PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY: DEFORESTATION PREVENTION

IN THE ECOSYSTEM

A Research Presented to the Faculty of the Urdaneta City University

College of Criminal Justice Education

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By:

Tan, Lester Jon O.

Plastina, Sidney Moniko G.
Benito, Borg’s Cedrick C.
Jover, Elmer Joshua M.
Nama, Viva Angela M.
Tugade, Leo Jay T.
Melendez, Mhel B

January 2025
 APPROVAL SHEET

This is certify that this research study entitled “PROTECTING

BIODIVERSITY: DEFORESTATION PREVENTION ACTIVITIES IN THE

ECOSYSTEM”, prepared and submitted by Lester Jon O. Tan, Sidney Moniko G.

Plastina, Borg’s Cedrick C. Benito, Elmer Joshua M. Jover, Viva Angela M. Nama,

Leo Jay T. Tugade, Mhel B. Melendez was successfully defended and approved on

May 28, 2024 with a rating of ______.

KARLA TRISHA M. TAACA RACQUEL F. FERRER, Med Math, LPT

Critic Reader Statistician

ALBERT D. VALERIO, MS CRIM

Adviser

HENRIZEL SOLIVEN, RCRIM MAILYN CAMPOS, PhD Crim

Panel Member Panel Member

OSWALDO LAPEÑA, MS CRIM

Chairman

This research is hereby accepted in partial fulfillment of the course

requirements in Criminological Research and Statistics II for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

JOSEPH D. MIRANDA, MS Crim

Dean, College of Criminal Justice Education

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is the time to thank all the people who played such a key role in

helping the researchers to finish this study. It is an honor to extend their warmest

gratitude to those people who helped, contributed, and inspired them to finish

this simple piece of art.

Mr. Joseph D. Miranda, Dean of the College of Criminal Justice Education

our adviser, for giving his suggestions, comments and constructive criticisms in

the conduct and completion of this study;

Mr. Oswaldo P. Lapeña, the Chairman – Panel of Evaluators, for the

unending support and constructive criticism;

Ms. Mailyn D. Campos, a panel member, for the unending support and

constructive criticism; for giving his suggestions, comments and constructive

criticisms in the conduct and completion of this study;

Ms. Henrizel B. Soliven, a panel member, for the unending support and

constructive criticism;

Mr. Albert D. Valerio, the adviser, for giving us guidance in enhancing

our study and for his time to patiently correct and gave us suggestions to make

this study success. We are sincerely grateful for all the help and understanding

you gave;

Ms. Racquel F. Ferrer, our statistician, who give us pieces of advice how

iii
to choose our respondents, how to gather our data, and compute the data

collected from the respondents.

Ms. Karla Trisha M. Taaca, our critic reader who check the grammar of

our study, guide us on the proper use of words and make our study easier to

understand by the readers.

To their loving Parents, Relatives and Friends for their support morally,

emotionally, financially, and spiritually, they have given from the start up to the

end of the study.

iv
 DEDICATION
We humbly dedicate this research to our almighty God who never failed

to support and give us the strength, knowledge, and power in

making this piece possible. To our beloved parents who

neverhesitate to support our capabilities.

To our family, relatives, and friends

who give us their moral support,

And lastly to our instructors

who inspired, helped, and

extends their effort.

TAN
PLASTINA
BENITO
JOVER
MELENDEZ
TUGADE
NAMA

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii

DEDICATION v

TABLE OF CONTENTS. vi

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF TABLES ix

CHAPTER 1

Background of the Study 1

Theoretical Framework 9

Conceptual Framework 12

Research Paradigm 15

Statement of the Problem 16

Hypothesis 17

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 17

Significance of the Study 18

Definition of Terms 19

CHAPTER 2

Research Design 21

Population and locale of the Study 22

vii
 Data Gathering Instrument 22

Date Gathering Procedure 23

Statistical Treatment of Data 23

Ethical Considerations 25

CHAPTER 3 27

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA

CHAPTER 4

Summary 44

Salient Findings 44

Conclusion 45

Recommendations 46

BIBLIOGRAPHY 49

APPENDICES

A. LETER OF THE ADVISER 53

B. LETTER OF THE DEAN 54

C. LETTER TO THE STATISTICIAN 55

D. LETTER TO THE CRITIC READER 56

E. LETTER OF RESPONDENTS 57

F. VALIDATION LETTER 58

G. VALIDATION TOOL 59

H. SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 60

viii
 I. DOCUMENTATION 65

J. TABLES / ADMINISTRATIVE OF DATE / RESULTS 65

K. GRAMMARLY CHECK / PLAGIARISM RESULTS 66

L. CERTIFICATION FROM CRITIC READER 67

CURRICULUM VITAE 68

ix
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE

1 Level of Awareness of the community to the various 27

deforestation prevention activities in San Roque
San Manuel, Pangasinan

2 Significant difference between the level of awareness of the 31

respondents to the Deforestation prevention activities in

San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan

3 Level of Implementation of Deforestation Prevention 32

Activities in San Roque San Manuel Pangasinan

4 Significant difference between the perception of the 35

respondents as to the level of implementation of
deforestation prevention activities in San Roque,
San Manuel, Pangasinan

5 Degree of seriousness of the problems encountered 36

in the deforestation prevention activities in San
Roque San Manuel, Pangasinan

6 Proposed measures to address the problems encountered 40

in the implementation of Deforestation Prevention Activities
in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan

x
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
1 Research Paradigm 11

xi
 ABSTRACT

Name of the Researchers :

TAN, LESTER JON O
PLASTINA, SIDNEY MONIKO G.
BENITO, BORG’S CEDRICK C
JOVER, ELMER JOSHUA M.
NAMA, VIVA ANGELA M.
TUGADE, LEO JAY T.
MELENDEZ, MHEL B.

Institution : Urdaneta City University

Urdaneta City

Course : Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Semester and School Year : Second Semester

SY 2023-2024

Adviser : Albert D. Valerio, Ms Crim

Title of Thesis : Protecting Biodiversity: Deforestation

Prevention in the Ecosystem

This study is entitled Protecting Biodiversity Deforestation Prevention in

the Ecosystem. This study aims to determine the level of awareness of the

respondents to the various deforestation prevention activities in San Roque San

Manuel, Pangasinan, the significant difference between the level of awareness

of the respondents, the level of implementation of Deforestation Prevention

Activities, the significant difference between the perception of the respondents

as to the level of implementation, the degree of seriousness of the problems

xii
encountered, and the proposed measures to address the problems encountered.

The study employs a descriptive research design with a total respondents count

of one hundred (100), which was conducted at San Roque San Manuel,

Pangasinan. The primary tool used was a survey questionnaire.

Base on the data gathered, the following were drawn findings: (1) The

level of awareness of the respondent to the various Deforestation Prevention

Activities in San Roque San Manuel, Pangasinan, (2) There is no significant

difference between the level of awareness of the respondents to the

Deforestation Prevention Activities in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan, (3)

The Level of Implementation of Deforestation Prevention Activities in San Roque

San Manuel Pangasinan, (4) There is no significant difference between the level

of awareness of the respondents to the Deforestation Prevention Activities in San

Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan, (5) The Degree of seriousness of the problems

encountered in the deforestation prevention activities in San Roque San Manuel,

Pangasinan, (6) There are proposed measures to address the problems

encountered in the implementation of Deforestation Prevention Activities in San

Roque San Manuel, Pangasinan.

Based from the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) The

respondents are not fully aware on the various Deforestation Prevention Activities

in San Roque, San Manuel, (2) The Proposed recommendations to address the

problems encountered in Deforestation prevention activities are beneficial, (3)

The deforestation prevention activities in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan

xiii
are Much Implemented, (4) Problems encountered on the Deforestation

prevention activities in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan are considered

"Much Serious", (5) The absence of a significant difference in the level of

awareness among respondents suggests a consistent dissemination of

information across different demographic groups, indicating successful

communication and awareness campaigns.

Based in the findings and conclusions, the following recommendation were

drawn: (1) The output of the study and the proposed measures must be adapted

and implemented, and (2) A follow study of the same kind must be conducted to

enhance the level of awareness and level of implementation.

xiv
xv
 1

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

Biodiversity is critical to the health and sustainability of ecosystems, yet it

is under severe threat due to deforestation. Deforestation not only leads to

habitat loss but also disrupts ecological balance, affecting species diversity and

ecosystem services. The growing concerns over climate change and

environmental degradation have led researchers worldwide to emphasize the

urgent need for deforestation prevention to protect biodiversity (Gibson et al.,

2020). Deforestation has been one of the primary drivers of biodiversity loss,

with approximately 1.6 billion people depending on forests for their livelihoods,

highlighting the interdependence between human activities and forest

ecosystems (FAO, 2022).

Globally, the Amazon rainforest in Brazil has been a focal point of

deforestation studies. The deforestation rate in the Amazon has skyrocketed in

recent years, significantly affecting biodiversity, leading to the extinction of plant

and animal species and the disruption of carbon sequestration processes (Silveira

& Souza, 2019). Furthermore, a study in Indonesia revealed that deforestation

due to palm oil plantations has had a detrimental effect on wildlife, particularly

on endangered species such as the orangutan, further exacerbating biodiversity

loss (Ruslandi et al., 2020). Protecting ecosystems like the Amazon and

Southeast Asian rainforests is critical in addressing global biodiversity challenges.

 2

Efforts to combat deforestation have been met with mixed results. While

some countries, such as Costa Rica, have implemented successful reforestation

and conservation policies, others continue to struggle with illegal logging and

land clearing for agriculture and urbanization (Sierra & Camacho, 2021).

According to research conducted in Malaysia, governmental policies on

sustainable land use, combined with community engagement, have shown

promise in curbing deforestation (Azmi & Shaari, 2021). These initiatives

highlight the importance of coordinated efforts between governments, local

communities, and international organizations to prevent deforestation and

promote biodiversity conservation.

Studies in African nations, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo,

have demonstrated the profound impact of deforestation on biodiversity,

particularly in the Congo Basin. The loss of forest cover in this region has resulted

in severe disruptions to the ecosystem, including reduced habitat for endemic

species and alterations in the water cycle (Bennett & Zegeye, 2020). As the

second-largest rainforest in the world, the Congo Basin plays a crucial role in

global climate regulation and biodiversity protection.

Moreover, researchers in Australia have emphasized the role of fire-

induced deforestation in threatening biodiversity. The devastating bushfires of

2020 led to significant habitat loss, particularly for species such as koalas and

kangaroos, with long-term ecological consequences (Morrison et al., 2021).

Similarly, in the Arctic regions, deforestation due to climate change and human
 3

activities has caused habitat degradation, further threatening biodiversity in

these fragile ecosystems (Cowie & Smith, 2020).

The role of indigenous communities in forest conservation has also gained

attention in recent studies. In Peru, research highlighted the effectiveness of

indigenous land management practices in preserving forest ecosystems and

biodiversity (Tucker & Ramirez, 2021). Indigenous knowledge and traditional

ecological practices have been found to play a vital role in maintaining

biodiversity and preventing deforestation in many parts of the world.

In addition, technological advancements in satellite monitoring and data

collection have improved deforestation tracking, allowing for more effective

intervention strategies. A study in Canada demonstrated the use of satellite

technology to monitor forest cover changes and implement conservation policies

that have successfully reduced deforestation rates (Turner et al., 2022). These

tools provide valuable data for policymakers and conservationists to address

deforestation on a global scale.

The significance of international cooperation cannot be overstated when

it comes to protecting biodiversity and preventing deforestation. The Convention

on Biological Diversity (CBD) and other international agreements have been

instrumental in promoting global efforts to protect ecosystems (Johnson et al.,

2023). However, despite these initiatives, much work remains to be done to

achieve sustainable forest management and protect biodiversity for future

generations.
 4

In the Philippines, deforestation remains a critical environmental issue,

with serious implications for biodiversity and ecosystem stability. The loss of

forest cover contributes to habitat destruction, species extinction, and disruption

of essential ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration and water

regulation. According to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources

(DENR), the country has lost approximately 10 million hectares of forest since

the early 20th century, primarily due to illegal logging, agricultural expansion,

and infrastructure development (DENR, 2019).

In Palawan, one of the most biologically diverse provinces, deforestation

poses a severe threat to endemic species and natural habitats. As the "last

frontier" of the Philippines, Palawan has faced significant pressure from both

legal and illegal activities, such as logging and mining, which have drastically

reduced its forest cover. A study by Calizo and Mendoza (2020) reported that

Palawan’s forest loss from 2000 to 2018 amounted to over 400,000 hectares,

leading to the degradation of ecosystems and a decline in biodiversity.

In Northern Mindanao, illegal logging has also contributed to

deforestation, particularly in protected areas. According to Abayao and Santos

(2021), the region experienced increased forest degradation between 2015 and

2020 due to unsustainable agricultural practices and commercial logging

operations. The authors stressed that local communities, particularly Indigenous

peoples, are often marginalized in conservation efforts, despite their knowledge

and reliance on forest ecosystems for their livelihoods.

 5

In addition to Palawan and Northern Mindanao, the Sierra Madre mountain

range, which spans several provinces, including Cagayan, Isabela, and Aurora,

serves as a critical habitat for many threatened species. Deforestation in this area

has accelerated in recent years due to infrastructure projects such as roads and

dams. Ong and Morales (2019) highlighted the importance of protecting the

Sierra Madre’s forests, noting that they serve as a buffer against natural

disasters, particularly typhoons, which frequently hit the eastern Philippines.

Efforts to combat deforestation have been implemented through various

government programs. The National Greening Program (NGP), launched in 2011,

aims to reforest denuded areas across the country. However, several studies

have pointed out its limitations. In Quezon Province, Domingo and Vergara

(2020) reported that while the NGP succeeded in planting millions of seedlings,

many failed to survive due to poor species-site matching and inadequate post-

planting care. This indicates the need for more strategic and sustainable

reforestation practices.

Local governments also play a crucial role in deforestation prevention. In

Bukidnon, community-based forest management (CBFM) programs have been

implemented with moderate success. Garcia and Labajo (2021) found that

engaging local communities in forest management significantly reduced illegal

logging activities, as local stakeholders took a more active role in monitoring and

protecting forest resources.

 6

Despite these efforts, challenges remain. In the Cordillera Administrative

Region, illegal logging persists, particularly in the provinces of Benguet and

Ifugao. Cruz and Pascual (2019) identified weak law enforcement and corruption

as major obstacles to halting deforestation. They called for stricter penalties for

illegal loggers and more transparent governance in the implementation of

environmental policies.

Deforestation not only threatens biodiversity but also exacerbates climate

change by reducing the capacity of forests to act as carbon sinks. In Zamboanga

Peninsula, recent research by Salazar and Alonzo (2022) showed that

deforestation in the region increased carbon emissions by 15% between 2015

and 2020. The authors emphasized the need for more comprehensive forest

conservation strategies that incorporate climate mitigation goals.

In Pangasinan, particularly in towns such as , San Manuel and nearby

areas like Urdaneta, Tayug, Rosales, and Asingan, efforts to curb deforestation

have been ongoing. These towns, like many others across the country, are home

to rich biodiversity and ecosystems that are vital to both the environment and

local livelihoods. According to a study by Luna et al. (2020), the forests of

Pangasinan are home to several endangered species of flora and fauna that are

increasingly threatened by human activities, including illegal logging and land

conversion for agriculture. The study emphasized the need for stricter

implementation of deforestation prevention measures in order to protect these

species and maintain the ecological balance in the region.

 7

The implementation of deforestation prevention activities in San Manuel,

Pangasinan, specifically in San Roque, is of particular importance due to the

presence of the San Roque Dam, one of the largest dams in Southeast Asia. The

dam’s surrounding areas are rich in biodiversity, and maintaining the forest cover

is essential for preventing soil erosion, maintaining water quality, and sustaining

the local wildlife. A study by Pascua et al. (2019) highlighted the critical role that

forests play in regulating the water flow and preventing sedimentation in the

dam, which could otherwise lead to reduced water storage capacity and

increased flooding risks during the rainy season.

Various deforestation prevention activities have been implemented in San

Manuel and its neighboring towns, including reforestation projects, community-

based forest management programs, and public awareness campaigns. A study

by Bautista and Garcia (2021) examined the effectiveness of these activities in

San Manuel and found that while there had been some success in reducing illegal

logging, there were still significant challenges in terms of enforcement and

community participation. The study recommended increasing public awareness

and providing more resources for the enforcement of environmental laws to

ensure the long-term success of deforestation prevention efforts.

Similarly, a study by Soriano et al. (2022) in Mangatarem, Pangasinan,

found that local government units (LGUs) played a key role in implementing

deforestation prevention activities, but faced constraints such as limited funding

and lack of technical expertise. The study called for stronger partnerships
 8

between LGUs, the national government, and non-governmental organizations to

address these challenges and ensure the sustainability of these efforts. In

addition, it was noted that public participation and awareness were crucial for

the success of these programs, as local communities are often the frontliners in

forest conservation efforts.

In Tayug, a study by Reyes et al. (2023) explored the perceptions of local

farmers regarding deforestation prevention activities. The study found that while

many farmers understood the importance of protecting the forest, they often

prioritized short-term economic gains over long-term environmental sustainability

due to financial pressures. This highlights the need for more comprehensive

support programs for farmers, including alternative livelihood options and

financial incentives for participating in reforestation and forest protection

activities.

In terms of policy implementation, a study by De la Cruz et al. (2020) in

Umingan, Pangasinan, highlighted the importance of local environmental

ordinances in complementing national deforestation prevention policies. The

study found that when local ordinances were well-implemented and supported

by the community, they significantly reduced illegal logging activities. However,

the study also pointed out that the success of these ordinances depended on

strong leadership and the active involvement of local stakeholders.

The rationale for conducting this study stemmed from the need to address the

ongoing threat of deforestation in San Roque, San Manuel, and surrounding

 9

towns in Pangasinan. Despite the implementation of various deforestation

prevention activities, there was a need to evaluate their effectiveness, particularly

in terms of public awareness and community participation. As noted by Austria

et al. (2022), the success of environmental programs largely depended on the

level of awareness and engagement of local communities. Therefore, this study

aimed to provide insights into the current state of deforestation prevention efforts

in San Roque and identified areas for improvement to ensure the protection of

biodiversity in the region.

Given the proximity of San Roque to the San Roque Dam and its ecological

significance, it was crucial to assess the level of implementation of deforestation

prevention activities in this area. The researchers also aimed to identify the

challenges encountered in the implementation of these activities and proposed

solutions to address these challenges. By doing so, the study hoped to contribute

to the ongoing efforts to protect biodiversity and promote sustainable

development in San Manuel, Pangasinan, and other neighboring towns.

Theoretical framework

This is anchored on three key theories: Ecological Restoration Theory,

Sustainable Forest Management Theory, and the Social and Economic Drivers of

Deforestation Theory. These theories provide a foundation for understanding

deforestation prevention activities in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan, and

guide the evaluation of their implementation and effectiveness.

 10

The Ecological Restoration Theory (Clewell & Aronson, 2019) focuses on

the process of actively assisting the recovery of ecosystems that have been

degraded, damaged, or destroyed. The goal is to restore ecosystems to their

original, natural condition or to a functional state that supports ecological

integrity and human well-being. Restoration efforts often involve reintroducing

native species, improving habitat structure, and promoting biodiversity to restore

the ecosystem's balance and resilience.

In relation to this study, Ecological Restoration Theory is crucial in

understanding the importance of reestablishing biodiversity in San Roque, San

Manuel, Pangasinan, through deforestation prevention activities. The study

explores whether these activities are effectively promoting ecosystem recovery

by assessing respondents' awareness of the need to restore native species and

protect biodiversity. This theory also helps analyze how the implementation of

restoration programs contributes to achieving long-term ecological balance in the

area, thus supporting both the local environment and community livelihoods.

The Sustainable Forest Management Theory (FAO, 2020) emphasizes the

need to manage forests in a way that balances environmental, social, and

economic factors to ensure the continued provision of forest resources and

services. This theory highlights the importance of maintaining the health and

vitality of forest ecosystems, including biodiversity, water quality, and soil

conservation, while allowing for sustainable resource use by current and future
 11

generations. It also stresses the need for effective forest regeneration and

minimizing deforestation.

In this study, Sustainable Forest Management Theory is applied to

examine the level of implementation of deforestation prevention activities in San

Roque, San Manuel. It helps frame the study’s inquiry into whether local

initiatives are effectively managing forest resources and preventing further

deforestation, without compromising the needs of the local population. The

theory also underscores the importance of balancing economic development with

environmental conservation, which is a critical issue in Pangasinan, where

deforestation pressures arise from agriculture and urbanization (Ortega et al.,

2020). By assessing the level of implementation of sustainable practices, the

study contributes to understanding how well these activities are preserving forest

ecosystems in the area.

The Social and Economic Drivers of Deforestation Theory (Hughes et al.,

2021) identifies the underlying socioeconomic factors that contribute to

deforestation, such as poverty, land tenure insecurity, and high demand for

agricultural land and natural resources. This theory explains that in many

developing areas, deforestation is driven by immediate economic needs, with

communities resorting to clearing forests for farming, resource extraction, and

urban development. It highlights how addressing these drivers requires

improving economic opportunities, securing land rights, and promoting

sustainable land use.

 12

This theory is directly relevant to the study, as the study sought to

determine how socioeconomic conditions affect the success of deforestation

prevention activities. The research investigated whether economic pressures,

such as the need for agricultural land and resource extraction, have influenced

deforestation patterns in the area. By exploring the awareness and perceptions

of respondents, the study assessed how well local initiatives address these drivers

and what measures can be proposed to mitigate the economic factors

contributing to deforestation.

Conceptual Framework

The study focused on assessing the implementation of deforestation

prevention activities in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan. It aimed to explore

the level of awareness, challenges, and perceptions related to these activities

while proposing measures to address the issues identified.

As per the provisions of R.A. 9003, or the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000, a comprehensive framework for protecting public

health and the environment was established, which included institutional

mechanisms, incentives, and penalties. Green laws, like R.A. 9003, focused on

the protection, conservation, utilization, and sustainable management of forests

and land-based resources, emphasizing the need for environmentally-sound

practices. This legislation also encouraged local government units (LGUs) to play
 13

a vital role in waste management and conservation efforts, along with promoting

public cooperation.

Additionally, Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) served as an essential

approach to mitigating deforestation. It integrated efforts to restore degraded

landscapes, improve biodiversity, and foster sustainable ecosystems. The study

adopted FLR principles in analyzing deforestation prevention activities, as FLR

addressed not only reforestation but also landscape-level restoration, enhancing

ecological health and resilience.

The research used the Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model to structure the

study. The IPO framework consisted of the following components: In the Input

stage, the study considered the level of awareness of the respondents regarding

the various deforestation prevention activities in San Roque, San Manuel,

Pangasinan, examined any significant differences in the respondents' level of

awareness, assessed the level of implementation of these activities, identified

significant differences in the respondents' perception of the implementation, and

evaluated the degree of seriousness of the problems encountered during

implementation.

In the Process stage, the study involved the formulation of a survey

questionnaire, the design of the research, selection of the population and locale,

and the use of data-gathering instruments and procedures. Data analysis,

summarization, and conclusions were made, and recommendations were

 14

formulated to address the problems encountered in deforestation prevention

activities.

Lastly, in the Output stage, the analysis of the variables led to the

development of proposed measures aimed at addressing the challenges in

implementing deforestation prevention activities in San Roque, San Manuel,

Pangasinan. By employing this conceptual framework, the study sought to

provide comprehensive insights into the effectiveness of deforestation prevention

activities, identifying gaps in implementation, and proposing actionable solutions

to enhance forest conservation and sustainability in the community.

.
 15

Input Process Output

1. Level of
awareness of the
community to the
various
deforestation Research design
prevention activities Population and
of San Roque, San locale of the study
Manuel Pangasinan. Data gathering
2. Level of instrument
Implementation of Data Gathering Proposed measures
deforestation Procedure to address the
prevention activities Survey problems
in San Roque, San Questionnaire encountered on the
Manuel Pangasinan. Summary, search and rescue
3. Degree of Conclusions and operation on the
seriousness of the Recommendations beaches.
problems
encountered in
theimplementation
of Deforestation
Prevention Activities
in San Roque San
Manuel,
Pangasinan.

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

 16

Statement of the problem

The study determined the implementation of deforestation prevention

activities in San Roque, San Manuel Pangasinan.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of awareness of the respondents to the various

Deforestation Prevention Activities in San Roque, San Manuel Pangasinan?

2. Is there a significant difference between the level of awareness of the

respondents to the Deforestation Prevention Activities in San Roque, San Manuel

Pangasinan?

3. What is the level of Implementation of Deforestation Prevention

Activities in San Roque, San Manuel Pangasinan?

4. Is there a significant difference between the perception of respondents

as to the level of implementation of the Deforestation Prevention Activities?

5. What is the degree of seriousness of the problems encountered in the

implementation of Deforestation Prevention Activities in San Roque San Manuel,

Pangasinan?

6. What measures may be proposed to address the problems encountered

in the implementation of Deforestation Prevention Activities in San Roque San

Manuel, Pangasinan?
 17

Hypothesis

This hypothesis was tested in null form at 0.05 level of significance:

1. There is no significant difference between the level of awareness of the

respondents to the deforestation prevention activities in San Roque, San Manuel

Pangasinan.

2. There is no significant difference between the perception of

respondents as to the level of the implementation of the deforestation prevention

activities.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focused on assessing the level of awareness,

implementation, and challenges associated with deforestation prevention

activities in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan. Specifically, the research

examined respondents' awareness of the various deforestation prevention

initiatives being conducted in the area, their perceptions of the implementation

of these activities, and the degree of seriousness of the problems encountered

during implementation. Furthermore, the study explored whether there were

significant differences in the levels of awareness and implementation as

perceived by the respondents.

The respondents of the study were limited to residents of San Roque and law

enforcement personnel in San Manuel, Pangasinan, who were either directly

involved in or knowledgeable about the deforestation prevention activities in the

locality. The data collection process was conducted through structured surveys
 18

administered to these respondents. The study was delimited to activities aimed

at preventing deforestation, such as reforestation efforts, tree planting programs,

and community-led conservation practices within the specified barangay.

The study did not include other environmental protection activities outside of

deforestation prevention, nor did it cover areas beyond San Roque, San Manuel,

Pangasinan. The time frame of the study was also limited to the period during

which the deforestation prevention programs were actively implemented in the

community. Additionally, external factors such as national policies or programs

outside the scope of the barangay were not considered in detail.

By focusing on these specific aspects, the study aimed to provide a localized

understanding of the effectiveness and challenges of deforestation prevention

activities in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan, while proposing potential

measures for improvement based on the findings.

Significance of the study

This study can identify how to protect biodiversity. It will focus on

preventing deforestation in San Roque, San Manuel Pangasinan. Thus, the

following, will be benefited from the study:

Residents. Deforestation prevention initiatives can generate employment

opportunities in sustainable forest management, conservation, and Eco-tourism.

DENR Officials. By eliminating deforestation, the DENR

strengthens its ability to protect the environment, fosters sustainable

 19

development, and gains recognition for effective governance, Successful s

prevention of deforestation strengthens public trust in the DENR policies and

programs. Local

Governmnet Unit. Promoting forest conservation strengthens the role of Local

Government Units (LGUs) in sustainable development. Well-preserved forests

can attract tourists, offering opportunities for recreation and education while

generating revenue for the LGU. Additionally, LGUs recognized for their

commitment to environmental stewardship can draw in investors and secure

funding for sustainable initiatives.

Reseachers. Access to deforestation prevention sites provides valuable

data for research on forest ecology, conservation, and sustainability.

Future Researchers. Future researchers will benefit from

comprehensive datasets created through ongoing monitoring of forests and

deforestation trends. These include satellite imagery, biodiversity inventories,

and climate models.

Definition of Terms

To have an insight on this study, the researchers defined the following

term according on how they were used in this study

Biodiversity. In this study, biodiversity refers to the variety and

variability of life forms within an ecosystem, region, or the planet, including

species diversity, ecosystem diversity, and genetic variation.

 20

Prevention. In this study, prevention refers to the actions or strategies

aimed at stopping or reducing the occurrence or escalation of an environmental

problem before it happens.

Protecting. In this study, protecting refers to actions taken to maintain,

preserve, or safeguard an area, species, or resource from harm, degradation, or

exploitation.

Deforestation. In this study, deforestation refers to the large-scale

removal or destruction of forested areas, leading to a significant reduction in

forest cover over a specific period.

Protecting Biodiversity. In this study, protecting biodiversity refers to

the actions, strategies, and measures focused on conserving the variety of life

forms within an area to maintain or restore their ecological functions and

processes.

Deforestation Prevention. In this study, deforestation prevention

refers to a set of actions or strategies aimed at halting or reducing the rate of

forest loss and degradation through targeted interventions.

Ecosystem. In this study, an ecosystem refers to a dynamic system

composed of living organisms (biotic components) interacting with their physical

environment (abiotic components), functioning together as a cohesive unit.

 21

Chapter 2

Methodology

This chapter presents the procedures used in the study. It consists of the

research design and methodology, population and locale of study, data gathering

tool, data gathering procedures, and the statistical treatment of data used.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers employed a quantitative-descriptive

research design, utilizing descriptive analysis to explain, present, and summarize

data points in a meaningful way. This approach allowed the identification of

patterns and revealed the overall conditions of the data concerning deforestation

prevention activities and ecosystem protection. Quantitative analysis was used

to collect numerical data that described the current state of deforestation

prevention efforts, providing objective measurements and statistical insights into

the situation.

As Glass and Hopkins (1994) explained, the descriptive approach involves

gathering data that illustrates and describes events, followed by arranging,

tabulating, presenting, and interpreting the collected information. Borg and Gall

(1999) emphasized that descriptive studies aim to determine "what is," and

survey methods are commonly used to gather such data.

The quantitative-descriptive research design in this study was chosen for its

ability to capture and characterize the existing conditions through the collection

of numerical data. This method enabled the researchers to present a

 22

comprehensive view of the factors and circumstances relevant to deforestation

prevention efforts, ecosystem management, and their impact on biodiversity. By

applying statistical analysis, the study provided an objective understanding of the

current practices and the level of implementation of these prevention strategies.

Population and Locale of the Study

This study primarily focused on two groups of respondents: law

enforcement personnel and community members, specifically police officers and

residents of San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan. The sample consisted of 100

respondents, using Slovin's formula, equally divided into 50 law enforcement

personnel and 50 community members. The study aimed to determine significant

differences between the groups' levels of perception, awareness, and

implementation of deforestation prevention measures.The research locale

provided a unique setting for examining the impacts of deforestation prevention

measures on biodiversity conservation and community livelihoods. San Roque,

known for its rich biodiversity and numerous endemic species, underscores the

importance of sustainable forest management practices in preserving ecological

integrity and supporting local livelihoods. The area’s indigenous cultural heritage

further highlights the need for balanced conservation efforts.

 23

Data Gathering Instrument

The researchers utilized a self-made survey questionnaire checklist

to gather data. The questionnaire consisted of three parts. Part one focused on

assessing the level of community awareness regarding various deforestation

prevention activities in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan. Part Two examined

the level of implementation of these deforestation prevention activities within the

same area. Lastly, Part Three identified the problems encountered during the

implementation of deforestation prevention activities and assessed the degree of

seriousness of these issues.

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers began by reviewing and organizing the data

collected from the survey questionnaire. The data analysis focused on drawing

conclusions based on the participants' responses to the structured questions.

These findings were used to answer the research questions, explore the

relationships between law enforcement personnel and the community, and gain

insights into deforestation prevention efforts in San Roque, San Manuel,

Pangasinan. Since the study followed a quantitative approach, the responses

were analyzed using statistical methods to identify patterns, trends, and

significant relationships. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize the

data, while inferential analysis was applied to test for significant differences or

correlations between variables. The goal was to interpret the results in a manner
 24

that addressed the research questions and provided meaningful insights for law

enforcement, the community, and future researchers regarding deforestation

prevention in the ecosystem.

Treatment of Data

To address Problems 1, 3, and 5, the researchers applied the

average weighted mean as a statistical tool.

AWM = ∑(fx) / n

Where:

AWM = equivalent weighted average of each category

F = several respondents that fell into each classification

X = point value of the classification of the responses

N = total number of respondents

The respondents were classified using a five-point Likert scale, as

described below. The descriptive equivalent (DE) for each category is based on

the 5-point Likert scale, as shown:

Point Value Classification Mean Rating Descriptive Equivalent

5 4.21 - 5.00 Very Much Aware
Very Much Implemented
Very Much Serious
4 3.41 - 4.20 Much Aware
Much Serious
Much Implemented
3 2.61 - 3.40 Aware
Implemented
 25

Serious
2 1.81 - 2.60 Slightly Aware
Slightly Serious
Slightly Implemented
1 1.00 - 1.80 Not Aware
Not Implemented
Not Serious

Meanwhile, the one-way Average Weighted Mean (AVM) was used to

address Problems 2 and 4, which focused on the significant relationship between

the proficiency of Criminology educators at Urdaneta City University.

Ethical Considerations

In conducting this study, the researchers adhered to a strict code

of ethics to ensure the protection of participants and the integrity of the research

process. Informed consent was obtained from all participants after they were

thoroughly informed about the nature, purpose, and scope of the study. They

were made aware of their right to withdraw from the research at any point

without any consequences. To maintain confidentiality and anonymity, the

researchers ensured that personal information provided by the participants was

protected, and data were reported in aggregate form to prevent the identification

of any individual respondents. Data integrity and honesty were maintained

throughout the research, with no manipulation or falsification of data, ensuring

that the findings were reliable and valid.

Additionally, the researchers prioritized non-maleficence, taking all

necessary precautions to avoid causing any physical, emotional, or psychological

 26

harm to the participants. Procedures were carefully designed to minimize any

potential discomfort. Respect for participant rights was upheld, as no participant

was subjected to coercion or undue influence, and they were informed of their

right to access the study’s findings if they desired. Finally, the researchers

maintained transparency and objectivity throughout the process, minimizing

biases and presenting the results impartially. By adhering to these ethical

principles, the study safeguarded participants' well-being while ensuring the

credibility and integrity of the research.

 27

Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents, interprets, and discusses the result of the data

gathering in the study of the Protecting Biodiversity: Deforestation Prevention in

the Ecosystem

TABLE 1
Level of Awareness of the community to the various deforestation
prevention activities in San Roque San Manuel, Pangasinan
n=100
Law Community AWM
Enforcement

INDICATORS WM DE WM DE AW DE
M

1. Planting trees in deforestation areas to 4.90 VMA 4.1 MA 4.52 VMA

restore natural habitat. 4

2. Creating rain gardens and wetlands to 4.60 VMA 3.4 MA 4.01 MA

manage storm water runoff. 2

3. Tree planting along riverbanks to prevent 4.72 VMA 3.6 MA 4.19 MA

soil erosion and protect watersheds. 6

4. Training communities in sustainable 4.68 VMA 3.9 MA 4.30 VMA

forest management practices. 2

5. Terracing and contour planting to 4.62 VMA 3.5 MA 4.07 MA

prevent soil erosion in hilly areas. 2
6. Participating in National Greening 4.60 VMA 4.0 MA 4.31 VMA
Program. 2

7. Establishing community-based forest 4.58 VMA 3.5 MA 4.08 MA

patrols to monitor illegal activities. 8

8. Creating fire breaks and planting fire- 4.46 VMA 3.4 MA 3.97 MA
resistant trees to reduce wildfire risks. 8

9. Installing surveillance cameras and 4.48 VMA 3.4 A 3.94 MA

drones for real-time forest monitoring. 0

10. Marking and fencing off protected areas 4.76 VMA 3.6 MA 4.20 VMA
to prevent encroachment. 4

Over All AWM 4.16 MA

 28

Legend: Mean Scale Descriptive Equivalent (DE)

4.21 - 5.00 Very Much Aware (VMA)

3.41 - 4.20 Much Aware (MA)
2.61 - 3.40 Aware (A)
1.81 - 2.60 Slightly Aware (SA)
1.00 - 1.80 Not Aware (NA)

The high Average Weighted Mean (AWM) score of 4.16, indicating "Much

Aware" (MA), suggests that both law enforcement and the community have a

significant understanding of deforestation prevention activities. This level of

awareness is critical in combating deforestation, as informed communities are

more likely to report illegal activities and cooperate with law enforcement efforts.

Awareness fosters a sense of shared responsibility, encouraging community

members to actively protect their environment. As a result, targeted interventions

and collaborative initiatives between law enforcement, local governments, and

communities can be developed to strengthen deforestation prevention efforts,

ultimately contributing to the conservation of natural resources and the

mitigation of environmental degradation.

The implications of this findings is, an informed community can lead to

greater public support and participation in conservation efforts. When individuals

understand the importance of preserving forests for biodiversity, climate

regulation, and community well-being, they are more likely to take action.

Awareness also fosters responsible behavior, such as reducing the consumption

of products linked to deforestation or advocating for sustainable practices within

 29

local governments. Additionally, a knowledgeable community can serve as a

strong advocate for policy changes, pushing for laws and regulations that protect

forests and promote sustainable land use.

A study by Harrison et al. (2019) titled Community Awareness and

Conservation Engagement: The Role of Environmental Education in Forest

Preservation supports the importance of community awareness in successful

deforestation prevention. The study found that when communities were

educated about the environmental, economic, and social impacts of

deforestation, they became more engaged in conservation efforts. Informed

communities were more likely to adopt sustainable practices, such as reducing

the demand for deforestation-linked products, and advocate for policies

protecting local forests. This study emphasizes that environmental education is

vital for fostering responsible behavior and promoting long-term forest

conservation.

Similarly, Smith et al. (2020), in their research The Impact of Community

Engagement on Deforestation Prevention, highlight the significance of

community awareness in conservation efforts. The study showed that

communities with access to information about the ecological and economic

benefits of forest preservation were more proactive in engaging with

deforestation prevention activities. Participants in the study advocated for

stronger environmental policies, reduced consumption of deforestation-related

products, and participated in local reforestation initiatives. This research

 30

demonstrates that increasing environmental knowledge empowers communities

to take action both in their personal choices and in collective advocacy for policy

change. The highest AWM score of 4.52, reflecting a "Very Much

Aware" (VMA) status, indicates strong recognition of the importance of tree

planting to restore natural habitats. This awareness suggests that both law

enforcement and the community are not only cognizant of the environmental

issues at hand but also actively engaged in discussions about sustainable

practices.

This indicates that the respondents have a relatively high level of

awareness of the deforestation prevention activities in their area. is the law

enforcement and community’s awareness of tree planting efforts to restore

deforested areas is profound. Increased awareness among community members

leads to active participation in reforestation initiatives, recognizing the

importance of restoring natural habitats for biodiversity, ecosystem services, and

climate stability. When local communities are informed, they are more likely to

contribute to tree planting, protect newly planted trees, and monitor areas for

illegal activities, thus directly supporting restoration efforts. Law enforcement,

aware and involved, helps ensure that reforestation activities are protected from

illegal logging, encroachment, or other destructive practices. They can also

regulate land use and enforce policies that promote sustainable practices,

preventing further deforestation. This collaboration between communities and

authorities creates a supportive framework for successful reforestation projects,

 31

ensuring that planted trees thrive. The supporting Reforestation Theory by

Lamb (2018) discusses how reforestation, particularly on a large scale, can

mitigate the environmental impacts of deforestation, such as biodiversity loss,

soil erosion, and climate change. Seymour and Laurance (2020) also emphasize

the role of reforestation and afforestation in preventing biodiversity loss and

mitigating climate change. They note that planting trees, particularly native

species, is one of the most effective tools for restoring lost habitats and rebuilding

ecosystem services. Their work stresses that reforestation efforts must be

context-specific, integrating local ecological and social considerations. On the

other hand, the lowest AWM score of 3.94 for indicator no. 9, reflective of “Much

Aware” (MA), was related to the installation of surveillance cameras and drones

for real-time forest monitoring.

The implications of this finding is despite their potential, these

technologies may be overshadowed by more familiar, traditional deforestation

prevention activities, such as tree planting, creating rain gardens, or training

communities in sustainable forest management practices. These conventional

methods are often perceived as more immediate, accessible, and hands-on, while

high-tech surveillance systems are still seen as complex or costly.

A study by Geldmann et al. (2019) titled The Role of Technology in Forest

Conservation: The Case for Drones and Surveillance Systems highlights the

under-utilization of surveillance technologies, like drones and cameras, despite

their proven effectiveness. The study found that while many conservation
 32

practitioners acknowledge the potential of these technologies, they are often

overshadowed by traditional conservation methods, such as community patrols,

reforestation, and anti-logging policies. The study noted that although drones

and cameras can provide valuable data for forest management and law

enforcement, they are often perceived as expensive, requiring specialized skills

and infrastructure not readily available in all regions. Consequently, there is

greater emphasis on conventional methods that are easier to implement and

widely understood, which may lead to the lower perceived priority of

technological interventions like surveillance. This study supports the idea that,

despite their recognized potential, surveillance cameras and drones tend to be

overlooked in favor of more familiar and accessible deforestation prevention

strategies.

Table 2
Significant difference between the level of awareness of the
respondents to the Deforestation prevention activities in San Roque,
San Manuel, Pangasinan
n=100
Levene’s Test
for Equality of t-test for Equality of Means
Variances
95% Confidence
interval of the
F Sig T DF Sig. Mean Std.Error Difference
(2- Differenc Differenc
tailed e e Lower Upper
)
11.1 .001 5.3 98 .000 .82600 .15417 .5200 1.1319
11 58 6 4
86.5 .000 .82600 .15417
5.3 54 .5195 1.1324
58 6 4
 33

Significant difference between the level of awareness of the

respondents to the Deforestation prevention activities in San
Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan

Table 2 presents the results of the T-test and Pearson Correlation run in SPSS v.,

which showed no significant difference between the level of awareness of the

respondents regarding deforestation prevention activities in San Roque, San

Manuel, Pangasinan. The computed significance values for the comparisons

between Law Enforcement and Community were found to be 0.000, indicating a

level of significance. As a result, the study rejects the null hypothesis, which

stated that there are no significant differences in the level of awareness of the

respondents regarding deforestation prevention activities in San Roque, San

Manuel, Pangasinan.
 34

Table 3

Level of Implementation of Deforestation Prevention Activities in San

Roque San Manuel Pangasinan
n=100
Law Community AWM
Enforcement

INDICATORS WM DE WM DE AWM DE

1. Planting trees in deforestation areas to restore

4.56 VMI 4.00 MI 4.28 VMI
natural habitat.

2. Creating rain gardens and wetlands to

4.32 VMI 3.18 I 3.75 MI
manage storm water runoff.

3. Tree planting along riverbanks to prevent soil

4.44 VMI 3.58 MI 4.01 MI
erosion and protect watersheds.

4. Training communities in sustainable forest

4.44 VMI 3.72 MI 4.08 MI
management practices.

5. Terracing and contour planting to prevent soil

4.44 VMI 3.36 I 3.90 MI
erosion in hilly areas.

6. Participating in National Greening Program. 4.54 VMI 3.66 MI 4.10 MI

7. Establishing community-based forest patrols

to monitor illegal activities. 4.42 VMI 3.36 I 3.89 MI

8. Creating fire breaks and planting fire-resistant

trees to reduce wildfire risks. 4.32 VMI 3.44 MI 3.88 MI

9. Installing surveillance cameras and drones for

4.18 MI 3.48 MI 3.83 MI
real-time forest monitoring.

10. Marking and fencing off protected areas to

4.52 VMI 3.44 MI 3.98 MI
prevent encroachment.

OVER ALL AWM 3.97 MI

Legend: Mean Scale Descriptive Equivalent (DE)

4.21 - 5.00 Very Much Implemented (VMI)
3.41 - 4.20 Much Implemented (MI)
2.61 - 3.40 Implemented (I)
1.81 - 2.60 Slightly Implemented (SI)
1.00 - 1.80 Not Implemented (NI)
 35

The Law Enforcement and Community's overall Average Weighted Mean score of

3.97, reflecting a "Much Implemented" (MI) status, indicates that the community is

actively involved in various deforestation prevention activities. This score suggests that

the implementation of these strategies is largely effective, but there is still room for

further improvement and expansion in order to meet the growing challenges of

environmental conservation.

The implications of this finding are reflecting a strong effort in implementing

various deforestation prevention measures in the community. Additionally, it

emphasizes the importance of sustained collaboration between law enforcement and

the community to ensure that deforestation prevention strategies are consistently

applied and adapted to the changing environmental landscape. Secondly, it highlights

the need for continuous education and awareness campaigns that will further increase

community involvement and deepen understanding of the critical role they play in forest

conservation. Fostering a culture of active participation and accountability will allow the

community to build upon this foundation and implement more comprehensive,

sustainable practices that address the root causes of deforestation, ultimately leading

to greater environmental resilience and biodiversity preservation in the region.

According to the study entitled "The Role of Well-Implemented Deforestation

Prevention Programs in Enhancing Forest Conservation" by Zhang et al. (2021), which

examines successful deforestation prevention programs across various regions. The

 36

study demonstrates how effective implementation significantly reduces deforestation

rates and promotes environmental sustainability. It points to Brazil's Amazon region as

an example, where well-structured deforestation prevention programs focusing on

monitoring illegal logging and promoting sustainable land-use practices have led to

significant reductions in deforestation over a 10-year period. Regions where these

strategies were effectively implemented also experienced long-term improvements in

ecosystem services such as water quality, biodiversity, and resilience against climate

change. The highest Average Weighted Mean score of 4.28, indicating a "Very Much

Implemented" (VMI) status for the community’s engagement in planting trees in

deforested areas, reflects a strong commitment to environmental restoration.

This suggests that both law enforcement and community members are actively

prioritizing reforestation efforts, which are vital for restoring biodiversity and mitigating

climate change impacts. The success of tree planting in restoring natural habitats has

significant implications for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, and climate

change mitigation, creating sustainable environments for local communities.

A study by Chazdon et al. (2016), entitled "Forest Restoration and Ecosystem

Services: Insights from Reforestation Efforts," shows that large-scale reforestation

initiatives in deforested areas can restore biodiversity, improve water retention, and

increase carbon sequestration. The study highlights that carefully planned and

monitored reforestation efforts can effectively restore ecological balance and enhance
 37

ecosystem resilience to climate change. The lowest Average Weighted Mean score of

3.75, indicating a "Much Implemented" (MI) status for creating rain gardens and

wetlands to manage storm water runoff, reflects that while there is effort in

implementing these strategies, significant gaps remain. The lower implementation

suggests a need for increased awareness, training, and resource allocation for the

successful adoption of rain gardens and wetlands as part of broader environmental

conservation efforts. Enhancing education about their benefits and maintenance could

improve participation and implementation rates.

According to the study entitled "Challenges and Opportunities in Urban Green

Infrastructure: A Study on Storm water Management and Conservation Efforts" by

Johnson et al. (2017), which addresses the competing priorities that often result in rain

gardens and wetlands being overshadowed by more traditional deforestation prevention

activities, such as reforestation and forest preservation. These larger-scale

environmental strategies, often seen as more impact, tend to attract more funding and

attention, leaving smaller, localized solutions like rain gardens and wetlands less

prioritized. The study suggests that increasing the visibility of these localized solutions

through better funding and awareness can help enhance their implementation,

ultimately contributing to improved environmental sustainability.

 38

Table 4
Significant difference between perception of the respondents as to the of
implementation of Deforestation prevention activities in San Roque, San
Manuel, Pangasinan
n=100

Levene’s Test

for Equality of
t-test for Equality of Means
Variances

95%
Confidence
interval of the
Mean
F Si T DF Sig. Std.Erro Difference
g (2- Differen r
taile ce Differen Lowe
Upper
d) ce r

259 .0 5.9 98 .000 .90000 .15043 .601 1.198

31 00 83 47 53

73.4 .000 .90000 .15043

5.9 88 .600 1.199
83 22 78

Significant difference between the perception of the

respondents as to the level of implementation of Deforestation prevention
activities in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan

The findings from Table 4, which present the results of the T-test and Pearson

Correlation analysis run in SPSS, indicate that there is no significant difference in the

level of awareness of the respondents regarding the Deforestation Prevention Activities

in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan. The computed significance values for the

comparisons between Law Enforcement and the Community are both .000 at the level

of significance, leading to the rejection of the study's null hypothesis.

 39

This means that the study found no substantial difference in the awareness levels of

respondents regarding deforestation prevention activities between the two groups—Law

Enforcement and the Community—despite possible variations in their involvement or

role. Essentially, the results suggest that both groups, regardless of their roles or

responsibilities, share a similar level of awareness about the activities, which may

indicate a successful effort in raising awareness across both sectors.

Table 5
Degree of seriousness of the problems encountered in the deforestation
prevention activities in San Roque San Manuel, Pangasinan
n=100

Law Community AWM

Enforcement

INDICATORS WM DE WM DE AWM DE

1.Removal of Fences at the protected areas. 3.92 MS 3.72 MS 3.82 MS

2.Mass Production of Charcoal. 3.96 MS 3.44 MS 3.70 MS

3. Illegal logging. 4.00 MS 3.76 MS 3.88 MS

4. Littering of waste/ garbage everywhere. 3.98 MS 3.88 MS 3.93 MS

5.Lack of community participation in the 3.80 MS 3.60 MS 3.70 MS

deforestation prevention activities.

6.Forest fires due to human negligence. 3.62 MS 3.76 MS 3.69 MS

7. Illegal Mining Operation. 3.78 MS 3.58 MS 3.68 MS

8.Expansion of Infrastructure in Biodiversity Rich- 3.84 MS 3.82 MS 3.83 MS

Areas especially in Habitats.

9. Use of harmful pesticides and chemicals. 3.98 MS 3.74 MS 3.86 MS

10.Trespassing in Forest Restricted Area. 3.88 MS 3.52 MS 3.70 MS

Over All AVM 3.78 MS

 40

Legend: Mean Scale Descriptive Equivalent (DE)

4.21 - 5.00 Very Much Serious (VMS)
3.41 - 4.20 Much Serious (MS)
2.61 - 3.40 Serious (S)
1.81 - 2.60 Slightly Serious (SS)
1.00 - 1.80 Not Serious (NS)

The findings highlight the significant challenges encountered in deforestation

prevention activities in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan, as reflected in the overall

Average Weighted Mean score of 3.78, categorized as "Much Serious" (MS). This finding

highlights the significant challenges faced in implementing effective deforestation

prevention measures. This underscores the urgent need for more effective solutions

that address the root causes of deforestation. These solutions must involve stronger

policy enforcement, improved governance, and greater financial investment, alongside

local community involvement in sustainable land-use practices. Failure to address these

issues could result in severe long-term environmental damage, loss of biodiversity, and

worsening climate change impacts.

According to the study, Kaimowitz et al. (2004) emphasize that tackling

deforestation requires comprehensive and integrated policies that consider the

economic, social, and political factors driving it. The study calls for greater international

cooperation and funding for sustainable forest management.

Additionally, the study reveals the seriousness of littering in San Roque, with an

Average Weighted Mean score of 3.93, indicating the importance of addressing waste

disposal challenges. While there is recognition of the issue, it suggests a gap in effective
 41

implementation of waste management strategies. To address this, local authorities

should collaborate with the community on educational programs and provide more

accessible waste disposal facilities. As Cunningham et al. (2019) show, despite existing

laws, littering persists due to weak enforcement and inadequate infrastructure,

highlighting the need for better management and societal behavioral change.

The study also identifies illegal mining as a significant concern, with a lower

Average Weighted Mean of 3.68. This score indicates the awareness of its detrimental

impacts, including deforestation, soil degradation, and water pollution. Gould et al.

(2016) stress that illegal mining persists due to weak enforcement, corruption, and

economic incentives, pointing to the need for stronger regulatory frameworks and

sustainable alternatives. The study suggests that addressing illegal mining requires

better enforcement, alternative livelihoods, and community engagement to promote

environmental conservation while ensuring sustainable economic opportunities.

In summary, the results emphasize the need for coordinated action involving

policy improvement, better enforcement, education, and community engagement to

mitigate the serious environmental challenges in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan,

ensuring long-term sustainability and resilience in the region.

 42

Table 6
Proposed Measures to address the problems encountered in the
implementation of Deforestation Prevention Activities in San Roque, San
Manuel, Pangasinan

Problem Proposed measures Objectives Target

participant
s
Illegal logging Imposing fines on individuals To replace the trees that have Residents of San
caught engaging in illegal been cut down. Roque, San
logging, along with a mandatory Manuel,
community service requirement Pangasinan.
to plant a specific number of
trees within a week
Uncontrollable Fines for anyone caught littering To raise awareness within the Residents of San
littering of or disposing of waste improperly community about the Roque, San
waste/garbage importance of proper waste Manuel,
everywhere disposal. Pangasinan.
Lack of community Regular advocacy campaigns To enhance community Residents of San
participation in the focused on deforestation awareness and encourage Roque, San
deforestation prevention, using engaging active participation in Manuel,
prevention games or presentations to deforestation prevention Pangasinan.
activities capture the audience's attention activities.
while educating them.
Mass production of Introducing Coconut Charcoal To reduce the traditional Residents of San
charcoal Briquettes—an eco-friendly method of charcoal Roque, San
alternative made from recycled production and replace it with Manuel,
coconut shells that are an alternative that does not Pangasinan.
carbonized into high-quality require cutting down trees to
charcoal. By reselling this produce charcoal.
sustainable product to traditional This also provides stable and
charcoal vendors or producers, decent employment
we not only provide a cleaner, opportunities for traditional
greener option but also give back charcoal makers.
to the environment. For every 50
kg sold across any platform,
community leaders should
commit to planting 10 trees,
helping to restore ecosystems
and combat deforestation.
 43

Use of harmful pesticides Introduction of Organic pesticides that The objective of using Residents of San
and chemicals Use natural, non-toxic substances that alternative methods to harmful Roque, San
target pests without harming the pesticides is to promote Manuel,
environment or beneficial insects. sustainable and eco-friendly Pangasinan.
example of this is homemade sprays agricultural practices that
made from ingredients like garlic, chili, protect both plant health and
or soap that can repel a wide variety of the environment.
pests without chemicals. You can
effectively protect crops while
maintaining environmental health and
biodiversity.
Trespassing in Forest Deploy more forest rangers or park these measures can help reduce Residents of San
Restricted Area. guards to patrol restricted areas, the incidence of trespassing in Roque, San
utilizing both foot and vehicle patrols, forest restricted areas while Manuel,
Ensure that trespassing laws are fostering a sense of ownership Pangasinan.
enforced with penalties or fines for and responsibility in local
offenders. This can act as a deterrent populations.
against illegal activities in protected
areas.
Expansion of Infrastructure Before any infrastructure project The objective of conducting a Residents of San
in Biodiversity Rich-Areas begins, conduct thorough thorough Environmental Impact Roque, San
especially in Habitats. Environmental Impact Assessments to Assessment (EIA) before any Manuel,
evaluate the potential impact on local infrastructure project begins is Pangasinan.
biodiversity, ecosystems, and wildlife. to ensure that potential
Without this assessment, infrastructure environmental, biodiversity, and
projects could lead to habitat ecosystem impacts are
destruction, species displacement, or identified, evaluated, and
ecosystem collapse. mitigated.
Lack of community Implement PES (Payment for By doing so, they actively Residents of San
Participation in deforestation Ecosystem Services) programs where participate in deforestation Roque, San
prevention activities communities are financially rewarded prevention activities while also Manuel,
for conserving forests and contributing earning a sustainable income. Pangasinan.
to carbon sequestration, water
regulation, or biodiversity protection.
This offers direct financial incentives for
forest preservation.
 44

Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY

The researchers employed a descriptive research design to examine

deforestation prevention activities aimed at safeguarding biodiversity in the ecosystem

of San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan. This quantitative approach allowed the

researchers to gather measurable data needed for the study. The research was

conducted between May 2024 and January 2025 at Urdaneta City University. The aim

was to provide an in-depth analysis of the deforestation prevention efforts in the area

by exploring key aspects such as awareness, implementation, and the challenges

encountered during these activities.

To collect data, the researchers designed a questionnaire checklist, which was

administered to a total of 100 randomly selected respondents, including both law

enforcement personnel and community members from San Roque, San Manuel,

Pangasinan. This survey was conducted during the second semester of the 2024-2025

academic year. The data gathered from these respondents were crucial in addressing

the research questions, which sought to assess the level of awareness of the community

regarding deforestation prevention activities, the extent to which these activities were

implemented, and the degree of seriousness of the problems encountered in their

implementation.
 45

The research was guided by three key questions: first, what is the level of

awareness within the community about the various deforestation prevention activities

in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan? Second, what is the level of implementation of

these deforestation prevention activities in the area? And third, what is the degree of

seriousness of the challenges faced in implementing these activities? By addressing

these questions, the study sought to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of

current deforestation prevention measures, the community's involvement, and the

environmental and logistical obstacles that hinder successful implementation. These

findings will contribute to future planning and strategies to enhance the sustainability

of deforestation prevention efforts in the region.

Salient Findings

The study successfully identifies five key findings related to the Protecting Biodiversity:

Deforestation Prevention (PBDP) in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan, based on the

insights and experiences gathered from the participants:

1. The Level of Awareness of the respondents regarding various deforestation

prevention activities in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan, has an overall Average

Weighted Mean of 4.16, which falls under the category of "Much Aware."

2. There is no significant difference between the level of awareness of the

respondents regarding deforestation prevention activities in San Roque, San Manuel,

Pangasinan
 46

3. The Level of Implementation of deforestation prevention activities in San Roque,

San Manuel, Pangasinan, has an overall Average Weighted Mean of 3.97, indicating that

the activities are "Much Implemented."

4. Similar to the second finding, there is no significant difference between the

level of awareness of the respondents regarding the deforestation prevention activities,

further reinforcing the uniformity in the community’s awareness of these activities.

5. The Degree of Seriousness of the problems encountered in the implementation

of deforestation prevention activities in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan, has an

overall Average Weighted Mean of 3.78, indicating that the issues are considered "Much

Serious."

6. There are proposed measures to address the problems encountered in the

deforestation implementation of Deforestation Prevention Activities in San Roque, San

Manuel, Pangasinan.

CONCLUSIONS

In light of the findings of the study, the following conclusions can be made:

The respondents are not fully aware of the various deforestation prevention

activities in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan.

1. The problems encountered in the deforestation prevention activities in San

Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan are considered “Much Serious.”

2. The deforestation prevention activities in San Roque, San Manuel, Pangasinan

have been significantly implemented.

 47

3. The absence of a significant difference in the level of awareness among

respondents indicates that information has been consistently disseminated across

different demographic groups, suggesting that the communication and awareness

campaigns have been successful.

4. The proposed recommendations to address the issues encountered in

deforestation prevention activities are beneficial.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The purpose of this research is to assess the potential and challenges associated

with the Protecting Biodiversity: Deforestation Prevention (PBDP). Based on the

findings, the following recommendations are made to achieve the stated goals:

1. Conduct awareness campaigns to organize seminars, workshops, and

information dissemination programs to educate respondents about deforestation

prevention activities.

2. Provide information on deforestation prevention activities that is relevant to

the specific needs and concerns of different groups.

3. Set up a monitoring system to track the implementation of deforestation

prevention activities

4. Educate local communities, school, and stakeholders about the impacts of

deforestation

5. Conduct regular assessments to identify problems and challenges encountered

in deforestation prevention efforts.

 48

6. Support community-led initiatives that promote sustainable forest

management and deforestation prevention

 49

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 53

Appendix A
LETTER TO THE ADVISER
 54

Appendix B
LETTER OF THE DEAN
 55

Appendix C
LETTER TO THE STATISTICIAN
 56

Appendix D
LETTER TO THE CRITIC READER
 57

Appendix E
LETTER OF RESPONDENTS
 58

Appendix F
VALIDATION LETTER
 59

Appendix G
VALIDATION TOOL
 60

Appendix H
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Questionnaire for Respondents
Part I. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Direction: Supply the necessary information below by a check (✓) mark on
the circle that corresponds to your answer.
1. Name (Optional):__________________________
2. Age (years)
()18-24
()25-40
()41-56
()57-72
3. Sex
() Male
() Female
4. Monthly Income
() Below P10,975
() P10,975-P21,914
() P21,915-P43,828
() P43,829-P76,669
() P76,670-P131,484
() P131,485-P219,140
() P219,141-above

Part II. Level of Awareness of the community to the various Deforestation

Prevention Activities
Directions: Kindly read each statement carefully. Write a check (✓) mark in
the column
that indicates your awareness on the Deforestation Prevention using the
following scale:
Scale Descriptive

5 Very Much Aware

4 Much Aware
 61

3 Aware

2 Slightly Aware

1 Not Aware

Prevention Activities 5 4 3 2 1

(VMA) (MA) (A) (SA) (NA)

1. Planting trees in deforestation areas to

restore natural habitat.

2. Creating rain gardens and wetlands to

manage storm

water runoff.

3. Tree planting along riverbanks to

prevent soil erosion and protect
watersheds.

4.Training communities in sustainable

forest management practices.

5. Terracing and contour planting to

prevent soil erosion in hilly areas.

6. Participating in National Greening

Program.

7. Establishing community-based forest

patrols to monitor illegal activities.

8. Creating fire breaks and planting fire-

resistant trees to reduce wildfire risks.

9. Installing surveillance cameras and

drones for real-time forest monitoring.

10. Marking and fencing off protected

areas to prevent encroachment.

Part III. Level of Implementation of Deforestation Prevention Activities

 62

Directions: Kindly read each statement carefully. Write a check (✓) mark in
the column
that indicates your implementation on the Deforestation Prevention using
the following
scale:
Scale Descriptive

5 Very Much Implemented

4 Much Implemented

3 Implemented

2 Slightly Implemented

1 Not Implemented

Prevention Activities 5 4 3 2 1

(VMI) (MI) (I) (S1) (NI)

1. Planting trees in deforestation areas to

restore natural habitat.

2. Creating rain gardens and wetlands to

manage storm water runoff.

3. Tree planting along riverbanks to

prevent soil erosion

and protect watersheds.

4. Training communities in sustainable

forest

management practices.

5. Terracing and contour planting to

prevent soil erosion in hilly areas.

6. Participating in National Greening

Program.

7. Establishing community-based forest

patrols to monitor illegal activities.
 63

8. Creating fire breaks and planting fire-

resistant trees to reduce wildfire risks.

9. Installing surveillance cameras and

drones for real-time forest monitoring.

10. Marking and fencing off protected

areas to prevent encroachment.

Part IV. Degree of Seriousness of the problems encountered in the

Implementation of Deforestation Prevention Activities
Directions: Kindly read each statement carefully. Write a check (✓) mark in
the column
that indicates your degree of Seriousness on the problem encountered on
the
Deforestation Prevention using the following scale:

Scale Descriptive
5 Very Much Serious
4 Much Serious
3 Serious
2 Slightly Serious
1 Not Serious

Problems encountered 5 4 3 2 1

(VMS) (MS) (S) (SS) (NS)

1.Removal of Fences at the protected

areas.

2.Mass Production of Charcoal.

3. Illegal logging.

4. Littering of waste/ garbage

everywhere.
 64

5.Lack of community participation in the

deforestation prevention activities.

6.Forest fires due to human negligence.

7. Illegal Mining Operation.

8.Expansion of Infrastructure in
Biodiversity Rich-Areas especially in
Habitats.

9. Use of harmful pesticides and chemicals

10.Trespassing in Forest Restricted Area

 65

Appendix I
DOCUMENTATION
 66

Appendix J

TABLES/ ADMINISTRATIVE OF DATE/ RESULTS

67
68
69
70
71
 72

Appendix K
GRAMMARLY CHECK / PLAGIARISM RESULTS
 73

Appendix L
CERTIFICATION FROM CRITIC READER
 74

CURRICULUM VITAE

A. Personal Data
Name: Lester Jon O. Tan
Age: 21
Date of Birth: September 27, 2003

Address: 0061 Nancamaliran West, Urdaneta City,

Pangasinan
Contact No. 09669677346
E-mail Address: lesterjontan0@gmail.com
Name of Father: Cipriano A. Tan III
Name of Mother: Lotis O. Tan

B. Educational Background
Elementary: Lananpin Elementary School
Urdaneta Junction, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
(2009 – 2015)

Secondary: Urdaneta City National High School

High School Drive, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
(2015 – 2019

Senior High School: Phinma Upang College Urdaneta

McArthur Highway, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
(2019 – 2021)

Tertiary: Urdaneta City University

Poblacion West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
(2021 – Present)

Course: Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Motto: “Always Remember If You Have Dreams Fight
For It, Because Someday You Will Succeed
 75

CURRICULUM VITAE

A. Personal Data
Name: Sidney Moniko G. Plastina
Age: 21
Date of Birth: March 13, 2003
Address: Ariston West, Asingan, Pangasinan
Contact No. 09203564173
E-mail Address: moniko132003@gmail.com
Name of Father: N/A
Name of Mother: Yehnen G. Plastina
B. Educational Background

Elementary: Ariston Este Elementary School

Ariston West, Asingan, Pangasinan
(2009 – 2015)

Secondary: Luciano Millan National High School

Poblacion West, Asingan, Pangasinan
(2015 – 2019)
Senior High school: Luciano Millan National High School
Poblacion West, Asingan, Pangasinan
(2019 – 2021)
Tertiary: Urdaneta City University
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
(2021 – Present )
Course: Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Motto: “Good Things Take Time”
 76

CURRICULUM VITAE

A. Personal Data
Name: Mhel B. Melendez
Age: 22
Date of Birth: October 18, 2002

Address: San Aurilio First, Balungao, Pangasinan

Contact No. 09455284379
E-mail Address: melendezmhel04@gmail.com
Name of Father: Rodrigo Melendez
Name of Mother: Adela Melendez

B. Educational Background

Elementary: Poblacion Balungao Elementary School

Balungao, Pangasinan
(2009 – 2015)

Secondary: Balungao National High School

Balungao, Pangasinan
(2015 – 2019)

Senior High School: Balungao National High School

Balungao, Pangasinan
(2019 – 2021)

Tertiary: Urdaneta City University

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
(2021 – Present )

Course: Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Motto: “Don’t Give Up”
 CURRICULUM VITAE

A. Personal Data
Name: Borg’s Cedrick C. Benito
Age: 22
Date of Birth: May 02, 2002
Address: Bantog, Asingan, Pangasinan
Contact No. 09923118749
E-mail Address: borgscedrick00@gmail.com
Name of Father: Walter P. Benito
Name of Mother: Mary Jean R. Benito

B. Educational Background
Elementary: Ariston, Bantog, Elementary School
Bantog Asingan Pangasinan
(20019 – 2015)

Secondary: Luciano Millan National High School

Poblacion West, Asingan, Pangasinan

(2015 – 2019)

Senior High School: Luciano Millan National High School

Poblacion West, Asingan, Pangasinan
(2019 – 2021)

Tertiary: Urdaneta City University

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City
Pangasinan
(2021 – Present)

Course: Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Motto: “Be Positive All The Time”
 CURRICULUM VITAE

A. Personal Data
Name: Leo Jay T. Tugade
Age: 21
Date of Birth: June 20, 2003

Address: Rabago, Rosales, Pangasinan

Contact No. 09774434404
E-mail Address: leojaytugade@gmail.com
Name of Father: Edwin L. Tugade
Name of Mother: Erlinda T. Tugade

B. Educational Background
Elementary: Rabago Elementary School

Rizal, Rosales, Pangasinan

(2009 – 2015)

Secondary: Rosales National High School

Zone II, Poblacion, Rosales, Pangasinan
(2015 – 2019)

Senior High School: Rosales National High School

Zone II, Poblacion, Rosales Pangasinan
(2019 – 2021)

Tertiary: Urdaneta City University

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City,
Pangasinan
(2021 – Present)

Course: Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Motto: “If You Dream It, You Can Do It”
 CURRICULUM VITAE

A. Personal Data
Name: Viva Angela M. Nama
Age: 21
Date of Birth: August 23, 2003
Address: Kisikis, Alcala, Pangasinan
Contact No. 09489917253
E-mail Address: vivanama02@gmail.com
Name of Father: Rodrigo M. Nama
Name of Mother: Rosana M. Nama

B. Educational Background
Elementary: Pindangan West Elementary School
Pindangan West, Alcala, Pangasinan
(2009 – 2015)

Secondary: Pindangan National High School

Sison, Pangasinan
(2015 – 2019)

Senior High School: Cipriano P. Premicias National High

School
Bayambang Rd, Alcala, Pangasinan
(2019 – 2021)

Tertiary: Urdaneta City University

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City,
Pangasinan
(2021 – Present)

Course: Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Motto: “Opportunities Don’t Happen, You Create
Them”
 CURRICULUM VITAE

A. Personal Data
Name: Elmer Joshua M. Jover
Age: 22
Date of Birth: July 15, 2002
Address: Domanpot, Asingan, Pangasinan
Contact No. 09469774827
E-mail Address elmerjoshuajover15@gmail.com
Name of Father: Elmer S. Jover
Name of Mother: Yolanda M. Jover
A. Educational Background
Elementary: Narciso R. Ramos Elementary School
Poblacion East, Asingan, Pangasinan
(2008 – 2014)

Secondary: Luciano Millan National High School

Poblacion West, Asingan Pangasinan
(2014 – 2018)

Senior High School: Luciano Millan National High School

Poblacion West, Asingan Pangasinan
(2018 – 2020)

Tertiary: Urdaneta City University

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City
Pangasinan
(2021 – Present)

Course: Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Motto: “Success Doesn’t Rush The Greatest
Reward
In The Journey”