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15 views5 pages

Reviewer PDF

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jaratokujoe
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What is Statistics?

Statistics is a branch of math that helps us collect, organize, analyze, and interpret data. It
helps make informed decisions based on numbers and facts.

Data Collection

Data collection is the process of gathering information. There are two main types:

 Qualitative Data – Describes qualities (e.g., hair color, favorite movie).


 Quantitative Data – Uses numbers (e.g., height, test scores).

Methods of Data Collection

Different ways to collect data include:

 Sur veys & Questionnair es – Asking people questions in a structured way.


 Inter views – Directly talking to people to get detailed insights.
 Obser vations – Watching and recording behavior without interference.
 Exper iments – Controlling variables to study effects (common in science).
 Case Studies – Studying one case in depth (e.g., a patient, company, or event).

Sampling Techniques

Instead of studying an entire population, we use a sample (a small group). Ways to


select a sample:

 Simple Random Sampling – Everyone has an equal chance of being chosen.


 Str atified Sampling – Population is divided into groups, and samples are taken from
each group.
 Systematic Sampling – Every nth person is chosen (e.g., every 10th customer).
 Cluster sampling is another method used when studying large populations. Instead
of selecting individuals randomly, entir e gr oups (cluster s) ar e chosen at random.

Why Use Graphs?

Graphs help us:

✔ Organize data
✔ Make information easier to understand
✔ Compare different values visually

Types of Graphs and When to Use Them

Bar Graph

 Uses bars to compare different groups.


 Best for showing how much one category is compared to another.
 Example: Comparing students' favorite school subjects.
Things to Remember:
✔ Must have a title, labeled X & Y axes, and equal intervals.
✔ Can be vertical or horizontal.
✔ Use double bar graphs for comparisons and add a legend.

Pie Chart

 A circle divided into slices to show parts of a whole.


 Best for showing percentages or proportions.
 Example: How students prefer to learn (Online, Modular, Blended).

Steps to Make a Pie Chart:

 Find the total of all values.


 Calculate each percentage (category value ÷ total × 100).
 Convert percentages into degrees (percentage ÷ 100 × 360°).
 Use a protractor to draw the slices accurately.

Line Graph

 Uses dots connected by lines to show tr ends over time.


 Best for showing changes (increase/decrease).
 Example: A store tracking daily sales of ice cream.

Things to Remember :
✔ The X-axis represents time (days, months, years).
✔ The Y-axis represents values (temperature, sales, population).
✔ Equal intervals should be used for plotting points.
✔ Use differ ent color s for multiple lines and add a legend.

Stem-and-Leaf Plot

 Organizes numbers while keeping the actual values visible.


 Best for showing frequency and patterns in data.
 Example: A list of students’ test scores.

Things to Remember :
✔ " Stem" = First digits (like 10s place).
✔ " Leaf" = Last digits (like 1s place).
✔ Helps to quickly find median, mode, and r ange.

Quick Tips on Choosing the Right Gr aph

✔ Bar Gr aph – Use when comparing categories (e.g., favorite colors).


✔ Pie Char t – Use when showing parts of a whole (e.g., budget spending).
✔ Line Gr aph – Use for trends over time (e.g., stock market changes).
✔ Stem-and-Leaf Plot – Use when organizing numerical data (e.g., test scores).

Number Classification & Frequency Distribution Reviewer

Step 1: Ar r anging the Data

The given numbers: 10, 15, 17, 18, 20, 25, 30, 40, 41, 53, 52
Sorted in ascending order: 10, 15, 17, 18, 20, 25, 30, 40, 41, 52, 53

Step 2: Finding the Range

For mula for Range:

Range=Highest Value−Lowest Value

Solution:

Range=53−10=43

Step 3: Fr equency Distr ibution Table

Now, we create a frequency distribution table with scor es, tally, and fr equency by grouping
the numbers into class inter vals (5 classes).

Class Interval Tally Frequency Cumulative


Frequency
10-19 4 4
20-29 2 6
30-39 1 7
40-49 2 9
50-59 2 11
Total 11
What Ar e Integer s?

Integers are whole number s that include:


✔ Positive number s (1, 2, 3, ...)
✔ Negative number s (-1, -2, -3, ...)
✔ Zer o (0)

Remember: Integers do not include fractions or decimals.

Repr esenting Integer s on a Number Line

A number line helps visualize integers:

 Positive integer s are on the r ight of 0.


 Negative integer s are on the left of 0.
 The farther r ight a number is, the gr eater it is.
 The farther left a number is, the smaller it is.

Example: -5 is smaller than -2 because it is further to the left.

Opposite Number s (Additive Inver se)

 Numbers that are the same distance fr om zer o but on opposite sides are called opposites.
 Example: The opposite of 3 is -3, and the opposite of -4 is 4.
 Zer o (0) is the only number that is its own opposite.

Compar ing Integer s

We use these symbols:


> (greater than)
< (less than)
= (equal to)

Rules to Remember :

 Positive numbers are always greater than negative numbers.


 Zero is greater than all negative numbers but less than all positive numbers.
 On a number line, the number on the right is always greater.

Examples:

 5 > -2 (5 is greater than -2)


 -10 < -3 (-10 is smaller than -3 because it is further left)
 0 > -8 (Zero is greater than -8)

Or der ing Integer s


Integers can be arranged in two ways:
✔ Ascending or der (smallest to largest)
✔ Descending or der (largest to smallest)

Example:
Number s given: -8, 0, -4, 3, 1

Ascending or der : -8, -4, 0, 1, 3

Descending or der : 3, 1, 0, -4, -8

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