mg/ mL X 1 mL /min) / 100 mg/ mL

= 2 mL/ min
 CALCULATION

Calculate the maximum urea clearance from the following:

a. Blood urea concentration: 0.3 mg/ml
b. Urine urea concentration: 10 mg/ml
c. Urine flow: 2.2 cc/min
 KEY
Clearance of a substance = (Concentration of the substance in Urine X Urine flow)
Concentration of the substance in plasma

Concentration Urea in Urine= 10 mg/ mL

Urine Flow = 2.2 cc/min

Concentration of Urea in Plasma = 0.3 mg/ mL

Clearance of Urea (mL/min) = (10 mg/ mL X 2.2 mL /min) / 0.3 mg/ mL

~ 73 mL/ min
Normal Urea Clearance value is (75 mL/min)
 CALCULATION
Calculate the maximum urea clearance from the following data:
• Blood urea concentration: 20 mg%
• Urine urea concentration: 500 mg%
• Urine flow: 3cc/min
a. What is meant by standard and maximum urea clearance?
b. What blood parameters would indicate severe renal failure?
 KEY
Clearance of a substance = (Concentration of the substance in Urine X Urine flow )
Concentration of the substance in plasma

Concentration Urea in Urine= 500 mg%

Urine Flow = 3 cc/min

Concentration of Urea in Plasma = 20 mg%

Clearance of Urea (mL/min) = (500 mg/ mL X 3 cc /min) / 20 mg/ mL

= 75 mL/ min, Normal Urea Clearance value is (75 mL/min)

What is meant by standard and maximum urea clearance?

Standard urea clearance is- value obtained when the square root of the urine flow (when below 2
mL/min) is multiplied by the urine urea concentration and divided by the whole
blood urea concentration.
Maximum urea clearance is- the urea clearance when the urine flow exceeds 2 mL/min; normal
value is about 75 mL blood/min per 1.73 m2 body surface area.
What blood parameters would indicate severe renal failure?
Blood Urea, Serum Creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen
 CALCULATION

Calculate the Renal Blood Flow from the following data:

a) Concentration of PAH in urine (UPAH) = 14 mg/ ml
b) Concentration of PAH in plasma (PPAH) = 0.03 mg/ ml
c) Rate of urine (V) = 1.5 ml/min
d) Haematocrit = 43 %
 KEY
PAH clearance = [PAH] in urine x urine flow rate (in cc/min)
[PAH] in plasma
Plasma clearance of PAH = UPAH X V
PPAH
= 14 x 1.5
0.03
= 700 ml/min
This plasma clearance of PAH is the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF)
Actual RPF = ERPF
Extraction ratio
= 700 ml/min
0.9
About 90% of PAH in the arterial blood is removed during a single passage through the
kidneys. i.e it’s extraction ration is 0.9
Haematocrit = 43%
Renal Blood Flow = 100 X RENAL PLASMA FLOW
100- Hct
=100 X 770
100- 43
Renal Blood Flow = 77000 = 1350 mL/min - Normal (1250 ml/min)
57
 CALCULATION
Calculate O2 carrying capacity of blood, and Iron content of blood
a) Percentage saturation of O2 with arterial blood = 97%
c) Hb concentration = 14.5 g/dl
 KEY
a) Percentage saturation of O2 with arterial blood = 97%
c) Hb concentration = 14.5 g/dl

Oxygen Carrying capacity of blood

1 g/dl of haemoglobin carries =1.34 ml of Oxygen
14.5 g/ dl of haemoglobin will carry = 1.34 X 14.5
= 19.4 ml of Oxygen

Iron content of blood

1 g/dl of haemoglobin contains =3.34 mg of Iron
14.5 g/ dl of haemoglobin will carry = 3.34 X 14.5
= 48.4 mg of Iron
 CALCULATION
Calculate Breathing reserve and the Dyspnic index from data provided below.
a. Respiratory rate = 12 breaths/ min
b. Tidal volume = 500 ml
c. Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) = 130 Lts
 KEY
Respiratory Minute Ventilation = Tidal Volume X Respiratory Rate
= 500 ml X12 breaths/min
= 6000 ml = 6 L

Breathing reserve= MVV – MV

= 130 Lts – 6 Lts
= 124 Lts

Dyspneic Index = {(MVV- MV) / MVV} x 100

= 130 - 6 / 130 x 100
= (124/130) x 100
= 95%
 CALCULATION

Find out the Residual Volume (RV), Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) from
the given data
a) Total Lung capacity = 5200 ml
b) Tidal Volume = 450 ml
c) Inspiratory Capacity = 3000 ml
d) Vital capacity = 4000 ml
 KEY

Residual Volume = Total Lung capacity – Vital Capacity

= 5200 ml – 4000 ml
= 1200 ml

Expiratory Reserve Volume = Vital Capacity- Inspiratory capacity)

= 4000 ml – 3000 ml)
=1000 ml
=1000 ml
Functional Residual Capacity= Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume
= 1000 ml + 1200 ml
= 2200 ml

Tidal Volume – 500 ml, Inspiratory Reserve Volume -3200 ml , Expiratory

reserve Volume -1100 ml , Residual Volume – 1200 ml.
 CALCULATION
Calculate the cardiac index of the individual from his data given below.
a) Cardiac output = 5.20 litres/ min
b) Body surface area (BSA) = 1.65 m2
 KEY
Cardiac index = Cardiac output/ min
Body surface Area
= 5.20
1.65
Cardiac index =3.15 Litres/ min/ m2 , Normal Value-(2.5-4 Litres/min/m2)
 CALCULATION

Calculate the Cardiac output and Stroke volume from the data
a). Oxygen content of mixed venous blood = 14.8 ml/ 100 ml
b). Oxygen content of systemic arterial blood = 19.5 ml/ 100 ml
c). Heart rate = 70 /min
d) Oxygen consumption per minute= 245 ml
 KEY
Cardiac output by applying Fick’s principle = Oxygen consumption X 100
Arterio-Venous Oxygen difference

Arterio-venous Oxygen difference = Oxygen content of systemic arterial

blood - Oxygen content of mixed venous blood
= 19.5 ml/ 100 ml- 14.8 ml/ 100 ml
=4.7 ml

Cardiac Output = 245 X 100

4.7
= 5200 ml
Cardiac Output = 5.2 Lts Normal value (5-6 Litres/ min)
 CALCULATION

Calculate the ejection-fraction.

a) Cardiac Output- 5.2 Litres/min
b) Heart rate – 70 beats / minute
c) End Diastolic volume – 110 ml
 KEY
a) Cardiac Output- 5.2 Litres/min
b) Heart rate – 70 beats / minute
c) End Diastolic volume – 110 ml

Cardiac output = Stroke volume X Heart rate

Stroke volume = Cardiac output / Heart rate
= 5200 ml / 70
~ 74 ml
Ejection Fraction = Stroke Volume X 100
End Diastolic Volume

= 74 ml X100
110 ml

Ejection Fraction (E/F) = 67 % (Normal - >65%)