Genetics

Sci109
Mendelian
Genetics
Module 4
 1 2 3
Explain the Explain problems Categorize the
patterns of on inheritance of different sex
inheritance in qualitative traits. systems.
monohybrid and
dihybrid crosses.

At the end of this module, students

should be able to:
Gregor Johann Mendel
 Father of Genetics
 In 1856, Mendel performed
his first set of hybridization
experiments with the
garden peas, Pisum
sativum.
 Mendel’s postulates were
accepted as the basis for
TRANSMISSION GENETICS-
how genes are transmitted
from parents to offspring.
 Mendel followed seven visible characteristics of the pea plant. Each
represented by two contrasting traits.
GENETIC TERMINOLOGY

 Parental Generation (P1)- original parents

 First Filial Generation (F1)- offspring of the

parental generation

 Second Filial Generation (F2)- offspring of the

F1 generation
 GENETIC TERMINOLOGY
 Allele- one of two or more versions or alternative forms of a gene at a given
genomic location. For example, a gene for coat color in cats may exist as an
allele that encodes black fur or as an allele that encodes orange fur.

An allele that shows its An allele which is unable to

full expression (strong show its full expression or
trait) in a population is is less expressed in a
called a Dominant population (weak trait) is
Allele called a Recessive Allele

An individual inherits
two alleles, one from
each parent.
 Pairing of Alleles
If the two alleles are the same, the individual is If the alleles are different, the
homozygous for that allele. individual is heterozygous.

Homozygous dominant Homozygous recessive

Homozygous with two Homozygous with two
dominant alleles for a trait. recessive alleles for a trait.
 GENETIC TERMINOLOGY
Phenotype- The Genotype- The resulting
physical or visible symbol that designates
expression of a trait. the genetic description
of a trait.

The genotypic ratio is

the ratio of gene
The phenotypic ratio is the combinations in the
ratio of visible offspring.
characteristics.
GENETIC TERMINOLOGY
 Punnett Square- named after Reginald Punnett, a diagram constructed to
visually combines gametes during fertilization.

Monohybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross

(Involves one pair of contrasting traits) (Involves two pairs of contrasting traits)
Three Laws of Inheritance

Law of In a heterozygous condition, the expression of a recessive trait

Dominance is masked by a dominant trait.

Law of For a pair of alleles, one is from the mother and the other is
Segregation from the father.

Law of
Independent A gene for 1 trait will not affect the expression of another trait.
Assortment
MONOHYBRID
CROSS
Involves one pair of contrasting traits
Sample Problem: A female heterozygous tall pea plant is
crossed with a male homozygous short pea plant. Knowing
that tall is dominant over short, what will be the
phenotypes of the offspring?
 GIVEN: P1 (Parental Generation)



Female Phenotype: Tall
Female Genotype: Tt
T t
t Tt tt
Gamete Formation: Tt → T and t

 Male Phenotype: Short

 Male Genotype: tt
Results: F1 Generation
Gamete Formation: tt → t ONLY  Genotypes: 1 Tt and 1 tt
 Phenotypes: 1 Tall and 1 Short
 Genotypic Ratio: 1:1
 Phenotypic Ratio: 1:1
PROBLEM SOLVING: Identify the genotypes
and phenotypes of the offspring.
1. A female pea plant with
heterozygous round seed is
crossed with a male pea
plant with heterozygous
round seed.
2. A purebred purple colored
female pea plant is crossed
with a male pea plant with
hybrid flower color.
Test Cross If the unknown parent is homozygous dominant, ALL
offspring will express the dominant phenotype.
 Used to determine
whether a dominant
phenotype is
homozygous
(purebred) or
heterozygous
(hybrid).
 It involves mating an TT tt
unknown genotypic
individual with
a known homozygous
recessive.
Test Cross
If the unknown parent is heterozygous, HALF the
offspring should be dominant and HALF
 Used to determine recessive.
whether a dominant
phenotype is
homozygous
(purebred) or
heterozygous
(hybrid).
 It involves mating an Tt tt
unknown genotypic
individual with
a known homozygous
recessive.
 DIHYBRID
CROSS
Involves two pairs of contrasting traits
 Sample Problem: A heterozygous tall and a heterozygous
yellow pea plant (female) is crossed with a short and
homozygous yellow pea plant (male). Identify the
phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring.

TY Ty tY ty

 GIVEN: P1 (Parental Generation) tY TtYY TtYy ttYY ttYy

 Female Phenotype: Tall, Yellow

 Female Genotype: TtYy

Gamete Formation: TtYy → TY, Ty, tY, and ty Results: F1 Generation
 Male Phenotype: Short, Yellow  Genotypes: 1 TtYY, 1 TtYy, 1 ttYY and 1 ttYy
 Male Genotype: ttYY  Phenotypes: 2 Tall and Yellow and 2 Short and Yellow
 Genotypic Ratio: 1:1:1:1
Gamete Formation: ttYY → tY ONLY
 Phenotypic Ratio: 2:2
PROBLEM SOLVING: Identify the genotypes
and phenotypes of the offspring.
1. A heterozygous round and
a homozygous green pod-
colored pea plant (female)
is crossed with a
homozygous round and
heterozygous green pod-
colored pea plant (male).
Solve the following Problems:
 A female mouse which is homozygous  A male rabbit with heterozygous gray fur
dominant for fur color is crossed with and homozygous red eyes is crossed with
a male mouse which is homozygous
recessive for that same trait. Assume a female rabbit with homozygous white
that the color of mouse is determined fur and heterozygous black eyes. Assume
by one pair of genes and black fur is that gray fur is dominant over white and
dominant over white fur: black eyes are dominant over red:
 What is/are the genotype/s and
phenotype/s of their F1 offspring?  What is/are the genotype/s and
 Write the genotypic ratio and phenotype/s of their F1 offspring?
phenotypic ratio (if possible) of the F1
result.  Write the genotypic ratio and
phenotypic ratio (if possible) of the F1
 If any of the two F1 offspring is
crossed, What is/are the genotype/s result.
and phenotype/s of their F2 offspring?
Show using another Punnett square.  What is the percentage that the
parental generation will have a
 What is/are the genotype/s and purebred gray fur + purebred black-
phenotype/s of the F2 offspring?
eyed offspring?
 Write the genotypic ratio and
phenotypic ratio (if possible) of the F2
result.