What is entrepreneurship? Discuss its need.

Also, discuss who is an Explain in detail the concept of visualizing a business idea and achieving your
entrepreneur? Entrepreneurship: It is the process of designing, launching, and business goals. Entrepreneurs stay focused on their vision and key strategies to
running a new business, typically a smaller business, to make a profit. It involves implement their ideas, enabling them to turn their vision into reality. Some important
identifying opportunities, taking risks, and innovating to create value in the market. and game-changing points in this process include :
Need of Entrepreneurship: 1. Economic Growth: Entrepreneurs create jobs and Step 1 : Understanding the Core Business Elements - The essential elements are :
contribute to the economy by introducing new products and services. 2.Innovation & Time and Energy Management: Efficiently allocating time and effort to high-impact
Creativity : Entrepreneurship leads to new ideas, technologies, and improved activities. Business Management: Organizing operations, resources, and workflows
business processes. 3. Employment Generation: Entrepreneurs start businesses that effectively. Technology Adoption and Development: Leveraging modern tools and
provide jobs for themselves and others. 4. Wealth Creation: Successful businesses innovations for business growth. Productive teamwork: Building a strong,
generate wealth, increasing national incomes and individual prosperity. 5.Social collaborative team that works towards common goals. Business Finance: Managing
Development: Entrepreneurship encourages community development by supporting cash flow, investments, and budgeting for long-term success. Client Clarity:
education, healthcare, and infrastructure. 6.Self-Reliance: Entrepreneurs reduce Understanding customer needs, expectations, and preferences.
dependency on jobs by creating their own businesses, fostering self-sufficiency Step 2: Identify Areas for Improvement in Your Business : Ask Yourself: What can I
Who is an Entrepreneur? An entrepreneur is a person who identifies a business do to improve my business? Use the IDEOS framework. Integration: Ensure all
opportunity, takes the initiative, and assumes risks to start and manage a business business processes work together efficiently. Delegation: Assign responsibilities to the
venture. Entrepreneurs are innovative, adaptable, and determined to succeed despite right people. Elimination: Remove unnecessary or unproductive tasks. Outsourcing:
uncertainties. Hire external experts to handle tasks outside your expertise. Staff Development:
Invest in training and development for employees.
Traits of a Successful Entrepreneur - 1. Consistency: A fundamental trait for Step 3: Document Each Idea - Each idea needs to be documented because human
success. Entrepreneurs maintain steady efforts, building trust with customers, partners, psychology suggests that we don’t take ideas seriously or act on them until they are
and employees. 2. Assertiveness: The ability to confidently express ideas, needs, and written down. Step 4 - Prioritize ideas and assign leadership - Rank ideas by impact
desires without being aggressive or passive. It helps in negotiating deals and setting and urgency, assign leaders, set deadlines, and track progress for efficient execution.
boundaries. 3. Persuasion: An important skill that helps attract investors, Step 5 - Just go for it : once the idea decided are realistic, do not hesitate to take any
customers, and business partners by effectively presenting ideas and opportunities. action and turn their idea into reality.
4. Unwavering Determination: Entrepreneurs stay motivated to overcome obstacles
and achieve their goals. They adjust strategies when needed but remain committed to What is an Activity Map & How does it help in planning and execution of a
their vision. 5. Information Seeking: Entrepreneurs constantly gather and analyze business? An Activity Map is a strategic tool that represents key activities of a
data to make informed decisions and adapt to market trends. business and their alignment with the company’s goals. The concept of Core
6. Calculated Risk-Taking: Entrepreneurs assess risks and rewards before making Competencies was introduced by Michael Porter in 1985 as part of his competitive
business decisions, ensuring innovation while minimizing losses.. strategy. How does it help in planning and execution of a
7. Learning from Failure: Failure is part of the journey. Successful entrepreneurs view business – a.) Identifying Core
setbacks as learning experiences and use them to improve strategies. Competencies → Helps in identifying key strengths and differentiators. b.) Improves
How These Traits Help in Building a Successful- 1. Startup Consistency – Efficiency → Ensures all activities align with business goals. c.) Enhances Decision-
Ensures steady progress, customer trust, and long-term business growth. 2. Making → Helps businesses focus on activities that provide the most value. d.)
Assertiveness – Strengthens leadership, decision-making, and negotiation skills. 3. Identifies Weaknesses → Highlights gaps or inefficiencies in the workflow. e.)
Persuasion – Helps attract investors, customers, and business partners. Strategic Planning → Guides businesses in resource attraction and future expansion.
4. Unwavering Determination – Keeps entrepreneurs motivated to overcome
obstacles and achieve goals. 5. Information Seeking – Supports informed Business Plan - It is a written document which is used to execute a viable business
decision-making and market adaptability. 6.Calculated Risk-Taking – Encourages plan. It gives the detailed information about the entrepreneur that what he wants to do
innovation while minimizing potential losses. 7.Learning from Failure – Promotes and how he wants to do it. It consists of the detailed strategy & operations which will be
resilience, improvement, and smarter business strategies. included in business later. It is also called Loan Proposal or Venture Capital or detailed
or detailed project Report. Key components that should be included in a business
Motivation: Derived from the Latin word "movere," meaning "to move" or "to activate." plan: 1. Executive Summary: A brief overview of the business, its goals and the plan
It is the driving force that pushes individuals toward achieving their goals. For for achieving them. 2. Company Description: Information about your company, what
motivation to exist, there must be a motivator—an objective that directs actions. An makes it unique, and its business model. 3. Market Research: Insights into the
organization’s motivation plays a key role in influencing both the quality and quantity of industry sector, market, and competition. This section includes market analysis,
work performance. Performance = Ability × Motivation × Technology . advantages, and disadvantages of competitors. 4. Organization & Management:
Importance of Motivation: 1. Higher Efficiency: Motivation drives individuals to Outline of the business structure, key team members, their roles, and expertise.
perform their tasks effectively, making the best use of skills and resources. This leads . 5. Marketing and Sales Strategy :
to increased productivity. 2. Reduces Absenteeism and Labour Turnover: Motivated How you plan to attract and retain customers, marketing channels, and sales tactics . 6.
employees are more committed to their work, reducing absenteeism and preventing Funding Requirement: If you are seeking funding, mention the amount needed, how it
high employee turnover. 3. Improves Human Relations: Encourages teamwork, will be used, and proposed terms. 7. Financial Projection : Financial
cooperation, and effective communication, fostering a positive work environment. statement including income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement, often
4. Facilitates Change: Motivated individuals adapt more easily to new technologies, covering a 3 - 5 year projection with profitability of business. 8. Appendix: Any
processes, and organizational changes. additional documents, data, or supplementary materials such as research data,
5.Strengthens Corporate Image: Organizations with motivated employees develop a advertisements, product research, etc
strong reputation, attracting skilled talent and business growth.
Types of Motivation- 1.Internal Motivation: The motivation which motivates the Entrepreneur Manager
person internally. Example: Accomplishment of a desired work well above the set Since the manager is responsible for day-to-
standard. Also, it gives a feeling of self-determination and freedom, making one feel Entrepreneur is more focused on long-
day operations, hence they are more focused
internally motivated for the next task. 2.External Motivation: It includes salary, term goals and strategies.
on short-term goals.
incentives, and also praise or punishment. Salary and incentives fall under positive
motivation. Entrepreneur has the ultimate control
The manager has limited control, and that too
over the entire business and decision-
within his department or his team.
Explain the different types of business structure ? Ans. The structure or content of making.
the business plan is as follows: (i) General Information –1. General Information and Entrepreneur is responsible for starting Manager is responsible for directing his team
address of the business 2. Promoters' background and experience 3. Rules and and running a business, therefore and department for achieving day-to-day
regulations of facilities of association 4. Shareholder of the business 5. Management overall responsibility lies with the objectives, as the smooth conduct of business
and organization setup. . entrepreneur. lies with the manager.
(ii) Business Venture – 1. Product profile and product detail 2. Services to be offered Entrepreneur is more willing to take risk
3. Scale of business 4. Type of employees required 5. Type of technology used. A manager is more focused on reducing the
on a higher level so as to achieve
(iii) Organization Plan – 1. Form of ownership 2. Administrative structure 3. risk, ensuring the smooth operation.
growth, success, and profit in return.
Identification of the management team. .
Entrepreneur focuses more on bringing
(iv) Manpower Planning – 1. Manpower requirements by skilled 2. semi-skilled or Manager mainly focuses on implementing ideas
new ideas, innovation, and business
unskilled number 3. Source of manpower supply 4. Cost of training and overall cost of effectively rather than creating new ones.
models.
the labor. .
(v) Production Plan – 1. Land and building 2. Location of the project 3. Raw materials Entrepreneur is the owner of the Manager is an employee of the business, hired
4. Capacity of the plant. . business. to perform specific roles.
(vi) Market Plan – 1. End users of the product 2. Present demand 3. Pricing policy
4. Availability of substitute or competitive products 5. New market policy to be available.
(vii) Marketing Plan – 1. Price 2. Distribution 3. Promotion. Similarities Between Entrepreneur and Manager – 1. Leadership quality
2. Both the persons are responsible for the success of the business
Business Idea: A business idea is a concept that outlines a potential product or service 3. Must be able to motivate and manage the team of employees
that can be offered in the market to generate profit. It forms the foundation of a 4. Both the entrepreneur and the manager should be able to work together in order to
business and includes aspects like target customers, value proposition, and revenue achieve company objectives .
model. Sources of Information for Business Ideas: 5. Need to have good communication skills to deal with employees and clients
1. Area Studies: Identifies the development potential of a backward area, district, or 6. Both require decision-making ability to handle business situations effectively
any other place. 2. Sub-sectoral Studies: Researches specific sub-sectors within an
industry to identify trends, gaps, and potential for innovation. 3. Resource-Based What Is Intrapreneurship? Intrapreneurship refers to a system within a company or
Studies: Identifies opportunities based on natural or industrial resources. 4. Import organization that allows employees to act like entrepreneurs. Intrapreneurs are self-
and Export Studies: Identifies the possibility of import and export trades, investigating motivated, proactive, and action-oriented individuals who take the initiative to develop
trade patterns, rules, and regulations. 5. Demand Forecasting: Analyzes historical innovative products or services. Unlike entrepreneurs, intrapreneurs operate within a
data and market trends to predict future demand and tailor business offerings company's safety net, absorbing any failures or losses. This support encourages
accordingly. Ways Entrepreneurs Discover New Business Ideas : creativity and risk-taking, allowing intrapreneurs to innovate without fearing personal
1. Communication: Engaging in discussions, exchanging ideas, and gathering financial loss. By leveraging their creativity and ingenuity, intrapreneurs can drive
different perspectives. 2. Location : Observing local markets to identify unmet needs significant innovation and transform their workplaces, similar to entrepreneurs.
and opportunities. 3. Getting Out of the Comfort Zone : Exploring new experiences, Companies can leverage their employees' entrepreneurial spirit by fostering
industries, or environments to spark innovative ideas. 4. Accepting Bad Ideas: Being intrapreneurship, leading to greater innovation, agility, and competitive advantage.
open to all ideas, even if they seem unviable at first, as they may lead to unique
solutions. 5. Absorbing Information: Continuously learning and staying updated on
industry trends, news, and innovations to inspire new ideas.

Competition Evaluation and Strategy Development – Competition evaluation is

an assessment of your competitors, their products or services, and strategies. It helps
in evaluating their strengths and weaknesses, and finding any gaps compared to your
own. It is an in-depth study of the current state of business in the industry or market. Talent Management - It is a process of recruiting and developing a productive
Competition evaluation helps to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and workforce that stays with the organization. It involves steps to help employees improve
threats (SWOT), setting the business in a particular direction before any major their skills with latest technologies and contribute to organizational growth.
changes. Benefits of Talent Management:
Strategy development follows this evaluation and involves creating a plan to improve 1. Minimize Unexpected Departure: Proper training prepares employees for future
your competitive position in the market. This may include differentiating your offerings, roles, allowing quick replacement in case of vacancies.
targeting specific customer segments, adjusting pricing, or enhancing marketing efforts. 2. Reduce Recruitment Cost: Skilled and motivated employees are more productive,
The goal is to leverage insights gained from the analysis to make informed decisions reducing the need for frequent hiring.
that lead to a sustainable advantage. Talent Management Process: 1. Recruit : Start the recruitment process.
Steps for Creating a Competitive Analysis: 2. Hire: Onboard the selected candidate. 3. Develop: Enhance employee skills through
1. Gather Information: Collect as much information as possible about competitors’ training. 4. Engage: Assign projects using the training received. 5. Perform: Monitor
products, pricing, market strategies, and advertising strategies from websites, reports, performance to assess training impact. 6.Recognize: Acknowledge Employee
customer feedback, and other sources. Achievements, Monetary, or Otherwise 7. Plan: Schedule Future Training as Needed.
2. Identify Competitors: Identify both direct competitors (offering similar
products/services to the same target market) and indirect competitors (offering Recruitment : It is a process by which the organization attracts, selects, and hires.
alternatives or substitutes) and evaluate them in detail. Various steps are involved in recruitment, as under:
3. Analyze Strengths and Weaknesses: Analyze the gathered information to determine 1. Identify the Hiring Need: In this step, the hiring need is assessed and various job
the strengths and weaknesses of each competitor, and identify opportunities you can roles are identified which require filling.
leverage in your own business strategy. 2. Job Description: All the details regarding the job position along with role,
4. Compare Strategies: Compare your strategies with those of your competitors. responsibilities, and required qualification are given.
Evaluate areas where you are strong or lacking, and make improvements where a 3. Source of Candidates: The sourcing of candidates is done in two ways – internal
better outcome is possible. and external recruitment.
5. Review and Update Regularly: It is a healthy practice to conduct a competitive 4. Screening and Shortlisting: Once applications are received, the next step is to
analysis at least once a year. This review acts as a foundational plan for improving screen relevant ones. Methods used are Resume Screening, Pre-employment Test,
strategies and staying competitive in a dynamic market. Telephonic or Video Screening.
5. Interview Process: After all screening steps, the interview of the shortlisted
Market Analysis → It is a systematic gathering, recording, and analysis of data with candidate is conducted.
reference to customers, competition, and the market. This new market can be divided 6. Reference Check: Once the candidate is selected, reference checks are done,
into different segments depending upon age, gender, location, and also income of including work history.
society. Objective of Market Analysis: 1. To provide the base for proper planning 7. Job Offer: After reference checks, a final job offer letter is issued. The candidate
and to explore new markets. 2. To predict or explore the existing competition. may negotiate the salary with higher authorities.
3. To find out the likes and dislikes of the customers. 8. Onboarding: This step includes orientation, training, and mentorship.
Importance of Market Analysis: 1.Understanding of existing customers: Market
analysis helps in understanding the preferences of customers in the use of a product or The financial organisation and management refers to the scheduled structuring and
service. handling of finance within an organisation. It includes the scheme and planning. The
2. Why do customers reject your product/service: It should be associated with various positions in the hierarchy are given roles and responsibilities as per
feedback from the customers to bring improvement. designation.
3. Identifying the potential customers: New customers can be identified by 1. Financial Organisation: It is mainly focused on the management of various
understanding who is likely to use your product. financial resources.
4. Resolving business problems: Market analysis helps you find the causes of a. CFO (Chief Financial Officer): He is the head of financial organisation and is
business problems. It’s an effective way to assess and correct them. responsible for overall financial health of the organisation.
5. Developing business strategy: In business marketing, it helps you decide on b. Finance Manager: He is strictly responsible to oversee the day-to-day financial
aspects like pricing, packaging, and distribution. transactions.
6. Recognizing market trends: Through market analysis, you can identify market c. Accountant: He is responsible for recording various transactions.
gaps in any selected market. d. Internal Auditors: They are responsible for internal reviews and ensuring accuracy
and compliance in financial records.
Marketing - Marketing is the management process through which the product or 2. Financial Structure: It involves various funding sources like equity financing or debt
services move from company to the consumer. The process of marketing includes the financing.
coordination of four elements i.e., 4 P’s: Product - Price - Place - Promotional Strategy. 3. Financial Control and Policies: Under this section, various rules and regulations
Importance of Marketing: 1. Marketing increases the sales: Since the consumers are defined along with their limits of sanctioning and the process of sanction. Financial
are affected subconsciously through various ads, media, and channels to purchase the powers are delegated at different levels.
product, and also since increasing the sales & generating profit is the main criteria.
2. Maintaining the reputation: It takes years to build up a good reputation and to Financial Management: It involves strategies, planning, controlling and monitoring the
sustain that reputation in the market. And also to sustain in the market, marketing helps financial resources for stability & profitability.
to well establish any new business, to promote any new idea. The key functions are: a) Accessing the need: The needs of the organisation are
3. Marketing promotes products awareness to the public: For every business to be identified, segregated, and prioritised.
successful, it is essential that their product reach out to customers. No organization or b) Budgeting: Preparing a financial plan for the financial year and allocating funds to
company can sit idle and wait for their product by themselves. different areas.
Functions of marketing : 1. The Market Share: This segment deals with the present c) Financial Control: Ensuring that financial resources are used effectively and as per
market share of the company and if the company or organization wants to increase its plan by monitoring expenses and making adjustments as needed.
market cap, they will have to chalk out marketing and production plans for achieving d) Cash Flow Management: Managing the inflow and outflow of cash to ensure
the same, along with description of role and responsibility of each & every liquidity and smooth business operations.
representative. e) Risk Assessment: Unexpected risks are generally anticipated and incorporated
2. Standardization and Grading: It refers to the determination of standards regarding under financial management.
the shape, size, colour, quantity & quality etc., with respect to particular product. It
helps in ensuring that the product pertains to standards. Grading refers to classification Patent: Patent is an exclusive right given to the person or the organization to design or
of the product into different categories on the basis of size & quality. a production of product. It includes the power of exclusion. The patent is necessary for
3. Packaging: It means producing the package for the product. The main purpose of the protection of the inventor. It makes the product more marketable. The validity period
packaging is to save the product from any kind of damage during its transit. for patent is 20 years. The expired tenure for patent is called considerable patent.
Also, the packaging helps the handling and care of the product to the time of If the patent differs it is of 3 types.
distribution. Types of Patent: 1) Utility Patent: It refers to the type of patent for any new product or
4. Branding: The brand name serves as the identity for your company and also, it process, machine or composition of matter comes under this category. The general
performs various functions like:a. Helps in advertising your product. b. Helps in building duration of this patent is 20 years.
an image in market. c. Helps in identification of product. 2) Design Patent: As the name suggests it is design and original design for example:
the design of any machine or product is a key factor for marketing field. So design is to
Accounting:It is the procedure of recording, summarizing and analyzing the financial be frequently patented.
transaction of a business. It helps in providing financial information about business and 3) Plant Patent: If the person or the organization invents or discovers any new variety
also helps in taking the informed decisions regarding management of resources, of plant, means it has not been modified or hybrid from the existing one, it is also
money market etc. The various functions of marketing are: patented. The validity of this kind is also 20 years.
1. Financial Reporting: Accountant maintains the business financial transaction,
balance sheet including P&L account and cash flow statements. License: It is a legal permission granted by the government or an organization to a
2. Budgeting: Accounting helps in making the budgeting and also forecasting the particular vendor or company to produce or distribute products independently for a
future trends that the company might experience in terms of finance. specific period, under defined terms and conditions.
3. Tax Management & Compliance: Accounting also helps in the management and The concept of licensing exists mainly for two reasons. 1. When a brand franchisee
compliance to all regulatory authority and that avoids legal delay of financial penalties. wants to expand globally. 2. When there is sufficient acceptance of a product, making it
4. Financial Analysis & Decision Making: It is clear from above discussion that by ready for commercialization.
accounting and analyzing the financial statements of a company that is balance sheet, Licensing is beneficial to the brand franchisee because they are not required to invest
P&L account, and cash flow statement one can take effective decision regarding future in capital, operations, or other development activities. Instead, they operate under
transaction instead of expanding what is now wasted. agreed-upon terms that allow them to retain a certain percentage of the revenue, while
the remaining percentage goes to the organization that granted the license.
Risk analysis- Risk analysis is a comprehensive process used by businesses to
identify, evaluate and prioritize the risks that could affect their operation, profitability, Target market → A group of potential buyers that you identify to sell your product and
and growth. services.
Steps involved in Risk Analysis Process: 1. Identification of Risk: The first step is Why Target Market identification is important? By starting a new business, it is
identifying all risks, which may be due to internal or external factors. They could be essential to know who your customer is and also essential to know the size and
operational or associated with external faults, e.g., weather affecting profit. number of customers. Also, selecting the place and features of product is also
2. Risk Assessment: After identifying risks, assess each one based on its likelihood important and also price of product must be identified. The customer is always new and
and potential impact on the business. not every time. This strategy helps a lot to start a new business. It always helps to plan
3. Risk Prioritization: Once risks are assessed, prioritize them to identify which ones in the business.
need urgent attention. For example, travel risks like theft may require strict guarding. Identifying the Target Market The word "Target Market" depends upon the population.
4. Risk Mitigation & Control: After prioritization, companies develop strategies and It is not everywhere. If you identify your product then it becomes successful and there
alternatives to handle each risk effectively and protect profits. is only one path. It becomes essential to identify your target market.
5. Monitoring and Reviewing: In the final step, monitor the strategies used and review Advantages: 1. It helps and easy to interrelate the data. 2. It helps to evaluate your
their performance to ensure the company is moving in the right direction and achieving product with the competition. 3. It helps to build the business strategy. 4. It helps to
results.
identify the various selling methods. 5. It helps to identify the various market. 6. It helps
to identify if there is any resistance to the product.

Design and estimation and costing of a load substation installation having

maximum 5 kW load.
Assumptions:
Height = Both 3.5 m , Surface connection reserve of height = 6 m
Surface wire to 4th floor along two sides surface after pipe and fitting
Selection of conductor for elevator preferable , Total connected load in Watt = 5000 W
= 5 kW , Total load in Ampere = 5000 ÷ 230 = 21.7 A
Diversity factor: 60% of 230 V = 13 A (Approx)
To meet the present load requirement and to provide for future requirements,
considering the experience of building expansion, extension, and the addition of other
electrical points in the extended building:
1. A weatherproof cable of higher rating (with a 15% margin) may be used.
2. A weatherproof cable of size 10 mm² rated at 34 Ampere, may be used.
50 m of 10 mm² TC weatherproof cable (34 A) at ₹45/m, 30 m of 50 mm GI pipe at
₹200/m, 40 m earth wire HWG GI at ₹20/m, and 40 m of 8 SWG wire at ₹25/m are
proposed. 4 pipe bends (50 mm) at ₹100 each, 20 pipe clamps (50 mm) at ₹15 each, 2
stay wire clamps at ₹50 each, 15 GI pipe saddles (50 mm) at ₹30 each, and 4 hooked
holds (11 mm × 150 mm) at ₹50 each will be used. 2 angle iron brackets (50×50×6
mm) at ₹300 each, 4 weak clamps with nut/bolt at ₹50 each, and 4 bolts (15 mm × 160
mm) with nuts at ₹40 each are included. 1 iron-clad meter board (25×30 cm) at ₹700,
20 m stay wire (7 strand, 10 SWG) at ₹35/m, 1 stay box at ₹300, and 1 stay insulator
at ₹150 are planned. 20 aluminum clips (7.5 mm) at ₹10 each, cement-sand-concrete
lump sum ₹1000, and 2 earth thimbles (3 A) with nut/bolt at ₹50 each are included. 80
m of 25 mm PVC pipe (heavy gauge) at ₹35/m, 10 elbows (25 mm) at ₹30 each, 30
PVC clamps at ₹10 each, and 10 m MS conduit saddle at ₹50/m will be installed. 1
MCB isolator (32 A) at ₹450, 1 switch fuse unit at ₹300, 1 earthing chamber and field
board (30 A) at ₹150 Total Cost - ₹20,410. Add 5% of ₹20,410 (labour cost) total –
22000 approx.

Calculation of Material required for service connection

Light, Fan, and Sub-circuit = 5 x 800W = 4000W
two 15 amp Sub-circuit = 2 x 1000W = 2000W
Total load: 6000W
I = P / V =6000 / 230=26.9 amp
Total connected load for both floors = 26.9 + 26.9 = 53.8 amp
Approximately = 54 amp
Diversity factor = 60% of 54 amp = 32 amp
To meet the present load requirement and plan for future expansion of the building and
additional electrical plant in the existing building, weatherproof cables of 50 % higher
rating may be used. The weather proof cable of size 16 mm square of twin core PVC
insulated to carry a load of 43 ampere may be used.
The material required includes 4 shakle insulators with U clamp, nut & bolt and other
fittings (500/-), 2 mild steel threaded spindles with hook 15mm dia, 150mm long to hold
earth wire (200/-), 31.5m of 8 SWG GI wire from pole to angle iron and angle iron to
meter board (500/-), 46m of 16mm ACSR conductor for joint phase and neutral
(1500/-), 1m MS angle iron bracket of size 50mm × 50mm × 6mm dia (150/-), 1 hook
foundation bolt of 25mm dia and 300mm dia (500/-), 10m weatherproof cable of size
16mm² carrying 43 Amp current (550/-), 1 reel insulator (200/-), 20 machine screws
30mm for fixing building and socket (440/-), 15 aluminium clips 50mm long to tack
weatherproof cable (560/-), 2 earthing thimbles 30 Amp rating (200/-), 2 iron clad meter
boards of size 25cm × 30cm (100/-), and 16 nut and bolts to hold energy meter of size
10mm dia and 150mm long (510/-).

Financing methods available for start-ups in India - 1.Own Capital

(Bootstrapping): Entrepreneurs fund their business using personal savings, assets, or
reinvested profits. This avoids equity dilution and external interference but carries high
personal financial risk. Best suited for early stages or small-scale businesses.
2. Loans: Start-ups can secure funds from banks, NBFCs, and microfinance
institutions. Loans can be secured (collateral-backed) or unsecured. Many government
schemes like CGTMSE offer collateral-free loans to make credit accessible for small
businesses.
3. Angel Investors: Affluent individuals who invest personal money into start-ups at
early stages, often in exchange for equity or convertible debt. Angels also bring
expertise, mentorship, and industry connections, helping start-ups grow strategically.
4. Family and Friends: Capital raised from personal contacts based on trust. It’s
usually informal and flexible but requires clear legal agreements to prevent
misunderstandings and protect relationships.
5. Bank Loans: Formal financing provided by banks with structured repayment terms.
Many banks offer special loan products for start-ups under schemes like MUDRA,
Stand-Up India, and SIDBI, though they often require a strong credit history.
6.Government Grants: Non-repayable funds from government initiatives that support
innovation, R&D, and scaling efforts. Schemes like Startup India Seed Fund Scheme
(SISFS), Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), and Biotechnology Ignition Grant (BIG) reduce
financial risk for start-ups.