EXPERIMENT NO: 8

Title: Assembly Language Programming based on code conversion

NAME: Prashant Dhond

DIV :A

BATCH:B

ROLL NO:23
 EXPERIMENT NO: 8

AI WAP to perform code conversion using assembly language programming.

M
LEARNING To perform some operations on code conversion using assembly language
OBJECTIVE programming.
LEARNING
Ability of a student to perform code conversions using assembly language
OUTCOME
CSL404.2 Ability to use and apply appropriate instructions to program a microprocessor
LAB OUTCOME to perform various tasks.
CSL404.6 Ability to write and execute assembly code for code conversions
PROGRAM PO11,
OUTCOME PO52,
PO83,
PO93,
PO122,
PSO12
BLOOM'S Understanding, Creating
TAXONOMY
LEVEL
THEORY STRING INSTRUCTIONS
A series of data byte or word available in memory at consecutive locations, to be
referred as byte string or word string. A string of characters may be located in
consecutive memory locations, where each character may be represented by its ASCII
equivalent. The 8086 supports a set of more powerful instructions for string
manipulations for referring to a string, two parameters are required: Starting and end
address of a string and length of a string. The length of the string is usually stored as
count in the CX register. The incrementing or decrementing of the pointer, in string
instructions, depends upon the direction flag (DF) status. If it is a byte string
operation, the index registers are updated by one. On the other hand, if it is a word
string operation, the index registers are updated by two.
• REP: Repeat Instruction Prefix This instruction is used as a prefix to other
instructions, the instruction to which the REP prefix is provided is executed
repeatedly until the CX register becomes zero (at each iteration the CX is
automatically decremented by one). REPE / REPZ - Repeat operation while equal /
zero. REPNE / REPNZ - Repeat operation while not equal / zero. These are used for
CMPS, SCAS instructions only as instruction prefixes.
• MOVSB/ MOVSW: Move string byte or string word. Suppose a string of bytes stored in
a set of consecutive memory locations is to be moved to another set of destination
locations. The starting byte of source string is located in the memory location whose
address may be computed using SI and DS contents. The starting address of the
destination locations where this string has to be relocated is given by DI ( Destination
Index) and ES (Extra segment) contents.
• CMPS: Compare string byte or string word. The CMPS instruction can be used to
compare two strings of byte or words. The length of the string must be stored in the
register CX. If both the byte or word strings are equal, zero flag is set. The REP
instruction prefix is used to repeat the operation till CX (counter) becomes zero or
the condition specified by the REP prefix is false.
• SCAN: Scan string byte or string word. This instruction scans a string of bytes or
words for an operand byte or word specified in the register AL or AX. The string is
pointed to by ES:DI register pair. The length of the string is stored in CX. The DF
controls the mode for scanning of the string. Whenever a match to the specified
operand is found in the string, execution stops and the zero flag is set. If no match is
found the zero flag is reset.
• LODS: Load string byte or string word The LODS instruction loads the AL / AX
 register by the content of a string pointed to by the DS:SI pair. The SI is modified
automatically depending upon DF. If it is a byte transfer (LODSB), the SI is modified by
one and if it is a word transfer (LODSW), the SI is modified by two. No other flags are
affected by the instruction.
• STOS: Store string byte or string word. The STOS instruction stores the AL /AX
register contents to a location in the string pointed by the ES:DI pair. The DI is
modified accordingly. No flags are affected by this instruction. The direction flag
controls the string instruction execution. The SI and DI are modified after each
iteration automatically. If DI = 1, then the execution follows auto decrement mode, SI
and DI are decremented automatically after each iteration. IF DS = 0, then the
execution follows auto increment mode. In this mode, SI and DI are incremented
automatically after each iteration.

SOFTWARE Emu8086 Emulation Software

USED
PROBLEM Note: Show snapshots of input /output memory strings and output register.
STATEMENTS 1) To convert a series of numbers stored on memory locations into their grey code
equivalents. Consider source string from 3000:4000H and destination string from
6000:7000H.
Note: Count value is stored on first memory location.
2) To convert a series of ASCII numbers stored on memory locations into their BCD
equivalents. Consider source string from 3000:4000H and destination string from
6000:7000H.
Note: Count value is stored on first memory location.
3) To convert a series of BCD numbers stored on memory locations into their hex
equivalents. Consider source string from 3000:4000H and destination string from
6000:7000H.
Note: Count value is stored on first memory location.
OUTPUT
1
To convert a series of numbers stored on memory locations into their grey code
equivalents. Consider source string from 3000:4000H and destination string from
6000:7000H.
2) To convert a series of ASCII numbers stored on memory locations into their BCD
equivalents. Consider source string from 3000:4000H and destination string from
6000:7000H.
3) To convert a series of BCD numbers stored on memory locations into their hex
equivalents. Consider source string from 3000:4000H and destination string from
6000:7000H.
CONCLUSION In this experiment we learned how strings are typically represented as sequences of
characters stored in memory, and operations on these strings often require direct
manipulation of individual characters in memory locations. Since assembly language
provides low-level control over memory and registers, it is an ideal choice for performing
efficient string manipulation operations, especially in environments where performance
and resource constraints are critical.
• Key String Operations in Assembly Language
 1. String Copy: Copying one string to another is one of the most common operations,
typically achieved using loops and direct memory access in assembly.
2. String Comparison: Comparing two strings involves checking each character
individually in a loop and comparing their ASCII values. Assembly language can compare
strings by loading characters into registers and using comparison instructions (CMP).
3. String Reverse: Reversing a string involves swapping characters from both Don Bosco
Institute of Technology, Kurla Academic Year 2024-25 Class: S.E Comps (Sem IV) Lecturer:
Sejal.M.Chopra Subject: MP Lab ends towards the center. This requires pointers or
registers that track both the start and the end of the string.
4. String Search: Searching for a specific character or substring within a string is
commonly done with a loop that compares each character against the target string
REFERENCES 1. Intel Microprocessors: Barry B. Brey, 8th Edition, Pearson Education India
2. 8086/8088 family: Design Programming and Interfacing: John Uffenbeck , PHI.
3. Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals: K M Bhurchandani, A k Ray McGraw Hill
4. Advanced MS DOS Programming – Ray Duncan BPB